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This repository holds the first release of TetraX. The recent version is found atgitlab.hzdr.de/micromagnetic-modeling/tetrax. TetraX is a package for finite-element-method (FEM) micromagnetic modeling of magnetization statics and dynamics with the aim to provide user friendly and flexible workflows. Apart from energy minimizers and an LLG solver, it provides implementations of several FEM dynamic-matrix approaches to numerically calculate the normal modes and associated frequencies for magnetic specimen of different geometries such as confined samples, infinitely long waveguides, or infinitely extended multilayers. Next to support for ferromagnets, TetraX will also provide the first full micromagnetic package for antiferromagnets. TetraX is a package for finite-element-method (FEM) micromagnetic modeling of magnetization statics and dynamics with the aim to provide user friendly and flexible workflows. Apart from energy minimizers and an LLG solver, it provides implementations of several FEM dynamic-matrix approaches to numerically calculate the normal modes and associated frequencies for magnetic specimen of different geometries such as confined samples, infinitely long waveguides, or infinitely extended multilayers. Next to support for ferromagnets, TetraX will also provide the first full micromagnetic package for antiferromagnets.

Magnonics is the field of science investigating the physical properties of spin waves and utilizing them for data processing. Scalability down to the atomic dimensions, operations from the GHz to THz frequency range, utilization of the pronounced nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the academic domain, the scope of the scientific and technological challenges covered by the field are extensively investigated and many proof-of-concept prototypes have already been realized in the laboratory. This Roadmap is a product of the collective work of many Authors, covering versatile spin-wave computing approaches, their conceptual building blocks, and the underlying physical mechanisms. In particular, the Roadmap discusses the computation operations with Boolean digital data, unconventional approaches like neuromorphic computing, and the progress towards magnon-based quantum computing. The article is organized as a collection of subsections grouped into seven large thematic sections. Each subsection is prepared by one or a group of Authors and concludes with a brief description of the current challenges and the outlook of the further evolution of the research directions.

Magnonics is a field of science that addresses the physical properties of spin waves and utilizes them for data processing. Scalability down to atomic dimensions, operations in the GHz-to-THz frequency range, utilization of nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, and compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the academic domain, the scientific and technological challenges of the field are being extensively investigated, and many proof-of-concept prototypes have already been realized in laboratories. This roadmap is a product of the collective work of many authors that covers versatile spin-wave computing approaches, conceptual building blocks, and underlying physical phenomena. In particular, the roadmap discusses the computation operations with Boolean digital data, unconventional approaches like neuromorphic computing, and the progress towards magnon-based quantum computing. The article is organized as a collection of sub-sections grouped into seven large thematic sections. Each sub-section is prepared by one or a group of authors and concludes with a brief description of the current challenges and the outlook of the further development of the research directions., 74 pages, 57 figures, 500 references

International audience; Magnonics is the field of science investigating the physical properties of spin waves and utilizing them for data processing. Scalability down to the atomic dimensions, operations from the GHz to THz frequency range, utilization of the pronounced nonlinear and nonreciprocal phenomena, compatibility with CMOS are just a few of many advantages offered by magnons. Although magnonics is still primarily positioned in the academic domain, the scope of the scientific and technological challenges covered by the field are extensively investigated and many proof-of-concept prototypes have already been realized in the laboratory. This Roadmap is a product of the collective work of many Authors, covering versatile spin-wave computing approaches, their conceptual building blocks, and the underlying physical mechanisms. In particular, the Roadmap discusses the computation operations with Boolean digital data, unconventional approaches like neuromorphic computing, and the progress towards magnon-based quantum computing. The article is organized as a collection of subsections grouped into seven large thematic sections. Each subsection is prepared by one or a group of Authors and concludes with a brief description of the current challenges and the outlook of the further evolution of the research directions.

The magnetization state of 1D magnetic nanoparticle (NP) chains plays a key role in a wide range of applications ranging from diagnosis and therapy in medicine to actuators, sensors, and quantum recording media. The interplay between the exact particle orientation and the magnetic anisotropy is in turn crucial for controlling the overall magnetization state with high precision. Here, a 3D description of the magnetic structure of one-NP-wide chains is reported. Here, two complementary experimental techniques are combined, magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and electronic holography (EH) which are sensitive to out-of-plane and in-plane magnetization components, respectively. The approach to micromagnetic simulations is extended, which provides results in good agreement with MFM and EH. The findings are at variance with the known results on unidirectional NP assemblies, and show that magnetization is rarely strictly collinear to the chain axis. The magnetic structure of one-NP-wide chains can be interpreted as head-to-head magnetic domain structures with off-axis magnetization components, which is very sensitive to morphological defects in the chain structure such as minute size variation of NPs, tiny misalignment of NPs, and/or crystal orientation with respect to easy magnetization axis.

Spin waves (SWs), or magnons, are dynamic eigen-oscillations of spins in ferromagnetic materials. Analogous to the electron currents in electronics, spin-based currents are proposed to be used to carry, transport and process information in the research field of magnonics. Since SWs, with frequencies between GHz to THz range propagate over macroscopic distances without electron charges being displaced, information technologies based on magnon computation are expected to achieve low power consumption, fast operative rates and small packing sizes. Accordingly, remarkable progress has been made both theoretically and experimentally, leading to prototype building blocks of spin-wave-based logics. Due the their stable magnetisation states and small sizes magnetic nanotubes are perfect candidates for magnonic waveguides. Such novel structures can nowadays be very well produced [1,2], motivated by the broad range of applications for magnetoresistive devices, optical metamaterials, cell-DNA separators, and drug delivery vectors [3,4]. The high stability of their equilibrium state [5,6] against external perturbations and their robust domain walls propagating with velocities faster than the SW phase velocity [7] promote MNTs as appealing candidates for racetrack memory devices [8,9] and information processing [7]. We show using micromagnetic simulations and analytical calculations that spin-wave propagation in ferromagnetic nanotubes is fundamentally different than in flat thin films. The dispersion relation is asymmetric regarding the sign of the wave vector for both the zeroth and first order azimuthal modes. This is a purely curvature induced effect and its origin is identified to be the classical dipole-dipole interaction. In certain cases the Damon-Eshbach modes in nanotubes behave as the volume-charge-free backward volume modes in flat thin films. Such non-reciprocal spin-wave propagation [10] is known for flat thin films with Dzyalonshiinsky-Moriya interaction, an antisymmetric exchange due to spin-orbit coupling. The analytical expression of the dispersion relation has the same mathematical form as in flat thin films with DMI. The influence of curvature on spin waves is thus equivalent to an effective dipole-induced Dzyalonshiinsky-Moriya interaction [11]. We also derive the dispersion relation for the limiting cases k=0 and k much larger than 1/R, where k is the wave vector of the spin wave and R the nanotube radius. For the first case, the mathematical formula of the dispersion relation resembles the well-known Kittel formula for the ferromagnetic resonance of a thin film with the in-plane magnetization parallel to the applied field, and both oriented perpendicularly to the in-plane easy axis of the shape anisotropy field. In the latter case the expression is identical to the exchange-dominated dispersion relation of a planar thin film in the Damon-Esbach configuration with the in-plane magnetization oriented perpendicularly to the in-plane easy axis.

Due the their stable magnetisation states and small sizes magnetic nanotubes are perfect candidates for magnonic waveguides. Such novel structures can nowadays be very well produced [1,2], motivated by the broad range of applications for magnetoresistive devices, optical metamaterials, cell-DNA separators, and drug delivery vectors [3,4]. The high stability of their equilibrium state [5,6] against external perturbations and their robust domain walls propagating with velocities faster than the SW phase velocity [7] promote MNTs as appealing candidates for racetrack memory devices [8,9] and information processing [7]. We show using micromagnetic simulations and analytical calculations that spin-wave propagation in ferromagnetic nanotubes is fundamentally different than in flat thin films. The dispersion relation is asymmetric regarding the sign of the wave vector. As shown in figures 1 and 2, the spin-wave dispersion is asymmetric for both the zeroth and first order azimuthal modes. This is a purely curvature induced effect and its origin is identified to be the classical dipole-dipole interaction. In certain cases the Damon-Eshbach modes in nanotubes behave as the volume-charge-free backward volume modes in flat thin films. Such non-reciprocal spin-wave propagation [10] is known for flat thin films with Dzyalonshiinsky-Moriya interaction (DMI), an antisymmetric exchange due to spin-orbit coupling. The analytical expression of the dispersion relation has the same mathematical form as in flat thin films with DMI. The influence of curvature on spin waves is thus equivalent to an effective dipole-induced Dzyalonshiinsky-Moriya interaction [11]. We also derive the dispersion relation for the limiting cases k=0 and k much larger than 1/R, where k is the wave vector of the spin wave and R the nanotube radius. For the first case, the mathematical formula of the dispersion relation resembles the well-known Kittel formula for the ferromagnetic resonance of a thin film with the in-plane magnetization parallel to the applied field, and both oriented perpendicularly to the in-plane easy axis of the shape anisotropy field. In the latter case the expression is identical to the exchange-dominated dispersion relation of a planar thin film in the Damon-Esbach configuration with the in-plane magnetization oriented perpendicularly to the in-plane easy axis.

Knowledge of normal anatomy and kinematics of the glenohumeral joint as well as analysis of the pathoanatomic changes that occur during the course of the disease is the condition for successful patient management. This review article critically discusses the most relevant geometrical variables. Systematically, normal anatomy, pathologic anatomy, and the implications for prosthetic design and implantation are presented. The most important aspects concerning the size and shape of the glenoid, the inclination of the articular surface in the horizontal and frontal planes, as well as the geometry of the scapular neck are discussed. The accumulated knowledge is of immediate practical use and might stimulate researchers and manufacturers to develop more adequate glenoid components.

Magnetic vortices have become subject of increasingly intense study in spintronics during the past years. These structures develop as flux-closure patterns in cylindrical ferromagnetic disks of dimensions between the single- and multi-domain regimes. The magnetization is basically in-plane and circulates the disk center while the sense of the circulation can be either clockwise or counter-clockwise, defining the chirality of the vortex. As a result of the curling magnetization, the exchange energy density increases when approaching the center region, leading to the formation of a tiny out-of-plane magnetized volume referred to as the vortex core [1]. This core has lateral dimensions in the order of the exchange length and can point either “up” or “down” with respect to the disk plane. Once dislocated from its equilibrium position, the vortex core performs a circular motion around the disk center which is referred to the gyrotropic mode [2,3]. Its frequency depends on the material parameters and the disk aspect ratio and is typically of the order of a few 100 MHz. The sense of gyration is thereby determined by the polarity of the vortex core. It has been shown that the gyrotropic mode can be excited by spin-transfer torque [4], opening up the possibility of vortex-based spin-torque oscillators, which offer extremely narrow linewidths and operate at zero applied field. Most of the studies concerning spin-transfer torque-induced vortex motion involved systems consisting of a homogeneously magnetized polarizing layer and a vortex free layer. Here, we study a nanopillar that comprises two magnetic vortices stacked on top of each other. The pillar consists of two Fe disks of 30 and 15 nm thickness, respectively, separated by a 6 nm Ag spacer (Fig. 1). The pillar diameter is about 150 nm. We investigate the magnetization dynamics in the double vortex system both experimentally, where the oscillator is excited by spin-transfer torque, and by means of micromagnetic simulations using the TetraMag [5] code. Specifically, we focus on configurations where the two vortices have opposed chiralities. We find that depending on the chirality combination and the relative core polarities, the resonances split into a fine-structure of four modes (Fig. 2). The four mode frequencies differ by hundreds of MHz, so that our spin-torque oscillator resembles a flute: Each combination of chiralities and relative core polarities results in a different “tone”, and all tones can be excited at zero field and equal currents. The frequencies obtained from micromagnetic simulations are in good agreement with the measured values, showing that the mode fine-splitting results from the magnetostatic interaction between the two ferromagnetic disks. These results are not only interesting for designing new vortex-based spin-torque oscillators. They also show how to detect changes in vortex core polarity without resorting to high resolution imaging techniques and may thus open new perspectives on how to make use of vortex cores in, for example, core-based non-volatile memory applications. [1] E. Feldtkeller and H. Thomas. Phys. Kondens. Mater. 4, 8 (1965). [2] D. L. Hubert. Phys. Rev. B 26, 3758 (1982). [3] B. van Wayenberge et al. Nature 444, 461 (2006). [4] V.S. Pribiag et al. Nature Phys. 3, 498 (2007). [5] A. Kákay, E. Westphal and R. Hertel. IEEE Trans. Magn. 46, 2303 (2010).

Spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) typically consist of two single domain ferromagnetic layers separated by a metallic spacer or a tunnel barrier, one with its magnetization fixed (polarizing layer), the other one susceptible to torques (free layer). An electric current traversing the system perpendicular to the layers becomes spin-polarized and exerts torques on the magnetic moments [1-3], thereby inducing switching or steady-state dynamics. The pinning of the polarizing layer can be achieved by exchange coupling to an antiferromagnet [4] or by extending its thickness and lateral dimension [5]. In the absence of pinning, both ferromagnetic layers can be excited. For increasingly symmetric STNOs, this can lead to a dynamic equilibrium state called the Slonczewski-windmill [1,6], with the magnetic moments of both layers rotating in the same direction with a constant relative angle, resulting in a vanishing magnetoresistance (MR) time-dependence. Here we investigate STNOs containing two stacked magnetic vortices, i.e., a system consisting of two ferromagnetic disks, each in a vortex state and separated by a metallic, nonmagnetic spacer. Employing analytical and numerical methods, we study the coupled spin torque-driven motion of the magnetizations in the two disks, which are not pinned by any of the above mentioned mechanisms. The theoretical findings are supported by our experimental data obtained from double-vortex Fe/Ag/Fe STNOs. The motion of the magnetic vortex in each of the disks is governed by the Thiele equation [7] with an additional force expression arising from the transfer of spin angular momentum from the polarised current to the vortex. Assuming that in the double vortex system, each vortex is free to move while at the same time it serves as a polarizing layer for the other, we solve the system of Thiele equations coupled by the spin-polarized current. We use parabolic approximations to the magnetostatic potentials for each vortex, which are chosen to represent our Fe/Ag/Fe nanopillars with ferromagnetic layers with a thickness ratio of 5/3; the uncoupled top and bottom vortices’ eigenfrequencies are set to 1.0 and 1.7 GHz, respectively. The solutions are obtained numerically using Maple's rkf45 implementation. The results can be summarized as follows: While the spin torque induces large orbit vortex gyration in one of the layers, the vortex motion in the other disk is strongly reduced, resulting in a quenching of the Slonczewski-windmill mode. Which of the two layers contributes dominantly to the magnetization dynamics is determined by the direction of the applied current. This effect results from an adaption of the motion of the constricted vortex according to the dominant one. The former acquires a stable phase to the dominant vortex, while the latter determines the frequency and sense of gyration of the whole system: If its core polarity is positive (negative), the system gyrates in the counterclockwise (clockwise) direction. If the dominating vortex is in the top disk, the gyration frequency is 1.0 GHz while for large orbit gyration in the bottom disk, we obtain 1.7 GHz. Figure 1 displays the relations between the phase, frequency and gyration radius of the bottom vortex in the case, where the top vortex is dominant. For an experimental confirmation of the frequency and phase adaption mechanism and the related quenching of the windmill modes, we study the current-induced magnetization dynamics of a Fe/Ag/Fe nanopillar with a Fe layer thickness ratio of 5/3. We apply current densities of 6.1x107 A/cm2 and investigate the resulting double vortex dynamics depending on the current polarity. At low external field, the ratio between the obtained frequencies is close to the ratio of the disk aspect ratios, which strongly supports our numerical findings. References: [1] J. C. Slonczewski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1 (1996). [2] L. Berger, Phys. Rev. B 54, 9353 (1996). [3] J. C. Slonczewski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 247, 324 (2002). [4] I. N. Krivorotov et al., Science 307, 228 (2005). [5] I. Kiselev et al., Nature 425, 380 (2003). [6] Y. B. Bazaliy, D. Olaosebikan, and B. A. Jones, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 8, 2891 (2008). [7] A. A. Thiele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 30, 230 (1973).

Owing to their ability of narrow bandwidth operation, magnetic vortex based spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) are promising candidates for future on-chip microwave sources. Typically, these oscillators are nanopillars containing two stacked ferromagnetic disks, one in a vortex state, the other with quasi-homogeneous magnetization. Devices of that kind have been investigated extensively over the past years [1-3]. Only recently, a different type of vortex oscillators has attracted much interest. In these “double vortex oscillators”, both ferromagnetic disks are in a vortex state. Depending on the relative vorticity, the local alignment of the magnetic layers can be either parallel or antiparallel. Thus, the system constitutes an analogue to single domain spin valves, while also retaining the good oscillator properties of magnetic vortices, which makes this type of STNO particularly interesting for studying fundamental aspects of spin-transfer torque. However, only few studies of double-vortex oscillators exist to-date [5,6]. Here we present our results on Fe/Ag/Fe double vortex oscillators. Combining experimental and numerical methods, we address the yet open question of how the magnetostatic interaction of the vortices – their separation is typically in the order of a few nanometers –affects the spin-torque induced dynamics. Our samples are all-metallic nanopillars 150 nm in diameter, containing a Fe(30)/Ag(6)/Fe(15) pseudo spin valve (layer thicknesses given in nm). By applying d.c. currents perpendicular to the plane of the layers, we excite magnetization dynamics corresponding to gyrotropic vortex motion. The sample geometry stabilizes the magnetic vortex state in each Fe disk even if the strong Oersted fields and the vortex magnetization have opposite sense of rotations. This high degree of stability provides a yet unprecedented opportunity to investigate a more exotic class of double vortex states – those with opposed vorticities – under the high current densities necessary to enter the spin-torque precession regime. Figure 1 displays a typical combined magnetoresistance and high frequency measurement. The magnetic field, which has an angle of 30° with the sample plane, is swept from positive values to negative saturation. For each field value, in addition to the d.c. voltage, a spectrum is also recorded. In a field interval about 100 mT wide, the sample is in a double vortex state where the vorticities of the top and bottom vortices are opposed to each other. According to the top panel of Fig. 1, this state exhibits magnetization dynamics. We vary our state preparation procedure in order to create the various vorticity and core polarity combinations. The obtained states are characterized with respect to their d.c. and high frequency behavior using the above described measuring technique where in all measurements, the electron flow is directed from the bottom to the top Fe disk. We obtain a fine structure in the modes, where the frequency splittings are in the order of hundreds of MHz. The micromagnetic simulations are performed with our code TetraMag [7]. The simulations include the Oersted field corresponding to a sample current of 10 mA in magnitude. For a given vorticity and core polarity combination, we find the eigenmodes and frequencies of the system. Comparing the experimentally found set of frequencies to the simulated cases, we find that each measured peak matches the lowest mode of a corresponding computed spectrum in frequency. This suggests that the observed fine structure is caused by two effects. First, the Oersted field lifts the degeneracy of states with the top vortex vorticity parallel or antiparallel to the field’s sense of rotation. On top of this Zeemann-type frequency alteration, the resulting modes are split further depending on the relative alignment of the top and bottom vortex cores. This suggests that the second splitting is due to the magnetostatic interaction of the vortex cores. This remarkable result sheds light on the subtle interplay of forces governing the dynamics of double vortex oscillators, while on the other hand it allows measuring changes in relative core alignment. References: [1] V. S. Pribiag et al., Nature Phys. 3, 498 (2007). [2] A. Dussaux et al., Nat. Commun. 1:8 DOI:10.1038 / ncomms1006 (2010). [3] X. W. Yu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 167202 (2011). [5] A. V. Khvalkovskiy et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 212507 (2010). [6] N. Locatelli et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 062501 (2011). [7] A. Kákay, E. Westphal, R. Hertel, IEEE Trans. Magn. 46, 2303 (2010).

Fragestellung: Die Therapie der 2-part-Frakturen des proximalen Humerus wird kontrovers diskutiert. Während gute Ergebnisse bei konservativer Therapie berichtet wurden, bietet die operative Therapie insbesondere durch Einführung moderner Implantate (winkelstabile Platten und intramedullä[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie; 75. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie, 97. Tagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, 52. Tagung des Berufsverbandes der Fachärzte für Orthopädie

Questionnaire: Achievement of good shoulder function following fracture treatment is critical for affected patients. This study was implemented to investigate the prognostic value of ten patient- and treatment-related factors for the functional outcome of 463 proximal humerus fractures measured as o[for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie; 75. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie, 97. Tagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, 52. Tagung des Berufsverbandes der Fachärzte für Orthopädie

Fragestellung: Ziel der prospektiven Multicenterstudie war der Vergleich verschiedener Osteosyntheseverfahren bei Humeruskopf-3-Part-Frakturen hinsichtlich der klinisch/ radiologischen Ergebnisse und Komplikationen Methodik: 227 Patienten (Durchschnittsalter 64,5 Jahre) mit einer instabilen [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], Deutscher Kongress für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie; 74. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie, 96. Tagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Orthopädie und Orthopädische Chirurgie, 51. Tagung des Berufsverbandes der Fachärzte für Orthopädie

We investigate current-perpendicular-plane giant magnetoresistance (CPP-GMR) and current-induced magnetization switching in single-crystalline Fe/Ag/Fe nanopillars of 70 nm diameter. The interplay between the in-plane, fourfold magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the Fe(001) layers and the spin-transfer torque (STT) gives rise to a two-step switching behavior, which allows an investigation of the angular dependences of CPP-GMR and spin-transfer torque. Both behave asymmetrically with respect to the perpendicular alignment of the two Fe layer magnetizations as theoretically predicted due to strong spin accumulation at the Fe/Ag(001) interfaces [M. D. Stiles and D. R. Penn, Phys. Rev. B 61, 3200 (2000)]. The asymmetry parameter determined from the STT data quantitatively agrees with calculated spin-dependent interface resistances, whereas CPP-GMR yields a smaller degree of asymmetry.

We present an ultrafast route for a controlled, toggle switching of magnetic vortex cores with ultrashort unipolar magnetic field pulses. The switching process is found to be largely insensitive to extrinsic parameters, like sample size and shape, and it is faster than any field-driven magnetization reversal process previously known from micromagnetic theory. Micromagnetic simulations demonstrate that the vortex core reversal is mediated by a rapid sequence of vortex-antivortex pair-creation and annihilation sub-processes. Specific combinations of field pulse strength and duration are required to obtain a controlled vortex cores reversal. The operational range of this reversal mechanism is summarized in a switching diagram for a 200 nm Permalloy disk., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, minor changes made in response to referees' comments

An analytic expression is given for the inverse Faraday effect, i.e. for the magnetization occurring in a transparent medium exposed to a circularly polarized high-frequency electromagnetic wave. Using a microscopic approach the magnetization of the medium due to the inverse Faraday effect is identified as the result of microscopic solenoidal currents generated by the electromagnetic wave. In contrast to the better known phenomenological derivation, the microscopic treatment provides important information on the frequency dependence of the inverse Faraday effect., Comment: 4 pages, 0 figures

Painful stiffness of the shoulder is an ill-defined clinical entity that is difficult to assess and delicate to treat. The nomenclature used is broad and includes terms such as frozen shoulder, adhesive capsulitis, focal algodystrophy, stiff shoulder, contracted shoulder, and others. Apart from its idiopathic form, the disease can be initiated by trauma, infection, tumour, radiation, systemic and local metabolic disturbances. Pathoanatomically, the common denominator is an inflammatory vascular proliferation followed by thickening, scarring, and retraction of the joint capsule. The inflammatory process often starts at the rotator interval and may extend to the subacromial space. Clinical diagnosis is based on history and physical examination. Generally the onset of pain precedes the perception of a reduced range of motion by weeks or months. In early stages of the disease, the inflammatory type of pain dominates, i.e., the patient's main complaint ist pain at night. In the later stage, range of motion gradually decreases. Patients do not often complain about reduced motion, probably because of its slow onset. Treatment options are a combination of mobilisation exercises with intra-articular steroids, hydraulic distension of the joint capsule, manipulation under anaesthesia, arthroscopic and/or open arthrolysis. The appropriate choice of protocol is just as important as its correct timing. In the inflammatory phase, aggressive treatment protocols are probably contraindicated. Complications of invasive protocols are rare but deleterious and therefore have to be taken into consideration. New anti-anglogenetic agents may enhance functional results and shorten the rehabilitation phase.

Magnetic nanostructures are being developed for use in many aspects of our daily life, spanning areas such as data storage, sensing and biomedicine. Whereas patterned nanomagnets are traditionally two-dimensional planar structures, recent work is expanding nanomagnetism into three dimensions; a move triggered by the advance of unconventional synthesis methods and the discovery of new magnetic effects. In three-dimensional nanomagnets more complex magnetic configurations become possible, many with unprecedented properties. Here we review the creation of these structures and their implications for the emergence of new physics, the development of instrumentation and computational methods, and exploitation in numerous applications.

Larvae and adults of the aphidMyzus persicae (Sulz.), reared on a synthetic diet, gain higher weight if their diet contains ATP (1.11 μM). The numbers of larvae born on diets with ATP are higher (20%) than on diets without ATP. The longer aphids were fed on the ATP-diet the more their weight increased compared with larvae on a diet without ATP. Generally ATP seems to balance the synthetic diet in whatever physiological way it may be. Since phloem sap contains a high level of ATP, it is suggested that ATP may also be of great importance under natural conditions on the host-plants.

Background The increasing incidence of candidemia and emergence of drug-resistant Candida species are major concerns worldwide. Long-term surveillance studies are needed. Methods The Fungal Infection Network of Switzerland (FUNGINOS) conducted a 15-year (2004–2018), nationwide, epidemiological study of candidemia. Hospital-based incidence of candidemia, Candida species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and consumption were stratified in 3 periods (2004–2008, 2009–2013, 2014–2018). Population-based incidence over the period 2009–2018 derived from the Swiss Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System (ANRESIS). Results A total of 2273 Candida blood isolates were studied. Population and hospital-based annual incidence of candidemia increased from 2.96 to 4.20/100 000 inhabitants (P = .022) and 0.86 to 0.99/10 000 patient-days (P = .124), respectively. The proportion of Candida albicans decreased significantly from 60% to 53% (P = .0023), whereas Candida glabrata increased from 18% to 27% (P < .0001). Other non-albicans Candida species remained stable. Candida glabrata bloodstream infections occurred predominantly in the age group 18–40 and above 65 years. A higher proportional increase of C glabrata was recorded in wards (18% to 29%, P < .0001) versus intensive care units (19% to 24%, P = .22). According to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, nonsusceptibility to fluconazole in C albicans was observed in 1% of isolates, and anidulafungin and micafungin nonsusceptibility was observed in 2% of C albicans and C glabrata. Fluconazole consumption, the most frequently used antifungal, remained stable, whereas use of mold-active triazoles and echinocandins increased significantly in the last decade (P < .0001). Conclusions Over the 15-year period, the incidence of candidemia increased. A species shift toward C glabrata was recently observed, concurring with increased consumption of mold-active triazoles., The incidence of candidemia increased in Switzerland from 2004 to 2018. A species shift toward C glabrata was observed after 2013, now accounting for one fourth of all candidemia, concurring with increased consumption of mold-active triazoles.