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The Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase (http://geneontology.org) is a comprehensive resource concerning the functions of genes and gene products (proteins and noncoding RNAs). GO annotations cover genes from organisms across the tree of life as well as viruses, though most gene function knowledge currently derives from experiments carried out in a relatively small number of model organisms. Here, we provide an updated overview of the GO knowledgebase, as well as the efforts of the broad, international consortium of scientists that develops, maintains, and updates the GO knowledgebase. The GO knowledgebase consists of three components: (1) the GO—a computational knowledge structure describing the functional characteristics of genes; (2) GO annotations—evidence-supported statements asserting that a specific gene product has a particular functional characteristic; and (3) GO Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs)—mechanistic models of molecular “pathways” (GO biological processes) created by linking multiple GO annotations using defined relations. Each of these components is continually expanded, revised, and updated in response to newly published discoveries and receives extensive QA checks, reviews, and user feedback. For each of these components, we provide a description of the current contents, recent developments to keep the knowledgebase up to date with new discoveries, and guidance on how users can best make use of the data that we provide. We conclude with future directions for the project.

Introduction: The severe exercise intensity domain can be defined as the range of work rates or speeds over which VO2max can be elicited. Objectives: Our purpose was to determine if critical speed (running analog of critical power) identifies the lower boundary of the severe domain and to identify the upper boundary of the domain. Methods: Twenty-five individuals performed five running tests to exhaustion, each lasting > 2.5 min and < 16 min. The two-parameter speed vs time-to-exhaustion relationship generated values for critical speed and the three-parameter speed vs time-to-reach-VO2max relationship generated values for the threshold speed above which VO2max can be elicited. The relationships were solved to calculate the minimum time needed to elicit VO2max. Results: Critical speed (3.00 ± 0.38 m·s−1) and the threshold speed above which VO2max can be elicited (2.99 ± 0.37 m·s−1) were correlated (r = 0.83, p < 0.01) and did not differ (p = 0.70), confirming critical speed as the lower boundary of the severe domain. The minimum time needed to elicit VO2max (103 ± 7 s) and the associated highest speed at which VO2max can be elicited (4.98 ± 0.52 m·s−1) identified the upper boundary of the severe domain for these participants. Conclusion: The critical power concept, which requires no metabolic measurements, can be used to identify the lowest speed at which VO2max can be elicited. With addition of metabolic measurements, mathematical modeling can also identify the highest speed and shortest exercise duration at which VO2max can be elicited. Evidence Level I; Validating cohort study with good reference standards. RESUMEN Introducción: El dominio de la intensidad del ejercicio severo se puede definir como el rango de ritmos o velocidades de trabajo sobre las que se puede obtener el VO2max. Objetivos: Nuestro propósito fue determinar si la velocidad crítica (funcionamiento analógico de potencia crítica) identifica el límite inferior del dominio severo e identificar el límite superior del dominio. Métodos: Veinticinco personas realizaron cinco pruebas de carrera hasta el agotamiento, cada una con una duración de > 2,5 min y 2,5 min e < 16 min. A relação velocidade de dois parâmetros contra tempo até a exaustão gerou valores para a velocidade crítica e a relação velocidade de três parâmetros contra tempo para alcançar o VO2max valores gerados para a velocidade limite acima da qual o VO2max pode ser obtido. As relações foram resolvidas para calcular o tempo mínimo necessário para eliciar o VO2max. Resultados: A velocidade crítica (3,00 ± 0,38 m·s−1) e a velocidade limite acima da qual o VO2max pode ser eliciado (2,99 ± 0,37 m·s−1) foram correlacionadas (r = 0,83, p < 0,01) e não diferiram (p = 0,70), confirmando a velocidade crítica como o limite inferior do domínio grave. O tempo mínimo necessário para eliciar o VO2max (103 ± 7 s) e a maior velocidade associada na qual o VO2max pode ser eliciado (4,98 ± 0,52 m·s−1) identificou o limite superior do domínio severo para esses participantes. Conclusão: O conceito de potência crítica, que não requer medidas metabólicas, pode ser usado para identificar a velocidade mais baixa em que o VO2max pode ser eliciado. Com a adição de medidas metabólicas, a modelagem matemática também pode identificar a velocidade mais alta e a duração mais curta do exercício em que o VO2max pode ser obtido. Nível de Evidência I; Estudo de coorte com alto padrão de referência.

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) offer great opportunities to expand the druggable proteome and therapeutically tackle various diseases, but remain challenging targets for drug discovery. Here, we provide a comprehensive pipeline that combines experimental and computational tools to identify and validate PPI targets and perform early-stage drug discovery. We have developed a machine learning approach that prioritizes interactions by analyzing quantitative data from binary PPI assays and AlphaFold-Multimer predictions. Using the quantitative assay LuTHy together with our machine learning algorithm, we identified high-confidence interactions among SARS-CoV-2 proteins for which we predicted three-dimensional structures using AlphaFold Multimer. We employed VirtualFlow to target the contact interface of the NSP10-NSP16 SARS-CoV-2 methyltransferase complex by ultra-large virtual drug screening. Thereby, we identified a compound that binds to NSP10 and inhibits its interaction with NSP16, while also disrupting the methyltransferase activity of the complex, and SARS-CoV-2 replication. Overall, this pipeline will help to prioritize PPI targets to accelerate the discovery of early-stage drug candidates targeting protein complexes and pathways.

This work defines a new snow metric, snow water storage (SwS), which is the integrated area under the snow water equivalent (SWE) curve. Other widely-used snow metrics capture snow variables at a single point in time (e.g. maximum SWE) or describe temporal snow qualities (e.g. length of snow season), SwS can be applied at numerous spatial and temporal scales. The flexibility in the SwS metric allows us to characterize the natural reservoir function of snowpacks and quantify how this function has changed in recent decades. In this study, changes in the SwS metric are evaluated at point, gridded and aggregated scales across the conterminous United States (hereafter US). There is special focus on 16 mountainous EPA Level III Ecoregions (ER3s), which play an inordinate role in US annual SwS (SwSA). An average of 72 % of the annual SwSA in the US is held in the 16 mountain ER3s, despite these ER3s only covering 16 % of the US land area. SwSA and monthly SwS (SwSM) have changed significantly across the US since 1982 at point, gridded and ER3 scales. This change is spatially variable across the US with more spatially widespread significant decreases in SwSA than increases. The greatest SwSM loss occurs early in the snow snow season, particularly in November. All but two ER3 mountain ranges have decreasing trends in SwSA and there has been a 22 % decline in SwSA across all mountain ER3s. Unsurprisingly, the highest elevations are responsible for the greatest SwS in all mountain ranges, though the elevations that have lost or gained SwS over the 39 years of study are variable across mountain ranges. Comparisons of the percent change in SwS to other snow metrics reveals that change in the SWE curve has not been shape-preserving - instead, the SWE curve has been flattening. As we move into a future of increased climate variability and increased variability in mountain snowpacks, spatially and temporally flexible snow metrics such as SwS may become more valuable.

The Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase (http://geneontology.org) is a comprehensive resource concerning the functions of genes and gene products (proteins and noncoding RNAs). GO annotations cover genes from organisms across the tree of life as well as viruses, though most gene function knowledge currently derives from experiments carried out in a relatively small number of model organisms. Here, we provide an updated overview of the GO knowledgebase, as well as the efforts of the broad, international consortium of scientists that develops, maintains, and updates the GO knowledgebase. The GO knowledgebase consists of three components: (1) the GO-a computational knowledge structure describing the functional characteristics of genes; (2) GO annotations-evidence-supported statements asserting that a specific gene product has a particular functional characteristic; and (3) GO Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs)-mechanistic models of molecular "pathways" (GO biological processes) created by linking multiple GO annotations using defined relations. Each of these components is continually expanded, revised, and updated in response to newly published discoveries and receives extensive QA checks, reviews, and user feedback. For each of these components, we provide a description of the current contents, recent developments to keep the knowledgebase up to date with new discoveries, and guidance on how users can best make use of the data that we provide. We conclude with future directions for the project.

International audience

Delivering a reproducible environment along with complex and up-to-date software stacks on thousands of distributed and heterogeneous worker nodes is a critical task. The CernVM-File System (CVMFS) has been designed to help various communities to deploy software on worldwide distributed computing infrastructures by decoupling the software from the Operating System. However, the installation of this file system depends on a collaboration with system administrators of the remote resources and an HTTP connectivity to fetch dependencies from external sources. Supercomputers, which offer tremendous computing power, generally have more restrictive policies than grid sites and do not easily provide the mandatory conditions to exploit CVMFS. Different solutions have been developed to tackle the issue, but they are often specific to a scientific community and do not deal with the problem in its globality. In this paper, we provide a generic utility to assist any community in the installation of complex software dependencies on supercomputers with no external connectivity. The approach consists in capturing dependencies of applications of interests, building a subset of dependencies, testing it in a given environment, and deploying it to a remote computing resource. We experiment this proposal with a real use case by exporting Gauss-a Monte-Carlo simulation program from the LHCb experiment-on Mare Nostrum, one of the top supercomputers of the world. We provide steps to encapsulate the minimum required files and deliver a light and easy-to-update subset of CVMFS: 12.4 Gigabytes instead of 5.2 Terabytes for the whole LHCb repository.

Hill, David E. (2023): Some anomalies in the development of jumping spider eyes (Araneae: Salticidae). Peckhamia 291 (1): 1-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7616444, {"references":["Chang et al. 2001. Ting Chang, Julie Mazotta, Karin Dumstrei, Andra Dumitrescu and Volker Hartenstein. Accepted 5 SEP 2001. Dpp and Hh signaling in the Drosophila embryonic eye field. Development 128: 4691-4704.","Gabriel & Sherwood 2020. Ray Gabriel and Danniella Sherwood. 20 JUN 2020. Further cases of conjoining anomaly in theraphosid spiders (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Acta Arachnologica 69 (1): 27-30.","Gest 2000. Thomas R. Gest. Learning Modules - Medical Gross Anatomy. Anatomical Orientation - Page 6 of 9. Online at: https:// anatomy.elpaso.ttuhsc.edu/modules/anatomical_orientation_module/anat_orient06.html","Hill 2022. David E. Hill. 12 FEB 2022. Neurobiology and vision of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Peckhamia 255.1: 1-81.","Janeschik et al. 2022. Matthias Janeschik, Magdalena Ines Schacht, Fabian Platten and Natascha Turetzek. 17 FEB 2022. It takes two: discovery of spider Pax2 duplicates indicates prominent role in chelicerate central nervous system, eye, as well as external sense organ precursor formation and diversification after neo- and subfunctionalization. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 10 (810077): 1-20.","Jimenez & Llinas 2002. Maria-Luisa Jimenez and Jorge Llinas. Accepted 17 MAY 2002. Revision of ocular anomalies in epigean spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) with notes on four new records. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologica 73 (2): 241-250.","Malin & Desplan 2021. Jennifer Malin and Claude Desplan. 28 JUN 2021. Neural specification, targeting, and circuit formation during visual system assembly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 118 (28): e2101823118: 1-12.","Napiorkowska et al. 2017. Teresa Napiorkowska, Julita Templin and Katarzyna Wolczuk. Morphology and the central nervous system of Eratigena atrica affected by a complex anomaly in the anterior part of the prosoma. Invertebrate Neuroscience 17 (11): 1-4.","Schomberg et al. 2015. Christoph Schomburg, Natascha Turetzek, Magdalena Ines Schacht, Julia Schneider, Phillipp Kirfel, Nikola-Michael Prpic and Nico Posnien. Molecular characterization and embryonic origin of the eyes in the common house spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. EvoDevo 6 (15): 1-13."]}

To figure out the stability issues brought by renewable energy sources (RES) with non-Gaussian uncertainties in isolated microgrids, this paper proposes a chance constrained stability constrained optimal power flow (CC-SC-OPF) model. Firstly, we propose a bi-level optimization problem, of which the upper level aims to minimize the expected generation cost without violating the stability chance constraint; the lower level concerns about the stability index given by a semi-definite program (SDP). Secondly, we apply the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) to handle the non-Gaussian RES uncertainties and introduce analytical sensitivity analysis to reformulate chance constraints with respect to stability index and operational variables into linear deter-ministic versions. By incorporating linearized constraints, the bi-level model can be efficiently solved by Benders decomposition-based approach. Thirdly, we design a supplementary corrective countermeasure to compensate the possible control error caused by the linear approximation. Simulation results on the 33-bus microgrid reveal that compared to benchmarking approaches, the proposed model converges 30 times faster with more accurate solutions.

In this letter, we analytically investigate the sensitivity of stability index to its dependent variables in general power systems. Firstly, we give a small-signal model, the stability index is defined as the solution to a semidefinite program (SDP) based on the related Lyapunov equation. In case of stability, the stability index also characterizes the convergence rate of the system after disturbances. Then, by leveraging the duality of SDP, we deduce an analytical formula of the stability sensitivity to any entries of the system Jacobian matrix in terms of the SDP primal and dual variables. Unlike the traditional numerical perturbation method, the proposed sensitivity evaluation method is more accurate with a much lower computational burden. This letter applies a modified microgrid for comparative case studies. The results reveal the significant improvements on the accuracy and computational efficiency of stability sensitivity evaluation.

C., Abhijith A. P., Hill, David E. (2023): Brood nest of Piranthus planolancis (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini). Peckhamia 290 (1): 1-6, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7569690, {"references":["Caleb & Sanap 2017. John T. D. Caleb and Rajesh V. Sanap. 31 AUG 2017. Rediscovery of Piranthus decorus Thorell 1895 (Araneae: Salticidae) after 122 years since the original description. Acta Arachnologica 66 (1): 25-29.","Maddison et al. 2020. Wayne P. Maddison, Imara Beattie, Kiran Marathe, Paul Y. C. Ng, Nilani Kanesharatnam, Suresh P. Benjamin and Krushnamegh Kunte. 16 DEC 2020. A phylogenetic and taxonomic review of baviine jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae, Baviini). ZooKeys 1004: 27-97.","Malamel et al. 2019. Jobi J. Malamel, Karunnappilli Shamsudheen Nafin, Ambalaparambil V. Sudhikumar and Pothalil A. Sebastian. Two new species of the jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from the genera Epeus Peckham et Peckham, 1886 and Piranthus Thorell, 1895 from India. Arthropoda Selecta 28 (2): 267-276.","Proszynski 1984. Jerzy Proszynski. Atlas rysunkow diagnostycznych mniej znanych Salticidae (Araneae). Zeszyty Naukowe Wyzszej Szkoly Rolniczo- Pedagogicznej w Siedlcach 2: 1-177.","Nafin et al. 2020. Karunnappilli S. Nafin, Wayne P. Maddison and Ambalaparambil V. Sudhikumar. 14 JUN 2020. The first described male of the Asian jumping spider genus Piranthus Thorell, 1895 (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini). Peckhamia 207.1: 1-7.","Thorell 1895. T. Thorell. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma, based upon the collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in the British Museum. London: 1-406."]}

Hill, David E. (2023): Archetypes of the jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae) as derived by intelligent machines. Peckhamia 288 (1): 1-30, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7522509, {"references":["Ai 2021. Shireen Ai. 13 JAN 2021. Dada and Surrealism, in brief. Online at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 348437078_ Dada_and_Surrealism_in_Brief","Bang & Shim 2018. Duhyeon Bang and Hyunjung Shim. Improved training of Generative Adversarial Networks using representative features. Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, Stockholm, Sweden PMLR 80, 2018.","Bartos 2022. Maciej Bartos. Visual prey categorization by a generalist jumping spider. The European Zoological Journal 89 (1): 1312-1324.","Chen et al. 2021. Hanting Chen, Yunhe Wang, Tianyu Guo, Chang Xu, Yiping Deng, Zhenhua Liu, Siwei Ma, Chunjing Xu, Chao Xu and Wen Gao. 8 NOV 2021. Pre-trained image processing transformer. Cornell University arXiv:2012.00364v4.","Choi et al. 2022. Jooyoung Choi, Jungbeom Lee, Chaehun Shin, Sungwon Kim, Hyunwoo Kim and Sungroh Yoon. 1 APR 2022. Perception prioritized training of diffusion models. Cornell University arXiv:2204.00227v1.","Dong, Wu & Zhou 2017. Xiao Dong, Jiasong Wu and Ling Zhou. 24 NOV 2017. Demystifying AlphaGo Zero as AlphaGo GAN. Cornell University arXiv:1711.09091v1.","Edwards & Jackson 1993. G. B. Edwards and Robert R. Jackson. Use of prey-specific predatory behaviour by North American jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae) of the genus Phidippus. Journal of Zoology, London 229: 709-716.","Esser, Romback & Ommer 2021. Patrick Esser, Robin Rombach and Bjo¨rn Ommer. 23 JUN 2021. Taming transformers for high-resolution image synthesis, v. 3. Cornell University arXiv:2012.09841v3.","Goodfellow et al. 2014. Ian J. Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 10 JUN 2014. Generative Adversarial Networks. Cornell University arXiv:1406.2661v1.","Goodfellow et al. 2020. Ian Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. NOV 2020. Generative Adversarial Networks. Communications of the ACM 63 (11): 139- 144.","Gurney 1997. Kevin Gurney. An introduction to neural networks. UCL Press Limited, London.","Hill 2022. David E. Hill. 23 AUG 2022. A salticid archetype for salticid spiders. Peckhamia 275.1: 1-39.","Hill, Abhijith & Burini 2019. David E. Hill, Abhijith A. P. C. and Joao P. Burini. 6 FEB 2019. Do jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) draw their own portraits? Peckhamia 179.1: 1-14.","Hovannisyan et al. 2021. Mariam Hovhannisyan, Alex Clarke, Benjamin R. Geib, Rosalie Cicchinelli, Zachary Monge, Tory Worth, Amanda Szymanski, Roberto Cabeza and Simon W. Davis. 19 JAN 2021. The visual and semantic features that predict object memory: Concept property norms for 1,000 object images. Memory & Cognition 49: 712-731.","Khan et al. 2022. Salman Khan, Muzammal Naseer, Munawar Hayat, Syed Waqas Zamir, Fahad Shahbaz Khan, and Mubarak Shah. 19 JAN 2022. Transformers in vision: a survey. Cornell University arXiv:2101.01169v5.","Liu et al. 2017. Weibo Liu, Zidong Wang, Xiaohui Liu, Nianyin Zeng, Yurong Liu and Fuad E. Alsaadi. 19 APR 2017. A survey of deep neural network architectures and their applications. Neurocomputing 234: 11-26.","Morizet 2020. Nicolas Moriset. Introduction to Generative Adversarial Networks. [Technical Report]. Advestis. 2020. hal- 02899937.","Nichol et al. 2022. Alex Nichol, Prafulla Dhariwal, Aditya Ramesh, Pranav Shyam, Pamela Mishkin, Bob McGrew, Ilya Sutskever, and Mark Chen. 8 MAR 2022. Towards photorealistic image generation and editing with text-guided diffusion models, v.3. Cornell University arXiv:2112.10741v3.","Nielson 2019. Michael Nielson. Neural networks and deep learning, online at: http:// neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/","Parmar et al. 2018. Niki Parmar, Ashish Vaswani, Jakob Uszkoreit, Lukasz Kaiser, Noam Shazeer, Alexander Ku and Dustin Tran. 15 JUN 2018. Image transformer. Cornell University arXiv:1802.05751v3. Proceedings of the 35 th International Conference on Machine Learning, Stockholm, Sweden, PMLR 80, 2018.","Radford et. al 2021. Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, Gretchen Krueger, and Ilya Sutskever. 26 FEB 2021. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. Cornell University arXiv:2103.00020v1.","Rajalingham et. al. 2018. R. Rajalingham, E. B. Issa, P. Bashivan, K. Kar, K. Schmidt and J. J. DiCarlo. Large scale, highresolution comparison of the core visual object recognition behavior of humans, monkeys, and state-of the art deep artifical neural networks. Journal of Neuroscience 38 (33): 7255-7269.","Rombach et al. 2022. Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattman, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser and Bjo¨rn Ommer. 13 APR 2022. High resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models, v.2. Cornell University arXiv:2112.10752v2.","Saharia et al. 2022. Chitwan Saharia, William Chan, Saurabh Saxenay, Lala Liy, Jay Whangy, Emily Denton, Seyed Kamyar Seyed Ghasemipour, Burcu Karagol Ayan, S. Sara Mahdavi, Rapha Gontijo Lopes, Tim Salimans, Jonathan Hoy, David J Fleety, and Mohammad Norouzi. 3 MAY 2022. Photorealistic text-to-image diffusion models with deep language understanding. Cornell University arXiv:2205.11487v1.","Vidya 2018. T. N. C. Vidya. 10 SEP 2018. Supernormal stimuli and responses. Resonance 23: 853-860.","Zamorski et al. 2019. Maciej Zamorski, Adrian Zdobylak, Maciej Zieba and Jerzy Swiatek. 16 MAR 2019. Generative adversarial networks: recent developments. Cornell University arXiv:1903.12266v1.","Wang et al. 2022. Zhendong Wang, Huangjie Zheng, Pengcheng He, Weizhu Chen, and Mingyuan Zhou. 11 OCT 2022. Diffusion-GAN: training GANs with diffusion. Cornell University arXiv:2206.02262v3.","Zeng & Kwong 2022. Chao Zeng and Sam Kwong. 23 MAR 2022. Learning transformer features for image quality assessment. Cornell University arXiv:2112.00485v2."]}

Augmented T cell function leading to host damage in autoimmunity is supported by metabolic dysregulation, making targeting immunometabolism an attractive therapeutic avenue. Canagliflozin, a type 2 diabetes drug, is a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor with known off-target effects on glutamate dehydrogenase and complex I. However, the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on human T cell function have not been extensively explored. Here, we show that canagliflozin-treated T cells are compromised in their ability to activate, proliferate, and initiate effector functions. Canagliflozin inhibits T cell receptor signaling, impacting on ERK and mTORC1 activity, concomitantly associated with reduced c-Myc. Compromised c-Myc levels were encapsulated by a failure to engage translational machinery resulting in impaired metabolic protein and solute carrier production among others. Importantly, canagliflozin-treated T cells derived from patients with autoimmune disorders impaired their effector function. Taken together, our work highlights a potential therapeutic avenue for repurposing canagliflozin as an intervention for T cell-mediated autoimmunity.

The Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase (http://geneontology.org) is a comprehensive resource concerning the functions of genes and gene products (proteins and noncoding RNAs). GO annotations cover genes from organisms across the tree of life as well as viruses, though most gene function knowledge currently derives from experiments carried out in a relatively small number of model organisms. Here, we provide an updated overview of the GO knowledgebase, as well as the efforts of the broad, international consortium of scientists that develops, maintains, and updates the GO knowledgebase. The GO knowledgebase consists of three components: (1) the GO-a computational knowledge structure describing the functional characteristics of genes; (2) GO annotations-evidence-supported statements asserting that a specific gene product has a particular functional characteristic; and (3) GO Causal Activity Models (GO-CAMs)-mechanistic models of molecular "pathways" (GO biological processes) created by linking multiple GO annotations using defined relations. Each of these components is continually expanded, revised, and updated in response to newly published discoveries and receives extensive QA checks, reviews, and user feedback. For each of these components, we provide a description of the current contents, recent developments to keep the knowledgebase up to date with new discoveries, and guidance on how users can best make use of the data that we provide. We conclude with future directions for the project.

We evaluated possible mediators underlying lifestyle intervention effects on neonatal adiposity, assessed with sum of skinfolds and cord blood leptin. This is a secondary analysis of the DALI study, a randomised controlled trial in nine European countries. Pregnant women with a pre-pregnancy body mass index of ≥29 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to counselling for healthy eating (HE), physical activity (PA), HE&PA combined, or to usual care. We considered five maternal metabolic factors at 24–28 and 35–37 weeks of gestation, and four cord blood factors as possible mediators of the effect of combined HE&PA counselling on neonatal adiposity. From all potential mediators, the intervention only affected cord blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), which was higher in the HE&PA group compared to UC (0.068 (mmol/L), 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.133). Cord blood NEFA did not mediate the HE&PA intervention effects on neonatal sum of skinfolds or cord blood leptin, based on an indirect effect on skinfolds of 0.018 (mm), 95% CI: −0.217 to 0.253 and an indirect effect on leptin of −0.143 (μg/l), 95% CI: −0.560 to 0.273. The Dali study observed reductions in neonatal adiposity in pregnant women with obesity, but we were not able to identify the underlying metabolic pathway.

C., Abhijith A. P., Hill, David E., Ramachandra, Pavan (2022): Notes on biology of the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida) in south Asia. Peckhamia 287 (1): 1-12, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7522442, {"references":["Abhijith & Hill 2020. Abhijith A. P. C. and David E. Hill. 21 JUL 2020. Moulting, male pursuit and brooding by Telamonia dimidiata (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina) in Karnataka (version 2). Peckhamia 199.2: 1-11.","Abhijith & Hill 2021. Abhijith A. P. C. and David E. Hill. 18 MAY 2021. Predation on an ant-mimicking jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) by an ant-eating web spider (Araneae: Theridiidae: Chrysso sp.). Peckhamia 235.1: 1-4.","Abhijith & Hill 2022. Abhijith A. P. C. and D. E. Hill. 6 JUL 2022. Dangerous companions: Ant-mimicking jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachne plataleoides) that shelter beneath the web of an orb-weaver (Araneae: Araneidae: Herennia multipuncta). Peckhamia 271.1: 1-7.","Abhijith, Hill & Pai 2020. Abhijith A. P. C., David E. Hill and M. Jithesh Pai. 10 JUL 2020. Predation on an oecobiid spider by Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnini) in Karnataka, with comments on araneophagy by salticine jumping spiders. Peckhamia 211.1: 1-6.","Hill & Abhijith 2022. David E. Hill and Abhijith A. P. C. 4 NOV 2022. A new and undescribed Myrmarachne sp. from Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnina). Peckhamia 283.1: 1-5.","Hill et al. 2020. David Edwin Hill, Abhijith A. P. C., Prashantha Krishna and Sanath Ramesh. 2 AUG 2020. Construction and use of orb webs by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Plexippina: Vailimia sp. indet.) in southwest India. Peckhamia 182.3: 1-22.","Hurni-Cranston & Hill 2019. Tiziano Hurni-Cranston and David E. Hill. 20 APR 2019. Notes on the jumping spider Myrmarachne exasperans (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini) in Bali, a possible mimic of parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cryptini: Goryphus). Peckhamia 176.2: 1-28.","Jackson 1982. Robert R. Jackson. DEC 1982. The biology of ant-like jumping spiders: intraspecific interactions of Myrmarachne lupata (Araneae, Salticidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 76 (4): 293-319.","Jackson, Nelson & Salm 2008. Robert R. Jackson, Ximena J. Nelson and Kathryn Salm. The natural history of Myrmarachne melanotarsa, a social ant-mimicking jumping spider. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 35: 225-235.","Nelson & Jackson 2007. Ximena J. Nelson and Robert R. Jackson. Complex display behaviour during the intraspecific interactions of myrmecomorphic jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). Journal of Natural History 41 (25-28): 1659-1678.","Ramachandra & Hill 2018. Pavan Ramachandra and David E. Hill. 22 NOV 2018. Predation by the weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) on its mimic jumping spider Myrmarachne plataleoides (Araneae: Salticidae: Astioida: Myrmarachnini). Peckhamia 174.1: 1-8.","Suzuki, Kuramitzu & Yokoi 2019. Yuya Suzuki, Kazumu Kuramitsu and Tomoyuki Yokoi. 14 JUN 2019. Morphology and sex-specific behavior of a gynandromorphic Myrmarachne formicaria (Araneae: Salticidae) spider. The Science of Nature 106 (34): 1-6.","Wesolowska & Salm 2002. Wanda Wesolowska and Kathryn Salm. A new species of Myrmarachne from Kenya (Araneae: Salticidae). Genus 13: 409-41."]}

Hill, David E., C., Abhijith A. P., Shenoy, Mohith, M, Hemanth Kumar H (2022): Conversion of the egg nest to a brood nest by the female Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini). Peckhamia 252 (2): 1-15, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7428270, {"references":["Abhijith A. P. C. and D. E. Hill. 2019. Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini). Peckhamia 186.1: 1-14.","Abhijith A. P. C. and D. E. Hill. 2021. Trophobiotic relationship of the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) with mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Karnataka. Peckhamia 239.1: 1-10.","Ahmed, J., D. E. Hill, I. Banerjee, R. Khalap, R. J. Pearce and K. Mohan. 2018. First record of the genus Neobrettus Wanless 1984 from India, with some natural history notes (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeina). Peckhamia 166.1: 1-13.","Ahmed, J., R. Khalap, D. E. Hill, Sumukha J. N. and K. Mohan. 2017. First record of Brettus cingulatus from India, with a review of Brettus in South and Southeast Asia (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeinae). Peckhamia 151.1: 1-13.","Banerjee, I., J. T. D. Caleb and D. E. Hill. 2019. New observations of the jumping spider Neobrettus tibialis (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in West Bengal, India. Peckhamia 198.1: 1-9.","Blackledge, T. A., M. Kuntner and I. Agnarsson. 2011. The form and function of spider orb webs: evolution from silk to ecosystems. Advances in Insect Physiology 41: 175-262.","Chen, Z., R. T. Corlett, X. Jiao, S. Liu, T. Charles-Dominique, S. Zhang, H. Li, R. Lai, C. Long and R. Quan. 2018. Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider. Science 362: 1052-1055.","Dong, B., R. Quan and Z. Chen. 2019. Prolonged milk provisioning and extended maternal care in the milking spider Toxeus magnus: biological implications and questions unresolved. Zoological Research 40 (4): 241-243.","Harshith J. V. and D. E. Hill. 2020. Conspecific oophagy by the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in Karnataka, India. Peckhamia 217.1: 1-5.","Hill, D. E. 2011. Notes on Hentzia mitrata (Hentz 1846) (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantinae). Peckhamia 91.1: 1-15.","Hill, D. E. 2021. Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina). Peckhamia 241.1: 1-15.","Hill, D. E. and Abhijith A. P. C. 2021. Do female Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) feed their young? Peckhamia 252.1: 1-4.","Jackson, R. R. 2000. Prey preferences and visual discrimination ability of Brettus, Cocalus and Cyrba, araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from Australia, Kenya and Sri Lanka. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 27: 29-39.","Jackson, R. R. and S. E. A. Hallas. 1986. Predatory versatility and intraspecific interactions of spartaeine jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae): Brettus adonis, B. cingulatus, Cyrba algerina, and Phaeacius sp. indet. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 13: 491-520.","Kumar H M, H. 2022. Brettus cingulatus. Observation online at https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106009393.","Manjunath S, D. E. Hill and N. Iyer. 2022. Brood cannibalism by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini). Peckhamia 272.1: 1-11.","Pai, M. J. and D. E. Hill. 2020. Cohabitation and mating by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in Karnataka. Peckhamia 210.1: 1-5.","Patil, V. K. and V. P. Uniyal. 2018. Important Notes on the spider Brettus cingulatus Thorell, 1895 (Araneae: Salticidae) from India. Advanced Agricultural Research & Technology Journal 2 (1): 104-107.","Peakall, D. B. 1971. Conservation of web proteins in the spider Araneus diadematus. Journal of Experimental Zoology 176: 257-264.","Saito, S. 1933. Notes on the spiders from Formosa. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 13 (1): 32-60, pl. 3.","Tam, T. V., L. N. Q. Huy, N. T. Phuc, V. H. Nhan and L. V. Khang. 2021. First record for Brettus cingulatus in Vietnam (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini). Peckhamia 229.1: 1-2.","Thorell, T. 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma, based upon the collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in the British Museum. London: 1-406.","Walckenaer, C. A. 1837. Histoire naturelle des insectes. ApteRres. Tome premier. Roret, Paris, 1-682, pl. 1-15.","Wanless, F. R. 1984. A review of the spider subfamily Spartaeinae nom. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) with descriptions of six new genera. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology 46: 135-205."]}

S, Muralidharan, Hill, David E. (2022): Predation on the brood of a theridiid spider by a jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae: Harmochirina: Bianor sp.). Peckhamia 285 (1): 1-2, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7428059, {"references":["Hann, S. W. 1990. Evidence for the displacement of an endemic New Zealand spider, Latrodectus katipo Powell by the South African species Steatoda capensis Hann (Araneae: Theridiidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 17 (3): 295-307.","Khandelwal, S. and V. K. Sharma. 2014. Description of egg laying pattern and egg sac of Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2 (5): 259-261."]}

S, Muralidharan, Hill, David E. (2022): Predation on a trap-jaw ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae: Anochetus sp.) by a jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillini: Langona tigrina). Peckhamia 284 (1): 1-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7428079, {"references":["Gibson, J. C., F. J. Larabee, A. Touchard, J. Orivel and A. V. Suarez. 2018. Mandible strike kinematics of the trap-jaw ant genus Anochetus Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Zoology 306: 119-128.","Larabee, F. J. 2015. The evolution and functional morphology of trap-jaw ants. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana: i-vii, 1-132.","Larabee, F. J., B. L. Fisher, C. A. Schmidt, P. Matos-Maravi, M. Janda and A. V. Suarez. 2016. Molecular phylogenetics and diversification of trap-jaw ants in the genera Anochetus and Odontomachus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 103: 143-154.","Larabee, F. J., W. Gronenberg and A. V. Suarez. 2017. Performance, morphology and control of power-amplified mandibles in the trap-jaw ant Myrmoteras (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 220: 3062-3071.","Larabee, F. J. and A. V. Suarez. 2014. The evolution and functional morphology of trap-jaw ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 20: 25-36.","WSC. 2022. World Spider Catalog. Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, accessed on 6 NOV 2022, doi: 10.24436/2"]}

Hill, David E., C., Abhijith A. P. (2022): A new and undescribed Myrmarachne sp. from Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Myrmarachnina). Peckhamia 283 (1): 1-5, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7301378, {"references":["Bhattacharya, G. C. 1936. On the moulting and metamorphosis of Myrmarachne plataleoides. Transactions of the Bose Research Institute, Calcutta 12.","Bhattacharya, G. C. 1937. Notes on the moulting process of the spider (Myrmarachne plataleoides, Camb.). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 39: 426-430.","Kumar, R., B. K. Gupta and A. K. Sharma. 2022. On the behavioural biology of a morpho-variant of Myrmaplata plataleoides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) (Araneae: Salticidae) with taxonomic notes. Animal Biology, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, DOI 10.1163/15707563-bja10094: 1-25.","Marson, J. E. 1946. The ant mimic Myrmarachne plataleoides. Journal of the East African Natural History Society 19: 62-63, plate VI.","Proszynski, J. 2016. Delimitation and description of 19 new genera, a subgenus and a species of Salticidae (Araneae) of the world. Ecologica Montenegrina 7: 4-32.","WSC. 2022. World Spider Catalog. Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, accessed on 29 OCT 2022. doi: 10.24436/2"]}

Muralidharan, Hill, David E. (2022): Courtship display by a male Stenaelurillus sp. from Tamil Nadu (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillina). Peckhamia 281 (1): 1-4, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7301358, {"references":["Biswas, B. and K. Biswas. 1992. Araneae: Spiders. State Fauna Series 3: Fauna of West Bengal 3: 357-500.","Caleb, J. T. D. and M. T. Mathai. 2014. Description of some interesting jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from South India. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2 (5): 63-71.","Caleb, J. T. D. and M. T. Mathai. 2016. A new jumping spider of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 from India (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillina). Zootaxa 4103 (2): 185-188.","Kanesharatnam, N. and S. P. Benjamin. 2020. On three new species of jumping spiders of the genera Habrocestum Simon, 1876, Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 and Tamigalesus ZLabka, 1988 (Araneae, Salticidae) from Sri Lanka. Evolutionary Systematics 4: 5-19.","Logunov, D. V. 2001. New and poorly known species of the jumping spiders (Aranei: Salticidae) from Afghanistan, Iran and Crete. Arthropoda Selecta 10: 59-66.","Logunov, D. V. 2020. Further notes on the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1885 from India (Araneae: Salticidae). Zootaxa 4899 (1): 201-214.","Logunov, D. V. and G. N. Azarkina. 2018. Redefinition and partial revision of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 430: 1-126.","Marathe, K., R. Sanap, A. Joglekar, J. T. D. Caleb and W. P. Maddison. 2022. Three new and notes on two other jumping spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Salticidae: Aelurillina) from the Deccan Plateau, India. Zootaxa 5125(1): 1-19.","Prajapati, D. A., P. S. Murthappa, P. M. Sankaran and P. A. Sebastian. 2016. Two new species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 from India (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillina). Zootaxa 4171 (2): 321-334.","Sebastian, P. A., P. M. Sankaran, J. J. Malamel and M. M. Joseph. 2015. Description of new species of Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 from the Western Ghats of India with the redescription of Stenaelurillus lesserti Reimoser, 1934 and notes on mating plug in the genus (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae). ZooKeys 491: 63-78.","Simon, E. 1886. Etudes arachnologiques. 18e MeMmoire. XXVI. MateMriaux pour servir aOla faune des Arachnides du SeMneMgal. (Suivi d'une appendice intituleM: Descriptions de plusieurs espeOces africaines nouvelles). Annales de la SocieMteM Entomologique de France (6) 5: 345-396.","Vidhel, B. P., S. Malik, B. C. Sabata and S. K. Das. 2015. A new spider species of the genus Stenaelurillus Simon, 1886 (Araneae: Salticidae: Aelurillinae) from India. International Journal of Science and Research 4(7): 2332-2336.","WSC. 2022. World Spider Catalog. Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, accessed on 26 OCT 2022. doi: 10.24436/2"]}

International audience; One of the major criteria for the scientificity of a research study is reproducibility. In this paper, we will present the main definitions around reproducibility. We will examine to what extent computer science and simulation works are concerned. Anyone wishing to produce quality scientific work will pay attention to the numerical reproducibility of his simulation results. Significant differences can be observed in the results if the practitioner does not apply best practices. In addition to reproducibility, we first need repeatability to debug our simulation software. We will see that even for parallel stochastic simulations, it is possible to reproduce the same numerical results by implementing a rigorous method tested with a billion threads. It is possible to check parallel results with their sequential counterpart before scaling, thus gaining confidence in the proposed simulation results.

Lima, Andre.Arruda, Hill, David Edwin (2022): A trap door jumping spider from Brazil (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina: Balmaceda sp.). Peckhamia 280 (1): 1-7, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7301330, {"references":["Edwards, G. B. 2006. A review of described Metacyrba, the status of Parkella, and notes on Platycryptus and Balmaceda, with a comparison of the genera (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissinae). Insecta Mundi 19: 193-226.","Edwards, G. B. and L. Baert. 2018. New species, combinations, and records of jumping spiders in the Gala.pagos Islands (Araneae: Salticidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 67: 1-27.","Galvis, W., O. Pulgarin, E. Correa, I. Castrillon, and N. Acevedo. 2018. First record of the jumping spider genus Balmaceda Peckham & Peckham (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini) from Colombia. Peckhamia 163.1: 1-5.","Godwin, R. L., V. Opatova, N. L. Garrison, C. A. Hamilton and J. E. Bond. 2018. Phylogeny of a cosmopolitan family of morphologically conserved trapdoor spiders (Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae) using Anchored Hybrid Enrichment, with a description of the family, Halonoproctidae Pocock 1901. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 126: 303-313.","Hill, D. E. 1979. The scales of salticid spiders. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 65 (3): 193-218.","Lima, A. A. 1971. Genus Balmaceda. Record from vicinity of Vororantim, Sa?o Paulo, Brazil. Online at https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/72737922","Mello-Leitao, C. F. de. 1945. Aran?as de Misiones, Corrientes y Entre RI.os. Revista del Museo de La Plata (New Series, Zoology) 4: 213-302.","Peckham, G. W. and E. G. Peckham. 1894. Spiders of the Marptusa group. Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin 2 (2): 83-156.","Rubio, G. D., J. E. M. Baigorria and G. B. Edwards. 2016. First description of the female of the jumping spider Balmaceda nigrosecta Mello-Leita?o (Salticidae, Dendryphantini, Marpissina). ZooKeys 563: 11-19.","Thorell, T. 1875. Descriptions of several European and North African spiders. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 13 (5): 1-204.","WSC. 2022. World Spider Catalog. Version 23.5. Natural History Museum Bern, online at http://wsc.nmbe.ch, accessed on 23 OCT 2022. doi: 10.24436/2"]}

Hill, David E. (2022): Jumping spider scales (Araneae: Salticidae). Peckhamia 279 (1): 1-83, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7301416

There are a myriad of models for simulating outbreaks. We have tried to test about 20 CoVid models and find that we can rarely replay the simulations. Without expecting perfect repeatability and portability, access to the model and the ability to reproduce similar results with the same scientific conclusions is essential for the advancement of Science. In this article, we give an overview of the state of the art concerning Covid modeling, then we recall what are the concepts of repeatability and reproducibility in the scientific framework, and finally we outline the choices made to have a multi-agent simulation model with an available code, a quick handling without neglecting the consideration of the main sanitary measures for decision support and understanding of this type of pandemic., Il existe une myriade de modèles pour simuler les épidémies. Nous avons essayé de tester une vingtaine de modèles CoVid et nous constatons qu'il est bien rare que nous puissions rejouer les simulations. Sans aller jusqu'à espérer une répétabilité et une portabilité parfaite, l'accès au modèle, la capacité à reproduire des résultats similaires avec les mêmes conclusions scientifiques est essentielle pour l'avancement de la Science. Dans cet article, nous dressons un aperçu de l'état de l'art concernant la modélisation Covid, puis nous rappelons ce que sont les concepts de répétabilité et de reproductibilité dans le cadre scientifique, et enfin nous esquissons les choix faits pour disposer d'un modèle de simulation multi-agents avec un code disponible, une prise en main rapide sans négliger la prise en compte des principales mesures sanitaires pour l'aide à la décision et à la compréhension de ce type de pandémie.

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Video image recognition by the jumping spider, Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae). Animal Behaviour 40 (5): 884-890.","Dolev, Y. and X. J. Nelson. 2014. Innate pattern recognition and categorization in a jumping spider. PLoS ONE 9 (6): e97819: 1-8.","Dray, F. A., T. D. Center and D. H. Habeck. 1969. Immature stage of the aquatic moth Petrophila drumalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Nyphulinae) from Pistia stratiotes (waterlettuce). Florida entomologist 72 (4): 711-714.","Duelli, P. 1978. Movement detection in the posterolateral eyes of jumping spiders (Evarcha arcuata, Salticidae). Journal of Camparative Physiology 124: 15-26.","Edwards, G. B. 2004. Revision of the jumping spiders of the genus Phidippus (Araneae: Salticidae). Occasional Papers of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods 11: i-vii, 1-156, end covers.","Edwards, G. B. 2020. Description of Phidippus pacosauritus sp. nov. (Salticidae: Salticinae: Dendryphantini: Dendryphantina), with a reanalysis of related species in the mystaceus group. Peckhamia 221.1: 1-18.","Edwards, W. H. 1868-1897. The Butterflies of North America. Philadelphia, The American Entomological Society. Volumes 1- 3.","Faber, D. B. and J. R. Baylis. 1993. Effects of body size on agonistic encounters between male jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Animal Behaviour 45 (2): 289-299.","Farahpour-Haghani, A., M. Hassanpour, F. Alinia, G. N. Ganbalani and J. Razmjou. 2018. Cataclysta lemnata Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) expanded its host range feeding on invasive aquatic ferns, species of Azolla Lamarck, 1783 (Hydropteridales: Azollaceae): fitness factors and costs. Aquatic Insects 40 (2): 1-22.","Fazekas, I. 2011. Revision of the Hungarian Euchromius GueneNe, 1845 species (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Natura Somogyiensis 19: 235-244.","Gallant, J. R., V. E. Imhoff, A. Martin, W. K. Savage, N. L. Chamberlain, B. L. Pote, C. 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Adolescent fertility rates are high in Kenya and increase the likelihood of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. The objectives were to (1) explore the prevalence of unintended pregnancy among Maasai adolescent mothers, (2) understand the context in which pregnancy is occurring, and (3) suggest community-based strategies to prevent adolescent pregnancy. In in-depth, individual, qualitative interviews with Maasai females that gave birth during adolescence, pregnancy was unintended in 100% of cases. Our results suggest a desire among this population to prevent pregnancy and the need for contraception. Our recommendations include comprehensive sex education that targets very young adolescents, implementation of mechanisms to strive toward universal primary education, and the provision of resources and skills to adolescents that they need to practice safer sex. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[6]:36-44). Résumé Les taux de fécondité des adolescentes sont élevés au Kenya et augmentent la probabilité de morbidité et de mortalité maternelles et infantiles. Les objectifs étaient (1) d'explorer la prévalence des grossesses non désirées chez les mères adolescentes Maasai, (2) de comprendre le contexte dans lequel la grossesse se produit et (3) de suggérer des stratégies communautaires pour prévenir la grossesse chez les adolescentes. Lors d'entretiens approfondis, individuels et qualitatifs avec des femmes Maasai qui ont accouché pendant l'adolescence, la grossesse était involontaire dans 100% des cas. Nos résultats suggèrent le désir de cette population d'éviter une grossesse et le besoin de contraception. Nos recommandations comprennent une éducation sexuelle complète qui cible les très jeunes adolescents, la mise en oeuvre de mécanismes visant à tendre vers une éducation primaire universelle et la fourniture de ressources et de compétences aux adolescents dont ils ont besoin pour pratiquer des rapports sexuels protégés. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022; 26[6]:36-44).

Genus Maratus Karsch 1878 Type species Maratus amabilis Karsch 1878, Published as part of Otto, Ju. rgen C. & Hill, David E., 2022, Maratus ammophilus, a new peacock spider in the Fimbriatus group from Western Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 1-65 in Peckhamia 273 (1) on page 4, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7171540, {"references":["Karsch, F. 1878. Diagnoses Attoidarum aliquot novarum Novae Hollandiae collectionis Musei zoologici Berolinensis [Descriptions of several new salticids from Australia in the collection of the Berlin Museum]. Mittheilungen des Mu. nchener Entomologischen Vereins 2 (1): 22 - 32."]}

Maratus speculifer (Simon 1909) Habrocestum speculiferum Simon 1909 Lycidas speculifer &Zdot;Vabka 1987 Maratus speculiferus Otto & Hill 2012 Maratus speculifer Otto & Hill 2017 For more than a century, this species, endemic to coastal areas near Perth, was the only known member of the fimbriatus group. Fortunately earlier descriptions by Simon (1909) and later by &Zdot;Vabka (1987) are quite good. We previously published Simon's description with an English translation (Otto @ Hill 2012, p. 78). However good published photographs of this species, and the undescribed female in particular, are lacking. Etymology. The species name, speculifer (Lat., m., adj.); the English meaning bearing a mirror is clearly a reference to the shiny black scute that covers the dorsal opisthosoma of the adult male. Diagnosis. Most closely related to M. ammophilus, n. sp., found along the coast to the north in Western Australia. See the diagnosis of that species for a comparison. Photographs of the living male and female, as well as &Zdot;Vabka's (1987) drawings of the male pedipalp, are shown in Figures 37-40. specimen came with the label " Habrocestum speculiferum Simon, Holotypus, North Fremantle." After &Zdot;abka (1987), used with permission. Courtship (Figures 41-45). The courtship display of the male Maratus speculifer resembles that of M. ammophilus, with perhaps an even greater emphasis on rocking or see-saw movement from side to side, with legs I elevated and extended, legs III extended to the sides, and legs II and IV held in place. to side or rocking movement relative to the previous frame., Published as part of Otto, Ju. rgen C. & Hill, David E., 2022, Maratus ammophilus, a new peacock spider in the Fimbriatus group from Western Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 1-65 in Peckhamia 273 (1) on pages 51-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7171540, {"references":["Simon, E. 1909. Lief. 12. Araneae, 2 me partie. In: Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwestaustralischen Forschungsreise 1905 herausgegeben von Prof. Sr. W. Michaelseon und Dr. R. Hartmeyer. Band II, Lieferung 9 - 13. Verlag von Gustav Fischer in Jena. 155 - 212.","Zabka, M. 1987. Salticidae (Araneae) of Oriental, Australian and Pacific Regions, II. Genera Lycidas and Maratus. Annales Zoologici, Warszawa 40: 451 - 482."]}

Maratus ammophilus, new species Type specimens. The holotype male (&male; #1), five paratype males (&male; #2-6), and two paratype females (&female; #1-2) were collected at Pumpkin Hollow on the coast north of Perth, Western Australia (30.233116°S, 115.014010°E, 7-18 FEB 2021, coll. Caleb Bartell). &male; #1-4 and &female; #2 were caught as juveniles and raised to adulthood, &male; #5 and &female; #1 were caught as adults, and &male; #6 was raised from an egg deposited by &female; #1. Three paratype males (&male; #7-9) and four paratype females (&female; #3-6) were collected at nearby South Bay, Green Head (30.073353°S, 114.978204°E, 7-18 FEB 2021, coll. Caleb Bartell). &male; #9 was caught as an adult, &male; #7-8 and &female; #3-6 were collected as juveniles and raised to adulthood. All types will be deposited in the Western Australian Museum, Perth. M. ammophilus has also been observed at Lake Thetis in Cervantes (30.505942°S, 115.078376°E, JUL 2018; Su Rammohan, pers. comm.), and at the beach in Kalbarri (27.703654°S, 114.167276°E, JUN 2022; Michael Lun, pers. comm.). Etymology. The species group name, ammophilus (Latin, adjective, m.), means sand-loving, a reference to the sandy beach habitat of these spiders. Diagnosis. The distinctive wheel-rim shape of the embolus and the use of legs I in courtship clearly place the male Maratus ammophilus in the fimbriatus group of the genus Maratus. The male resembles M. speculifer with respect to the unusual shape and yellow-green colour of femora I, with a wider proximal subsegment separated from a narrower distal subsegment by a shelf on the anterior side. However, the overall colouration of the male M. ammophilus (Figure 1) is quite different, like the female almost entirely off-white. The setae of the dorsal opisthosoma of M. ammophilus are off-white and moderately iridescent, whereas the fan of the male M. speculifer bears a singular dark and glabrous, shiny scute, the basis for its species name. In addition the anterior femora I and II of M. ammophilus have a transverse black bar at the distal end of each subsegment, or at least at the end of each proximal subsegment, easily visible from the front during courtship display. Description of male (Figures 4-7). Males (n=9) ranged from 3.2-3.8 mm in length. Almost the entire body, including the ventral opisthosoma, is covered with white to off-white or light-brown setae. The face is bright white, the chelicerae mostly glabrous and dark brown. An indistinct, middorsal thoracic tract of lighter setae may be present. The sides of the carapace have a distinct marginal band of white to offwhite setae. The PME are closer to the PLE than to the ALE. The dorsal opisthosoma tends to be light brown rather than white, often with a moderate iridescence. Legs I and II of similar length, shorter than legs III and IV, all with indistinct dark bands at the joints. Legs III are the longest. Sternum, labium and endites are dark brown to grey, almost glabrous except for longer white to off-white setae radiating from the posterior and lateral margins of the sternum. Cuticle of the prosoma and opisthosoma dark, that of the appendages almost lacking pigment. Ventral surface of each femur I and II translucent and almost glabrous, yellow-green. Each femur I and II is divided into a proximal subsegment of greater diameter, and a distal subsegment of lesser diameter, each subsegment (or at least the proximal subsegment) marked distally by a dark transverse band on the ventral surface; these subsegments are separated by a distinct, ventral shelf associated with the transverse band of the proximal subsegment (Figure 4:8,52). Pedipalps are light in colour, covered with long white setae. The retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) is unremarkable, similar to that of other Maratus. As is the case for other members of the fimbriatus group, the embolus resembles a wheel-rim, darker along the upper and lower margins of that rim, with a distally projecting terminus that bears the apical pore. Description of female (figures 8-10). Females (n=5) ranged from 4.0- 4.9 mm in length. Colour very much like the male, although the yellow-green colouration beneath femora I and II may be subdued and obscured by long white setae. Most of the type females have a fairly uniform but variable cover of off-white to light brown setae on the dorsum, but one (&female; #2, Figure 8:4-12) is much more patterned or contrasty on the dorsum, with many areas bearing darker brown setae. Variable pigmentation of the cuticle is more evident in alcohol (Figure 10:1-20). All females have long, bright white setae on the face, projecting anteromedially over the top of the dark brown, glabrous chelicerae. Setae covering the lower sides of the carapace are also bright white. PME closer to the PLE than to the ALE. Legs I and II are shorter and of similar length, legs III and IV longer and also of similar length. The epigynum (Figure 10: 25-28) is unremarkable and similar to that of other Maratus, with large fossae and posterior spermathecae of similar size. Immatures (Figure 11). Immature Maratus ammophilus, even in the first emergent (free-living) instar (II), have a colouration similar to that of adults. Courtship (Figures 12-16). Courtship display in Maratus ammophilus, as observed under natural conditions in the laboratory, is relatively simple, with the male moving intermittently (discontinuously) from side to side in front of the female, holding each new position with legs I extended and elevated to display the prominent markings on the underside of the femora, as legs III are extended to the sides. In this position, the ornamentation under legs II is also visible to the front. During this display the white pedipalps are held in place in front of the dark and glabrous chelicerae. As shown in Figure 12, the male tends to keep legs II in place when moving the elevated and extended legs I and III to one side or the other, and may even keep legs II and IV in place during this movement without any stepping at all. This fixed placement or stance of legs II keeps them in a position where the ventral femora II, like the ventral femora I, are readily visible from the front. When legs III are widely extended this side-to-side rocking movement also has a see-saw effect. The extent to which the opisthosoma is raised (never to a vertical position), or legs III are extended, varies. In addition, detailed placement of legs II and IV during each stance varies according to the surface on which the male is displaying. All aspects of this display are similar to those seen in other members of the fimbriatus group, although one species, Maratus fimbriatus, does not extend legs III, but also rotates the fan with each side-to-side movement. Mating. The erection of spines during mating by spiders corresponds to the transient increase in internal fluid pressure that occurs as seminal fluid is pumped from each pedipalp into the corresponding (same side) sperm duct of the female. This is documented for Maratus ammophilus in Figure 17. Habitat. Maratus ammophilus has been found on sandy ground, in coastal dunes along the Indian Ocean in Western Australia (Figures 2, 3:1-2, 18-19)., Published as part of Otto, Ju. rgen C. & Hill, David E., 2022, Maratus ammophilus, a new peacock spider in the Fimbriatus group from Western Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 1-65 in Peckhamia 273 (1) on pages 4-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7171540

C., Abhijith A. P., Hill, David E., Ramesh, Sanath (2022): Hunchback flies (Diptera: Acroceridae) as endopredators of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Peckhamia 274 (1): 1-6, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7171528, {"references":["Beckwith, R. C., R.R. Mason and H.G. Paul. 1987. Parasitism of salticid spiders in Oregon by two species of Acroceridae (Diptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 63: 352.","Dodd, F. P. 1906. Notes upon some remarkable parasitic insects from North Queensland. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 54:119-132.","Gillung, J. P. and C. J. Borkent. 2017. Death comes on two wings: a review of dipteran natural enemies of arachnids. Journal of Arachnology 45 (1): 1-19.","Kehlmaier, C. and J. M. Almeida. 2014. New host records for European Acroceridae (Diptera), with discussion of species limits of Acrocera orbiculus (Fabricius) based on DNA-barcoding. Zootaxa 3780 (1): 135-152.","Larrivee, M. and C. J. Borkent. 2009. New spider host associations for three acrocerid fly species (Diptera, Acroceridae). The Journal of Arachnology 37: 241-242.","Millot, J. 1938. Le deDveloppement et la biologie larvaire des Oncodides (= CyrtideDs), DipteOres parasites d'araigneDes. Bulletin de la SocieDteDZoologique de France 63:162-181.","Nielsen, B. O., P. Funch and S. Toft. 1999. Self-injection of a dipteran parasitoid into a spider. Naturwissenschaften 86: 530- 532.","Noordam, A. 2021. European Acroceridae - new host records, modified epigynes and the British isolation. Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society 150: 10-14.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2019. Maratus banyowla, a new peacock spider in the personatus group from Western Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini). Peckhamia 195.1: 1-23.","Schlinger, E. I. 1987. The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders. Chapter III in W. Nentwig, ed., Ecophysiology of spiders. Berlin, Springer Verlag: 319-327.","Schlinger, E. I. 2003. The spider-endoparasitoids of Madagascar (Diptera: Acroceridae). In The Natural History of Madagascar, S. M. Goodman, J. P. Benstead, eds., University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London: 734-740.","Seguy, E. 1926. Faune de France, 13. DipteOres (Brachyceres). Lechevalier, Paris.","Wandolleck, B. 1906. A new species of Cyrtidae from North Queensland bred by F. P. Dodd. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 54:131-132.","Winterton, S. L. 2012. Review of Australasian spider flies (Diptera, Acroceridae) with a revision of Panops Lamarck. ZooKeys 172: 7-75.","Winterton, S. L. and D. A. Barraclough. 2017. Acroceridae (Small-headed Flies or Spider Flies). In A. H. Kirk-Spriggs and B. J. Sinclair, eds., Manual of Afrotropical Diptera, Volume 2. Nematocerous Diptera and lower Brachycera. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Pretoria. Suricata 5: 981-993.","Yuan, D., X. Li, D. K. Yeates and J. Rodriguez. 2020. Unlucky spider flies (Diptera: Acroceridae) trapped in a tomb of mud: An Australian predatory wasp (Sphecidae) provisions its nest with parasitised spiders (Salticidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 95 (3-4): 109-115.","Zhang, Y., Y. Wang, J. Sun, G. Hu, M. Wang, J. Amendt and J. Wang. 2019. Temperature-dependent development of the blowfly Chrysomya pinguis and its significance in estimating postmortem interval. Royal Society Open Science 6 (190003): 1- 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190003"]}

S, Manjunath, Hill, David E., Iyer, Naveen (2022): Brood cannibalism by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini). Peckhamia 272 (1): 1-11, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7171498, {"references":["Abhijith A. P. C. and D. E. Hill. 2019. Notes on the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus in Karnataka (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini). Peckhamia 186.1: 1-14.","Ahmed, J., R. Khalap, D. E. Hill, Sumukha J. N. and K. Mohan. 2017. First record of Brettus cingulatus from India, with a review of Brettus in South and Southeast Asia (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeinae). Peckhamia 151.1: 1-13.","DeWoody, J. A., D. E. Fletcher, S. D. Wilkins and J. C. Avise. 2001. Genetic documentation of filial cannibalism in nature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98 (9): 5090-5092.","Fox, L. R. 1975. Cannibalism in natural populations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6: 87-106.","Harshith J. V. and D. E. Hill. 2020. Conspecific oophagy by the jumping spider Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in Karnataka, India. Peckhamia 217.1: 1-5","Hill, D. E. and Abhijith A. P. C. 2021. Do female Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) feed their young? Peckhamia 252.1: 1-4.","Klug, H. and M. B. Bonsall. 2007. When to care for, abandon, or eat your offspring: the evolution of parental care and filial cannibalism. The American Naturalist 170 (6): 886-901.","Mayntz, D. and S. Toft. 2006. Nutritional value of cannibalism and the role of starvation and nutrient imbalance for cannibalistic tendencies in a generalist predator. Journal of Animal Ecology 75: 288-297.","Pai, M. J. and D. E. Hill. 2020. Cohabitation and mating by Brettus cingulatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Spartaeini) in Karnataka. Peckhamia 210.1: 1-5.","Richardson, M. L., R. F. Mitchell, P. F. Reagel and L. M. Hanks. 2010. Causes and consequences of cannibalism in noncarnivorous insects. Annual Review of Entomology 55: 39-53.","Snyder, W. E., S. B. Joseph, R. F. Preziosi and A. J. Moore. 2000. Nutritional benefits of cannibalism for the lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) when prey quality is poor. Environmental Entomology 29 (6): 1173- 1179.","Thorell, T. 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London. 1-406.","Wise, D. H. 2006. Cannibalism, food limitation, intraspecific competition, and the regulation of spider populations. Annual Review of Entomology 51: 441-465."]}

International audience; To progress in their research, scientific communities generally rely on shared computing resources aggregated into clusters. To provide fair use of the computing resources to every user, administrators of these clusters set up Local Resources Management Systems. They orchestrate the scientific workloads and the resources by allowing a given workload to be executed for a certain time on a definite number of CPUs or machines. To maximize the use of the computing resources and avoid running out of time, users may assess their environments by executing fast CPU benchmarking solutions such as DIRAC Benchmark. Developed in Python 2 in 2012, DIRAC Benchmark has been mainly and successfully employed in the context of the LHCb experiment. Now that Python 2 is deprecated, DIRAC Benchmark has to be ported to Python 3. This paper describes this transition, the impact brought by the changes, and the considered solutions. The main contributions of this paper are: (i) an extensive description of the CPU Benchmarking tools in High-Energy Physics; (ii) various methods to improve and maintain the program, such as unit tests, a Continuous Integration and Delivery pipeline; (iii) a comprehensive analysis of the discrepancies that could have caused 22% of the workloads to fail; (iv) a review of the advantages and drawbacks of the considered solutions. The problems were addressed by applying a constant factor on the scores depending on the underlying CPU model and Python version used.

Shared etiological pathways are suggested in ASD and ADHD given high rates of comorbidity, phenotypic overlap and shared genetic susceptibility. Given the peak of cortical gyrification expansion and emergence of ASD and ADHD symptomology in early development, we investigated gyrification morphology in 539 children and adolescents (6–17 years of age) with ASD (n=197) and ADHD (n=96) compared to typically developing controls (n=246) using the local Gyrification Index (lGI) to provide insight into contributing etiopathological factors in these two disorders. We also examined IQ effects and functional implications of gyrification by exploring the relation between lGI and ASD and ADHD symptomatology beyond diagnosis. General Linear Models yielded no group differences in lGI, and across groups, we identified an age-related decrease of lGI and greater lGI in females compared to males. No diagnosis-by-age interactions were found. Accounting for IQ variability in the model (n=484) yielded similar results. No significant associations were found between lGI and social communication deficits, repetitive and restricted behaviours, inattention or adaptive functioning. By examining both disorders and controls using shared methodology, we found no evidence of atypicality in gyrification as measured by the lGI in these conditions.

Ju, Otto, rgen C., Hill, David E. (2022): Maratus nubilis, a new peacock spider in the chrysomelas group from southwestern Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini). Peckhamia 264 (1): 1-29, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6533714, {"references":["Baehr, B. C. and R. Whyte. 2016. The peacock spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Maratus) of the Queensland Museum, including six new species. Zootaxa 4154 (5): 501-525.","Girard, M. B., D. O. Elias, G. Azevedo, K. Bi, M. M. Kasumovic, J. M. Waldock, E. B. Rosenblum and M. Hedin. 2021. Phylogenomics of peacock spiders and their kin (Salticidae: Maratus), with implications for the evolution of male courtship displays. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 20: 1-24.","Hsiung, B.-K., T. A. Blackledge and M. D. Shawkey. 2014. Structural color and its interaction with other color-producing elements: perspectives from spiders. In: The Nature of Light: Light in Nature V, ed. R. Liang and J. A. Shaw. Proceedings of SPIE 9187, 91870B: 1-20.","Hsiung, B.-K., R. H. Siddique, D. G. Stavenga, J. C. Otto, M. C. Allen, Y. Liu, Y-F. Lu, D. D. Deheyn, M. D. Shawkey and T. A. Blackledge. 2017. Rainbow peacock spiders inspire miniature super-iridescent optics. Nature Communications 8: 2278: 1-8, DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02451-x","Keyserling, E. 1883. Die Arachniden Australiens. Nu/rnberg. 1: 1421-1489, pl. 120-123.","McCoy, D. E., V. E. McCoy, N. K. Mandsberg, A. V. Shneidman, J. Aizenberg, R. O. Prum and D. Haig. 2019. Structurally assisted super black in colourful peacock spiders. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences 286 (1902): 1- 9. [20190589]. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0589","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2012. Notes on Maratus Karsch 1878 and related jumping spiders from Australia, with five new species (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae). Peckhamia 103.1: 1-81.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2013. A new peacock spider from Australia displays three 'sapphire gems' on a field of gold (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryinae: Maratus Karsch 1878). Peckhamia 105.1: 1-8.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2017. Two new peacock spiders from southeastern Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus Karsch 1878). Peckhamia 153.1: 1-34.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2021. Catalogue of the Australian peacock spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus), version 4. Peckhamia 148.4: 1-35.","Simon, E. 1909. Lief. 12. Araneae, 2me partie. In: Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger sudwestaustralischen Forschungsreise 1905 herausgegeben von Prof. Sr. W. Michaelseon und Dr. R. Hartmeyer . Band II, Lieferung 9-13. Verlag von Gustav Fischer in Jena. 155-212.","Soltis, P. S. and D. E. Soltis. 2003. Applying the bootstrap in phylogeny reconstruction. Statistical Science 18 (2): 256-267.","Waldock, J. M. 2002. Redescription of Lycidas chrysomelas (Simon) (Araneae: Salticidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 21: 227-234.","Weidner, H. 1967. Geschichte der Entomologie in Hamburg. Abhandlungen und Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg, N. F. 9 (Supplement): 5-387."]}

The Mouse Genome Database (MGD; http://www.informatics.jax.org) is the community model organism knowledgebase for the laboratory mouse, a widely used animal model for comparative studies of the genetic and genomic basis for human health and disease. MGD is the authoritative source for biological reference data related to mouse genes, gene functions, phenotypes and mouse models of human disease. MGD is the primary source for official gene, allele, and mouse strain nomenclature based on the guidelines set by the International Committee on Standardized Nomenclature for Mice. MGD’s biocuration scientists curate information from the biomedical literature and from large and small datasets contributed directly by investigators. In this report we describe significant enhancements to the content and interfaces at MGD, including (i) improvements in the Multi Genome Viewer for exploring the genomes of multiple mouse strains, (ii) inclusion of many more mouse strains and new mouse strain pages with extended query options and (iii) integration of extensive data about mouse strain variants. We also describe improvements to the efficiency of literature curation processes and the implementation of an information portal focused on mouse models and genes for the study of COVID-19.

Maratus pinniger, new species Type specimens. The holotype male (&male; #1), six paratype males (&male; #2-7), and one paratype female (&female; #1) were collected in coastal sword-sedge (Lepidosperma gladiatum) in a damp swale area surrounded by Jarrah / Marri forest, in Blackwood State Forest, Western Australia (Figure 2; S33.945174°, E 115.302561°, 16 OCT-10 NOV 2021, coll. Paul Winthrop). All types will be deposited in the Western Australian Museum, Perth. Etymology. The species group name, pinniger (Latin, adjective, m.), means pinnate or feather-bearing, an apt description for the fan flaps displayed by the male of this species, bearing specialized setae that resemble long "feathers." Pinnager (or pennager) is also a medieval English occupational surname for a pennant or ensign-bearer. Diagnosis. Females resemble other females in the vespa group, and related groups in southwestern Australia, and examination of the male is necessary for identification. The male pedipalp also resembles that of other members of the vespa group and related groups. The male is closest to M. fletcheri in appearance (Figure 1), but can be reliably separated from that species by the presence of larger areas of iridescent scales at the rear of the fan, and the presence of multiple, long, feather-like setae (pinnae) extending beyond the margin of each lateral flap of the fan. The colour of scales that cover much of the body and legs (brown in M. fletcheri, white in M. pinniger) may not be a reliable indicator, as the related M. cristatus (Figure 1:2-3) has both colour forms. Description of male (Figures 3-9). Males (n=7) ranged from 3.3-3.8 mm in length. The chelicerae are black, glabrous. The clypeus is covered with many long white-grey setae, directed toward the front above the chelicerae. The carapace is black, mostly glabrous, with a cover of grey scales in the eye region, where three interrupted bands of brown or dark red-brown scales can be seen, one at the median and one on either side of this. Another irregular or interrupted band of brown or dark red-brown scales runs on either side of the carapace, through the lateral eyes. Small spots comprised of white-grey scales are present just behind each PLE, and in a median thoracic position. The margin of the carapace is lined with white-grey scales or setae. Each PME is distinctly closer to the ipsilateral PLE than to the ipsilateral ALE. Long, stout or erect black and white setae project from the anterodorsal opisthosoma. The fan bears a distinctive pattern (Figures 4, 6) comprised of iridescent blue-green and pigmented red to brown scales, with long feather-like setae (pinnae), some> 0.5 mm in length, extending beyond the curved posterior margin of each flap. The anterior margin of each flap also has a fringe of white-grey setae. Behind the fan, the posterodorsal opisthosoma is black, with a median group of mostly white, scattered scales and, behind this, the anal tuft of white setae (Figure 4) that is typically found in Maratus species. The spinnerets are black. Below (Figure 9), the opisthosoma is brown, with a covering of white setae, and the coxae, sternum, endites, chelicerae and pedipalps are mostly dark-grey or black. The legs are generally black to brown in colour, legs I and II of about the same length and shortest, legs III longest. Legs I-II and IV are distinctly to indistinctly banded with white scales or setae. Legs III are heavily fringed with long white setae, dorsally on the femur, and mostly ventrally from the patella to metatarsus. Tarsus III is covered with bright white setae. Femora I and II are thicker, each with several black spots on glabrous, light brown cuticle when viewed from below. The pedipalp, with a single tooth below the apex of the outer ring of the embolus (Figure 8), is typical for the vespa group, as well as the related flavus, linnaei, and mungaich groups of southwestern Australia (Otto & Hill 2021), and appears to be of no use for identification to species. Description of female (Figures 10-11). Body length (n=1) 5.4 mm. In general the cuticle of the female is light-brown to brown and translucent, with darker brown banding on the legs, and dark brown on the dorsal carapace and opisthosoma. The paturon of each chelicera is mostly glabrous, with a sparse covering of white setae. The pedipalps are light-brown with a cover of projecting white setae. From the face, below the anterior eyes, and the clypeus a number of long white setae extend to the front. These are not as dense as they are in the male. Both the carapace and opisthosoma have scattered white and redbrown scales on a dark brown background dorsally, with bands of mostly white scales on either side. Except for a line of white setae in front, above the chelicerae, the margins of the carapace are almost entirely glabrous, without the marginal band seen in the male. The white bands on the lateral margins of the dorsal opisthosoma do not meet at the rear. A small triangular anal tuft of white scales is present, above the brown spinnerets. The venter of the opisthosoma is light-brown, with many small brown spots, with a fairly uniform cover of white setae. Coxae, sternum, endites, chelicerae and pedipalps are mostly light brown and glabrous from below. Legs I and II shorter and of similar length, legs III and IV also of similar length but longer. From above all legs are distinctly to indistinctly banded with alternating white setae and exposed dark cuticle. The epigynum (Figure 11:6) is typical for the group, with a smaller fossa in front of each large posterior spermatheca, and more sclerotized ducts visible through the posterior half of each fossa. Courtship display (Figures 12-20). All observations of courtship took place under simulated natural conditions in the laboratory. Like other Maratus, male M. pinniger may raise one or both legs III to gain the attention of a nearby female (Figures 3:13, 12). Display may include slow, intermittent movement of legs III with occasional flexing at the tibiometatarsal joint. Advertising males could also extend legs III in a V-shaped configuration, and wave the elevated fan in a median position (Figures 13, 20:1-2). As is the case for other members of the vespa group, a close approach of the female to examine the male led to rotation of the fan from one side to the other behind legs III, held in more of a "calipers" position (Figures 14-20). During this display, the pedipalps, separated to reveal the glabrous black chelicerae, and legs III of the male were held in a stationary position. As with the previous (advertisement) display, movement of the fan was fairly continuous when observed with 120 fps video, involving left-right cycles of side to side movement at 5-9Hz, accompanied by "bobbing" or vibration of the opisthosoma at ~50Hz. Slower (2-3Hz) extension-retraction cycles of each lateral flap, as it was was turned toward the female at one side or the other, were also observed. Figure 16 (continued on next page). Serial frames from a 120fps video of courtship display by a male Maratus pinniger. 1-4, 1.5 cycles of left-right fan rotation at 5.6Hz. 5-10, 2.5 cycles of flap retraction at 2Hz. 12-43, 16 left-right cycles of fan rotation as the fan was raised to an elevated position, at 6.9Hz. Habitat. Maratus pinniger was found on coastal sword-sedge (Lepidosperma gladiatum) in a damp swale area surrounded by Jarrah/Marri forest, in Blackwood State Forest, Western Australia (Figure 21).

Ju, Otto, C., Hill, David E. (2022): Maratus pinniger, a new peacock spider in the vespa group from southwestern Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini). Peckhamia 262 (1): 1-30, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6467908, {"references":["Beard, J. S., A. R. Chapman and P. Gioia. 2000. Species richness and endemism in the Western Australian flora. Journal of Biogeography 27: 1257-1268.","Bradshaw, S. D., K. W. Dixon, H. Lambers, A. T. Cross, J. Bailey and S. D. Hopper. 2018. Understanding the long-term impact of prescribed burning in mediterranean-climate biodiversity hotspots, with a focus on south-western Australia. International Journal of Wildland Fire (https://doi.org/10.1071/WF18067): A-O.","Buchi, L. and S. Vuilleumier 2012. Dispersal strategies, few dominating or many coexisting: the effect of environmenal spatial structure and multiple sources of mortality. PLoS ONE 7 (4): e34733: 1-9.","Burrows, N. D., and G. Friend. 1998. Biological indicators of appropriate fire regimes in southwest Australian ecosystems, in Teresa L. Pruden and Leonard A. Brennan, eds., Fire in ecosystem management: shifting the paradigm from suppression to prescription, Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference Proceedings, No. 20, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL: 413-421.","Burrows, N. D., B. Ward, A. Wills, M. Williams and R. Cranfield. 2019. Fine-scale temporal turnover of jarrah forest understory vegetation assemblages is independent of fire regime. Fire Ecology 15 (10): 1-18.","Cowling, R. M., P. W. Rundel, B. B. Lamont, M. K. Arroyo and M. Arianoutsou. 1996. Plant diversity in mediterraneanclimate regions. Tree 11 (9): 362-366.","Ebach, M. C. 2012. A history of biogeographical regionalisation in Australia. Zootaxa 3392: 1-34.","Ebach, M. C., D. J. Murphy, C. E. Gonzalez-Orozco and J. T. Miller. 2015. A revised area taxonomy of phytogeographical regions within the Australian Bioregionalisation Atlas. Phytotaxa 208 (4): 261-277.","Garcia-Palacios, P., N. Gross, J. Gaitan and F. T. Maestre. 2018. Climate mediates the biodiversity-ecosystem stability relationship globally. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 115 (33): 8400-8405.","Gibson, N., S. Prober, R. Meissner and S. van Leeuwen. 2017. Implications of high species turnover on the south-western Australian sandplains. PLoS ONE 12 (2): e0172877: 1-18.","Gioia, P. and S. D. Hopper. 2017. A new phytogeographic map for the Southwest Australian Floristic Region after an exceptional decade of collection and discovery. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1-15.","Gonzalez-Orozco, C. E., M. C. Ebach, S. Laffan, A. H. Thornhill, N. J. Knerr, A. N. Schmidt-Lebuhn, C. C. Cargill, M. Clements, N. S. Nagalingum, B. D. Mishler and J. T. Miller. 2014. Quantifying phytogeographical regions of Australia using geospatial turnover in species composition. PLoS ONE 9 (3): e92558: 1-10.","Karsch, F. 1878. Diagnoses Attoidarum aliquot novarum Novae Hollandiae collectionis Musei zoologici Berolinensis [Descriptions of several new salticids from Australia in the collection of the Berlin Museum]. Mittheilungen des Mu0nchener Entomologischen Vereins 2 (1): 22-32.","Lavergne, S., J. D. Thompson, E. Garnier and M. Debussche. 2004. The biology and ecology of narrow endemic and widespread plants: a comparative study of trait variation in 20 congeneric pairs. Oikos 107: 505-518.","Lehman, C. L. and D. Tilman. 2000. Biodiversity, stability, and productivity in competitive communities. The American Naturalist 156 (5): 534-552.","Loreau, M. and C. de Mazancourt. 2013. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability: a synthesis of underlying mechanisms. Ecology Letters 16 (s1): 106-115.","Luxton, S., G. Wardell-Johnson, A. Sparrow, T. Robinson, L. Trotter and A. Grigg. 2021. Vegetation classification in southwestern Australia's Mediterranean jarrah forest: new data, old units, and a conservation conundrum. Australian Journal of Botany 69: 436-449.","Monks, L., S. Barett, B. Beecham, M. Byrne, A. chant, D. coates, J. A. Cochrane, A. Crawford, R. Dillon and C. Yates. 2019. Recovery of threatened plant species and their habitats in the biodiversity hotspot of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region. Plant Diversity 41: 59-74.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2016. Seven new peacock spiders from Western Australia and South Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus). Peckhamia 141.1: 1-101.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2017. Five new peacock spiders from Western Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus Karsch 1878). Peckhamia 152.1: 1-97.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2018. Two new peacock spiders in the vespa group from Western Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus). Peckhamia 168.1: 1-82.","Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2019. Three new peacock spiders from the southeast and southwest of Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus). Peckhamia 189.1: 1-77.","Otto, J. C. and D. E .Hill. 2021. Catalogue of the Australian peacock spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus), version 4. Peckhamia 148.4: 1-35.","Rix, M. G., D. L. Edwards, M. Byrne, M. S. Harvey, L. Joseph and J. D. Roberts. 2015. Biogeography and speciation of terrestrial fauna in the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot. Biological Reviews 90: 762-793.","Schubert, J. 2019. Three new peacock spiders from Southwestern Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus Karsch, 1878). Zootaxa 4564 (1): 81-100.","Schubert, J. 2020. Seven new species of Australian peacock spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus Karsch, 1878). Zootaxa 4758 (1): 1-44.","Schubert, J. 2021. Maratus nemo: a new wetland species of peacock spider from South Australia (Araneae, Salticidae, Euophryini). Evolutionary Systematics 5 (1): 71-80.","Sniderman, J. M. K., G. J. Jordan and R. M. Cowling. 2013. Fossil evidence for a hyperdiverse sclerophyll flora under a non- Mediterranean-type climate. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science, USA 110 (9): 3423-3428.","Thiele, K. R. and S. M. Prober. 2014. Progress and prospects for understanding evolution and diversity in the southwest Australian flora. WA Science. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 97: 35-45.","Waldock, J. M., M. Duncan, M. Doe, A. Fletcher, C. O'Toole and P. Irvine. 2020. Two new peacock spider species of the genus Maratus (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae) from south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 35: 1-9."]}

Maratus pinniger, new species Type specimens. The holotype male (&male; #1), six paratype males (&male; #2-7), and one paratype female (&female; #1) were collected in coastal sword-sedge (Lepidosperma gladiatum) in a damp swale area surrounded by Jarrah / Marri forest, in Blackwood State Forest, Western Australia (Figure 2; S33.945174°, E 115.302561°, 16 OCT-10 NOV 2021, coll. Paul Winthrop). All types will be deposited in the Western Australian Museum, Perth. Etymology. The species group name, pinniger (Latin, adjective, m.), means pinnate or feather-bearing, an apt description for the fan flaps displayed by the male of this species, bearing specialized setae that resemble long "feathers." Pinnager (or pennager) is also a medieval English occupational surname for a pennant or ensign-bearer. Diagnosis. Females resemble other females in the vespa group, and related groups in southwestern Australia, and examination of the male is necessary for identification. The male pedipalp also resembles that of other members of the vespa group and related groups. The male is closest to M. fletcheri in appearance (Figure 1), but can be reliably separated from that species by the presence of larger areas of iridescent scales at the rear of the fan, and the presence of multiple, long, feather-like setae (pinnae) extending beyond the margin of each lateral flap of the fan. The colour of scales that cover much of the body and legs (brown in M. fletcheri, white in M. pinniger) may not be a reliable indicator, as the related M. cristatus (Figure 1:2-3) has both colour forms. Description of male (Figures 3-9). Males (n=7) ranged from 3.3-3.8 mm in length. The chelicerae are black, glabrous. The clypeus is covered with many long white-grey setae, directed toward the front above the chelicerae. The carapace is black, mostly glabrous, with a cover of grey scales in the eye region, where three interrupted bands of brown or dark red-brown scales can be seen, one at the median and one on either side of this. Another irregular or interrupted band of brown or dark red-brown scales runs on either side of the carapace, through the lateral eyes. Small spots comprised of white-grey scales are present just behind each PLE, and in a median thoracic position. The margin of the carapace is lined with white-grey scales or setae. Each PME is distinctly closer to the ipsilateral PLE than to the ipsilateral ALE. Long, stout or erect black and white setae project from the anterodorsal opisthosoma. The fan bears a distinctive pattern (Figures 4, 6) comprised of iridescent blue-green and pigmented red to brown scales, with long feather-like setae (pinnae), some> 0.5 mm in length, extending beyond the curved posterior margin of each flap. The anterior margin of each flap also has a fringe of white-grey setae. Behind the fan, the posterodorsal opisthosoma is black, with a median group of mostly white, scattered scales and, behind this, the anal tuft of white setae (Figure 4) that is typically found in Maratus species. The spinnerets are black. Below (Figure 9), the opisthosoma is brown, with a covering of white setae, and the coxae, sternum, endites, chelicerae and pedipalps are mostly dark-grey or black. The legs are generally black to brown in colour, legs I and II of about the same length and shortest, legs III longest. Legs I-II and IV are distinctly to indistinctly banded with white scales or setae. Legs III are heavily fringed with long white setae, dorsally on the femur, and mostly ventrally from the patella to metatarsus. Tarsus III is covered with bright white setae. Femora I and II are thicker, each with several black spots on glabrous, light brown cuticle when viewed from below. The pedipalp, with a single tooth below the apex of the outer ring of the embolus (Figure 8), is typical for the vespa group, as well as the related flavus, linnaei, and mungaich groups of southwestern Australia (Otto & Hill 2021), and appears to be of no use for identification to species. Description of female (Figures 10-11). Body length (n=1) 5.4 mm. In general the cuticle of the female is light-brown to brown and translucent, with darker brown banding on the legs, and dark brown on the dorsal carapace and opisthosoma. The paturon of each chelicera is mostly glabrous, with a sparse covering of white setae. The pedipalps are light-brown with a cover of projecting white setae. From the face, below the anterior eyes, and the clypeus a number of long white setae extend to the front. These are not as dense as they are in the male. Both the carapace and opisthosoma have scattered white and redbrown scales on a dark brown background dorsally, with bands of mostly white scales on either side. Except for a line of white setae in front, above the chelicerae, the margins of the carapace are almost entirely glabrous, without the marginal band seen in the male. The white bands on the lateral margins of the dorsal opisthosoma do not meet at the rear. A small triangular anal tuft of white scales is present, above the brown spinnerets. The venter of the opisthosoma is light-brown, with many small brown spots, with a fairly uniform cover of white setae. Coxae, sternum, endites, chelicerae and pedipalps are mostly light brown and glabrous from below. Legs I and II shorter and of similar length, legs III and IV also of similar length but longer. From above all legs are distinctly to indistinctly banded with alternating white setae and exposed dark cuticle. The epigynum (Figure 11:6) is typical for the group, with a smaller fossa in front of each large posterior spermatheca, and more sclerotized ducts visible through the posterior half of each fossa. Courtship display (Figures 12-20). All observations of courtship took place under simulated natural conditions in the laboratory. Like other Maratus, male M. pinniger may raise one or both legs III to gain the attention of a nearby female (Figures 3:13, 12). Display may include slow, intermittent movement of legs III with occasional flexing at the tibiometatarsal joint. Advertising males could also extend legs III in a V-shaped configuration, and wave the elevated fan in a median position (Figures 13, 20:1-2). As is the case for other members of the vespa group, a close approach of the female to examine the male led to rotation of the fan from one side to the other behind legs III, held in more of a "calipers" position (Figures 14-20). During this display, the pedipalps, separated to reveal the glabrous black chelicerae, and legs III of the male were held in a stationary position. As with the previous (advertisement) display, movement of the fan was fairly continuous when observed with 120 fps video, involving left-right cycles of side to side movement at 5-9Hz, accompanied by "bobbing" or vibration of the opisthosoma at ~50Hz. Slower (2-3Hz) extension-retraction cycles of each lateral flap, as it was was turned toward the female at one side or the other, were also observed. Figure 16 (continued on next page). Serial frames from a 120fps video of courtship display by a male Maratus pinniger. 1-4, 1.5 cycles of left-right fan rotation at 5.6Hz. 5-10, 2.5 cycles of flap retraction at 2Hz. 12-43, 16 left-right cycles of fan rotation as the fan was raised to an elevated position, at 6.9Hz. Habitat. Maratus pinniger was found on coastal sword-sedge (Lepidosperma gladiatum) in a damp swale area surrounded by Jarrah/Marri forest, in Blackwood State Forest, Western Australia (Figure 21)., Published as part of Ju, Otto, C. & Hill, David E., 2022, Maratus pinniger, a new peacock spider in the vespa group from southwestern Australia (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini), pp. 1-30 in Peckhamia 262 (1) on pages 4-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6467908, {"references":["Otto, J. C. and D. E. Hill. 2021. Catalogue of the Australian peacock spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Maratus), version 4. Peckhamia 148.4: 1 - 35."]}

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The medical imaging technique called “ultrasound optical tomography” (UOT) entails light scattered in tissue that is given spatial information by interacting with an ultrasound field, thus allowing for molecular information to be imaged with ultrasonic resolution. This thesis discusses how UOT can be implemented, with most attention put toward the implementation using spectral-hole-burning filters (SHF) in rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. The thesis further details a first principle computational model – the sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) model – used to predict and assist UOT imaging.Several experimental UOT trials on tissue phantoms were conducted, the first investigating the imaging depth capabilities of UOT using SHF and the validity of the SMC model in homogeneous tissue. The second trial was performed to validate the SMC model in heterogeneous media and investigate methods using the SMC model for improving the acquired image. The final experimental trial was conducted on tissue phantoms mimicking real breast tissue with tumours, investigating how the method would perform in vivo when imaging at the optical wavelength 794 nm with SHFs in stoichiometric Tm3+:LiNbO3, which displayed a 40 dB suppression of the carrier light which does not interact with the ultrasound. This final experimental trial was also a first test of a transportable UOT system using this wavelength which can be moved to a clinical setting. UOT using SHF could, in an investigated in silico scenario, image 2 cm deeper than the other UOT implementation methods discussed. The SMC model could accurately predict the strength of the UOT signal from arbitrary simulation parameters. Using the SMC model, the inverse problem for the optical absorption could be solved in the fraction of the time required by other models. 5×5×5 mm3 large “tumours” could be imaged in 4.2 cm thick breast tissue phantoms. UOT using spectral-hole-burning filters is concluded to be a promising way forward for UOT. Furthermore, the SMC model is concluded to be a promising model for assisting UOT imaging in future endeavours, be it with SHF or another method for implementing UOT.

David Hill is a professor at Oregon State University and a National Geographic Explorer. He discusses with us why citizen science is important and how he incorporates it into his own research.

Background A rapid, accurate, non-invasive diagnostic screen is needed to identify people with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We investigated whether organic semi-conducting (OSC) sensors and trained dogs could distinguish between people infected with asymptomatic or mild symptoms, and uninfected individuals, and the impact of screening at ports-of-entry. Methods Odour samples were collected from adults, and SARS-CoV-2 infection status confirmed using RT-PCR. OSC sensors captured the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of odour samples. Trained dogs were tested in a double-blind trial to determine their ability to detect differences in VOCs between infected and uninfected individuals, with sensitivity and specificity as the primary outcome. Mathematical modelling was used to investigate the impact of bio-detection dogs for screening. Results About, 3921 adults were enrolled in the study and odour samples collected from 1097 SARS-CoV-2 infected and 2031 uninfected individuals. OSC sensors were able to distinguish between SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and uninfected, with sensitivity from 98% (95% CI 95–100) to 100% and specificity from 99% (95% CI 97–100) to 100%. Six dogs were able to distinguish between samples with sensitivity ranging from 82% (95% CI 76–87) to 94% (95% CI 89–98) and specificity ranging from 76% (95% CI 70–82) to 92% (95% CI 88–96). Mathematical modelling suggests that dog screening plus a confirmatory PCR test could detect up to 89% of SARS-CoV-2 infections, averting up to 2.2 times as much transmission compared to isolation of symptomatic individuals only. Conclusions People infected with SARS-CoV-2, with asymptomatic or mild symptoms, have a distinct odour that can be identified by sensors and trained dogs with a high degree of accuracy. Odour-based diagnostics using sensors and/or dogs may prove a rapid and effective tool for screening large numbers of people. Trial Registration NCT04509713 (clinicaltrials.gov).

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-aop-10.1177_10600280221134643 for Assessing Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Severity as a Function of Maternal Buprenorphine Dose and Umbilical Cord Tissue Concentrations by Divya Rana, Allison R. McLeod, Piyamas K. Gaston, David M. Hill and Massroor Pourcyrous in Annals of Pharmacotherapy

BACKGROUND: Venezuelan migration is the second largest international displacement in contemporary history. Yet, amid global calls for the inclusion of migrants and refugees in COVID-19 vaccination priority groups, little is known about how Latin American countries are prioritising COVID-19 vaccination for Venezuelans. This rapid scoping review addresses this gap, taking up a Latin American Social Medicine approach to assess the region's sociopolitical context and explore the extent to which Venezuelan migrants are considered in COVID-19 vaccination strategies in Latin America. METHODS: We conducted a three-phased rapid scoping review assessing peer-reviewed literature, gray literature, and government documents addressing COVID-19 vaccine access for displaced Venezuelans in Latin America. Documents published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese between January 2020 and June 2021 were included. Peer-reviewed literature search yielded 142 results and 13 articles included in the analysis; Gray literature screening resulted in 68 publications for full-text review and 37 were included; and official Ministry of Health policies in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru were reviewed in-depth. Screening and data extraction used a combination of online platforms (Covidence, Google Forms, Zotero, and Excel) and the team met twice weekly to review, compare, discuss, analyse, and interpret data across a 6-week period. FINDINGS: Findings from country-level policies revealed a heterogeneous and shifting policy landscape amid the COVID-19 pandemic, which strongly juxtaposed calls for a rights-based, social justice approach to COVID-19 vaccination evidenced in the peer-reviewed and gray literature. For example, under extreme resource constraints resulting from a chronically underfunded health system and mass Venezuelan migration. Colombia's vaccination plan excluded migrants with irregular migration status. Countries prioritised COVID-19 vaccines to certain "at-risk" groups defined by individual epidemiological factors rather than social vulnerability, limiting vaccine access for displaced Venezuelans in the region. Country-level policies differentiated, at times arbitrarily, between refugees, irregular migrants, and regular migrants, with important implications for vaccine access. While international right to health legislation prohibits discrimination based on migration status and urges states to refrain from denying access to preventive health services, these results suggest the need for further guidance on terminology to better contend with migrants' social vulnerabilities. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 is rapidly evolving and there is an urgent need for rights-based approaches to vaccination that consider sociopolitical contexts, especially impacts of mass migration. Findings underscore the need to better integrate Venezuelan migrants into vaccination strategies, not only as a matter of social justice, but a pragmatic public health strategy. FUNDING: Funding provided by the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Insight Development Grant.