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Additional file 1: Figure S1. The logos represented the 10 conserved motifs of CBF proteins, which were derived from MEME Suite. Figure S2. The subcellular localization of CsCBF1, CsCBF2 and CsCBF3 proteins were predicted using PredictProtein software, which were all located in the nucleus. Figure S3. Expression levels of CsCBF1, CsCBF2 and CsCBF3 in 35S:CsCBFs transgenic plants.

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. The 1755-bp CDS of LsPIN1 gene. Fig. S2. Predicted localization of LsPIN1: Plasma Membrane. Fig. S3. Identification of the overexpression of LsPIN1 positive lines.

Salinity is one of the limiting factors of wheat production worldwide. A total of 334 internationally derived wheat genotypes were employed to identify new germplasm resources for salt tolerance breeding. Salt stress caused 39, 49, 58, 55, 21 and 39% reductions in shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot height (SH) and root length (RL) of wheat, respectively, compared with the control condition at the seedling stage. The wheat genotypes showed a wide genetic and tissue diversity for the determined characteristics in response to salt stress. Finally, 12 wheat genotypes were identified as salt-tolerant through a combination of one-factor (more emphasis on the biomass yield) and multifactor analysis. In general, greater accumulation of osmotic substances, efficient use of soluble sugars, lower Na+/K+ and a higher-efficiency antioxidative system contribute to better growth in the tolerant genotypes under salt stress. In other words, the tolerant genotypes are capable of maintaining stable osmotic potential and ion and redox homeostasis and providing more energy and materials for root growth. The identified genotypes with higher salt tolerance could be useful for developing new salt-tolerant wheat cultivars as well as in further studies to underline the genetic mechanisms of salt tolerance in wheat.

Background: Improvement of low nitrogen (LN) tolerance or nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in crops is imperative for environment-friendly agriculture development. The basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors are involved in multiple abiotic stress, suitable as the candidate genes for improving LN tolerance. Little research was done on characterization of bHLH gene family and their response to LN stress in barley.Results: In this study, 168 bHLH genes were identified in barley through genome-wide analysis. HvbHLH proteins were classified into 26 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis with bHLH proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The analysis of conserved motifs and gene structures supported the evolutionary relationships among these HvbHLH proteins. Further, analysis of stress-related cis-elements in the promoter regions showed that bHLH proteins in barley are probably involved in multiple stress responses. Finally, at least 16 bHLH genes were differentially expressed in two barley genotypes differing in LN tolerance under LN stress. Dynamic expression analysis showed that these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) differed between the two barley genotypes in response to LN stress.Conclusion: It is the first genome-wide analysis of bHLH family genes in response to LN stress in barley. The results indicate the distinct difference among HvbHLH genes in response to various abiotic stresses. The HvbHLHs specifically expressed in the LN-tolerant barley genotype XZ149 identified herein may be valuable for future function analysis of HvbHLH genes under LN stress and breeding for barley cultivars with LN tolerance.

DNA molecular weight standards (DNA markers, nucleic acid ladders) are commonly used in molecular biology laboratories as references to estimate the size of various DNA samples in electrophoresis process. One method of DNA marker production is digestion of synthetic vectors harboring multiple DNA fragments of known sizes by restriction enzymes. In this article, we described three novel strategies-sequential DNA fragment ligation, screening of ligation products by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with end primers, and "small fragment accumulation"-for constructing complex synthetic vectors and minimizing the mass differences between DNA fragments produced from restrictive digestion of synthetic vectors. The strategy could be applied to construct various complex synthetic vectors to produce any type of low-range DNA markers, usually available commercially. In addition, the strategy is useful for single-step ligation of multiple DNA fragments for construction of complex synthetic vectors and other applications in molecular biology field.

For the spacecraft assembly Process Bill of Material (PBOM) traditional construction technology, the product assembly relationship, product assembly information are not visual for spacecraft assembly and integration department, leading to the manual PBOM construction by using Product Data Management (PDM) system, which is inefficient and unreliable. This paper sorts all spacecraft products into seven Primary Product and others are Affiliated Product. Then this paper proposes the rules of PBOM automatic construction technology, which are Product Types mapping rule, assembly constraint rule and geometric rule, and introduces the PBOM automatic construction principle and workflow based on Pro/E. Finally, according to a real satellite manufacture, this paper describes the improved efficiency and reliability of the software developed with the technology, realizes the import into the PDM system, and analyzes the fault of the technology.