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At present, deep-sea enzymes are a research hotspot. In this study, a novel copper–zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) was successfully cloned and characterized from a new species of sea cucumber Psychropotes verruciaudatus (PVCuZnSOD). The relative molecular weight of the PVCuZnSOD monomer is 15 kDa. The optimum temperature of PVCuZnSOD is 20 °C, and it maintains high activity in the range of 0–60 °C. It also has high thermal stability when incubated at 37 °C. PVCuZnSOD has a maximum activity of more than 50% in the pH range of 4–11 and a high activity at pH 11. In addition, PVCuZnSOD has strong tolerance to Ni2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, and Ca2+, and it can withstand chemical reagents, such as Tween20, TritonX-100, ethanol, glycerol, isopropanol, DMSO, urea, and GuHCl. PVCuZnSOD also shows great stability to gastrointestinal fluid compared with bovine SOD. These characteristics show that PVCuZnSOD has great application potential in medicine, food, and other products.

The ever-growing demand for sea cucumbers is a threat to these echinoderms and their habitats; however, a way to relieve stock pressure lies in meeting demand through aquaculture. As such, this study aimed to improve the growth and survival percentage of Holothuria arguinensis during larval development, settlement and juvenile growth. Three diets of microalgae (Diet RbPt = Rhodomonas baltica + Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Diet RbSm = Rhodomonas baltica + Skeletonema marinoi; Diet RbCc = Rhodomonas baltica + Chaetoceros calcitrans) were administered daily to the larval phase. Additionally, three substrates were supplied (pvc rolls, wavy pvc plaques and tile) at three different depths in order to determine the most favourable for settlement. Lastly, the potential benefits on growth and survival from introducing macroalgae (Sacchoriza polyschides) in the juvenile diet were assessed over a period of 6 months. Despite larvae under diet RbPt having presented a larger mean width, H. arguinensis fed with Diet RbCc presented a higher settlement survival at the end of the trial. No preferences were noted among the tested substrates, regardless of diet. Lastly, juveniles with added S. polyschides in their diet showed increased growth in mean weight and length when compared to individuals that were not fed with this seaweed.

Two new species of sea cucumber, Euthyonidiella zulfigaris sp. nov. and Acaudina spinifera sp. nov. were described. The specimens were collected from the seagrass meadow of Pulau Gazumbo and Middle Bank, located east of Penang Island, Malaysia. E. zulfigaris sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners based on the presence of table ossicles with round disc, spires formed with four pillars, and absence of modified support tables in tube feet. A. spinifera sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners based on the presence of spinose doughnut-shaped ossicles in the body wall.

The sea cucumber Holothuria arguinensis (Koehler and Vaney, 1906) presents an increasing commercial value in Asian markets and its exportation depends exclusively on wild stock harvesting. Production through aquaculture has been acknowledged as an alternative to supply demand and reduce pressure on natural stocks, but there are still bottlenecks to overcome, such as low growth rate and survival. This study focuses on the evaluation of the growth of juveniles of H. arguinensis through substrate enrichment—direct mixing of Sargassum vulgare with sediment—in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), for 4 months, with a baseline diet of Saccorhiza polyschides. Compared to the control (no enrichment), sea cucumbers fed with enriched sediment showed the highest specific growth rate (SGR), the highest growth rate (GR) and the lowest size heterogeneity. The results obtained in this study showed a favorable growth of sea cucumbers when in the presence of a substrate enriched with Sargassum vulgare, representing an important step towards the viability of large-scale sea cucumber rearing in Europe.

Echinodermata pada dasarnya merupakan indikator kesehatan dan status dari terumbu karang di laut. Dasar perairan yang landai dengan substrat pasir, terumbu karang, dan pecahan karang merupakan habitat bagi hewan jenis Asteroidea, Echinoidea, dan Teripang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis bintang laut (Asteroidea), bulu babi (Echinoidea), dan teripang (Holothuroidea) dari perairan Pulau Tunda, Kabupaten Serang. Pengamatan Asteroidea, Echinoidea, dan Holothuroidea menggunakan metode line transek yang dimodifikasi, yaitu mengamati subjek dalam jarak yang sama sepanjang garis transek dan kuadrat transek dengan pengamatan 2,5 m di sebelah kanan dan kiri garis line transek. Observasi habitat yang meliputi substrat dan kedalaman, sedangkan jumlah total bintang laut, bulu babi, dan teripang di setiap stasiun dicatat yang selanjutnya sampel didokumentasikan dan diidentifikasi berdasarkan ciri-ciri morfologinya. Di perairan Pulau Tunda ditemukan 2 spesies dari kelas Asteroidea yaitu Linckia laevigata dan Culcita novaeguneae, 3 spesies dari Echinoidea yaitu Diadema antilarum, Diadema setosum, Echinomerta mathaei, dan 3 spesies dari Holothuroidea yaitu Holothuria atra, Holothuria leucospilota, Bohadschia graeffei.

International audience; This contribution describes the results of a sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) survey that was conducted in Vanuatu (South Pacific) from 2019 to 2020. A field species inventory was undertaken around Efate Island during this period, of which outcomes are then compared with the results from the 2019-2020 sea cucumber monitoring surveys, implemented by the Vanuatu Fisheries Department under the current Vanuatu National Sea Cucumber Fishery Management Plan. The main result of this survey is the correct health of sea cucumber populations, both abundant and diverse, including threatened species. These results bring the total number of sea cucumbers in Vanuatu to 36, including 20 species of commercial interest and 5 species of conservation interest observed throughout the course of the study.; Cette étude décrit les résultats d'une enquête sur les populations d'holothuries (Holothuroidea) qui a été menée au Vanuatu (Pacifique Sud) de 2019 à 2020. Un inventaire des espèces sur le terrain a été entrepris autour de l'île d'Efate au cours de cette période, dont les résultats sont ensuite comparés aux résultats des enquêtes de surveillance des concombres de mer 2019-2020, mises en œuvre par le département des pêches du Vanuatu dans le cadre de l'actuel plan national de gestion de la pêche aux concombres de mer du Vanuatu. Le principal résultat de cette enquête est la bonne santé des populations d'holothuries, à la fois abondantes et diversifiées, y compris les espèces menacées. Ces résultats portent à 36 le nombre total d'holothuries au Vanuatu, dont 20 espèces d'intérêt commercial et 5 espèces d'intérêt pour la conservation observées tout au long de l'étude.

Na Ásia, uma pressão excessiva por parte do mercado de pepinos do mar resultou na exploração intensiva e captura destes organismos, levando à depleção de muitas espécies. A redução da grande maioria de pepinos do mar na Ásia levou a uma procura de espécies provenientes de outras áreas fora do oceano Pacífico, por exemplo no oceano Índico e também, na Europa, no mar mediterrânio e oceano Atlântico. De modo a salvaguardar a sobre exploração de pepinos do mar, diversos estudos têm sido efetuados, desenvolvendo técnicas para a sua produção, preservando a biodiversidade e valorizando os produtos europeus no mercado. Uma das espécies que apresenta um elevado valor comercial é a Holothuria arguinensis. Tem vindo a ser bastante valorizada no mercado, levando a diversos estudos com objetivo de produção. Até hoje, estudos relacionados com a alimentação e crescimento deste pepino do mar em cativeiro têm resultado em crescimentos lentos e heterogéneos, e por isso este estudo tem como foco, a avaliação do crescimento de juvenis de H. arguinensis através do enriquecimento do substrato – mistura direta de Sargassum vulgare com o sedimento. Foram usados sistemas RAS para o estudo do crescimento de H. arguinensis de diferentes classes de tamanho e durante 4 meses foi avaliado o seu crescimento, alimentados com e sem enriquecimento de S. vulgare no sedimento. Os indivíduos de uma das réplicas usadas para testar o efeito da adição de enriquecimento demonstrou o maior crescimento em todas as classes com uma diferença entre peso inicial e peso final de 14,6; 10,98 e 6,63 g, nas classes 1, 2 e 3, respetivamente, assim como um maior comprimento: 3,35; 3,75 e 5,2 cm pela mesma ordem de classes. Em relação ao controlo (sem enriquecimento), os pepinos do mar sujeitos a enriquecimento apresentaram ainda uma maior taxa de crescimento específico em todas as classes (0,59; 0,83; 1,13%/dia) e também a maior taxa de comprimento corporal diária (0,368; 0,546; 1,180%/cm/dia) correspondente às classes 1, 2 e 3. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo mostraram um crescimento favorável dos pepinos do mar quando na presença de um substrato enriquecido com a alga testada, sendo um avanço no que trata à alimentação de pepinos do mar em cativeiro e também à forma com que esta é feita. In Asia, excessive market pressure for sea cucumbers has resulted in the intensive exploitation and capture of these organisms, leading to the depletion of many species. The reduction of the vast majority of sea cucumbers with commercial interest in Asia has led to a demand for species from other areas outside the Pacific Ocean, for example in the Indian Ocean, and also in Europe in the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. In order to safeguard the overexploitation of sea cucumbers, several studies have been carried out, developing techniques for their production, preserving biodiversity and adding value to European products on the market. One of the species that presents a high commercial value is Holothuria arguinensis. Its increasing market value, has been leading to several studies aimed at production. However, up until this date, studies related to the feeding and growth of this sea cucumber in captivity have resulted in slow and heterogeneous growth, and therefore this study focuses on the evaluation of the growth of juveniles of H. arguinensis through substrate enrichment – direct mixing of Sargassum vulgare with sediment. RAS systems were used to study the growth of H. arguinensis of different size classes and for 4 months their growth was evaluated, fed with and without S. vulgare enrichment in the sediment. The individuals from one of the replicates used to test the effect of the enrichment addition showed the highest growth in all size-classes with a difference between initial and final weight of 14.6; 10.98 and 6.63 g, in classes 1, 2 and 3, respectively, as well as a greater length: 3.35; 3.75 and 5.2 cm in the same order of classes. Compared to the control (no enrichment), sea cucumbers fed with enriched sediment also showed the highest specific growth rate in all classes (0.59; 0.83; 1.13%/day) and also the highest daily body length rate (0.368; 0.546; 1.180%/cm/day) corresponding to classes 1, 2 and 3. The results obtained in this study showed a favourable growth of sea cucumbers when in the presence of a substrate enriched with the tested algae, representing an advance concerning the feeding of sea cucumbers in captivity and also the way in which it is done.

Thandar, A. S., Arumugam, P. (2022): Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa 5219 (1): 65-71, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3

Sclerothyone obunca (Lampert, 1885) comb. nov. Another species considered by Arumugam (2011) as belonging to Sclerothyone is Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885). Lampert placed this species in Cucumaria but provided a rather vague description without even mentioning the number of specimens he had examined. He described the holotype as 30 mm long and the calcareous ring as 3 mm high, but illustrated only a single ossicle, presumably from the body wall. Mitsukuri (1912) described two specimens from Asamushi (Japan), which he claimed to belong to Cucumaria obunca (Lampert, 1885), but neither described nor illustrated the calcareous ring or any ossicles. Long after Östergren’s death, Heding (in Östergren et al., 1938) compiled Östergren’s incomplete works, in which he presented an illustration of the calcareous ring and ossicles of this species but without a description or any locality or other data. We, therefore, opine that the illustration was from Östergren’s incomplete work on this species, presumably from the type material from the Copenhagen/Stuttagart Museums (as there were only two records of the species to that date [that of Lampert (1885) and Mitsukuri (1912)]. According to the curator at the Copenhagen Museum (pers. comm.), the holotype of C. obunca appears to be lost and attempts to locate it at other museums were unsuccessful. Mitsukuri (1912) dubiously assigned two of his specimens to this species, but without illustrations, but attempts to locate these specimens also proved unsuccessful. Mitsukuri (1912) stated that in some respects his specimens resembled Cucumaria chronhjelmi Théel, 1886 but with which Deichmann (1938) disagreed and described Mitsukuri’s (not Théel’s C. chronhjelmi) as Eupentacta pseudoquinquesemita ? with some doubt, while designating Selenka’s (1867) Cucumaria quinquesemita as type species of her new genus Eupentacta (accessed WoRMS, October 2022). She, further, declared that both species are North-East Pacific in distribution, perhaps extending to Japan. In addition, Deichmann (1938) stated that Selenka’s record of E. quinquesemita from South Carolina, proved on examination to be referable to Pentamera pulcherrima (Ayres), thus clearing up a puzzling distribution range. Panning (1949), in his revision of the Cucumariidae, transferred Lampert’s C. obunca to Pentathyone after synonymizing the latter with Havelockia. Thus, this species currently remains in Havelockia (WoRMS, accessed October 2022), despite the fact that the tube feet are restricted to the ambulacra. Hence, this species, on the basis of Martin & Tavares’ amendment of the diagnosis of the family, is now also transferred to Sclerothyone, despite the presence of shorter posterior processes to the radial plates (Figure 1F). It perhaps belongs to a new genus within the Sclerothyonidae, but because of its restriction of the podia to the ambulacra and the resemblance of its ossicles to those of other species of Sclerothyone, it is here also referred to this genus. Despite the presence of 2-pillared tables in the body wall (Figure 1G) and introvert (Fig. 1I), S. obunca differs from other species within Sclerothyone in possessing peculiar, elongated tables in the tentacles (Fig. 1H). Another specimen collected from the type locality in 1896 and identified as Pentathyone obunca (Lampert) (USNM 30629), appears to have dried up prior to preservation, with the internal anatomy difficult to discern and the body wall and tube feet ossicles corroded. However, its tube feet are not restricted to the ambulacra. Therefore, whether this specimen is really S. obunca or another species is open to question., Published as part of Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P., 2022, Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 65-71 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7408120, {"references":["Lampert, K. (1885) Die Seewalzen (Holothroidea). In: Semper, C., Philippinen Reisen im Archipel der, Wiesbaden, Series 2, 4 (3), 1 - 312, 1 pl.","Arumugam, P. (2011) A critical assessment of the dendrochirotid subfamilies, Sclerodactylinae and Thyoninae, with the taxonomic management of the ' supergenus' Thyone (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). M. Sc. dissertation, unpublished, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea, Durban, xvi + 229 pp.","Ostergren, H. (1938) Studien uber die Seewalzen. Goteborgs Kungl. Vetenskaps-och Vitterhets-samhalles. Handlingar, Series 5, B 5, 1 - 151.","Deichmann, E. (1938) New holothurians from the western coast of North America and some remarks on the genus Caudina. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 16, 103 - 115.","Selenka, E. (1867) Nachtrag zu den Beitragen zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrifte fur wissenschaftliche, Zoologie, 18, 109 - 118.","Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae (Holothurioidea, Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 78, 404 - 470."]}

Family Sclerothyonidae Thandar, 1989 Remarks. This taxon, erected as Sclerothyoninae by Thandar (1989) within the family Sclerodactylidae, was raised to full family rank by Smirnov (2012) in his revision of the classification of the Holothuroidea. Although not totally accepted by WoRMS (accessed May 2012), it is listed as an alternative nomen. Diagnosis. [from Thandar 1989, as amended by Martins & Tavares 2019]. Tentacles 10, ventral-most two much reduced. Calcareous ring not tubular, radial and interradial plates separate or united at base only. Posterior paired processes of radial plates long, 2–8 times the length of ring, either entire of broken into several pieces. Included genera. Sclerothyone (type genus), Temparena Thandar, 1989, Neopentamera Deichmann, 1941, Thandarum Martinez & Brogger, 2012, and Paulayellus Martins & Tavares,. 1998., Published as part of Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P., 2022, Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 65-71 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7408120, {"references":["Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera. South African Journal of Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167","Smirnov, A. V. (2012) System of Class Holothuroidea. Paleontological Journal, 46 (8), 793 - 783. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030112080126","Martins, L. & Tavares, M. (2019) Two new species of Sclerothyone from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, with a key to the genera and species of Sclerothyoninae (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Sclerodactylidae). Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 375 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.1","Deichmann, E. (1941) The Holothurioidea collected by the Velero III during the years 1932 - 38. Part 1. Dendrochirota. Allan Hancock Paciic Expedition, 8, 61 - 153, 6 text-figs, pls. 10 - 30."]}

Sclerothyone neofusus (Deichmann, 1941) comb. nov. Although the holotype is now devoid of the calcareous ring and ossicles, perhaps completely decalcified, a dissected paratype demonstrated a well-developed calcareous ring (Figure 1A) typical of the Sclerothyonidae and the body wall ossicles (Figure 1B) as delicate 2-pillared tables but on their way to corrosion. The paratype corresponds well with Deichmann’s (1941) description of the species except that the pedicel ossicles are badly affected and appear as corroded rods (?plates) with central and terminal perforations (Figure 1C). The tentacle ossicles comprise slender, curved, perforated rods (Figure 1D) and open rosettes (Figure 1E). No ossicles were detected in the introvert. From this we conclude that the calcareous ring and ossicles of the examined paratype are close to the type species of Sclerothyone [(i.e. S. velligera (Ludwig & Heding, 1935)] and also closely resemble those of S. unicolumnus Thandar, 2006. However, Martins and Tavares (2019) opined that Thyone neofusus may belong in Temparena (also in Sclerothyoninae), rather than in Sclerothyone, as they mistook the plate-like ossicles illustrated by Deichmann (1941), to have also come from the body wall. This observation is erroneous because of misinterpretation of Deichmann’s (1941) figure legend. It is here noted that the so-called plates are actually supporting plates, labelled as such in Deichmann’s legend, while in the description she herself stated that the plates may be reduced tables from the tube feet. However, it is noteworthy that Deichmann mentioned only rosettes in the introvert, but her figure clearly illustrates a “disc of table from introvert”. This may perhaps be contamination from another preparation. Hence, Deichmann’s description of the introvert deposits require clarification from a study of more material.

Sclerothyone oloughlini Martins & Tavares, 2019 Martins & Tavares’ (2019) referral of this species to Sclerothyone is here questioned as the calcareous ring appears to be of the Sclerodactylid type. However, since the tube feet are restricted to the ambulacra and the tables have a handle on one side, it is here left to stand in Sclerothyone as intermediate forms are to be expected.

Sclerothyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981) comb. nov. Arumugam’s (2011) re-assignment of Thyone adinopoda Pawson & Miller, 1981, to Sclerothyone, on the current senior author’s advice, was not questioned by Martins & Tavares (2019) and hence it is now formally included in Sclerothyone although it has scattered podia.

Sclerothyone oloughlini Martins & Tavares, 2019 Martins & Tavares’ (2019) referral of this species to Sclerothyone is here questioned as the calcareous ring appears to be of the Sclerodactylid type. However, since the tube feet are restricted to the ambulacra and the tables have a handle on one side, it is here left to stand in Sclerothyone as intermediate forms are to be expected., Published as part of Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P., 2022, Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 65-71 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7408120, {"references":["Martins, L. & Tavares, M. (2019) Two new species of Sclerothyone from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, with a key to the genera and species of Sclerothyoninae (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Sclerodactylidae). Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 375 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.1"]}

Sclerothyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981) comb. nov. Arumugam’s (2011) re-assignment of Thyone adinopoda Pawson & Miller, 1981, to Sclerothyone, on the current senior author’s advice, was not questioned by Martins & Tavares (2019) and hence it is now formally included in Sclerothyone although it has scattered podia., Published as part of Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P., 2022, Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 65-71 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7408120, {"references":["Arumugam, P. (2011) A critical assessment of the dendrochirotid subfamilies, Sclerodactylinae and Thyoninae, with the taxonomic management of the ' supergenus' Thyone (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). M. Sc. dissertation, unpublished, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea, Durban, xvi + 229 pp.","Martins, L. & Tavares, M. (2019) Two new species of Sclerothyone from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, with a key to the genera and species of Sclerothyoninae (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Sclerodactylidae). Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 375 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.1"]}

Genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1989 Diagnosis (from Martins & Tavares 2019, amended herein). Tube feet in double rows, restricted to ambulacra, interambulacra mostly naked, or tube feet scattered over body. Calcareous ring compact, non-tubular, posterior processes of radial plates long, entire or subdivided. Body wall tables with regular, oval, four-holed disc, with or without a handle, or large, irregular multilocular disc, also with or without a handle. Spire with pillars separate or fused. Introvert with plates, rods, rosettes and/or tables. Tentacles with rods, plates, rosettes or tables. Tube feet with endplate, supporting tables and plates. Included species. All genera and species included, except those here dealt with, are tabulated by Martins & Tavares (1998), together with their distribution and ossicle morphology and there is no need to repeat this here, except that Cucumaria nozawai Mitsukuri, 2012, from Japan, was transferred to Sclerothyone by Thandar (2021) and, in the current paper, Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941 from the West Atlantic, Thyone adinopoda Pawson & Miller. 1981 also from the West Atlantic and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) from Japan, are also now transferred to this genus as suggested by Arumugam (2011). The inclusion of T. adinopoda was not questioned by Martins & Tavares (2019) but they excluded it from their table and the key. Hence altogether 13 species currently stand in Sclerothyone. The key provided by Martins & Tavares (2019) is here modified to include all the species. The debatable species are discussed below., Published as part of Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P., 2022, Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 65-71 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7408120, {"references":["Thandar, A. S. (1989) The sclerodactylid holothurians of southern Africa, with the erection of one new subfamily and two new genera. South African Journal of Zoology, 24 (4), 290 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02541858.1989.11448167","Martins, L. & Tavares, M. (2019) Two new species of Sclerothyone from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, with a key to the genera and species of Sclerothyoninae (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Sclerodactylidae). Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 375 - 382. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.1","Deichmann, E. (1941) The Holothurioidea collected by the Velero III during the years 1932 - 38. Part 1. Dendrochirota. Allan Hancock Paciic Expedition, 8, 61 - 153, 6 text-figs, pls. 10 - 30.","Lampert, K. (1885) Die Seewalzen (Holothroidea). In: Semper, C., Philippinen Reisen im Archipel der, Wiesbaden, Series 2, 4 (3), 1 - 312, 1 pl.","Arumugam, P. (2011) A critical assessment of the dendrochirotid subfamilies, Sclerodactylinae and Thyoninae, with the taxonomic management of the ' supergenus' Thyone (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). M. Sc. dissertation, unpublished, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea, Durban, xvi + 229 pp."]}

Sclerothyone nozawai (Mitsukuri, 1912) This species which was recently transferred to Sclerothyone by Thandar (2021), on advice from Martins & Tavares in their review, is now also included in the key below without further remarks., Published as part of Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P., 2022, Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 65-71 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on page 68, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7408120

Genus Lisacucumis nomen nov. (replacement name for junior homonym Neothyone Deichmann, 1941) Stolus Selenka (partim) 1867: 356. Thyone (partim) Ludwig, 1886 (1887). Neothyone Deichmann, 1941: 108; Panning, 1949: 458 [homonym of Neothyone Hampson, 1914, in lepidopteran family Arctiidae]. Diagnosis (after Deichmann 1941). A genus of medium-sized dendrochirotid holothuroids with a thick body wall, packed with ossicles.. Tube feet numerous, distributed over entire body. Tentacles 10, ventral pair reduced. Plates of calcareous ring subdivided, with radial plates carrying short to medium-sized, fragmented, posterior processes, in some species fairly short and soft, often inwardly curled, thereby escaping notice. Ossicles of body wall a superficial layer of buttons with spinous projections on one side and an inner handle on the other, transformed into reticulated baskets in one species, in some cases lost with advancing age, and an inner layer of numerous, mostly 4-holed knobbed, sometimes smooth, buttons. Supporting tables of tube feet numerous, spire present or reduced; endplates present. Tentacle ossicles as heavy plates or rods. Introvert supported by tables or reduced buttons (plates) and/or tables. Remarks. Arumugam (2011) pointed out that the nomen Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 is preoccupied, having been used by Hampson (1914) for a group of moths belonging to the lepidopteran family Arctiidae, antedating Deichmann’s Neothyone by some 27 years. Hence, to replace this junior homonym, she proposed the nomen Lisacucumis nomen nov., which is here formally published with Stolus gibber Selenka, 1867, designated by Deichmann (1941) for Neothyone, as the type species of the new genus. Type species: Stolus gibber Selenka, 1867 (designated for Neothyone by Deichmann,1941). Type locality: Acapulco, Mexico. Etymology: The new name proposed is in honour of the late Dr Elisabeth Deichmann for her excellent contributions to the taxonomy of the Holothuroidea. Distribution: East Pacific (from Peru, through Costa Rica to Mexico, from shallow water to several meters. Other species included: Thyone panamensis Ludwig, 1886 (1887); Neothyone gibbosa Deichmann, 1941. However, since the erection of Neothyone, several other species were referred to it but of these N. belli (Ludwig, 1887) and N. capensis (Théel, 1886), have been transferred to other genera, whereas those species/subspecies referred to it by Domantay (1953) have been declared either nomina nuda and one as nomen dubiosus by WoRMS (accessed May 24, 2022). Thus, currently only three species remain, all are well-keyed by Deichmann (1941). Remarks: Deichmann (1941) referred only 3 species to Neothyone. While Selenka’s (1867) description of the type species is rather brief and not accompanied by any illustration, that of Ludwig’s (1886, 1887) Thyone similis (a synonym of N. gibber according to Deichmann, 1941), clearly indicates that this species is referable to the synonymy of N. gibber. Panning (1949), in his revision of the family Cucumariidae, transferred Neothyone to Sclerodactylinae but, like Deichmann (1941), was also unaware that this name was preoccupied. Neothyone is included by WoRMS (accessed May 24, 2022) in the subfamily Thyoninae but gives Thyonidae (sensu Smirnov 2012) as an alternative representation, which is here used., Published as part of Thandar, A. S. & Arumugam, P., 2022, Referral of Thyone neofusus Deichmann, 1941, Thyone adinopoda (Pawson & Miller, 1981 and Havelockia obunca (Lampert, 1885) to the genus Sclerothyone Thandar, 1990, and a replacement name for the preoccupied genus Neothyone Deichmann, 1941 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 65-71 in Zootaxa 5219 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5219.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7408120, {"references":["Deichmann, E. (1941) The Holothurioidea collected by the Velero III during the years 1932 - 38. Part 1. Dendrochirota. Allan Hancock Paciic Expedition, 8, 61 - 153, 6 text-figs, pls. 10 - 30.","Ludwig, H. (1886) Die von G. Chierchia auf der Fahrt der Kgl. Ital. Corvette \" Vettor Pisani \" Gesammelten Holothurien. Zoologische Zahrbucher, Systematik, 2, 1 - 36 + 2 pls.","Ludwig, H. (1887) Drei Mittheilungen uber alte und neue Holothurienarten. Sitzungsberichte der Koninglichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 2, 1217 - 1244.","Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae (Holothurioidea, Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 78, 404 - 470.","Hampson, G. F. (1914) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum. Supplement to Catalogue Lepidoptera Phalanae. Vol. II. Taylor and Francis, London. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Supplement 1. Annals and Magazine Natural History, 19 (7), 221 - 257.","Arumugam, P. (2011) A critical assessment of the dendrochirotid subfamilies, Sclerodactylinae and Thyoninae, with the taxonomic management of the ' supergenus' Thyone (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). M. Sc. dissertation, unpublished, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Berea, Durban, xvi + 229 pp.","Selenka, E. (1867) Nachtrag zu den Beitragen zur Anatomie und Systematik der Holothurien. Zeitschrifte fur wissenschaftliche, Zoologie, 18, 109 - 118.","Smirnov, A. V. (2012) System of Class Holothuroidea. Paleontological Journal, 46 (8), 793 - 783. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030112080126"]}

A new dendrochirotid sea cucumber, Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui gen. nov., sp. nov. from deep water of southern Japan is herein described. The new species displays the following unique characters : a cylindrical, soft body; mouth surrounded by five oral valves; 10 equal, dendritic tentacles arranged in a single circle, each composed of two tufts; a low, stout, compact, calcareous ring without posterior prolongations; body wall ossicles comprising an external layer of small, x-framed hourglass-shaped cups originally described as “double-faced x-framed cup ossicles” in a previous study reported by Yamana et al. (2019), and an inner layer of scarce dendriform/branched rods, sometimes taking the shape of delicate plate-like deposits. Although the general (external and internal) morphological characters of the new species correspond well with the characters of species within the cucumariid subfamily Colochirinae Panning, 1949, our material lacks any buttons or elaborate plate-like ossicles which characterize all extant genera within this subfamily. We, therefore, describe our material as a new species S. kaiyomarui sp. nov. within the new genus Satsumaocnus. The predominant body wall deposits of the new species strongly resemble the hourglass type ossicles of some species of the psolid genus Lissothuria (Verrill, 1867), but differ in their possession of a supporting x-shaped frame. In addition, it is noteworthy that these hourglass deposits also resemble the table ossicles of some holothuriids and stichopodids, when viewed from the side, especially the small tables of some Labidodemas and/or Stichopus species, while the dendriform rods resemble those of Thelenota.

Genus Satsumaocnus gen. nov. Yamana, Thandar, & Setiamarga [New Japanese name: Satsuma-kinko-zoku] Diagnosis. A monotypic cucumariid genus with species up to 70 mm in length. Color, yellow in life, white in ethanol. Form cylindrical, soft, with five oral valves, two rows of short podia along each dorsal radius and three rows of retractile ventral podia (pedicels) along each ventral radius; interambulacra naked. Tentacles 10, arranged in a single circle, each tentacle composed of two tufts, thus giving the appearance of 20 tentacles. Calcareous ring low, stout, compact, with no posterior prolongations to any plates; mid-ventral radial and two adjoining interradial plates not fused. Polian vesicle single, mid-ventral; stone canal also single, mid-dorsal. Body wall ossicles form an external layer of abundant, unique, small, x-framed hourglasses and an inner layer of scarce delicate branching rods, sometimes forming simple plates. Etymology. The generic name is derived from combination of Satsuma Peninsula (Kagoshima) near the type locality and Ocnus Forbes & Goodsir, in Forbes 1841; gender, masculine. Type species. Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui Yamana, Thandar, & Setiamarga, by monotypy. Remarks. Previous molecular phylogenetic analysis using multiple markers demonstrated the affinity of this species to Cucumariidae (Yamana et al. 2019), but its affinity to the Psolidae Burmeister, 1937, cannot be ruled out. Morphological analysis in the same report (Yamana et al. 2019) also strongly demonstrated that this species is a member of Cucumariidae as defined by Panning (1949), within the subfamily Colochirinae Panning, 1949, characterized by an external layer of cup-like ossicles which are sometimes reduced to x-shaped deposits or reduced cups/baskets. Another subfamily of Cucumariidae, the Cucumariinae Ludwig, 1894 lack cup-like ossicles. However, such ossicles are often present in the related family Psolidae, although nearly always accompanied by scales or scale-like plates. Furthermore, the ventral surface of the members of Psolidae is usually differentiated by the presence of a sole or sole-like structure used for adherence to substrates. The body wall of the species described herein comprises an external layer of unique x-framed hourglass ossicles. This supports our tentative inclusion of the new genus in Colochirinae. Meanwhile, of the other subfamilies included in Cucumariidae [sensu (Panning 1949)], only Cucumariinae, which lacks cups/baskets of any form, remains. Other subfamilies also lacking cuplike ossicular deposits (viz. Thyoninae, Sclerodactylinae, and Ypsilothuriinae) have long since been moved to other families or elevated to full family rank. The recently erected subfamilies by Thandar (2017) (i.e. Thyonininae and Hemithyoninae) in Thyonidae [(sensu Smirnov (2012)], also lack cup-like deposits. Within the Colochirinae, Panning (1949) included seven genera with one genus preoccupied [i.e. Ludwigia Reiffen, 1901, as pointed out by Mortensen (1925)]. Since then, many other genera have been referred to or included within this subfamily. We carefully searched through all available literature and are thus positive that none of the currently included species in the Colochirinae have the characteristics hourglass-shaped ossicles we describe herein.

Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui sp. nov. Yamana, Thandar, & Setiamarga [New Japanese name: Satsuma-kinko] (Figs 2, 3, 4, and 5; Table 1 and 2) Etymology. The specific name kaiyomarui is the genitive case of the R/V Kaiyo Maru of Fisheries Agency of Japan. Diagnosis. As for the genus. Material examined. Holotype, WMNH-2018-INV-3 (contracted length 62 mm, width 17 mm). Paratypes, 10 individuals: WMNH-2018-INV-4—only contracted measurements (length x breadth) recorded (69 mm x 24 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-5 (58 mm x 20 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-6 (42 mm x 12 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-10 (28 mm x 9 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-11 (23 mm x 8 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-12 (14 mm x 16 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-13 (23 mm x 6 mm). Three observed paratypes were also used for molecular analysis reported previously (Yamana et al., 2019): WMNH-2018-INV-7 (27 mm x 11 mm; Genbank accession numbers LC 425500 for COI, LC 425503 for H3); WMNH-2018-INV-8 (21 mm x 9 mm; Genbank accession numbers LC 425501 for COI, LC 425504 for H3); WMNH-2018-INV-9 (19 mm x 7 mm; Genbank accession numbers LC 425502 for COI, LC 425505 for H3) Holotype description. Body form straight, posteriorly tapering. Live coloration yellow. dorsal podia short, papillae-like, restricted to radii in two longitudinal rows; ventral podia (pedicels), retractile, restricted to radii in three apparently zig-zag rows, absent anteriorly. In preserved state, anterior end expanded and posterior conspicuously contracted. Body wall soft, thin in anterior (1.0 mm); preserved coloration pure white (Fig. 2A, B); contracted length 62 mm, width 17 mm (see Table 1). Tentacles 10, dendritic, equal length, all tentacles arranged in a single circle (Fig. 2F), each with two tufts, subdivided basally (Fig. 2 F’). Body form cylindrical, with five oral valves (Fig. 2C) and five radially arranged anal teeth, each accompanied by a pair of anal papillae lying in a circle outside of the anal teeth (Fig.2D). Tentacles and introvert are of same coloration as the adjoining body wall. Calcareous ring low, stout, radial and interradial elements compact, not forming a mosaic and lacking posterior prolongations (Fig. 3). All plates sagittate, each with a posterior depression and anterior projection. The mid-ventral element R 1 and adjoining two interradial elements IR1 and IR2 not fused, both IR1 and IR2 narrower than RI, both with sharper anterior projection (Fig. 3) but mid-dorsal interradial plate (IR5) with deepest posterior depression. Retractor muscles originate from respective longitudinal muscle at 20–30% of body length from anterior end, more anterior dorsally, and insert on anterior projection (Fig. 3) of corresponding radial plate. Polian vesicle single, mid-ventral in position, in line with RI, fusiform in shape, narrowing distally (distal end 1/6–1/3 of vesicle length); stone canal also single, mid-dorsal in position, in line with IR5; madreporite brain-/coralshaped, on the left side of anterior portion of the dorsal mesentery (Table 1, Fig. 2G, H). Gonadal stolon attached anteriorly, gonad in two tufts, one on each side of dorsal mesentery, most tubules short, branched. Respiratory trees paired, larger tree situated on right side of body cavity, reaching about half body length. Smaller tree situated on left side, length approximately 1/5–1/4 of the right one. Small intestine extends from mid-dorsal region in line with IR5, turns towards the right dorsal interradius in line with IR4, passes along IR4 to about 3/4 the body length and then extends anteriad to middle of body along interradius (IR5) before opening into the cloaca. Body wall ossicles as an external layer of small (22–35 µm) x-framed hourglass ossicles (Fig. 4F, G, Table 2) and an inner layer of sparsely distributed, large (123–154 µm) dendriform rods (Fig. 4 F, G, Table 2), sometimes forming delicate plates. Buttons, thick plates, x-shaped ossicles and/or rosettes absent. Tentacle ossicles mostly large, thick rods (55–643 µm), distally branched or perforated by few small holes (Fig. 4A, Table 2). Peri-oral ossicles, sparse, occurring as small (39–49 µm) typical, simple cups and large (169–369 µm) spinous rods (Fig. 4B, Table 2). Ossicles of pharyngeal villi as large (78–251 µm) rods, with few distal perforations and/or branches, sometimes also with a medial third branch/arm (Fig. 4C, Table 2). Introvert ossicles also as small (26–31 µm), x-framed hourglasses (Fig. 4D, Table 2). Oral valve ossicles as mostly small (24–34 µm) hourglasses and medium to large (101–358 µm), often distorted or rod-derived supporting plates at tip of valve (Fig. 4E, Table 2). Ossicles of dorsal podia mostly small (24–34 µm) hourglasses and small to large (85–175 µm), irregular supporting plates at tip (Fig. 4H, Table 2). Ossicles of ventral podia, mostly small (24–39 µm) hourglasses, medium-sized (57–149 µm) terminal supporting plates and large (451–514 µm) endplate (Fig. 4I, Table 2). Peri-anal ossicles as small (16–32 µm) hourglasses. Anal papillae with medium-sized (85–175 µm), irregular supporting plates (Fig. 4J, Table 2). Ossicles were also detected in the basal part of ovary as medium-sized (78–163 µm), distally branched spinous or dendriform rods (Fig. 4K, Table 2). Variations in paratypes. Body form in life straight or slightly U-shaped, straight in preserved state. Contracted dimensions of the largest paratype (WMNH-INV-2018-4) 69 mm x 24 mm (Table 1). All paratypes with 10 equal tentacles in a single circle (Fig. 2 F), each tentacle basally divided into two large tufts. Except for five small specimens (WMNH-INV- 2018-9–13), the posterior end of all specimens is strongly contracted. Polian vesicle always single, in RI, stone canal also single in IR5. calcareous ring low, stout, without posterior prolongations; oral valves present. All specimens possess abundant x-framed hourglasses in body-wall, but simple cups and scarce spinous rods in perioral skin lacking in some individuals (Table 2). Hourglasses absent in the introvert of several specimens (Table 2). In all specimens dendriform rods sparser in ventral body wall. Gonadal tubules (Table 1) absent in some specimens (perhaps due to immaturity). Other ossicles of the paratypes consistent with those of the holotype. Distribution. Known only from type locality. Ecology/behaviour. All individuals were observed basally attached with their posterior end, or this end was embedded in the sediment (pebbles and coral debris) (Fig. 6A, B). Most specimens were observed with their tentacles extended into the water column while feeding. (Fig. 6C). Sometimes animals were half-embedded in the sandy gravel bottom. Other movements were not observed (Fig. 6D). a Registration number, WMNH-INV: Invertebrate Collection (INV) of the Wakayama Prefectural Museum of Natural History (WMNH). b Localities for the expedition of Fisheries Agency of Japan in August, 2017, shown in Fig. 1 c Positions classified by Ludwig’s [1889 –1892 (1889), p156]: RI, medioventral; IR5, mediodorsal. Rod: a Length, a total length along with longitudinal line; b Breadth, a stem breadth at central region; c Width, a total width crossing to longitudinal line. Cup: a Length, a long side of lectangle rim; b Breadth, a short side of lectangle rim; c High, a distance between upper edge of upside rim and belower edge of downside rim. In all three directions, spinneret and/or process were omitted from the measurement. Among the three directions, one vertical direction was omitted from the measurement., Published as part of Yamana, Yusuke, Thandar, Ahmed S., Hayashibara, Takeshi & Setiamarga, Davin H. E., 2022, A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae), pp. 270-284 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on pages 273-278, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7326013, {"references":["Yamana, Y., Hayashibara, T., Yamamoto, M., & Setiamarga, D. H. E. (2019) First observation of the \" double-faced x-framed cup ossicle \" extracted from a deep sea holothurian in Japan. Zoosymposia, 15, 203 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zoosymposia. 15.1.21","Ludwig, H. [1889 - 1892 (1889)] Die Seewalzen. In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des TheirReichs. I. Buch. C. F. Winter, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 460, pls. I - XVII. [pp. 1 - 176, figs. 1 - 16, pls. I - VIII (1889), pp. 177 - 240, pls. IX - XII (1890), pp. 241 - 376, figs. 17 - 24, pls. XIII - XVII (1891), pp. 377 - 460, fig. 25 (1892)]"]}

Genus Satsumaocnus gen. nov. Yamana, Thandar, & Setiamarga [New Japanese name: Satsuma-kinko-zoku] Diagnosis. A monotypic cucumariid genus with species up to 70 mm in length. Color, yellow in life, white in ethanol. Form cylindrical, soft, with five oral valves, two rows of short podia along each dorsal radius and three rows of retractile ventral podia (pedicels) along each ventral radius; interambulacra naked. Tentacles 10, arranged in a single circle, each tentacle composed of two tufts, thus giving the appearance of 20 tentacles. Calcareous ring low, stout, compact, with no posterior prolongations to any plates; mid-ventral radial and two adjoining interradial plates not fused. Polian vesicle single, mid-ventral; stone canal also single, mid-dorsal. Body wall ossicles form an external layer of abundant, unique, small, x-framed hourglasses and an inner layer of scarce delicate branching rods, sometimes forming simple plates. Etymology. The generic name is derived from combination of Satsuma Peninsula (Kagoshima) near the type locality and Ocnus Forbes & Goodsir, in Forbes 1841; gender, masculine. Type species. Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui Yamana, Thandar, & Setiamarga, by monotypy. Remarks. Previous molecular phylogenetic analysis using multiple markers demonstrated the affinity of this species to Cucumariidae (Yamana et al. 2019), but its affinity to the Psolidae Burmeister, 1937, cannot be ruled out. Morphological analysis in the same report (Yamana et al. 2019) also strongly demonstrated that this species is a member of Cucumariidae as defined by Panning (1949), within the subfamily Colochirinae Panning, 1949, characterized by an external layer of cup-like ossicles which are sometimes reduced to x-shaped deposits or reduced cups/baskets. Another subfamily of Cucumariidae, the Cucumariinae Ludwig, 1894 lack cup-like ossicles. However, such ossicles are often present in the related family Psolidae, although nearly always accompanied by scales or scale-like plates. Furthermore, the ventral surface of the members of Psolidae is usually differentiated by the presence of a sole or sole-like structure used for adherence to substrates. The body wall of the species described herein comprises an external layer of unique x-framed hourglass ossicles. This supports our tentative inclusion of the new genus in Colochirinae. Meanwhile, of the other subfamilies included in Cucumariidae [sensu (Panning 1949)], only Cucumariinae, which lacks cups/baskets of any form, remains. Other subfamilies also lacking cuplike ossicular deposits (viz. Thyoninae, Sclerodactylinae, and Ypsilothuriinae) have long since been moved to other families or elevated to full family rank. The recently erected subfamilies by Thandar (2017) (i.e. Thyonininae and Hemithyoninae) in Thyonidae [(sensu Smirnov (2012)], also lack cup-like deposits. Within the Colochirinae, Panning (1949) included seven genera with one genus preoccupied [i.e. Ludwigia Reiffen, 1901, as pointed out by Mortensen (1925)]. Since then, many other genera have been referred to or included within this subfamily. We carefully searched through all available literature and are thus positive that none of the currently included species in the Colochirinae have the characteristics hourglass-shaped ossicles we describe herein., Published as part of Yamana, Yusuke, Thandar, Ahmed S., Hayashibara, Takeshi & Setiamarga, Davin H. E., 2022, A new species of dendrochirotid holothuroid from deep water of southern Japan, with the erection of a new genus, Satsumaocnus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae: Colochirinae), pp. 270-284 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 272, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7326013, {"references":["Forbes, E. (1841) A history of British Starfishes and other animals of the class Echinodermata. John Van Voorst, London, 267 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2129","Yamana, Y., Hayashibara, T., Yamamoto, M., & Setiamarga, D. H. E. (2019) First observation of the \" double-faced x-framed cup ossicle \" extracted from a deep sea holothurian in Japan. Zoosymposia, 15, 203 - 211. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zoosymposia. 15.1.21","Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae (Holothurioidea, Dendrochirota). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Thiere, 78, 404 - 470.","Ludwig, H. (1894) The Holothurioidea. In: Reports on an exploration off the west coasts of Mexico, Central and South America, and off the Galapagos Islands, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer \" Albatross, \" during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., commanding. XII. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 1 (3), 1 - 183, 19 pls. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 25502 page / 7 / mode / 1 up]","Thandar, A. S. (2017) Two new subfamilies, three new species and a new subspecies of dendrochirotid sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa, 4365 (4), 410 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4365.4.2","Smirnov, A. V. (2012) System of Class Holothuroidea. Palentological Journal, 46 (8), 793 - 852. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030112080126","Mortensen, T. (1925) Holothurioidea. In: Papers from Dr. Th. mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XXIX. Echinoderms of New Zealand and the Aukland-Campbell Islands. IV. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i Kjobenhavn Foren, 79, pp. 322 - 386"]}

Satsumaocnus kaiyomarui sp. nov. Yamana, Thandar, & Setiamarga [New Japanese name: Satsuma-kinko] (Figs 2, 3, 4, and 5; Table 1 and 2) Etymology. The specific name kaiyomarui is the genitive case of the R/V Kaiyo Maru of Fisheries Agency of Japan. Diagnosis. As for the genus. Material examined. Holotype, WMNH-2018-INV-3 (contracted length 62 mm, width 17 mm). Paratypes, 10 individuals: WMNH-2018-INV-4—only contracted measurements (length x breadth) recorded (69 mm x 24 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-5 (58 mm x 20 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-6 (42 mm x 12 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-10 (28 mm x 9 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-11 (23 mm x 8 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-12 (14 mm x 16 mm); WMNH-2018-INV-13 (23 mm x 6 mm). Three observed paratypes were also used for molecular analysis reported previously (Yamana et al., 2019): WMNH-2018-INV-7 (27 mm x 11 mm; Genbank accession numbers LC 425500 for COI, LC 425503 for H3); WMNH-2018-INV-8 (21 mm x 9 mm; Genbank accession numbers LC 425501 for COI, LC 425504 for H3); WMNH-2018-INV-9 (19 mm x 7 mm; Genbank accession numbers LC 425502 for COI, LC 425505 for H3) Holotype description. Body form straight, posteriorly tapering. Live coloration yellow. dorsal podia short, papillae-like, restricted to radii in two longitudinal rows; ventral podia (pedicels), retractile, restricted to radii in three apparently zig-zag rows, absent anteriorly. In preserved state, anterior end expanded and posterior conspicuously contracted. Body wall soft, thin in anterior (1.0 mm); preserved coloration pure white (Fig. 2A, B); contracted length 62 mm, width 17 mm (see Table 1). Tentacles 10, dendritic, equal length, all tentacles arranged in a single circle (Fig. 2F), each with two tufts, subdivided basally (Fig. 2 F’). Body form cylindrical, with five oral valves (Fig. 2C) and five radially arranged anal teeth, each accompanied by a pair of anal papillae lying in a circle outside of the anal teeth (Fig.2D). Tentacles and introvert are of same coloration as the adjoining body wall. Calcareous ring low, stout, radial and interradial elements compact, not forming a mosaic and lacking posterior prolongations (Fig. 3). All plates sagittate, each with a posterior depression and anterior projection. The mid-ventral element R 1 and adjoining two interradial elements IR1 and IR2 not fused, both IR1 and IR2 narrower than RI, both with sharper anterior projection (Fig. 3) but mid-dorsal interradial plate (IR5) with deepest posterior depression. Retractor muscles originate from respective longitudinal muscle at 20–30% of body length from anterior end, more anterior dorsally, and insert on anterior projection (Fig. 3) of corresponding radial plate. Polian vesicle single, mid-ventral in position, in line with RI, fusiform in shape, narrowing distally (distal end 1/6–1/3 of vesicle length); stone canal also single, mid-dorsal in position, in line with IR5; madreporite brain-/coralshaped, on the left side of anterior portion of the dorsal mesentery (Table 1, Fig. 2G, H). Gonadal stolon attached anteriorly, gonad in two tufts, one on each side of dorsal mesentery, most tubules short, branched. Respiratory trees paired, larger tree situated on right side of body cavity, reaching about half body length. Smaller tree situated on left side, length approximately 1/5–1/4 of the right one. Small intestine extends from mid-dorsal region in line with IR5, turns towards the right dorsal interradius in line with IR4, passes along IR4 to about 3/4 the body length and then extends anteriad to middle of body along interradius (IR5) before opening into the cloaca. Body wall ossicles as an external layer of small (22–35 µm) x-framed hourglass ossicles (Fig. 4F, G, Table 2) and an inner layer of sparsely distributed, large (123–154 µm) dendriform rods (Fig. 4 F, G, Table 2), sometimes forming delicate plates. Buttons, thick plates, x-shaped ossicles and/or rosettes absent. Tentacle ossicles mostly large, thick rods (55–643 µm), distally branched or perforated by few small holes (Fig. 4A, Table 2). Peri-oral ossicles, sparse, occurring as small (39–49 µm) typical, simple cups and large (169–369 µm) spinous rods (Fig. 4B, Table 2). Ossicles of pharyngeal villi as large (78–251 µm) rods, with few distal perforations and/or branches, sometimes also with a medial third branch/arm (Fig. 4C, Table 2). Introvert ossicles also as small (26–31 µm), x-framed hourglasses (Fig. 4D, Table 2). Oral valve ossicles as mostly small (24–34 µm) hourglasses and medium to large (101–358 µm), often distorted or rod-derived supporting plates at tip of valve (Fig. 4E, Table 2). Ossicles of dorsal podia mostly small (24–34 µm) hourglasses and small to large (85–175 µm), irregular supporting plates at tip (Fig. 4H, Table 2). Ossicles of ventral podia, mostly small (24–39 µm) hourglasses, medium-sized (57–149 µm) terminal supporting plates and large (451–514 µm) endplate (Fig. 4I, Table 2). Peri-anal ossicles as small (16–32 µm) hourglasses. Anal papillae with medium-sized (85–175 µm), irregular supporting plates (Fig. 4J, Table 2). Ossicles were also detected in the basal part of ovary as medium-sized (78–163 µm), distally branched spinous or dendriform rods (Fig. 4K, Table 2). Variations in paratypes. Body form in life straight or slightly U-shaped, straight in preserved state. Contracted dimensions of the largest paratype (WMNH-INV-2018-4) 69 mm x 24 mm (Table 1). All paratypes with 10 equal tentacles in a single circle (Fig. 2 F), each tentacle basally divided into two large tufts. Except for five small specimens (WMNH-INV- 2018-9–13), the posterior end of all specimens is strongly contracted. Polian vesicle always single, in RI, stone canal also single in IR5. calcareous ring low, stout, without posterior prolongations; oral valves present. All specimens possess abundant x-framed hourglasses in body-wall, but simple cups and scarce spinous rods in perioral skin lacking in some individuals (Table 2). Hourglasses absent in the introvert of several specimens (Table 2). In all specimens dendriform rods sparser in ventral body wall. Gonadal tubules (Table 1) absent in some specimens (perhaps due to immaturity). Other ossicles of the paratypes consistent with those of the holotype. Distribution. Known only from type locality. Ecology/behaviour. All individuals were observed basally attached with their posterior end, or this end was embedded in the sediment (pebbles and coral debris) (Fig. 6A, B). Most specimens were observed with their tentacles extended into the water column while feeding. (Fig. 6C). Sometimes animals were half-embedded in the sandy gravel bottom. Other movements were not observed (Fig. 6D). a Registration number, WMNH-INV: Invertebrate Collection (INV) of the Wakayama Prefectural Museum of Natural History (WMNH). b Localities for the expedition of Fisheries Agency of Japan in August, 2017, shown in Fig. 1 c Positions classified by Ludwig’s [1889 –1892 (1889), p156]: RI, medioventral; IR5, mediodorsal. Rod: a Length, a total length along with longitudinal line; b Breadth, a stem breadth at central region; c Width, a total width crossing to longitudinal line. Cup: a Length, a long side of lectangle rim; b Breadth, a short side of lectangle rim; c High, a distance between upper edge of upside rim and belower edge of downside rim. In all three directions, spinneret and/or process were omitted from the measurement. Among the three directions, one vertical direction was omitted from the measurement.

Fifteen dendrochirotid holothurians, including four new species, were collected from the Seto Inland Sea and the western part of the Sea of Japan, western Japan by the training and research vessel (TR/V) TOYOSHIO MARU of Hiroshima University, during the 2014–15 surveys. Massinium toyoshiomaruae sp. nov., Thyone kyushuensis sp. nov., T. liaoi sp. nov., and T. toyoshiomaruae sp. nov. are described as new species. Massinium toyoshiomaruae sp. nov. is readily distinguishable from all congeners by the absence of bodywall ossicles and the presence of table ossicles in the tentacle base. Thyone kyushuensis sp. nov. possesses large polyporous-tables in the introvert and tentacles, bodywall ossicles of a peculiar shape, and tentacle ossicles comprised mostly of unbranching rods and/or rod-like rosettes, which differ from those of all congeners. Thyone liaoi sp. nov. resembles T. pedata Semper, 1867 in its bodywall ossicles, however, it is distinguishable by the absences of huge ossicles in the body wall and the needle-shaped ossicles in the gonadal tubules. Thyone toyoshiomaruae sp. nov. is distinguishable from all other Thyone by the presence of the peculiar shape of the bodywall ossicles. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene are provided from the type specimens of the new species as DNA barcoding data.

Thirty-seven holothuroid species, including six potentially new, are reported from the eastern Weddell Sea in Antarctica. Information regarding sea cucumbers in this dataset is based on Agassiz Trawl (AGT) samples collected during the British Antarctic Survey cruise JR275 on the RRS James Clark Ross in the austral summer of 2012. Species presence by site and an appendix of holothuroid identifications with registrations are included as supplementary material. Species occurrence in the Weddell Sea is updated to include new holothuroids from this expedition.

Kroh, Andreas, Gaudin, Jimmy, Reich, Mike (2022): Oloughlinia, a replacement name for Clarkiella Heding in Heding & Panning 1954 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerodactylidae). Zootaxa 5178 (4): 397-399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.6

Order Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840 Family Sclerodactylidae Panning, 1949 Subfamily Cladolabinae Heding & Panning, 1954 Remarks: The assignment of the genus Oloughlinia (nom. nov. pro Clarkiella Heding in Heding & Panning, 1954) to the family Sclerodactylidae (vs. Cucumariidae vs. Cladolabidae) is under discussion (cf. O’Loughlin 2009, pp. 4–6; O’Loughlin et al. 2011, p. 267; Smirnov 2012, p. 820), especially since the Sclerodactylidae and Cucumariidae are evidently polyphyletic (e.g. Miller et al. 2017, fig. 4). Martins & Tavares (2022, p. 569), based on a re-examination of the type-material at ZMUC and holotype slides at the MNHN listed Clarkiella as member of the Subfamily Cladolabinae, which is followed here., Published as part of Kroh, Andreas, Gaudin, Jimmy & Reich, Mike, 2022, Oloughlinia, a replacement name for Clarkiella Heding in Heding & Panning 1954 (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Sclerodactylidae), pp. 397-399 in Zootaxa 5178 (4) on page 397, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5178.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7031833, {"references":["Grube, A. E. (1840) Actinien, Echinodermen und Wurmer des Adriatischen- und Mittelmeers nach eigenen Sammlungen beschrieben. J. H. Bon, Konigsberg, 92 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10133","Panning, A. (1949) Versuch einer Neuordnung der Familie Cucumariidae (Holothurioidea, Dendrochirotida). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur Systematik, Okologie und Geographie der Tiere, 78 (4), 404 - 470.","Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae. Eine Bearbeitung der polytentaculaten dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis [Skrifter udgivet af Universitetets Zoologiske Museum KObenhavn], 13, 1 - 209.","O'Loughlin, P. M. (2009) BANZARE holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Zootaxa, 2196 (1), 1 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2196.1.1","O'Loughlin, P. M., Paulay, G., Davey, N. & Michonneau, F. (2011) The Antarctic region as a marine biodiversity hotspot for echinoderms: Diversity and diversification of sea cucumbers. Deep-Sea Research II, 58, 264 - 275. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dsr 2.2010.10.011","Smirnov, A. V. (2012) System of the Class Holothuroidea. Paleontological Journal, 46 (8), 793 - 832. http: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0031030112080126","Miller, A. K., Kerr, A. M., Paulay, G., Reich, M., Wilson, N. G., Carvajal, J. I. & Rouse, G. W. (2017) Molecular phylogeny of extant Holothuroidea (Echinodermata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 111, 110 - 131. http: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2017.02.014","Martins, L. R. & Tavares, M. (2022) Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida). Zootaxa, 5120 (4), 559 - 572. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5120.4.6"]}

A new species, Psolidium kharlamenkoi n. sp. (Echinodermata: Dendrochirotida: Psolidae) is described from the Kuril Islands. The new species is distinguished from all previously described species of the genus Psolidium by combination of the external features, ossicles morphology and coloration.

In order to contribute to the base line of knowledge that is being built of the Gerlache Strait and the adjacent areas, the echinoderms collected during the Scientific Expeditions from Colombia to Antarctica carried out between 2016 and 2019 as part of the project “Biodiversity and oceanographic conditions of the Gerlache Strait, Biogerlache-Antártica” are presented. Eleven stations between 54 and 523 m deep were sampled, using sediment dredgers that captured incidentally some individuals from the mega and macro-epifauna, which were separated, reviewed and identified. Twentynine (29) individuals were obtained in five of the sampled stations, belonging to 13 morphotypes. Ophiuroidea was the richest class (five morphotypes), followed by Holothuroidea (four), Asteroidea (two) and Crinoidea (two). Morphological and distribution comments are presented, as well as general and detailed images of each morphotype. Among the contributions to the inventory of echinoderms in the area, it is highlighted the sea cucumber genus Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 that is registered for the first time for the Antarctic peninsula and the crinoid species Anthometrina adriani (Bell, 1908) that extends its geographical distribution, confined to the high-Antarctic shelf, up to the Gerlache Strait ( 64° 39S). RESUMEN Con el objetivo de aportar a la línea base de conocimiento que se está construyendo del estrecho de Gerlache y las zonas adyacentes, se presentan los equinodermos recolectados durante las Expediciones Científicas de Colombia a la Antártica realizadas entre 2016 y 2019, en el marco del proyecto “Biodiversidad y condiciones oceanográficas del Estrecho de Gerlache, Biogerlache-Antártica”. Se muestrearon once estaciones entre 54 y 523 m de profundidad, utilizando dragas de sedimentos que capturaron de forma incidental algunos individuos de la mega y la macro-epifauna, los cuales fueron separados, revisados e identificados. Se obtuvieron 29 individuos en cinco de las estaciones muestreadas, pertenecientes a 13 morfotipos. Ophiuroidea fue la clase con mayor riqueza (cinco morfotipos), seguida por Holothuroidea (cuatro), Asteroidea (dos) y Crinoidea (dos). Se presentan comentarios morfológicos y de distribución, así como imágenes generales y detalles de cada morfotipo identificado. Entre los aportes al inventario de los equinodermos del área se destaca el género de pepino de mar Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 que se registra por primera vez para la península Antártica y la especie de crinoideo Anthometrina adriani (Bell, 1908) que amplía su distribución geográfica, confinada a la plataforma antártica alta, hasta el estrecho de Gerlache (64° 39S).

Resumen Introducción: El género Leptopentacta solo ha sido reportado previamente en Florida, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica y Surinam. Objetivo: Presentar el primer registro del género para Nicaragua. Métodos: Los caracteres morfológicos del material nicaragüense del Smithsonian Institution (USNM 1014529), fueron corroborados con la descripción original. Resultados: Los cinco especímenes recolectados en el Caribe nicaragüense coinciden con el género. Conclusiones: Leptopentacta se reporta por primera vez en el Mar Caribe de Nicaragua. Esto aumenta el número de equinodermos nicaragüenses a 194 especies. Abstract Introduction: The genus Leptopentacta has only been previously reported from Florida, Cuba, Colombia, Costa Rica, and Suriname. Objective: To present the first record of the genus for Nicaragua. Methods: The morphological characters of Nicaraguan material at the Smithsonian Institution (USNM 1014529), were corroborated with the original description. Results: The five specimens collected in the Nicaraguan Caribbean match the genus. Conclusions: Leptopentacta is reported for the first time from the Nicaraguan Caribbean Sea. This increases the number of Nicaraguan echinoderms to 194 species.

Bohadschia argu is a kind of sea cucumber with high economic value; it is the only undisputed species in the genus Bohadschia. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of B. argus was acquired through high-throughput sequencing. The mitochondrial genome of B. argus was 15,656 bp in total length and contained a putative control region (CR) and 37 typical genes of animal mitochondrial genomes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rrnS and rrnL) and 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA). The sizes of the PCGs ranged from 168 bp to 1833 bp, and all PCGs except nad6 were encoded on the heavy chain (H). Both rrnS and rrnL were also encoded on the H chain. Twenty-two tRNA genes had positive AT skew and GC skew. All tRNAs had a typical cloverleaf secondary structure except for trnI, in which an arm of dihydrouridine was missing. B. argus shared the same gene arrangement order (the echinoderm ground pattern) as other species in Aspidochirotida. Phylogenetic analysis clearly revealed that B. argus belongs as a member of the Holothuriidae, and it is closely related to members of Actinopyga and Holothuria.

Scoliodota japonica (Marenzeller, 1882) [Japanese name: Ibo-kagi-namako (Iwami and other Japanese form); and Sado-nadeshiko-namako (Sado form)] (Figs 2–10) Chirodota japonica Marenzeller, 1882: 123–124; Lampert 1885: 236; Théel 1886: 17, 33, pl. II, fig. 3. Chirodota japonica von Marenzeller, 1882: Ludwig 1889 -1892 (1891): 358, pl. I, fig. 6. Toxodora japonica (Marenzeller, 1882): Östergren 1898: 118. Scoliodota japonica (Marenzeller, 1882): Ohshima 1913: 259–261, pl. 6. figs. 1–3, textfig. A–D; Ohshima 1914: 479–480. Trochodota japonica (Marenzeller, 1882): Ohshima 1919: 149; Clark 1921: 166; Utinomi 1956: 122, pl. 61. fig. 13; Utinomi 1965: 99, Textfig. 321; Imaoka 1995: 570. Imaoka 2010: 55–56. Taeniogyrus japonicus (Marenzeller, 1882): O'Loughlin and VandenSpiegel 2010: 84; Ota et al. 2021: 143, fig. 9. Table 6. Scoliorhapis dianthus Solis-Marin, Komatsu, Soliman, Uchida, Shimotani & Nozaki, 2014: 323–327, figs 1–3. Non: Chirodota japonica Marenzeller, 1882: Théel 1886: 17, 33, pl. 2. fig. 3. = Scoliorhapis theelii Heding, 1928: 319–322, fig. 69. Non: Scoliodota japonica (Marenzeller, 1882): Clark 1908: 125, pl. 7. fig. 5. = Scoliorhapis theelii Heding, 1928: 319–322, fig. 69. Specimens examined. 4 specimens of Iwami form: WMNH-INV-2017-169 (length 149 mm, width 3.5–7 mm), from 16 m deep of west side the Haneo Point (35°36′16.6″N, 134°20′20.0″E) on Sept. 13, 2017; WMNH-INV- 2017-170 (divided into three parts, length 28+30+ 28 mm, width 3.5–6.5 mm) from 3 m deep of inside the Tajiri Port (35°35′36.8″N, 134°19′03.6″E) on Sept. 15, 2017; WMNH-INV-2017-171 (length 46 mm, width 2.5–3 mm), and -172 (length 26 mm, width 2.5–5 mm), from 16 m deep of outside the Tajiri Port (35°35′48.9″N, 134°19′01.0″E), on Sept. 15, 2017. 13 specimens of Sado form: WMNH-INV-2020-27 (181003b8) (length 104 mm, width 3.7– 5.1 mm), from 2.0 m deep of Mushizaki (38°14'56.0"N 138°30'21.5"E) on Oct. 3, 2018; WMNH-INV-2020-28 (180808) (length 12+? mm, width 2.8 mm, autotomied anterior part only), from 1.0 m deep of Sawane (38°00'03.0"N 138°16'26.0"E) on Aug. 8, 2018; WMNH-INV-2018-78–80 (length 18–29 mm, width 2.0– 2.9 mm), from 1.0 m deep of Sawane on May. 22, 2018; WMNH-INV-2019-319 (length 145 mm, width 3.6–6.3 mm) and WMNH-INV- 2019-324 (length 36 mm, width 3.0– 3.2 mm) from 2.0 m deep of Mushizaki on Oct. 3, 2018; WMNH-INV-2020- 22–26 (length 23–38 mm, width 1.3–2.6 mm), from 1.0 m deep of Sawane on Oct. 26, 2018. a (MNW) Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria (also reported as 11592) b (INV) Invertebrates collection of Wakayama Prefectural Museum of Natural History (WMNH-INV), Wakayama, Japan c (ZMUC) Zoological Museum of University of Copenhagen, Denmark ......Continued on the next page Description. In the Iwami form, living body color deep red, with tentacles white, and color gradually fades during preservation (Fig. 2A–E). Living body color of small specimens paler than that of large specimens. Mouth and anus terminal. Numerous “hook papillae” present in inter-radius of both dorsal and ventral body skin, through anterior to posterior, low hemisphere form (preserved and living specimens). Color of papillae surfaces (preserved and living specimens) deeper than adjacent body skin. Wheel-papillae absent. Body color of living state white semitransparent to whitish pink in Sado form, with numerous pale-red minute spots with tentacles white (Fig. 7). Ten tentacles, stout, with about 10–20 digits (Fig. 2G, 7, Table 3); distal digit pair largest. Sensory cups absent. Large retractor muscles or ligaments combined calcareous ring with longitudinal muscles (Fig.2F). Calcareous ring inclined toward ventral side, composed of five radial and five inter-radial plates (Fig. 4A), these all thick, with complicated three-dimensional structure (Fig. 5). All plates have a posterior depression, which shaped approximately rectangular in ventral side and triangular in dorsal side. Trapezoid anterior projection with central notch in RI, and low triangle anterior projection in IR5, no perforation present. Other eight plates have an anterior projection on near dorsal end. Polian vesicle single, in RI. Stone canal single, very long and sometimes coiled, with wide madreporite, in IR5 (Fig. 2H). Intestine has no loop, situated along IR 5 in anterior to middle body, however posterior end of intestine about a one fifth of total length adhered to body wall in four radii exclusive of RI. Reproductive tubules on both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, in clusters, branched. One band of crowded ciliated funnels situated on left dorsolateral inter-radius IR3, along left ventrolateral longitudinal muscle RII, along entire length of body. Additionally, one sparse row of ciliated funnels situated in the right side of dorsal mesentery IR5 present in middle part of the body. Funnels short (approximately 0.15 mm long), without stalk (Fig. 2I). In the Iwami form, body wall containing wheel and sigmoid-hook ossicles in two small specimens, but wheel ossicles quite sparse or lacking in two large specimens (Figs. 3, 6, Table 4). Wheel ossicles scattered sparsely in anterior to posterior body surface on both radii and inter-radii. Wheel ossicles rounded-hexagonal with six spokes, diameter 46–59 µm. Inner margin of rim parallel to outer margin. Teeth triangular, 9–12 per section, with no discontinuities in tooth series. Spokes 18–22% as broad as diameter of wheel ossicle. Wheel ossicles scattered sparsely in anterior half, lacking in posterior half. Body wall containing sigmoid-hook ossicles in all of Sado form specimens, wheel ossicles completely lacking in adult specimens (Figs 8; 9B–E, Table 4). Body wall also containing wheel ossicles in smallest three specimens, scattering sparsely in anterior to posterior body surface on both radii and inter-radii. Wheel ossicles rounded-hexagonal with six spokes, diameter 53–63 µm (Figs 9F; 9G, Table 4). Inner margin of the rim shows slight depression at each corner, however, no discontinuities in tooth series there. Teeth triangle-shaped, 8–11 per radiant, spokes broad, their breadth amounting to 24–29% of wheel ossicle diameter. Sigmoid-hook ossicles thick and large, arranged in circles as “hook papillae,” absent along center of longitudinal muscles. Each papilla contains up to 13 hooks in anterior to middle of body, however hooks lie scattered independently from papillae in posterior body. Sigmoid-hooks without spinelets; open loop strongly wound (Figs. 6–9). Length up to approximately 120 µm (in Iwami) and 110 µm (in Sado), large in large specimens, small in small specimens (Table 4), and significantly larger in posterior than in anterior, in both sides in three specimens (Kruskal-Wallis test, P s Comparative materials. NMW-1192 of NHMW, syntype (length 12 mm, width 2.5 mm), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, collected by Dr. Körbl in 1875–1876, from east side of Eno-shima, Japan (Marenzeller 1882). The specimen was sent to Drasch and was subsequently labelled as “Drasch 1877”. It was dissected by Marenzeller, and fastened to a glass plate. In the report of Jangoux and De Ridder (1990), this specimen was also listed with the catalog number 11592. According to Marenzeller (1882), the original specimen was 3.5 mm in breadth, and estimated to be more than 40 mm in length. However, the syntype is now much smaller than what was previously reported, probably because it dried up in the past. Today the syntype is hard and fragile, internal organs could not be observed, and ossicles appear to have corroded away. Observation of the specimens of Scoliorhapis dianthus . Recently, Solis-Marin et al. (2014) described Scoliorhapis dianthus from the shallow water of Sawane, Sado Island, where the Sado form of T. japonicus examined in this study were also collected. In that study, however, the presence of “hook-papilla” and wheel ossicles were not thoroughly discussed. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a detailed comparison of the body ossicles between the two Sado animals. A new and more detailed photograph of the body ossicles of the originally preserved paratype (Solis-Marin et al. 2014) is shown in Figure 10. The result of the morphological observation of the paratype specimen of Scoliorhapis dianthus (sensu Solis- Marin et al., 2014) is as follows: Body color of preservation material is whitish pink, no “hook papillae” present. The density of the sigmoid-hooks in the skin are uneven, and there was no wheel ossicle present (Fig. 10). However, the lengths of sigmoid-hook ossicles are 100–120 µm (in Solis-Marin et al. 2014), or 85–115 µm (Fig. 10), which are close to those in Iwami form (53–117µm) and Sado form (45–107µm) of S. japonica (Table 4). Scoliorhapis dianthus also has retractor organ (Solis-Marin et al. 2014). Because there was no other taeniogyriid species collected from Sawane during our very frequent surveys (more than 10 times), we consider S. dianthus as a malformation or seriously damaged specimens of S. japonica. Remarks. Although the color of animals from Sado differ from the original description and from the Iwami form specimens, other morphological features of their internal organs and ossicles in agreement, including the presence of “hook papillae”, of wheel ossicles in juveniles, and lack tentacle ossicles (Ohshima 1913; 1914). Our present observation confirms the morphological characters for ossicles and external body features provided by Marenzeller (1882) and Ohshima (1913, 1914), with an exception of the presence of retractor organ. However, our detailed analyses elucidate the arrangements of the ciliated funnels, the general appearance of the complete body, and shape of the calcareous ring, for which sufficient information was not previously available. In the present materials, the tentacles of specimens fixed without anesthesia were retracted (Fig. 2C, E). Therefore, we inferred that this species had retractable tentacles. This detailed, novel information could be useful for the identification of this species, including for future studies aiming at the revision of genus Taeniogyrus. Distribution. This species has only been recorded in Japan from sandy sediment in middle Japan (Marenzeller 1882; Ohshima 1913, 1914); subtidal zone of 3–4 m deep in sandy sediment, Seto Inland Sea in western Japan (Imaoka 2010); west coast of Kyushu Island, Japan (Murakami 1905; Ohshima 1919; Utinomi 1956, 1965); and shallow waters of the Sea of Japan in western and northern Japan (present study)., Published as part of Yamana, Yusuke, Yamamoto, Masaki, Ota, Yuzo, Kohtsuka, Hisanori, Omori, Akihito, Iwasaki, Kazuma & Setiamarga, Davin H. E., 2022, Partial redescriptions of three holothurians with " hook papillae " (Apodida Chiridotidae): Taeniogyrus japonicus (Marenzeller, 1882), T. dendyi (Mortensen 1925), Scoliorhapis theelii (Heding, 1928), pp. 351-387 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 358-367, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6571612, {"references":["Marenzeller, E. (1882 [dated 1881]) Neue Holothurien von Japan and China. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 31, 121 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20315","Lampert, K. (1885) Die Seewalzen (Holothurioidea) eine systematische monographie. In: Semper, C., Holothurien. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Teil 2. C. W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, pp. 1 - 312.","Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the Years 1873 - 76. Zoology, 39, 1 - 290.","Ludwig, H. (1889 - 1892) Die Seewalzen. In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild. Zweiter Band. Dritte Abtheilung: Echinodermen (Stachelhauter). I. Buch. C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig, vi + 460 pp., XVII pls. [1889: pp. 1 - 176, pls. I - VIII; 1890 b: pp. 177 - 240, pls. IX - XII; 1891 b: pp. 241 - 376, pls. XIII - XVII; 1892 a: pp. 377 - 460, fig. 25]","Ostergren, H. (1898) Das System der Synaptiden. Ofversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 55, 111 - 120.","Ohshima, H. (1913) Synaptiden von Misaki. Dobutsugaku Zasshi, 25, 253 - 262. https: // doi. org / 10.4044 / joma 1889.25.278 _ 253","Ohshima, H. (1914) The Synaptidae of Japan. Nihon Dobutsugaku Ihou [Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses], 8, 467 - 482.","Ohshima, H. (1919 [dated 1918]) [Holothuroidea in northwest Pacific. XX]. Dobutsugaku Zasshi [Zoological Magazine], 31, 139 - 149. [in Japanese]","Clark, H. L. (1921) The Echinodermata fauna of Torres Strait: its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 214, 1 - 233. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14613","Utinomi, H. (1956) Holothuroidea. In: Utinomi, H., Colored Illustrations of Seashore Animals of Japan. Hoikusha, Osaka, pp. 120 - 122. [in Japanese]","Utinomi, H. (1965) Holothuroidea. In: Okada, Y., Uchida, S. & Uchida, T. (Eds.), Shin Nihon Doubutsu Zukan. [New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan]. Vol. III. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, pp. 82 - 99. [in Japanese]","Imaoka, T. (1995) Holothuroidea. In: Nishimura, S. (Ed.), Genshoku Kensaku Nihon Kaigan Doubutsu Zukan [Guide to Seashore Animals of Japan with Color Pictures and Keys]. Vol. II. Hoikusha, Osaka, pp. 553 - 572. [in Japanese]","Imaoka, T. (2010) Nagashima No Ibokaginamako [Trochodota japonica (von Marenzeller, 1881) from Nagashima Island]. In: Ecological Society of Japan (Ed.), Kiseki No Umi. [The sea of miracles]. Nanpou Shinsha, Kagoshima, pp. 55 - 56. [in Japanese]","O'Loughlin, P. M. & VandenSpiegel, D. (2010) A revision of Antarctic and Indo-Pacific sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 67, 61 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2010.67.06","Ota, Y., Kohtsuka, H. & Yamana, Y. (2021) Echinoderms collected from coastal waters of Tottori Prefecture and adjacent waters, southwestern Sea of Japan. Bulletin of the Hoshizaki Green Foundation, 24, 111 - 159. [in Japanese with English abstract]","Solis-Marin, F. A., Komatsu, M., Soliman, T., Uchida, K., Shimotani, T. & Nozaki, M. (2014) Scoliorhapis dianthus, a new species of sea cucumber (Apodida: Chiridotidae) from the Sea of Japan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 127, 323 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.2988 / 0006 - 324 X- 127.2.323","Heding, S. G. (1928) Synaptidae. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916. No. 66. Videnskabelige Meddeleser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 85, 105 - 323.","Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231.","Jangoux, M. & De Ridder, C. (1990) Annotated catalogue of recent echinoderm type specimens in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. Annotationes Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 91 B, 205 - 213.","Murakami, M. (1905) Shasen-rui No Isshu [A species of Sea cucumber]. Dobutsugaku Zasshi [Zoological Magazine], 15, 336 - 337. [in Japanese]"]}

Scoliodota dendyi (Mortensen, 1925) comb. nov. (Figs 11, 12) Trochodota dendyi Mortensen, 1925: 381–383, figs 59a, 60a, 62, 63a, Dawbin 1950: 40, Pawson 1963: 8, 1965, 248, 1968: 25, 1970: 47. Taeniogyrus dendyi (Mortensen, 1925): O’Loughlin and VandenSpiegel 2010: 84, de Moura et al. 2015: 543. Comparative material. ZMUC-HOL-57 (length 73 mm, width 2–3 mm), syntype, collected by Dr. Th. Mortensen, on Jan. 15, 1915, from Plimmerton, New Zealand. ZMUC-HOL-58 (length 133 mm, width 5–9 mm) collected by Mr. W. R. B. Oliver, on 1902, from Auckland Harbour, Waikeke, New Zealand. These were dissected by Mortensen (Fig. 11). Although ZMUC-HOL- 58 specimen was labelled as “ SYNTYPES,” there can be a possibility that it was not included within the original type series [Mortensen designated the Plimmerton specimens as syntypes – there are three of these reported, so the Auckland specimens are not part of the type series (Gustav Paulay, pers. comm.)]. Description. Preserved body color white to pale orange. “Hook papillae” present in inter-radius of dorsal and ventral skin (Fig. 11), along length of animal. Minute verrucae of hook papillae densely distributing anterior skin surface (Fig. 11 A'). Ten stout tentacles, with 12 digits in smaller specimen, distal digit pair largest. Sensory cups absent. Large retractor muscles or ligaments combined calcareous ring with longitudinal muscles. Calcareous ring inclined toward ventral side, composed of five thick radial and five thick inter-radial plates (Fig. 11C). All plates have a posterior depression, rectangular on ventral and triangular on dorsal surface. Trapezoid anterior projection with central notch in RI, and low triangle anterior projection in IR5, no perforation present. Other eight plates have an anterior projection on near dorsal end. Other eight plates have an anterior projection on near dorsal end. Polian vesicle single, in RI. Stone canal single. Intestine has no loop. Gonadal tubules on both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, in clusters, branched, immature in smaller specimen. One sparse row of ciliated funnels situated on right side of dorsal mesentery IR5, and another crowded band on left dorsolateral inter-radius IR3, along left ventrolateral longitudinal muscle RII. Funnels short (approximately 0.15 mm long), without stalk. Anterior dorsal body wall with wheels and sigmoid-hooks in small specimen, but with only hooks in large specimen (Figs 11, 12). Wheels rounded-hexagonal with six spokes, 86–105 µm in diameter. Inner margin of rim parallel to outer margin. Teeth eroded, original shape and numbers indeterminable, but with no apparent discontinuities in tooth series. Spokes 16–20% as broad as diameter of wheel. Sigmoid-hooks thick and large, arranged in circles as “hook papillae”, which are absent along center of longitudinal muscles. Sigmoid-hooks without spinelets (Fig. 12) 94–109 µm and 108–134 µm long in the anterodorsal body wall of the small and large specimens, respectively (Table 5). Tentacles with, curved, mostly C-shaped, occasionally S-shaped rods with distal expansions or bifurcations (Fig. 12), 46–69 µm long in large specimen (Table 5). Remarks. Our present observations agree with the morphological accounts of ossicles and external body features reported by Mortensen (1925). However, only mid-dorsal ciliated funnels were reported in that description. In this study, we confirmed the presence of another band of funnels in the left dorsolateral inter-radius. This information may be useful for the identification of this species and also useful for the revision of the genus Taeniogyrus. In the present observation, tentacles of two type materials are drawn in (Fig. 11A, B) and, it will be inferred that this apodid sea cucumber with retractable tentacle, as well as S. japonica. Distribution. Sandy beach of Plimmerton, Auckland Harbour, and Stewart Island, New Zealand (Mortensen 1925). Paterson Inlet / Whaka A Te Wera, Stewart Island, New Zealand. Kermadec Island – North Cape – Auckland – East Cape – Cook Strait – Banks Peninsula – Foveaux Strait – The Snares, New Zealand (Pawson 1965). NW’ of Auckland Island (49°39.8'S 164°02.2'E); 69 fathoms (= 126 m), large rounded boulders with bryozoan shell sand (Pawson 1968). Aupouri Peninsula, New Zealand (Pawson 1970). Chatham Islands, southern part of North Island and northern part of the South Island, New Zealand (Pawson 1970). Southern part of the South Island, Stewart Island, and the Snares Island, New Zealand (Pawson 1970). Auckland, Campbell Island, Bounty Island and Antipodes Island, New Zealand (Pawson 1970).

Scoliodota dendyi (Mortensen, 1925) comb. nov. (Figs 11, 12) Trochodota dendyi Mortensen, 1925: 381–383, figs 59a, 60a, 62, 63a, Dawbin 1950: 40, Pawson 1963: 8, 1965, 248, 1968: 25, 1970: 47. Taeniogyrus dendyi (Mortensen, 1925): O’Loughlin and VandenSpiegel 2010: 84, de Moura et al. 2015: 543. Comparative material. ZMUC-HOL-57 (length 73 mm, width 2–3 mm), syntype, collected by Dr. Th. Mortensen, on Jan. 15, 1915, from Plimmerton, New Zealand. ZMUC-HOL-58 (length 133 mm, width 5–9 mm) collected by Mr. W. R. B. Oliver, on 1902, from Auckland Harbour, Waikeke, New Zealand. These were dissected by Mortensen (Fig. 11). Although ZMUC-HOL- 58 specimen was labelled as “ SYNTYPES,” there can be a possibility that it was not included within the original type series [Mortensen designated the Plimmerton specimens as syntypes – there are three of these reported, so the Auckland specimens are not part of the type series (Gustav Paulay, pers. comm.)]. Description. Preserved body color white to pale orange. “Hook papillae” present in inter-radius of dorsal and ventral skin (Fig. 11), along length of animal. Minute verrucae of hook papillae densely distributing anterior skin surface (Fig. 11 A'). Ten stout tentacles, with 12 digits in smaller specimen, distal digit pair largest. Sensory cups absent. Large retractor muscles or ligaments combined calcareous ring with longitudinal muscles. Calcareous ring inclined toward ventral side, composed of five thick radial and five thick inter-radial plates (Fig. 11C). All plates have a posterior depression, rectangular on ventral and triangular on dorsal surface. Trapezoid anterior projection with central notch in RI, and low triangle anterior projection in IR5, no perforation present. Other eight plates have an anterior projection on near dorsal end. Other eight plates have an anterior projection on near dorsal end. Polian vesicle single, in RI. Stone canal single. Intestine has no loop. Gonadal tubules on both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, in clusters, branched, immature in smaller specimen. One sparse row of ciliated funnels situated on right side of dorsal mesentery IR5, and another crowded band on left dorsolateral inter-radius IR3, along left ventrolateral longitudinal muscle RII. Funnels short (approximately 0.15 mm long), without stalk. Anterior dorsal body wall with wheels and sigmoid-hooks in small specimen, but with only hooks in large specimen (Figs 11, 12). Wheels rounded-hexagonal with six spokes, 86–105 µm in diameter. Inner margin of rim parallel to outer margin. Teeth eroded, original shape and numbers indeterminable, but with no apparent discontinuities in tooth series. Spokes 16–20% as broad as diameter of wheel. Sigmoid-hooks thick and large, arranged in circles as “hook papillae”, which are absent along center of longitudinal muscles. Sigmoid-hooks without spinelets (Fig. 12) 94–109 µm and 108–134 µm long in the anterodorsal body wall of the small and large specimens, respectively (Table 5). Tentacles with, curved, mostly C-shaped, occasionally S-shaped rods with distal expansions or bifurcations (Fig. 12), 46–69 µm long in large specimen (Table 5). Remarks. Our present observations agree with the morphological accounts of ossicles and external body features reported by Mortensen (1925). However, only mid-dorsal ciliated funnels were reported in that description. In this study, we confirmed the presence of another band of funnels in the left dorsolateral inter-radius. This information may be useful for the identification of this species and also useful for the revision of the genus Taeniogyrus. In the present observation, tentacles of two type materials are drawn in (Fig. 11A, B) and, it will be inferred that this apodid sea cucumber with retractable tentacle, as well as S. japonica. Distribution. Sandy beach of Plimmerton, Auckland Harbour, and Stewart Island, New Zealand (Mortensen 1925). Paterson Inlet / Whaka A Te Wera, Stewart Island, New Zealand. Kermadec Island – North Cape – Auckland – East Cape – Cook Strait – Banks Peninsula – Foveaux Strait – The Snares, New Zealand (Pawson 1965). NW’ of Auckland Island (49°39.8'S 164°02.2'E); 69 fathoms (= 126 m), large rounded boulders with bryozoan shell sand (Pawson 1968). Aupouri Peninsula, New Zealand (Pawson 1970). Chatham Islands, southern part of North Island and northern part of the South Island, New Zealand (Pawson 1970). Southern part of the South Island, Stewart Island, and the Snares Island, New Zealand (Pawson 1970). Auckland, Campbell Island, Bounty Island and Antipodes Island, New Zealand (Pawson 1970)., Published as part of Yamana, Yusuke, Yamamoto, Masaki, Ota, Yuzo, Kohtsuka, Hisanori, Omori, Akihito, Iwasaki, Kazuma & Setiamarga, Davin H. E., 2022, Partial redescriptions of three holothurians with " hook papillae " (Apodida Chiridotidae): Taeniogyrus japonicus (Marenzeller, 1882), T. dendyi (Mortensen 1925), Scoliorhapis theelii (Heding, 1928), pp. 351-387 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 371-374, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6571612, {"references":["Mortensen, T. (1925) Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16. XXIX. Echinoderms of New Zealand and the Auckland-Campbell Islands. III - V. Asteroidea, Holothurioidea and Crinoidea. Videnskabelige Meddeleser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 79, 261 - 420.","Dawbin, W. H. (1950) A Guide to the Holothurians of New Zealand. Tuatara, 3 (1), 33 - 41.","Pawson, D. L. (1963) The Holothurian Fauna of Cook Strait, New Zealand. Zoology Publications from Victoria University of Wellington, 36, 1 - 38.","Pawson, D. L. (1965) The Distribution of Echinoderms Along the East Coast of New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Zoology, 24, 245 - 252.","O'Loughlin, P. M. & VandenSpiegel, D. (2010) A revision of Antarctic and Indo-Pacific sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 67, 61 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2010.67.06","Moura, R. B., Campos, L. & Esteves, A. M. (2015) Hooked from the deep: a rare new species of Taeniogyrus (Holothuroidea, Chiridotidae) from the continental slope of Brazil, southwestern Atlantic. Zootaxa, 3972 (4), 535 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3972.4.5","Pawson, D. L. (1968) The Echinozoan Fauna of the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands, Macqurie Island and the Chatham Rise. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industorial Research, 187, Bulletin of the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, Memoir, No. 42, 1 - 35.","Pawson, D. L. (1970) The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, No. 52, 1 - 69."]}

Yamana, Yusuke, Yamamoto, Masaki, Ota, Yuzo, Kohtsuka, Hisanori, Omori, Akihito, Iwasaki, Kazuma, Setiamarga, Davin H. E. (2022): Partial redescriptions of three holothurians with "hook papillae" (Apodida Chiridotidae): Taeniogyrus japonicus (Marenzeller, 1882), T. dendyi (Mortensen 1925), Scoliorhapis theelii (Heding, 1928). Zootaxa 5138 (4): 351-387, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.1

Genus Scoliodota Clark, 1908 [New Japanese name: Ibokagi-namako-zoku] Scoliodota Clark, 1908: 125, type species Chirodota japonica Marenzeller, 1882:123–124 [original designation/monotypy.], fixed by Heding, 1928: 319. Scoliodota Heding, 1928: 319, type species Scoliodota theelii Heding, 1928: 319–322, rejected by Clark, 1946: 461. Scoliorhapis Clark, 1946: 461, type species Scoliodota theelii Heding, 1928: 319–322, fixed by Rowe in Rowe and Gates, 1995: 267. Modified diagnosis. Taeniogyriid genus with 10 stout tentacles with palmate or plumose digits. Calcareous ring stout, each element with short anterior projection and notable posterior depression, without any nerve hole, but the medio-ventral element with an anterior notch. Detectable retractor muscles or ligaments (namely: retractor organ) combined calcareous ring with longitudinal muscles. Anterior body wall with sigmoid hook ossicles which arranged by single circle under the skin, with facing open pointed end toward outside of circle and outside of skin, where the skin notably rising and conforming small verrucae however without passing through the skin. Sometimes wheel ossicles observed in body wall of mostly young animals, while adults usually lack wheel ossicles. Remarks. The above diagnosis has been modified from the original definition by Clark (1908). The modifications include follows: the occasional presence of the chiridotid wheels (especially in young animals); only one circle of the sigmoid bodies under the skin (neither scattering nor penetrating the skin); stout calcareous ring with radial retractor organ. Our modification of the generic diagnosis for Scoliodota Clark, 1908 pertains to the taxonomic boundaries of the two genera Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 and Scoliorhapis Clark, 1946. Previously, the genus Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 was comprised of 26 species, including Taeniogyrus japonicus (Marenzeller, 1882) and Taeniogyrus australianus (Stimpson, 1855), which are represented by the nominal species Chirodota japonica Marenzeller, 1882 and Chirodota australiana Stimpson, 1855, and are the type species of Scoliodota Clark, 1908 and Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867, respectively. Therefore, prior to this study, Scoliodota Clark, 1908 was a junior synonym of Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867. Likewise, Scoliorhapis Clark, 1946 harbored seven species including Scoliorhapis theelii (Heding, 1928) and Scoliorhapis lindbergi (D’yakonov in D’yakonov et al., 1958). Scoliorhapis theelii was originally described as Scoliodota theelii Heding, 1928, which was the type species of Scoliodota Heding, 1928. Because S. theelii was a junior homonym of Scoliodota Clark, 1908, its genus was replaced with Scoliorhapis Clark, 1946, making Scoliodota Heding, 1928 permanently invalid. Scoliorhapis lindbergi contains two nominal species: Scoliodota lindbergi D’yakonov (D’yakonov et al., 1958) and Scoliodotella uchidai Oguro, 1961. The latter is the type species of Scoliodotella Oguro, 1961, which had been regarded as a junior synonym of Scoliodota Heding, 1928 and Scoliorhapis Clark, 1946 before the present study. Our findings indicated that the three nominal species Chirodota japonica Marenzeller (type species of Scoliodota Clark, 1908), Scoliodota theelii Heding (type species of Scoliodota Heding, 1928 [which is permanently invalid] and Scoliorhapis Clark, 1946), and Trichodota dendyi Mortensen would belong to the same genus. This genus should be referred to as Scoliodota Clark, 1908, as it is distinct from Chirodota australiana Stimpson, 1855 (type species of Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867) and Scoliodotella uchidai Oguro (type species of Scoliodotella Oguro, 1961). With “ Taeniogyrus dendy ” and “ Taeniogyrus japonicus ” being removed, the genus Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 is now comprised of 24 species (addition to this, three accepted species will be nearly nominated). Of the seven species formerly belonged to Scoliorhapis, we transferred the type species “ Scoliorhapis theelii ” to the newly diagnosed Scoliodota Clark, 1908. The remaining six species are now referred to as Scoliodotella Oguro, 1961, yielding Scoliodotella biopearli (O’Loughlin & VandenSpiegel) comb. nov., Scoliodotella dianthus (Solis- Marin et al.) comb. nov. (to be a synonym of Scoliodota japonica in the present study), Scoliodotella lindbergi (D'yakonov, 1958 in D'yakonov et al.) comb. nov., Scoliodotella massini (O’Loughlin & VandenSpiegel) comb. nov., Scoliodotella sesokoensis (Yamana & Tanaka) comb. nov., and Scoliodotella stepanovi (Smirnov & Panina, in Smirnov et al.) comb. nov. Amended diagnoses for Taeniogyrus Semper, 1867 and Scoliodotella Oguro, 1961 should be presented in future studies., Published as part of Yamana, Yusuke, Yamamoto, Masaki, Ota, Yuzo, Kohtsuka, Hisanori, Omori, Akihito, Iwasaki, Kazuma & Setiamarga, Davin H. E., 2022, Partial redescriptions of three holothurians with " hook papillae " (Apodida Chiridotidae): Taeniogyrus japonicus (Marenzeller, 1882), T. dendyi (Mortensen 1925), Scoliorhapis theelii (Heding, 1928), pp. 351-387 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 357-358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6571612, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231.","Marenzeller, E. (1882 [dated 1881]) Neue Holothurien von Japan and China. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 31, 121 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20315","Heding, S. G. (1928) Synaptidae. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916. No. 66. Videnskabelige Meddeleser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 85, 105 - 323.","Clark, H. L. (1946) Holothurioidea. In: Clark, H. L., The Echinoderm fauna of Australia: its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 566, 383 - 461.","Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 33. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 510.","Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Holothurien. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, Teil 2, Wissenschaftliche Resultate. C. W. Kreidel, Wiesbaden, 288 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687","Oguro, C. (1961) The fauna of Akkeshi Bay XXVI. Holothuroidea. Publications from the Akkeshi Marine Biological Station, 11, 1 - 4."]}

Scoliodota theelii Heding, 1928 (Figs 13, 14) Chirodota japonica Marenzeller, 1882: Théel 1886: 17, Pl. 2. fig. 3. Scoliodota japonica (Marenzeller, 1882): Clark 1908: 30, pl. 7. fig. 5. Scoliodota theelii Heding, 1928: 319–322, Fig. 69. Scoliorhapis theelii (Heding, 1928): Clark 1946: 461; Rowe and Gates 1995: 267: O’Loughlin and VandenSpiegel 2010: 76–78, Table 3. Scoliorhapis theeli: Rowe et al. 2017: 481. Comparative material. Two syntypes ZMUC-HOL-220 (one male and one female), collected by Dr.Th. Mortensen, on Oct. 8, 1914, from 6–9 m deep off Port Jackson, Australia. These were dissected by Mortensen or Heding, and one specimen was labeled as “ ♂ ” (length 45 mm, width 3–7 mm) and the other as “ ♀ ” (length 32 mm, width 4–8 mm). Description. Preserved color pale grey to ocher yellow. Numerous “hook papillae” in all inter-radii (Fig. 13), along length of body. Color of hook papillae same as adjacent skin. Minute verrucae of hook papillae densely distributing anterior skin surface (Fig. 13 A'). Ten stout tentacles with 14 digits (Table 3); distal digit pair largest. Sensory cups absent. Both specimens were dissected and calcareous ring removed, however, it can be observed that traces of large retractor muscles or ligaments which combined calcareous ring with longitudinal muscles were remaining. Calcareous ring inclined toward ventral side, composed of five thick radial and five thick inter-radial plates (Fig. 13C). All plates with a posterior depression, approximately rectangular on ventral and triangular on dorsal surface. Trapezoid anterior projection with central notch in RI, and low triangle anterior projection in IR5, no perforation present. Other eight plates have an anterior projection on near dorsal end. Polian vesicle single, in RI. Single stone canal reported was not detected, apparently removed. The intestine without loop. Gonadal tubules on both sides of anterior dorsal mesentery, growing in clusters, branched. One sparse row of ciliated funnels situated in right side of dorsal mesentery IR5, another on left dorsolateral inter-radius IR3, along left ventrolateral longitudinal muscle RII. Funnels short (approximately 0.10 mm long), with short stalk. Antero-dorsal body wall with sigmoid-hooks only in both specimens (Figs 13, 14). Sigmoid-hooks without spinelets (Fig. 14) 97–137 µm and 105–134 µm, in anterior body of “ ♂ ” and “ ♀ ” specimens, respectively (Table 6). Tentacles ossicles curved, distally expanded rods, occasionally with minute, inwardly directed distal teeth (Fig. 13), 32–59 µm long in “ ♀ ” specimen (Table 6). Remarks. The present observations agree with Théel’s (1886) and Heding’s (1928) observations. However, we documented another band of funnels in the left dorsolateral inter-radius, that were not previously reported (Heding 1928). Although the presence of retractor organ itself was not observed in the present study, Heding (1928) had reported as follow: retractor muscles are large united with the body-wall by a mesentery-like tissue (Heding, 1928, p321). In the present study, the anterior projection of the medioventral piece of the calcareous ring in the female specimen (Heding 1928) was not observed, but the remaining of the retractor organ was observed. Consequently, it will be inferred that this apodid sea cucumber also with retractable tentacle as well as other two congeners. Distribution. Port Jackson, Australia, from 6–9 m deep (Heding 1928) and 2–10 fathoms (ca. 3.6–18.3 m) (Théel 1886): Port Jackson, NSW; 5.4–9 m (Heding 1928). NE coast, Great Barrier Reef, SE coast, Bass Strait, Tasmanian coast, W coast, QLD, NSW, TAS, WA; Port Denison to Heron Island, QLD and Port Jackson, NSW to SE TAS, and Rottnest Island; depth 0-5 m; temperate, (sub-tropical), endemic; benthic, inshore, detritus feeder, deposit feeder (Clark 1946; Rowe and Gates 1995). Endemic Australian, relatively uncommon; shallow temperate to subtropical waters from Western Australia to Victoria and Tasmania and north through New South Wales to northeastern Australia (Rowe and Gates 1995; Rowe et al. 2017). Rottnest Island: Nancy Cove and Thomson Bay; 3-7.5 m; sand (Marsh and Pawson 1993)., Published as part of Yamana, Yusuke, Yamamoto, Masaki, Ota, Yuzo, Kohtsuka, Hisanori, Omori, Akihito, Iwasaki, Kazuma & Setiamarga, Davin H. E., 2022, Partial redescriptions of three holothurians with " hook papillae " (Apodida Chiridotidae): Taeniogyrus japonicus (Marenzeller, 1882), T. dendyi (Mortensen 1925), Scoliorhapis theelii (Heding, 1928), pp. 351-387 in Zootaxa 5138 (4) on pages 374-376, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5138.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6571612, {"references":["Heding, S. G. (1928) Synaptidae. Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 1916. No. 66. Videnskabelige Meddeleser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i KObenhavn, 85, 105 - 323.","Marenzeller, E. (1882 [dated 1881]) Neue Holothurien von Japan and China. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 31, 121 - 140. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 20315","Theel, H. (1886) Report on the Holothurioidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report of the Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the Years 1873 - 76. Zoology, 39, 1 - 290.","Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35, 1 - 231.","Clark, H. L. (1946) Holothurioidea. In: Clark, H. L., The Echinoderm fauna of Australia: its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 566, 383 - 461.","Rowe, F. W. E. & Gates, J. (1995) Echinodermata. In: Wells, A. (Ed.), Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 33. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 1 - 510.","O'Loughlin, P. M. & VandenSpiegel, D. (2010) A revision of Antarctic and Indo-Pacific sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 67, 61 - 95. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2010.67.06","Rowe, F. W. E., O'Hara T. D. & Bardsley T. M. (2017) Part 2: Echinoderm Diversity, 11: Class Holothuroidea. In: Byrne, M. & O'Hara, T. D. (Eds.), Australian Echinoderms, Biology, Ecology and Evolution. CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 447 - 490.","Marsh, L. M. & Pawson, D. L. (1993) Echinoderms of Rottnest Island. In: Wells F. E., Walker, D. I., Kirkman, H. & Lethbridge, R. (Eds.), The Marine Flora and Fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia, I, pp. 279 - 304."]}

Rocky reefs of the northern Colombian Pacific (Chocó) are diverse ecosystems that are poorly studied. Echinoderms are one of the principal groups in these ecosystems with associations to different species, including benthic organisms in which they live and other species that use them as hosts. These relationships include fishes, sponges, seaweeds, cnidarians, polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans, mollusks, and other echinoderms. For this area, 22 associations were registered, including commensalism, epibionts and parasitism. This work constitutes the first report for the associations of Eucidaris thouarsii with Suberites aff. ficus, E. thouarsii with Ophiothela mirabilis, and Holothuria (Thymiosicia) impatiens with Encheliophis vermicularis. Associations of Pentaceraster cumingi with Zenopontonia soror, and Ophionereis annulata with Malmgreniella cf. variegata are new records for Colombia. This work also expands the range of hosts previously described for Ophiothela mirabilis and expands the distribution of the association between Diadema mexicanum and Echineulima cf. robusta.

Yamana, Yusuke, Tanaka, Hayato, Hirabayashi, Isao, Dan, Ichinosuke, Hirai, Atsushi, Ogawa, Akito (2022): Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan. Species Diversity 27 (1): 139-158, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.27.139, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.27.139

Identification key to the genus Euthyonidiella 1. Table ossicles with spire formed with four pillars............................................................ 2 - Table ossicles with spire formed with two pillars….......................................................... 6 2. Table ossicles with square or rectangular shaped disc….............................................. E. arenicola - Table ossicles with circular shaped disc….................................................................. 3 3. Support modified table ossicles which consist of a spire absent in tube feet.......................… E. zulfigaris sp. nov. - Support modified table ossicles which consist of a spire present in tube feet…..................................... 4 4. Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet with support bars forming a net-like appearance....... E. tungshanensis - Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet tack-like without support bars…................................ 5 5. Rosette ossicles present in tentacles…............................................................... E. dubia - Rosette ossicles absent in tentacles…............................................................. E. aculeata 6. Support modified table ossicles present in tube feet…........................................................ 7 - Support modified table ossicles absent in tube feet…......................................................... 9 7. Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet not tack-like….............................................. 8 - Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet tack-like…......................................... E. ambigua 8. Support modified table ossicles in tube feet with spire ending with few short spines….................... E. kyushuensis - Support modified table ossicles in tube feet with spire ending in two diverging spines…....................... E. zacae 9. Rod ossicles absent in tentacles; thick elongate perforated plate present in tentacles….......................... E. huwi - Rod ossicles present in tentacles; thick elongate perforated plate absent in tentacles.............................. …10 10. Rosette ossicles absent in tentacles…........................................................... E. destichada - Rosette ossicles present in tentacles….................................................................... 11 11. Support rods present in tube feet…............................................................ E. occidentalis - Support rods absent in tube feet…................................................................... E. trita, Published as part of Teoh, Vincent Yong Jian & Woo, Sau Pinn, 2022, Two new species of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the seagrass meadow of Penang, Malaysia, pp. 107-118 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 112, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6479636

Identification key to the genus Acaudina 1. Presence of doughnut-shaped bodies….................................................................... 2 - Absence of doughnut-shaped bodies….................................................................... 5 2. Doughnut-shaped bodies spinose........................................................ … A. spinifera sp. nov. - Doughnut-shaped bodies smooth…....................................................................... 3 3. Perforated plates either spinose or smooth….................................................... A. molpadioides - Perforated plates always smooth…....................................................................... 4 4. Rod ossicles may have branched ends…........................................................... A. punctata - Rod ossicles without branched ends….......................................................... A. leucoprocta 5. Ossicles absent…............................................................................ A. pellucida - Ossicles present.................................................................................... …6 6. Rosette present in body wall….................................................................... A. rosettis - Rosette absent in body wall…........................................................................... 7 7. Spinose subspherical ossicles present in body wall…................................................. A. demissa - Spinose subspherical ossicles absent in body wall….......................................................... 8 8. Rod ossicles dominant in body wall; may be smooth or spinose........................................ … A. bacilla - Spinose perforated plates dominant in body wall; rod ossicles always finely spinose…...................... A. suspecta, Published as part of Teoh, Vincent Yong Jian & Woo, Sau Pinn, 2022, Two new species of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the seagrass meadow of Penang, Malaysia, pp. 107-118 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on page 117, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6479636

Identification key to the genus Euthyonidiella 1. Table ossicles with spire formed with four pillars............................................................ 2 - Table ossicles with spire formed with two pillars….......................................................... 6 2. Table ossicles with square or rectangular shaped disc….............................................. E. arenicola - Table ossicles with circular shaped disc….................................................................. 3 3. Support modified table ossicles which consist of a spire absent in tube feet.......................… E. zulfigaris sp. nov. - Support modified table ossicles which consist of a spire present in tube feet…..................................... 4 4. Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet with support bars forming a net-like appearance....... E. tungshanensis - Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet tack-like without support bars…................................ 5 5. Rosette ossicles present in tentacles…............................................................... E. dubia - Rosette ossicles absent in tentacles…............................................................. E. aculeata 6. Support modified table ossicles present in tube feet…........................................................ 7 - Support modified table ossicles absent in tube feet…......................................................... 9 7. Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet not tack-like….............................................. 8 - Spire of support modified table ossicles in tube feet tack-like…......................................... E. ambigua 8. Support modified table ossicles in tube feet with spire ending with few short spines….................... E. kyushuensis - Support modified table ossicles in tube feet with spire ending in two diverging spines…....................... E. zacae 9. Rod ossicles absent in tentacles; thick elongate perforated plate present in tentacles….......................... E. huwi - Rod ossicles present in tentacles; thick elongate perforated plate absent in tentacles.............................. …10 10. Rosette ossicles absent in tentacles…........................................................... E. destichada - Rosette ossicles present in tentacles….................................................................... 11 11. Support rods present in tube feet…............................................................ E. occidentalis - Support rods absent in tube feet…................................................................... E. trita

Acaudina spinifera sp. nov. Figures 6–9 Material examined. Holotype. USMCRC-Echi 029, Middle Bank, intertidal, on sandbank, hand collected by Teoh V. Y.J., 13th December 2019. Paratype. USMCRC-Echi 030, Middle Bank, intertidal, on sandbank, hand collected by Teoh V. Y.J., 13th December 2019. Description. Specimen length 180–220mm (Figure 6–7). Body stout and cylindrical. Posterior end tapering when relaxed. Mouth and anus terminal; tend to turn upwards when relaxed. Body wall smooth and not translucent. Body color dark pink with dark brown and orange flecks. Tube feet absent. Respiratory tree and anal papillae present. Anal papillae small. Fifteen digitate tentacles; no terminal digits; a pair of lateral digits. Calcareous ring (Figure 8) solid. Radial piece with bifurcated prolongations at posterior; two ridges running longitudinally converging and connecting at median anterior, forming a notch. Interradial piece with no prolongations at posterior. Ossicles. Dorsal body wall ossicles consist of doughnut-shaped bodies, perforated plates, and sub-spherical bodies. Doughnut-shaped bodies in dorsal body wall (Figure 9A–B) spinose with 31–35μm in length; a single median perforation. Perforated plates in dorsal body wall (Figure 9C) spinose with 33–35μm in length. Sub-spherical bodies (Figure 9D) spinose with 35–38μm in length. Caudal region body wall ossicles consist of perforated plates, sub-spherical bodies, rosette-like plates, and rods. Perforated plates in caudal region body wall (Figure 9E) spinose with 30–40μm in length. Sub-spherical bodies in caudal region body wall (Figure 9F) spinose with 30–40μm in length. Rosettes in caudal region body wall (Figure 9G) 33–38μm in length. Rods in caudal region body wall present in three forms: rosette-like, thick and rounded, and dumbbell-shaped. Rosette-like rods in caudal region body wall (Figure 9H) 40μm in length. Thick rounded rods in caudal region body wall (Figure 9I) smooth with 20–35μm in length. Dumbbell-shaped rod in caudal region body wall (Figure 9J) 43μm in length. Tentacle ossicles consist of rosettes. Rosette in tentacle (Figure 9K) 24μm in length. Etymology. The epithet spinifera (nominative, feminine) is derived from the Latin word spina– meaning “thorn” with –fera meaning “bearing” that refers to the spinose doughnut-shaped ossicle present in the dorsal body wall. Remarks. The tentacles with only a pair of lateral digits and the absence of the caudal appendage fits with the description of the genus Acaudina as described by Clark (1908) and Clark & Rowe (1971). A. spinifera sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners based on the presence of spinose doughnutshaped bodies in the body wall (Figure 9A–B). Acaudina leucoprocta (Clark, 1938), Acaudina punctata (Sluiter, 1887), and Acaudina molpadioides (Semper, 1867) all have smooth doughnut-shaped bodies in the body wall instead. The presence of rosettes and smooth rods differentiates A. spinifera sp. nov. from Acaudina suspecta Cherbonnier & Féral, 1981 which was described by Cherbonnier & Féral (1981) to only have spinose perforated plates and spinose rods. The spinose rods found in the body wall of Acaudina bacilla Cherbonnier & Féral, 1981 were absent in A. spinifera sp. nov. The species Acaudina demissa (Sluiter, 1901) was initially described to only have spinose perforated discs. However, Cherbonnier & Féral (1981) remarked that the ossicles described by Sluiter (1901) was not typical for A. demissa . Instead of spinose perforated discs, Cherbonnier & Féral (1981) re-examined the holotype and described the majority of the ossicles were either more irregular, very spinous, and often sub-spherical in shape, or rods that were finely spinose with both ends expanded. Regardless, A. spinifera sp. nov. can still be differentiated from A. demissa based on the rosettes, smooth rounded rods, and spinose doughnut-shaped bodies, all of which were absent in A. demissa. Semper (1867) remarked that Acaudina pellucida (Semper, 1867) does not have any ossicles. Acaudina rosettis O’Loughlin & Ong, 2015 was described to have no ossicle in the tentacles, phosphatized ossicles present in the caudal body wall, and having a “semi-translucent gray to opaque white body wall”. Instead, A. spinifera sp. nov. have rosettes in the tentacles, but phosphatized ossicles were absent, and the body wall was dark pink. Table 1 provides a summary on the differences between A. spinifera sp. nov. and its congeners based on the ossicles. The following is the identification key to the genus Acaudina., Published as part of Teoh, Vincent Yong Jian & Woo, Sau Pinn, 2022, Two new species of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from the seagrass meadow of Penang, Malaysia, pp. 107-118 in Zootaxa 5128 (1) on pages 112-115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5128.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6479636, {"references":["Clark, H. L. (1908) The apodous holothurians. A monograph of the Synaptidae and Molpadiidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 35 (1723), 1 - 231.","Clark, A. M. & Rowe, F. W. E. (1971) Monograph of Shallow-water Indo-West Pacific Echinoderms. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 238 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1938) Echinoderms from Australia, an account of collections made in 1929 and 1932. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 55, 1 - 597.","Sluiter, C. P. (1887) Die Evertebraten aus der Sammlung des koniglichen naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Niederlandisch Indien in Batavia. Die Echinodermen. 1. Holothuroidea. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indi, 47, 18 - 220.","Semper, C. (1867) Holothurien. Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Part 2. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 288 pp.","Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J. P. (1981) Echinodermes: Holothuries. In: Forest, J. (Ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. Museum National d'Histoire naturelle Paris, Paris, pp. 357 - 412.","Sluiter, C. P. (1901) Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. In: Weber, M., (Ed.), Siboga Expeditie (Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanographisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee 1 e kl. G. F. Tydeman). E. J. Brill, Leiden, pp. 1 - 142. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85348","O'Loughlin, P. M. & Ong, J. Y. (2015) New tropical caudinid and synaptid sea cucumbers from the Johor Straits (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 31, 292 - 302."]}

Clarkiella discoveryi Heding, in Heding & Panning, 1954 (Figures 11 – 12) Clarkiella discoveryi Heding, in Heding & Panning, 1954: 119 – 120, pl.49. Material examined. Holotype: 1 Mil W. off. Shag Rocks, South Georgia, 199 m, 19.xi. 1930, 60 mm length (ZMUC – HOL 64). Paratype: same data as holotype, 45 mm length (ZMUC – HOL 247). Holotype Slides MNHN – IE –2005–6324); (MNHN – IE –2005–6325); (MNHN – IE –2005–6326) Redescription. Body U–shaped; tube feet scattered throughout body (Fig. 11a). Color, in ethanol, beige. 15 dendritic tentacles, two ventral smaller (Fig. 11b, c). Anal papillae present (Fig. 11d). Longitudinal, retractor and circular muscles thin (Fig. 11e, f). Longitudinal muscles split posteriorly (Fig. 11f). Retractor muscles short, attached to middle of radial plate (Fig. 11h). Stone canal single, short, ending in elongated madreporite (Fig. 11g). Radial and interradial plates of calcareous ring of same height, laterally connected to each other for most of their length (Fig. 11h, i). MidIR (IR5) taller than other, lacking posterior projection (Fig. 10i); midR (RI) not modified. Radial plates undivided, rectangular, convex base with posterior projection and 2 AP, one wider than the other (Fig. 10h). Interradial plates undivided, elongated, with two posterior projections and pointed anterior end (Fig. 10 h, i). radial and interradial plates lacking posterior processes. Body wall with two–pillared tables with circular disc (80–100 μm long; Fig.12 a, b); disc with four central holes and 8–10 marginal perforations, margin undulated; spire ending in about 12 spines. Tentacles with perforated plates (100–150 μm long; Fig.12c, d). Introvert with closed rosettes (70–110 μm long; Fig. 12e, f). Tube feet with endplate with small holes, larger ones around margin, smaller ones medially, endplates up to 150 μm in diameter and tables like body wall. Remarks. Here we provide a photograph of the general aspect of the holotype (Fig. 11a) and describe by means optical microscopy for the first time the morphology of its longitudinal retractor and circular muscles (Fig. 11e, f)., Published as part of Martins, Luciana & Tavares, Marcos, 2022, Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 559-572 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 569-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6392907, {"references":["Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae: eine Bearbeitung der Polytentaculaten Dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209.","Ludwig, H. (1889 - 1892) Die Seewalzen. In: Bronn HG (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild, vol. 2, Part 3: Echinodermen (Stachelhauter), First book. Leipzig: C. F. Winter. [1889: 1 - 176, pls. 1 - 8; 1890: 177 - 240, pls. 9 - 12; 1891: 241 - 376, pls. 13 - 17; 1892: 377 - 460]"]}

Phyllophorella robusta (Heding & Panning, 1954) (Figures 2 – 4) Phyllophorus (Phyllophorella) robusta Heding & Panning, 1954: 155 – 156, pl.68 Phyllophorella robusta — O’Loughlin et al. 2012: 269 Material examined. Holotype. 15 Seemeilen Ostlich Koh Chuen, Siam, Thailand, 10m, 1.ii. 1900, 25 mm length (ZMUC – HOL 249). Holotype Slides MNHN-IE –2005–6362; MNHN –IE-2005–6361. Redescription. Body curved; tube feet scattered throughout body (Fig. 2a). Color in ethanol, gray. 20 Dendritic tentacles arranged in 2 circles (15 + 5), 15 in outer circle and 5 in inner circle. Anal papillae present. Longitudinal and circular muscles well developed (Fig. 2b). Longitudinal muscles split at anterior end (Fig. 2b). Retractor muscles short, attached to the middle of radial plate (Fig. 2b). Stone canal single, short, attached to globular madreporite (Fig. 2c). Single Polian vesicle (Fig. 2c). Calcareous ring robust. Radial plates slightly taller, much larger than interradial ones. Interradial plate articulated with both, base of radial plate and first piece of posterior process, such that half of the interradial plate is connected to the posterior process (Fig. 2d). MidIR (IR5), midR (RI) not modified (Figs. 3b, c). Radial plates undivided, rectangular, base convex without projection, two AP, one wider than the other (Fig. 2d, 3a). Posterior processes longer than radial plates, subdivided into about 3–4 large pieces (Figure 3b, e). Interradial plates elongated, base slightly concave, anterior end pointed (Fig. 2d, 3 b, c). Marginal grooves for AB deep (Fig. 3e). TCT rectangular (Fig. 3f). Body wall tables four-pillared with circular disc (80–100 μm long; Fig.4 a,b); with one large central hole, eight marginal perforations, margin undulated; spire ending in 8–12 spines, borne on a squarish crown. Introvert with rosettes (30–50 μm long; Fig.4c). Tentacles with rods branched and perforated at both ends (40–100 μm long; Fig. 4d, e, respectively). Tube feet with flat perforated plates, irregular margins (100–200 μm long; Fig.4f–h); endplate with numerous small holes, much reduced in diameter medially (endplates up to 500 μm diameter; Fig.4i). Remarks. In addition to the previously published description of the calcareous ring (Heding & Panning, 1954), new morphological details are provided here by means of microtomography of the aquapharyngeal bulb attachment, longitudinal muscle attachment, and retractor muscle attachment (fig 3d), as well as of the grooves in the radial plate for water vascular canals (fig 3e) and transverse cross-sections at the top region of the calcareous ring (fig 3f). It is worth noting that what was termed calcareous ring posterior projection by Heding & Panning (1954) is referred here as posterior process (see Martins et al. 2021 for definitions). The opportunity of examining the holotype was also taken to provide a photograph of the general aspect of the body (Fig. 2a) and describe for the first time by means of optical microscopy the morphology of the longitudinal retractor and circular muscles (Fig. 2b)., Published as part of Martins, Luciana & Tavares, Marcos, 2022, Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 559-572 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 562-563, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6392907, {"references":["Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae: eine Bearbeitung der Polytentaculaten Dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209.","O'Loughlin, P. M., Shari, B. & Van Den Spiegel, D. (2012) The phyllophorid sea cucumbers of southern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 69, 269 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2012.69.05","Ludwig, H. (1889 - 1892) Die Seewalzen. In: Bronn HG (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild, vol. 2, Part 3: Echinodermen (Stachelhauter), First book. Leipzig: C. F. Winter. [1889: 1 - 176, pls. 1 - 8; 1890: 177 - 240, pls. 9 - 12; 1891: 241 - 376, pls. 13 - 17; 1892: 377 - 460]","Martins, L., Souto, C. & Tavares, M. (2021) Exploring the macrostructural anatomy of dendrochirotid sea cucumber's (Echinodermata) calcareous rings under micro-computed tomography and its bearing on phylogeny. Journal of Anatomy, 238, 6, 1386 - 1403. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / joa. 13385"]}

Genus Selenkiella Heding & Panning, 1954 Included species. Selenkiella siamense Heding & Panning, 1954 [type by original designation]. S. malayense Heding & Panning, 1954; S. paradoxa Cherbonnier, 1970.

Genus Phyllophorella Heding & Panning, 1954 Included species. [genera of the original combination indicated within brackets]: Phyllophorella robusta (Heding & Panning, 1954); type species by original designation. [Phyllophorus]. Phyllophorella drachi (Cherbonnier and Guille, 1968) [Phyllophorus]; P. dubia (Cherbonnier, 1961) [Phyllophorus]; P. kohkutiensis (Heding and Panning, 1954) [Phyllophorus]; P. liuwutiensis (Yang, 1937) [Phyllophorus]; P. longipeda (Semper, 1867) [Cucumaria]; P. notialis O’Loughlin et al. 2012 [Phyllophorella]; P. perforata (H. L. Clark, 1932) [Thyone]; P. purpureopunctata (Sluiter, 1901) [Orcula]; P. rosetta (Thandar, 1994) [Phyllophorus]; P. rosea (Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981) [Phyllophorus] and P. spiculata (Chang, 1935) [Phyllophorus]. Remarks. The epithets dubius and roseus (both originally combined to Phyllophorus, gender masculine) are adjectives which must be brought into agreement with the feminine grammatical gender of Phyllophorella, namely Phyllophorella dubia and Phyllophorella rosea, respectively.

Thorsonia hedingi sp. nov. (Figures 8 – 9) Type material. Holotype: 11 mm (ZMUC 324 as Thorsonia adversaria), 6°35’ S; 105°41’ W, Sunda Strait, Indonesia, 29.vii. 1922, 30 m. Permanent slides of body wall ossicles (MZUSP 2797). Etymology. Named in honor of Svend Geisler Heding (cf. O’Loughlin et al., 2016) in recognition of his significant contributions to holothuroid systematics. Diagnosis. Body wall with fusiform rods and tube feet tables with a solid spire. Description. Body U–shaped. Tube feet restricted to ambulacra (Fig. 8a). Ten dendritic tentacles, ventral pair reduced. Anal papillae present. Longitudinal muscles split at anteriorly. Retractor muscles short (Fig. 8b), each attached to middle of the corresponding radial plate (Fig. 8f). Skin spiky, with spires of body wall tables protruding through, clearly visible to naked eye (Fig. 7c). Madreporite globular (Fig. 8e). Calcareous ring tubular with long posterior processes; radial plates smaller than interradials, laterally connected to each other for most of their length (Fig. 8f); both radial and interradial plates entirely subdivided (Fig. 8g, h). MidIR (IR5) smaller than adjoining interradials (Fig.8i), midR (RI) not modified. Interradial plates tapering anteriorly (Fig. 8g, h). AB marginal grooves deep, broad (Fig. 8j). Body wall ossicles: tables and fusiform rods. tables with a 4- armed, perforated disc and a single solid central spire; arms entirely or partly perforated (200–350 μm long, 9a, b). Fusiform rods (200–800 μm long, 9c, d); perforated at the center and in the anal region two–pillared tables, with multilocular disc with a solid spire ending in a crown of spines (100–200 μm long Fig. 9e, f). Tentacles and introvert with tables with multilocular disc and a central solid spire ending in 2–3 spines, disc irregular in outline (80–100 μm long, Fig. 9g, h). Tube feet tables with arched disc and a central solid spire perforated at ends (50–80 μm long Fig. 9i, j). Remarks. The new species is herein assigned to Thorsonia Heding, 1940, whose diagnostic characters are readily recognized in the new species. They are as follows: Body U shaped. Ten dendritic tentacles, ventral pair reduced. Tube feet restricted to the ambulacra. Calcareous ring tubular with long posterior prolongations comprising a mosaic of a series of large pieces. Body wall ossicles: 2–5 armed tables with a central spire and smaller multilocular tables with high spire, and fusiform rods. Tube feet with arched tables. The new species differs from both, T. adversaria and T. investigatoris by possessing fusiform rods in the body wall (fig. 9c, d) (absent in T. adversaria and T. investigatoris). The new species also differs from T. fusiformis in having tube feet tables with solid spire (9j) whereas the tube feet tables have a perforated spire in T. fusiformis., Published as part of Martins, Luciana & Tavares, Marcos, 2022, Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 559-572 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 566-567, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6392907, {"references":["O'Loughlin, P. M., Tavancheh, E. & Harding, C. (2016) The Discovery Expedition Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 75, 53 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2016.75.03","Ludwig, H. (1889 - 1892) Die Seewalzen. In: Bronn HG (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild, vol. 2, Part 3: Echinodermen (Stachelhauter), First book. Leipzig: C. F. Winter. [1889: 1 - 176, pls. 1 - 8; 1890: 177 - 240, pls. 9 - 12; 1891: 241 - 376, pls. 13 - 17; 1892: 377 - 460]","Heding, S. G. (1940) The holothurians of the Iranian Gulf, Danish Scientific Investigations in Iran, 2, 113 - 137."]}

Selenkiella siamense Heding & Panning, 1954 (Figures 5 – 7) Material examined. Holotype: Ko Kradat, Thailand, 8–10 m, 27.i. 1900, 45 mm length (ZMUC –HOL– 250). Paratype: Koh Kram, Thailand 25.ii. 1900, 50 mm length (ZMUC –HOL–251). Redescription. Body barrel-shaped; tube feet scattered throughout body (Fig. 5a). Color, in ethanol, gray. 25 dendritic tentacles arranged in 2 circles (15 + 10): 15 in outer circle, 10 in inner circle. Anal papillae present. Longitudinal and circular muscles well developed (Fig. 5b). Longitudinal muscle split at anterior end (Fig. 5b). Retractor muscle short, attached to middle of radial plate. Calcareous ring robust. Radial plates slightly taller, much larger than interradial ones. Interradial plate articulated with base of radial plate and first piece of posterior process, such that half of interradial plate is connected to the posterior process (Figs. 5c; 6a). MidIR (IR5) and midR (RI) not modified (Fig. 6b, c, respectively). Radial plates undivided, rectangular, base convex, without projection, two AP, one wider than the other (Fig. 6 a; c). Posterior processes longer than radial plates, subdivided into about 3 – 4 large pieces (Figure 5c). Interradial plates elongated, with straight (Fig.6) or slightly concave base (Fig. 6b) and pointed anterior end. Marginal grooves for AB deep (Fig. 6e). TCT rectangular (Fig. 6f). Body wall with four–pillared tables with circular disc (70–100 μm long; Fig.7 a,b); disc with one large central hole, eight marginal perforations, margin undulated; spire ending in 8–12 spines. Introvert with rosettes (30–80 μm long; Fig.7c, d). Tentacles with rods branched or perforated at both ends (former 50–100 μm long;latter 40–100 μm long). Tube feet with flat perforated plates, with irregular margins (140–200 μm long; Fig.7e) and endplate with minute holes, larger around margin and smaller medially (endplates up to 300 μm diameter; Fig.7f). Remarks. The following illustrations are additions to the data provided by Heding & Panning (1954): the aquapharyngeal bulb attachment; longitudinal muscle attachment and retractor muscle attachment (fig 6d), the grooves in the radial plate for water vascular canals (fig 6e) and transverse cross-sections at the top region (fig 6f). We also provide a photograph of the general aspect of the body (Fig. 5a) and described for the first time by means optical microscopy the morphology of the longitudinal retractor and circular muscles Fig. 5b., Published as part of Martins, Luciana & Tavares, Marcos, 2022, Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 559-572 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on pages 563-565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6392907, {"references":["Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae: eine Bearbeitung der Polytentaculaten Dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209.","Ludwig, H. (1889 - 1892) Die Seewalzen. In: Bronn HG (Ed.), Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs, wissenschaftlich dargestellt in Wort und Bild, vol. 2, Part 3: Echinodermen (Stachelhauter), First book. Leipzig: C. F. Winter. [1889: 1 - 176, pls. 1 - 8; 1890: 177 - 240, pls. 9 - 12; 1891: 241 - 376, pls. 13 - 17; 1892: 377 - 460]"]}

Genus Phyllophorella Heding & Panning, 1954 Included species. [genera of the original combination indicated within brackets]: Phyllophorella robusta (Heding & Panning, 1954); type species by original designation. [Phyllophorus]. Phyllophorella drachi (Cherbonnier and Guille, 1968) [Phyllophorus]; P. dubia (Cherbonnier, 1961) [Phyllophorus]; P. kohkutiensis (Heding and Panning, 1954) [Phyllophorus]; P. liuwutiensis (Yang, 1937) [Phyllophorus]; P. longipeda (Semper, 1867) [Cucumaria]; P. notialis O’Loughlin et al. 2012 [Phyllophorella]; P. perforata (H. L. Clark, 1932) [Thyone]; P. purpureopunctata (Sluiter, 1901) [Orcula]; P. rosetta (Thandar, 1994) [Phyllophorus]; P. rosea (Cherbonnier and Féral, 1981) [Phyllophorus] and P. spiculata (Chang, 1935) [Phyllophorus]. Remarks. The epithets dubius and roseus (both originally combined to Phyllophorus, gender masculine) are adjectives which must be brought into agreement with the feminine grammatical gender of Phyllophorella, namely Phyllophorella dubia and Phyllophorella rosea, respectively., Published as part of Martins, Luciana & Tavares, Marcos, 2022, Additions to the morphology of the Phyllophoridae and the Sclerodactylidae. I. Type species of Phyllophorella, Selenkiella, Cladolella and Clarkiella, with the description a new species of Thorsonia (Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida), pp. 559-572 in Zootaxa 5120 (4) on page 561, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6392907, {"references":["Heding, S. G. & Panning, A. (1954) Phyllophoridae: eine Bearbeitung der Polytentaculaten Dendrochiroten Holothurien des Zoologischen Museums in Kopenhagen. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis, 13, 7 - 209.","Cherbonnier, G. & Guille, A. (1968) Sur la presence a Banyuls de l'holothurie apode Labidoplax buski (M'Intosh). Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle Paris, 39, 6, 1219 - 1223.","Cherbonnier, G. (1961) Holothuries recoltees par A. Gallardo dans la Baie de Nha-Trang (Sud Viet-Nam) (suite). Bulletin Museum National Histoire Naturelle Paris, 32, 425 - 435.","Yang, PF. (1937) Report on the holothurians from the Fukien Coast. Bulletin Marine Biology, 2, 1 - 46.","Semper, C. (1867 - 1868) Holothurien. In: Semper, C. (Ed.), Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate, vol. 1. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. [1867: 1 - 100, pls. 1 - 25; 1867 / 1868: 101 - 176, pls. 26 - 38; 1868: 177 - 280, pls. 39 - 40] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11687","O'Loughlin, P. M., Shari, B. & Van Den Spiegel, D. (2012) The phyllophorid sea cucumbers of southern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 69, 269 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2012.69.05","Clark, H. L. (1932) Echinodermata (other than Asteroidea) of the Great Barrier Reef Expedition, 1928 - 29. Scientific Reports / Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928 - 29, 4, 197 - 239.","Sluiter, C. P. (1901) Die Holothurien der Siboga-Expedition. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Siboga Expeditie (Uitkomsten op zoologisch, botanisch, oceanograpisch en geologisch gebied verzameld in Nederlandsch Oost-Indie 1899 - 1900 aan boord H. M. Siboga onder commando van Luitenant ter zee 1 e kl. G. F. Tydeman), Monograph. XLIV: 142 pp., 10 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85348","Thandar, A. S. (1994) A new species of the holothurian genus Phyllophorus from South Africa with a key to subgenus Phyllophorella. Journal of Zoology, 234, 341 - 351. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1994. tb 06079. x","Cherbonnier, G. & Feral, J. P. (1981) Echinodermes: Holothuries. in: Forest, J. (Ed.), Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM: 1. Philippines (18 - 28 Mars 1976). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle. Serie A, Zoologie. 91, 357 - 412.","Chang, F. Y. (1935) Additions to the Holothurians of the Chinese Coast. Contribution Institute Zoology Peiping, 2, 1 - 18."]}