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Interannual variations in spawning time, defined as the peak in egg abundance, of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Bornholm Basin, Baltic Sea, were analysed. Effects of water temperature, size and age structure of the spawning stock, abundance of food, and timing of spawning in preceding years were studied as possible determinants of annual spawning time. During the 1970s and late 1980s, peak spawning took place between the end of April and mid-June. A remarkable shift in the timing of spawning to the end of July was observed in the 1990s. The key factors governing the timing of spawning are water temperature during the period of gonadal maturation, density-dependent processes related to the size of the spawning stock, and food availability. The age structure of the spawning stock is suggested to have an additional effect. A high proportion of first-time spawners and decreasing water temperature have caused progressively delayed spawning since the early 1990s. Late spawning involves several processes that are detrimental to the survival of the early life stages. Recruitment in the mid-1990s was below what could be expected from spawning stock biomass and favourable hydrographic conditions. It is therefore suggested that the rebuilding of the Baltic cod stock could be improved by reduced fishing pressure in spring on early spawners. 2000 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

Wlodarczyk, E., and Horbowa, K. 1997. Size-specific vertical distribution of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua L.) eggs in the Bornholm Basin in 1993 and 1994. ‐ ICES Journal of Marine Science, 54: 206‐212. The vertical distribution of Baltic cod eggs in relation to seawater density in the Bornholm Basin is described. Mean egg diameters, measured on preserved material, were found to be inversely proportional to ambient water density. The mean depths of the centre of egg mass, z, were 66 m and 59 m in 1993 and 1994, respectively, the shallower location in 1994 being related to the larger modal egg diameter in that year. The analysis of egg abundance in two developmental groups showed that older eggs were consistently more abundant in the 10-m depth layer immediately below the layer of z occurrence. ? 1997 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea

A cryopumping system providing a large pumping speed in the centre of a cyclotron accelerating chamber has been built. The cooling of the cryopanels supplied from cryorefrigerators located at some distance is efficiently transfered with a dual heat pipe operating with LN2 and LH2 circulating by gravity or even with He at moderate pressure in a natural convection mode. The design of the cryopanel is described. Performances for cooldown and steady state operation are given.

First results from the research and development program PARRNE (Production d'Atomes Radioactifs Riches en NEutrons) are presented. Its aim is the investigation of the optimum conditions for the production of neutron-rich fission fragment beams extracted from thick targets irradiated by fast neutrons.