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To investigate the molecular mechanism of the ADVENTITIOUS ROOTING RELATED OXYGENASE 1 (ARRO-1) gene in adventitious rooting of tree peony, the PsARRO-1 gene was isolated from Paeonia ostii. Subsequently, a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) cDNA library using the split-ubiquitin yeast membrane system was constructed, the insert fragments lengths of pPR3-N membrane Y2H library were mainly concentrated between 500 and 3,000 bp, and the library capacity reached 1.3 × 107 CFUs, with an efficiency of recombinant of 100%, which met the requirements for subsequent screening of PsARRO-1-interacting proteins. Finally, 15 candidate PsARRO-1-interacting proteins were screened out by pBT3SUC-ARRO, among them potassium transporter 2, cytochrome b5 isoform E, and high mobility group B protein 3 (HMGB3) might be involved in the formation of roots. Both direct Y2H and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays confirmed that PsARRO-1 interacted with PsHMGB3, which shared high identity with EgHMGB3 and MiHMGB3. The expression of PsHMGB3 was significantly up-regulated in the root outgrowth stage, and the overexpression of PsHMGB3 in Arabidopsis resulted in lengthened primary roots, more lateral roots. In short, the Y2H library provides a large number of useful resources for functional genomics research on roots of tree peony.

Paleomagnetic data constrain paleogeographic motion of rocks relative to the Earth's spin axis, which is a sum of plate motion relative to the mantle and true polar wander. Discerning between these effects is challenging for studies aiming to reconstruct paleo-plate motions from deformed orogenic terranes. Here, we study the paleolatitudinal drift history of the Lhasa terrane of southern Tibet that migrated from the northern Gondwana to the southern Eurasian margin between late Triassic and early Cretaceous time. Previous work identified a 180 Ma near-equatorial Lhasa latitude and assumed near-constant paleolatitudinal drift. Large-scale true polar wander at this time, however, which has been argued for in previous work, requires highly variable Lhasa plate motion rates relative to Gondwana. Here, we test whether the alternative interpretation of constant plate motion rates provides a better prediction of paleomagnetic data. To this end, we present a new paleomagnetic pole from ∼155 Ma volcanics (here dated by U/Pb zircon) of the Lhasa terrane. Our pole comprises site mean directions from 46 lavas, passes a fold test, and is supported by an extensive rock magnetic and microscopic analysis that reveals no evidence of remagnetization. Our results give an average direction of D±ΔDx=337.1°±2.6°, I±ΔIx=−13.8°±4.9°, and a corresponding paleopole position at λp=45.3°N, φp=295.3°E with K=69.8 and A95=2.5°, predicting a similar near-equatorial, paleolatitude as at 180 Ma. This paleolatitudinal standstill is consistent with predicted paleolatitudes from global APWPs that account for Jurassic TPW and assume a constant Lhasa-Gondwana (India) oceanic spreading rate of ∼8 cm/a during the 215-130 Ma opening of the Neotethys and closure of the Mesotethys oceans. Contemporaneous arc magmatism on the Lhasa terrane was previously interpreted to indicate that the Lhasa terrane was located above a subduction zone during its northward journey to Tibet: our results show that if our reconstruction is accurate, then trench migration rates also must have been ∼8 cm/a. Our results are consistent with the range of rates of global long-lived trench migration that have been reconstructed in other studies, but they are much higher than measured in most modern systems. Our results more completely document the Lhasa terrane's separation from Gondwana and provide a straightforward methodology of using paleomagnetic data to test plate kinematic scenarios, overcoming the problem of the unknown effect of true polar wander on paleomagnetic data from deformed terranes.

Reconstructing the Paleogene topography and climate of central Tibet informs understanding of collisional tectonic mechanisms and their links to climate and biodiversity. Radiometric dates of volcanic/sedimentary rocks and paleotemperatures based on clumped isotopes within ancient soil carbonate nodules from the Lunpola Basin, part of an east-west trending band of basins in central Tibet and now at 4.7 km, suggest that the basin rose from 4.0 km by 29 Ma. The height change is quantified using the rates at which wet-bulb temperatures ( T w ) decline at land surfaces as those surface rise. In this case, T w fell from ~8°C at ~38 Ma to ~1°C at 29 Ma, suggesting at least ~2.0 km of surface uplift in ~10 Ma under warm Eocene to Oligocene conditions. These results confirm that a Paleogene Central Tibetan Valley transformed to a plateau before the Neogene.

Peer-to-peer (p2p) content delivery is promising to provide benefits like cost-saving and scalable peak-demand handling in comparison with conventional content delivery networks (CDNs) and complement the decentralized storage networks such as Filecoin. However, reliable p2p delivery requires proper enforcement of delivery fairness, i.e., the deliverers should be rewarded according to their in-time delivery. Unfortunately, most existing studies on delivery fairness are based on non-cooperative game-theoretic assumptions that are arguably unrealistic in the ad-hoc p2p setting. We for the first time put forth the expressive yet still minimalist securities for p2p content delivery, and give two efficient solutions FairDownload and FairStream via the blockchain for p2p downloading and p2p streaming scenarios, respectively. Our designs not only guarantee delivery fairness to ensure deliverers be paid (nearly) proportional to his in-time delivery, but also ensure the content consumers and content providers to be fairly treated. The fairness of each party can be guaranteed when the other two parties collude to arbitrarily misbehave. Moreover, the systems are efficient in the sense of attaining asymptotically optimal on-chain costs and optimal deliverer communication. We implement the protocols to build the prototype systems atop the Ethereum Ropsten network. Extensive experiments done in LAN and WAN settings showcase their high practicality., Accepted for publication at the 26th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security (ESORICS) 2021

Through theoretical analysis and experimental verification of the motion of a rubber band oscillator, this paper proves that the new model for describing the mechanical properties of rubber is effective. It is pointed out that there are both elasticforce related to deformation and viscoelastic force related to deformation process in rubber. Within a certain range of deformation, elastic force satisfies Hooke’s theorem, and viscoelastic force is proportional to fractional derivative of elongation with time. The mechanical properties of rubber materials can be described by static elastic modulus (elastic coefficient), viscoelastic degree and viscoelastic coefficient.

Interspecific hybridisation is the main method for improvement and breeding of tree peony (Paeonia ostii T.Hong & J.X.Zhang), but cross-incompatibility as the major factor restricting the rapid development of interspecific hybridisation. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in cross-incompatibility between tree peony (Paeonia ostii cv. Fengdanbai) and herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall. cv. Fenyunu), a quantitative proteomic analysis using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technology was performed on the stigma 24h after pollination. Of the 2900 proteins whose levels were quantitated, 685 proteins were differentially expressed in the stigma after hybrid pollination, in contrast to self-pollination. Functional annotation analysis showed that dysregulated proteins involved in RNA degradation, the Ca signalling pathway, the phosphatidylinositol signalling system and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway may have made contributions to cross-incompatibility. The downregulated expression of enolase, DnaK (Heat Shock Proteins, HSP70), GroEL (Heat Shock Proteins, HSP60), calmodulin and glyoxalase I, and the upregulated expression of adenine nucleotide translocator indicated that the energy synthesis required by pollen tube growth, the signal pathway and the metabolic pathway related to the growth polarity of the pollen tube were blocked after hybrid pollination. Eight genes were selected to confirm their expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Compared with the STRING database, a protein–protein interaction network of the chosen proteins was constructed. These results provide fundamental and important information for research into the molecular mechanisms of cross-incompatibility in peony and should facilitate interspecific hybridisation in agricultural practice.

A high-performance blue filter was demonstrated and employed to increase the modulation bandwidth and dramatically reduce the bit error rate of a white-LED-based VLC system. It has a very wide stopband (500–1050 nm), high transmittance passband (average 97.5 percent in the blue signal range of 430–485 nm), and a sharp and precise cutoff edge. Not only can the blue filter completely remove the slow phosphorescent component from modulated signals, but it can also effectively reject ambient solar radiation. Meanwhile, the blue light signals of the LED can almost be retained. This results in a high SNR and improves the performance of a VLC system, including increased modulation bandwidth and reduced BER. The BER can be dramatically reduced from 3.6 × 10–2 to 1.7 × 10–4 at 50 MHz bandwidth, and from 2.6 × 10–2 to 1.9 × 10–5 at a distance of 30 cm compared to a VLC system without our blue filter. More importantly, the stop band covers the whole response range of the receiver except for the blue signal band, which strongly increases the ability of a VLC system used in the sun or outdoors.

The tsunami of video services brings huge pressure on communication systems, especially on some bandwidth-limited scenarios like wireless networks. Represented by H.264, current video compression approaches can save the transmission bandwidth by reducing the intra- and inter-frame redundancy. However, the huge amount of video content redundancy (VCR) in the transmission is still existing. In this paper, we propose a novel Content-Slimming System (CSS) framework based on the convergence of Computing, Communication and Cache to avoid the transmission of VCRs. The main idea of CSS is to detect VCRs, generate VCR models and clip them from the original frames by Computing, then transmit the necessary video content and semantic difference description by Communication, finally reconstruct the full video based on the received video content, semantic difference description and VCR models stored by Cache. Moreover, we also investigate the Video Monitoring application based on the CSS framework (CSS-VM) in which the background of monitoring frames is modeled, detected and sheared to reduce the transmission bandwidth consumption. The simulation results show that the bandwidth consumption of CSS-VM can be reduced at least by half compared to H.264, while the video quality and visual experience of CSS-VM are even better.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status of deciduous dental caries among preschool children in Chongqing city and to compare the oral health status of preschoolers from public and private kindergarten. METHODS: According to the criteria recommended by The Third National Oral Health Investigation, the deciduous caries of 5 030 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years old from 40 private kindergartens and 16 public kindergartens in Yuzhong district of Chongqing were examined. The prevalence of dental caries and the mean dmft and filling rate were calculated. The results were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: Maxillary deciduous central incisors and mandibular deciduous molar were most prone to decay in 5 030 children. The prevalence of dental caries was 54.08% (2 720/5 030). The mean dmft score was 2.58 and the filling rate was 0.98% (127/12 993). The prevalence of dental caries and mean dmft increased gradually as the children were growing up (P0.05). The prevalence rate of deciduous dental caries among private kindergartens was 61.04% (1 656/2 713), with a mean dmft of 3.12 and filling rate of 0.35% (30/8 465). The prevalence rate of deciduous dental caries among public kindergartens was 45.92% (1 064/2 317), with a mean dmft of 1.95 and filling rate of 2.14% (97/4 528). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the prevalence rate, mean dmft, and filling rate between two kinds of kindergarten (P

The river mouth bar at the Chang Jiang Estuary has depths of less than 10 m over a broad area that extends across the entire estuary and out over the inner continental shelf. Flood and ebb channels are usually separate, with shallower areas between them. Over the past 100 years the 5 m contour has progressed seaward 5–12 km and the 10 m contour up to 14 km seaward (opposite the South Channel). The Heng Sha has migrated 5 km upstream and been brought under cultivation during that period, although there has been little change at the central core of the bar. Only about a 2 m change in channel depth (from 5 m to 7 m) has occurred. The bar is a part of and rests upon the Chang Jiang delta and cores bored into the bar reveal the longer-term history of the delta. Changing sediment characteristics and flux in the estuary have been recorded, as well as the changing form of the delta itself.