Search

BACKGROUND: Two thirds of children with tuberculosis have nonsevere disease, which may be treatable with a shorter regimen than the current 6-month regimen. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, treatment-shortening, noninferiority trial involving children with nonsevere, symptomatic, presumably drug-susceptible, smear-negative tuberculosis in Uganda, Zambia, South Africa, and India. Children younger than 16 years of age were randomly assigned to 4 months (16 weeks) or 6 months (24 weeks) of standard first-line antituberculosis treatment with pediatric fixed-dose combinations as recommended by the World Health Organization. The primary efficacy outcome was unfavorable status (composite of treatment failure [extension, change, or restart of treatment or tuberculosis recurrence], loss to follow-up during treatment, or death) by 72 weeks, with the exclusion of participants who did not complete 4 months of treatment (modified intention-to-treat population). A noninferiority margin of 6 percentage points was used. The primary safety outcome was an adverse event of grade 3 or higher during treatment and up to 30 days after treatment. RESULTS: From July 2016 through July 2018, a total of 1204 children underwent randomization (602 in each group). The median age of the participants was 3.5 years (range, 2 months to 15 years), 52% were male, 11% had human immunodeficiency virus infection, and 14% had bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis. Retention by 72 weeks was 95%, and adherence to the assigned treatment was 94%. A total of 16 participants (3%) in the 4-month group had a primary-outcome event, as compared with 18 (3%) in the 6-month group (adjusted difference, -0.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -2.2 to 1.5). The noninferiority of 4 months of treatment was consistent across the intention-to-treat, per-protocol, and key secondary analyses, including when the analysis was restricted to the 958 participants (80%) independently adjudicated to have tuberculosis at baseline. A total of 95 participants (8%) had an adverse event of grade 3 or higher, including 15 adverse drug reactions (11 hepatic events, all but 2 of which occurred within the first 8 weeks, when the treatments were the same in the two groups). CONCLUSIONS: Four months of antituberculosis treatment was noninferior to 6 months of treatment in children with drug-susceptible, nonsevere, smear-negative tuberculosis. (Funded by the U.K. Medical Research Council and others; SHINE ISRCTN number, ISRCTN63579542.).

Additional file 1: Figure S1. The plasma levels of CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL11, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 were measured in confirmed TB individuals at 6 months of anti-TB treatment (post-T) (n=24) and unlikely TB (n=76) individuals at baseline. The data are represented as scatter plots with each circle representing a single individual. P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney test.

Supplementary Fig. 1. Diminished plasma levels type 2 and type 17 cytokines associated with individuals infected with drug sensitive strain. The systemic levels of IL-4, IL-13, IL-17A and IL-22 were measured by ELISA between the drug sensitive (DS, n = 10) and orphan mono resistant (OMR, n = 3) strain infected individuals. The data were shown as bar graph and P values were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test.

Supplementary Table 1. Demographic and clinical details of the study population

Additional file 1. The plasma levels of RAGE ligands were measured in TB individuals with bilateral and unilateral disease.

Additional file 2. The plasma levels of RAGE ligands were measured in TB individuals with cavitary and non-cavitary disease.

SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents. (DOC 125 kb)

SPIRIT 2013 Checklist: recommended items to address in a clinical trial protocol and related documents. (DOC 125 kb)