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We present a new determination of the smallest neutrino mixing angle ${\theta}_{13}$ and the mass-squared difference ${\Delta}{\rm m}^{2}_{32}$ using a final sample of $5.55 \times 10^{6}$ inverse beta-decay (IBD) candidates with the final-state neutron captured on gadolinium. This sample was selected from the complete data set obtained by the Daya Bay reactor neutrino experiment in 3158 days of operation. Compared to the previous Daya Bay results, selection of IBD candidates has been optimized, energy calibration refined, and treatment of backgrounds further improved. The resulting oscillation parameters are ${\rm sin}^{2}2{\theta}_{13} = 0.0851 \pm 0.0024$, ${\Delta}{\rm m}^{2}_{32} = (2.466 \pm 0.060) \times 10^{-3}{\rm eV}^{2}$ for the normal mass ordering or ${\Delta}{\rm m}^{2}_{32} = -(2.571 \pm 0.060) \times 10^{-3} {\rm eV}^{2}$ for the inverted mass ordering., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, 1 table, 10 supplementary files

This Letter reports the first measurement of high-energy reactor antineutrinos at Daya Bay, with nearly 9000 inverse beta decay candidates in the prompt energy region of 8-12~MeV observed over 1958 days of data collection. A multivariate analysis is used to separate 2500 signal events from background statistically. The hypothesis of no reactor antineutrinos with neutrino energy above 10~MeV is rejected with a significance of 6.2 standard deviations. A 29\% antineutrino flux deficit in the prompt energy region of 8-11~MeV is observed compared to a recent model prediction. We provide the unfolded antineutrino spectrum above 7 MeV as a data-based reference for other experiments. This result provides the first direct observation of the production of antineutrinos from several high-$Q_{\beta}$ isotopes in commercial reactors., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Physical Review Letters

A joint determination of the reactor antineutrino spectra resulting from the fission of ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu has been carried out by the Daya Bay and PROSPECT Collaborations. This Letter reports the level of consistency of ²³⁵U spectrum measurements from the two experiments and presents new results from a joint analysis of both data sets. The measurements are found to be consistent. The combined analysis reduces the degeneracy between the dominant ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu isotopes and improves the uncertainty of the ²³⁵U spectral shape to about 3%. The ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu antineutrino energy spectra are unfolded from the jointly deconvolved reactor spectra using the Wiener-SVD unfolding method, providing a data-based reference for other reactor antineutrino experiments and other applications. This is the first measurement of the ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu spectra based on the combination of experiments at low- and highly enriched uranium reactors.

A joint determination of the reactor antineutrino spectra resulting from the fission of $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu has been carried out by the Daya Bay and PROSPECT collaborations. This Letter reports the level of consistency of $^{235}$U spectrum measurements from the two experiments and presents new results from a joint analysis of both data sets. The measurements are found to be consistent. The combined analysis reduces the degeneracy between the dominant $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu isotopes and improves the uncertainty of the $^{235}$U spectral shape to about 3\%. The ${}^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu antineutrino energy spectra are unfolded from the jointly deconvolved reactor spectra using the Wiener-SVD unfolding method, providing a data-based reference for other reactor antineutrino experiments and other applications. This is the first measurement of the $^{235}$U and $^{239}$Pu spectra based on the combination of experiments at low- and highly enriched uranium reactors., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, Supplementary Material Included

Aphonoides tessellatus Chopard, 1969 DISTRIBUTION. China (Hunan), Malaysia. NOTE. This species was recorded from Hunan by Yin & Liu (1995)., Published as part of Gu, J. X., Dai, L. & Huang, J. H., 2018, Crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Hunan Province, China, pp. 8-18 in Far Eastern Entomologist 373 on page 14, DOI: 10.25221/fee.373.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7164550

Phonarellus (Phonarellus) minor (Chopard, 1959) DISTRIBUTION. China (Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Pakistan, India, Myanmar, Vietnam, Indonesia. NOTE. This species was recorded from Hunan province by Woo et al. (1992)., Published as part of Gu, J. X., Dai, L. & Huang, J. H., 2018, Crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Hunan Province, China, pp. 8-18 in Far Eastern Entomologist 373 on page 11, DOI: 10.25221/fee.373.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7164550

Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein, 1881 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hunan province: Zhangjiajie, 30.IX 1986, 2 specimens, leg. Xianwei Liu (SEM). DISTRIBUTION. China (He, 2018), Japan, Korea (Storozhenko et al., 2015). NOTE. This species was firstly recorded from Hunan by Woo et al. (1992)., Published as part of Gu, J. X., Dai, L. & Huang, J. H., 2018, Crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Hunan Province, China, pp. 8-18 in Far Eastern Entomologist 373 on page 10, DOI: 10.25221/fee.373.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7164550, {"references":["He (2018) considered it identical with V. micado, but not formally synonymized these species."]}

Pteronemobius (Pteronemobius) nitidus (Bolívar, 1901) MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hunan province: Suoxiyu, Cili County, 4.IX 1988, 1 specimen, leg. Xianwei Liu (SEM). DISTRIBUTION. China (Hunan, Beijing, Hebei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Shandong, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Ningxia), Russian Far East, Korea. NOTE. This species has been recorded from Hunan province by Xia & Liu (1993). Subfamily Oecanthinae Blandchard, 1845, Published as part of Gu, J. X., Dai, L. & Huang, J. H., 2018, Crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Hunan Province, China, pp. 8-18 in Far Eastern Entomologist 373 on page 13, DOI: 10.25221/fee.373.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7164550

Patiscus malayanus Chopard, 1969 MATERIAL EXAMINED. Hunan province: Suoxiyu, Cili City, 1–3.IX 1988, 2 specimens, leg. Xianwei Liu (SEM); Zhangjiajie, 3.X 1986, 1 specimen, leg. Xianwei Liu (SEM). DISTRIBUTION. China (Hunan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan), Andaman Islands. NOTE. This species was firstly recorded from Hunan by Xia & Liu (1993). Subfamily Gryllinae Laicharting, 1781, Published as part of Gu, J. X., Dai, L. & Huang, J. H., 2018, Crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Hunan Province, China, pp. 8-18 in Far Eastern Entomologist 373 on page 9, DOI: 10.25221/fee.373.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7164550

Velarifictorus (Velarifictorus) ornatus (Shiraki, 1911) DISTRIBUTION. China (Hunan, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Fujian, Taiwan), Japan, Korea. NOTE. This species has been recorded from Hunan by Yin & Liu (1995)., Published as part of Gu, J. X., Dai, L. & Huang, J. H., 2018, Crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Hunan Province, China, pp. 8-18 in Far Eastern Entomologist 373 on page 12, DOI: 10.25221/fee.373.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7164550

Loxoblemmus jacobsoni Chopard, 1927 DISTRIBUTION. China (Hunan, Sichuan), Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia (Cigliano et al., 2018). NOTE. This species has been recorded from Hunan by Xia & Liu (1993)., Published as part of Gu, J. X., Dai, L. & Huang, J. H., 2018, Crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from Hunan Province, China, pp. 8-18 in Far Eastern Entomologist 373 on page 11, DOI: 10.25221/fee.373.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7164550

LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is an emerging non-canonical autophagy process that bridges signaling from pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to autophagic machinery. LAP formation results in incorporation of lipidated LC3 into phagosomal membrane (termed LAPosome). Increasing evidence reveals that LAP functions as an innate defense mechanism against fungal pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism involved and the consequence of LAP in regulating anti-fungal immune response remain largely unexplored. Here we show that Histoplasma capsulatum is taken into LAPosome upon phagocytosis by macrophages. Interaction of H. capsulatum with Dectin-1 activates Syk and triggers subsequent NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) response that is involved in LAP induction. Inhibiting LAP induction by silencing LC3��/�� or treatment with ROS inhibitor impairs the activation of MAPKs-AP-1 pathway, thereby reduces macrophage proinflammatory cytokine response to H. capsulatum. Additionally, we unravel the importance of NLRX1 in fungus-induced LAP. NLRX1 facilitates LAP by interacting with TUFM which associates with autophagic proteins ATG5-ATG12 for LAPosome formation. Macrophages from Nlrx1-/- mice or TUFM-silenced cells exhibit reduced LAP induction and LAP-mediated MAPKs-AP-1 activation for cytokine response to H. capsulatum. Furthermore, inhibiting ROS production in Nlrx1-/- macrophages almost completely abolishes H. capsulatum-induced LC3 conversion, indicating that both Dectin-1/Syk/ROS-dependent pathway and NLRX1-TUFM complex-dependent pathway collaboratively contribute to LAP induction. Our findings reveal new pathways underlying LAP induction by H. capsulatum for macrophage cytokine response.

[Background] In the past years, the concept of RNAi application for insect pest control has been proposed, considering the disruption of vital genes. However, the efficiency of RNAi is variable between different insect groups, especially by oral delivery of dsRNA. The purpose of this study is to assess the possibilities of RNAi as a tool for pest control using oral delivery of the dsRNAs encapsulated by liposome in the German cockroach Blattella germanica, which is highly sensitive to RNAi by injection of dsRNAs., [Results] Injecting dsRNA into the abdomen of B. germanica caused dramatic depletion of essential α-tubulin gene and mortality. In contrast, oral delivery of the naked dsRNA resulted in lower RNAi efficiency, accounting for rapid degradation of the dsRNA in the midgut of B. germanica. Notably, we have further demonstrated that continuous ingestion of dsRNA lipoplexes in which dsRNA was encapsulated with a cationic liposome carrier was sufficient to slow down the degradation of dsRNA in the midgut and to increase the mortality of the German cockroach by significantly inhibiting α-tubulin expression in the midgut., [Conclusion] We provide empirical evidence that the formulation of dsRNA lipoplexes could be a plausible approach for insect pest control based on RNAi. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry, This study was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 100-2923-B-002-002-MY3 and 102-2313-B-002-064-MY3) to HJ Lee. Support for this research was provided to X. Belles by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants CGL2012-36251 and CGL2015-64727-P), by FEDER funds and by the Catalan Government (2014 SGR 619).

The importance of imposing physical boundary conditions on the $T$-matrix to remove the nonperturbative renormalization prescription dependence is stressed and demonstrated in two diagonal channels, $^1P_1$ and $^1D_2$, with the help of Pad�� expansion., 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in Chinese Physics Letters

We carried out a Pad�� approximant analysis on a compact factor of the $T$-matrix for $NN$ scattering to explore the nonperturbative renormalization prescription in a universal manner. The utilities and virtues for this Pad�� analysis were discussed., 6 pages, 6 figures, revised version, to appear in Commun. Theor. Phys

The dynamical evolution of super star clusters (SSCs) moving in the background of a dark matter halo has been investigated as a possible event responsible for the formation of bulges in late-type spirals. The underlying physical processes include sinking of SSCs due to the dynamical friction and stripping of SSCs on their way to the center. Our model calculations show that only sinking of circumnuclear SSCs contributes to the formation of galactic bulges at the early stage. Based on the assumption of a universal density profile for the dark matter halo, and an isothermal model for the SSCs, our simulations have yielded bulges that are similar in many aspects to the observational ones. In particular, the derived surface density profiles can be well fitted by anexponential structure with nuclear cusps, which is consistent with HST observations., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS Letter

The dynamical evolution of super star clusters (SSCs) moving in the background of dark matter halo has been investigated as a possible event causing the observed correlation between the mass of galactic bulge, $M_{bulge}$, and the mass of its central black hole, $M_{BH}$. The involved physical processes are the sinking of SSCs due to the dynamical friction, and the stripping of SSCs on their way to the center. Model calculations show that only sinking of circumnuclear SSCs contribute to both the growth of the central object and the formation of the galactic bulge at the early stage. On the assumption of a universal density profile for the dark matter halo, and an isothermal model for the SSCs, our simulations have yielded the mass ratio of the central objects to the bulges formed this way to be about a few times $10^{-4}$, less than the observed median value for early type galaxies. It is, however, consistent with the observed mass ratio for disk spirals, implying that the proposed scenario might be a possible event for the formation of bulges and central black holes of late type galaxies and for $M_{BH} - M_{bulge}$ correlation of disk galaxies., submitted to MNRAS Letter

Our analysis on the two magnitude-limited samples of LINERs suggests a correlation between $L_{\FIR}/L_{\B}$ or f(25\micron)/f(60\micron), and Hubble-type index at $>$99.99% significance level. As $L_{\FIR}/L_{\B}$ and f(25\micron)/f(60\micron) are considered as the indicators of star-formation activity and AGN activity, respectively, our result suggests that LINERs with higher AGN activity may have a lower star-formation contribution. The ones with highest AGN activity and lowest star-formation contributions are ellipticals. All well-studied LINER 1s belong to this group. On the other hand, LINERs with higher star-formation activity present lower AGN contributions. We find all well-studied LINER 2s in this parameter space. Most of LINERs having inner ring structures belong to this group. Statistics with other indicators of star-formation or AGN activity (nulear mass-to-light ratio at H band, and the ratio of X-ray-to-UV power) provide further evidence for such a trend. We have seen that along with the evolution of galaxies from late-type spirals to early-type ones, and up to ellipticals, the intensity of AGN activity increases with decreasing star-formation contributions, The above analyses may suggest a possible connection between the host galaxies and nuclear activities, and it might also indicate a possible evolutionary connection between AGN and starburst in LINERs., 7 pages, 4 figures. accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

We find that a preliminary classification of LINERs' energetics may be made in terms of the FIR-radio correlation of Wolf-Rayet galaxies. The AGN- or starburst-supported LINERs can be distinguished by their FIR-to-radio ratio, $Q\equiv L(1.4{\rm GHz})/$ $L(60��{\rm m})>$ or $, 9 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

1. Flavonoids display a wide range of pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory. Anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic and anti-cancer effects. Here, we evaluated the effects of eight flavonoids on the tumour cell proliferation, cellular protein phosphorylation, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) secretion. 2. Of the flavonoids examined, luteolin (Lu) and quercetin (Qu) were the two most potent agents, and significantly inhibited A431 cell proliferation with IC50 values of 19 and 21 micronM, respectively. 3. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) (10 nM) promoted growth of A431 cells (+25+/-4.6%) and mediated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation of EGFR were inhibited by Lu and Qu. At concentration of 20 micronM, both Lu and Qu markedly decreased the levels of phosphorylation of A431 cellular proteins, including EGFR. 4. A431 cells treated with Lu or Qu exhibited protuberant cytoplasmic blebs and progressive shrinkage morphology. Lu and Qu also time-dependently induced the appearance of a ladder pattern of DNA fragmentation, and this effect was abolished by EGF treatment. 5. The addition of EGF only marginally diminished the inhibitory effect of luteolin and quercetin on the growth rate of A431 cells, treatment of cellular proteins with EGF and luteolin or quercetin greatly reduced protein phosphorylation, indicating Lu and Qu may act effectively to inhibit a wide range of protein kinases, including EGFR tyrosine kinase. 6. EGF increased the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), while Lu and Qu appeared to suppress the secretion of these two MMPs in A431 cells. 7. Examination of the relationship between the chemical structure and inhibitory effects of eight flavonoids reveal that the double bond between C2 and C3 in ring C and the OH groups on C3' and C4' in ring B are critical for the biological activities. 8. This study demonstrates that the inhibitory effects of Lu and Qu, and the stimulatory effects of EGF, on tumour cell proliferation, cellular protein phosphorylation, and MMP secretion may be mediated at least partly through EGFR. This study supports the idea that Lu and Qu may have potential as anti-cancer and anti-metastasis agents.

In this paper, we report our preliminary results on enhanced star formation activity in Seyfert 2 galaxies. By re-analysing the Tully-Fisher relation for Whittle(1992)'s sample and for a Seyfert 2s' sample selecting from Veron-Cetty & Veron (1996), we find that (1) almost all Seyfert 2 galaxies with circumnuclear star formation have a ratio of far infrared (FIR) to blue luminosities ($L_{FIR}/L_{B}$) to be larger than 1/3; (2) for Seyfert 2 galaxies with $L_{FIR}/L_{B} < 1/3$, the Tully-Fisher relation is similar to that of the normal spiral galaxies; while for those with $\rm L_{FIR}/L_{B} \geq 1/3 $, they are significantly different from the normal ones, which confirms Whittle's suggestion of enhanced star formation activities in the circumnuclear regions of these Seyfert 2 galaxies., 9 pages, Latex, with two figures, and accepted for publication in ApSS

We present optical spectra for new infrared Seyfert galaxies obtained with the 2.16m telescope at Beijing Astronomical Observatory (BAO). After wavelength and flux calibration, they are classified by the degree of nuclear activity: nine Seyfert 2 and three Seyfert 3 galaxies. In addition, by using the data from de Grijp et al.(1992), we find that (1) there exists a tight correlation between luminosities of far-infrared ($L_{FIR}$) and \Ha ($L_{H\alpha}$) for both Seyfert and HII-like (starburst) galaxies; (2) the median value of \Ha luminosities of Seyfert 1s is one magnitude larger than that of Seyfert 2s and starburst galaxies; (3) the cumulative distributions of FIR luminosities and infrared spectral index $\alpha(100,60)$ for Seyfert 1s and 2s are similar to that of starburst galaxies. We conclude that most of the far-infrared emission from Seyfert 2 galaxies is due to the violent nuclear/circumnuclear starburst, rather than the nonthermal activity in the nucleus, this may also be the case for many Seyfert 1s as well., Comment: 6 pages, incl. 4 PS figures, Latex and l-aa style A&Ap, 1997, 319, 92

New test-particle simulations have been performed to study the secular evolution of the gaseous distribution in NGC 4736. We find that the distribution of gas clouds can be understood in the frame of perturbation induced by a nuclear oval potential, in addition to a spiral-like potential. Our experiments show that both inner and outer rings are stable structures located at the inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) and the outer Lindblad resonance(OLR), respectively, in agreement with the observations of NGC 4736. One of our simplified simulations indicates that both nuclear starburst and orbital resonance might be needed for keeping the inner ring stable for a long period. We have introduced a symplectic algorithm in the orbit integration. Its stronger stability allows us to adopt a rather large time step to save computational time. Substitution of a viscous force for cloud-cloud interactions proves adequate in the case of NGC 4736., Comment: 7 pages, l-aa.sty, 6 figures available on request at jhh@nju.edu.cn, Accepted for publication in A\&A

New test-particle simulations have been performed to study the secular evolution of the gaseous distribution in NGC 4736. We find that the distribution of gas clouds can be understood in the frame of perturbation induced by a nuclear oval potential, in addition to a spiral-like potential. Our experiments show that both inner and outer rings are stable structures located at the inner Lindblad resonance (ILR) and the outer Lindblad resonance(OLR), respectively, in agreement with the observations of NGC 4736. One of our simplified simulations indicates that both nuclear starburst and orbital resonance might be needed for keeping the inner ring stable for a long period. We have introduced a symplectic algorithm in the orbit integration. Its stronger stability allows us to adopt a rather large time step to save computational time. Substitution of a viscous force for cloud-cloud interactions proves adequate in the case of NGC 4736., 7 pages, l-aa.sty, 6 figures available on request at jhh@nju.edu.cn, Accepted for publication in A\&A

We use the ratio $L_{\rm FIR}/L_{\rm B}$ and the IRAS color index S$_{25}$/S$_{12}$ (both widely used as indices of relative star formation rates in galaxies) to analyse subsets (containing no known AGNs or merging/interacting galaxies) of: (a) the IRAS Bright Galaxy Sample, (b) galaxies from the optically complete RSA sample which have IRAS detections in all four bands, and (c) a volume-limited IR-unselected sample. We confirm that IR-bright barred (SB) galaxies do, on average, have very significantly higher values of the FIR-optical and S$_{25}$/S$_{12}$ ratios (and presumably, higher relative star formation rates, SFR) than that do unbarred ones; the effect is most obvious in the IR colors. We also confirm that these differences are confined to early-type (S0/a - Sbc) spirals and are not evident among late-type systems (Sc - Sdm). {\it Unlike others, we see no enhancement of the SFR in weakly-barred (SAB) galaxies.} We further confirm that the effect of bars on the SFR is associated with the relative IR luminosity and show that it is detectable only in galaxies with $L_{\rm FIR}/L_{\rm B}$ $\proxgreat$ 1/3, suggesting that as soon as they have any effect, bars translate their host galaxies into this relatively IR-luminous group. Conversely, for galaxies with $L_{\rm FIR}/L_{\rm B}$ below$\sim$ 0.1 this luminosity ratio is {\it lower} among barred than unbarred systems, again confirming and quantifying an earlier result. Although there is no simple physical relation between HI content and star formation, a strong correlation of HI content with the presence of bars has been found for early-type spirals with $L_{\rm FIR}/L_{\rm B}$ $\proxgreat$ 1/3. This suggests that the availability of fuel is the factor determining just which galaxies undergo bar-induced starbursts., Comment: 12 pages, l-aa.sty, 1 table and 10 figures available on request at jhh@nju.edu.cn, accepted for publication in A\&A

We have observed an object having strong Balmer absorption lines and blue continuum. The inference about the nuclear stellar population drawn from the line ratios is basically coincident with that drawn from the continuum color, both indicating the dominant fraction of early A type population in the nucleus. This might be expected only if there has been a very massive starburst, burst strength of $>$ 10\% at least., 4 pages, l-aa.sty, 1 figure available on request at jhh@nju.edu.cn, accepted for publication in A\&A

The liquefaction potential of the granular deposits at the Little Jackfish dyke site was studied using the standard penetrometer, the piezocone penetrometer, the cyclic simple shear device and the triaxial cell. The study shows that the top loose fine sand layer may liquefy for two locations while soils at other locations are not liquefiable. The approach based on the steady state concept indicates that a flow slide failure for the proposed dyke is unlikely., Reprint from: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, 13-18 August 1989, vol. 3, p. 1971-1974., 12th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering - ICSMFE, August 13, 1989, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Reactor neutrino experiments play a crucial role in advancing our knowledge of neutrinos. In this Letter, the evolution of the flux and spectrum as a function of the reactor isotopic content is reported in terms of the inverse-beta-decay yield at Daya Bay with 1958 days of data and improved systematic uncertainties. These measurements are compared with two signature model predictions: the Huber-Mueller model based on the conversion method and the SM2018 model based on the summation method. The measured average flux and spectrum, as well as the flux evolution with the Pu239 isotopic fraction, are inconsistent with the predictions of the Huber-Mueller model. In contrast, the SM2018 model is shown to agree with the average flux and its evolution but fails to describe the energy spectrum. Altering the predicted inverse-beta-decay spectrum from Pu239 fission does not improve the agreement with the measurement for either model. The models can be brought into better agreement with the measurements if either the predicted spectrum due to U235 fission is changed or the predicted U235, U238, Pu239, and Pu241 spectra are changed in equal measure.