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The production of food, especially meat, has a high environmental impact. Many believe that the introduction of alternative proteins could substantially reduce animal meat consumption, resulting in a more sustainable food system. In this review, we critically evaluate the challenges and barriers that need to be overcome to ensure that these alternative proteins have the desired effects. We focus on conventional plant-based proteins (e.g., pulses, soy, and legumes), highly processed meat analogs (e.g., Quorn and the Impossible Burger), cultured meat, and insects. For a majority of consumers, meat seems to be too attractive to be substituted by plant proteins, cultured meat, or insects. There are certainly niche markets for these products, but worldwide meat consumption is still likely to grow in the future. We argue that technological solutions alone are not sufficient to substantially reduce meat consumption and that additional measures are needed., Meat Science, 203, ISSN:0309-1740

To further investigate the effects of positive eating on health, the present study focused on associations of the Positive Eating Scale (PES, the Pleasure when Eating and Satisfaction with Eating subscales) with eating behaviors, food intake, and body mass index (BMI) in a large sample of the general Swiss population. Participants (T1: n = 2795, 46.7 % men; T2: n = 1931, 46.5 % men) with a mean age of 60 (SD = 16) years at T1 (2019) and 62 (SD = 15) years at T2 (2021) completed the Swiss Food Panel 2.0 paper-and-pencil questionnaire which included the PES, eating behaviors, food intake, and BMI. The results showed that both restrained and reward eating in response to positive emotions were mostly negatively correlated with the PES subscales for men and women, whereas intuitive eating, diet-related health consciousness, and perceived health status were positively related to the PES subscales. Women tended to choose healthier foods and recorded higher eating satisfaction. BMI was negatively related to the PES subscale Satisfaction with Eating (β = −0.17) and positively related to the subscale Pleasure when Eating (β = 0.08) despite rather small correlations with healthier food choices and better diet quality. No significant effects of the PES subscales on change in BMI were detected over the two-year period. Since the PES subscales showed diverging associations with other eating behavior constructs, a combination into a total score may not be optimal. Overall, positive eating may be associated with more balanced eating habits and better perceived health status., Eating Behaviors, 48

Background Whole-body hydration status is associated with several health outcomes, such as dehydration, edema and hypertension, but little is known about the nonclinical determinants. Therefore, we studied the associations of sex, age, body composition, nutrition, and physical activity on several body hydration measures. Methods We assessed sociodemographic variables, dietary habits, and physical activity by questionnaire and body composition by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). We compared determinants between the sexes and calculated associations between determinants and BIVA hydration measures by multivariable linear regressions. Results A total of 242 adults from the general population (age 18–94, 47% women) were included. Women were younger, smaller, lighter, and had a smaller BMI (kg/m2) than men (p, BMC Public Health, 22 (1), ISSN:1471-2458

In an attempt to move consumers toward a more sustainable and healthy diet, meat substitute products have flooded the market. However, consumers tend to be conservative about new food products and technologies that are supposed to replace traditional ones. Thus, it is important to evaluate whether consumers see the benefits of consuming these new products compared to the traditional meat products they are intended to replace. This online study examined how study participants from the German-speaking region of Switzerland (N = 534) assessed the environmental friendliness, healthiness and naturalness of 20 protein-rich foods, including meat, fish, cheese and a diverse set of meat substitutes. The study also aimed to determine how well subjective consumer evaluations corresponded with objective evaluations based on life cycle assessments and nutrient profiling. Results show that most participants did not assume that meat substitutes are automatically healthier and more environmentally friendly just because they are meat-free. Participants did not evaluate meat substitute products as more environmentally friendly than meat or consider them a healthier option. Compared to traditional foods like meat, fish and cheese, meat substitutes were also evaluated as less natural. Furthermore, strong correlations were found between participants’ perceptions of environmental friendliness, naturalness and healthiness, although objective evaluations of these attributes did not correlate. Consumers’ generally negative impression of meat substitute products compared to meat remains a challenge for industry and public health as well as the establishment of more sustainable diets., Food Quality and Preference, 97

Research has reported that both men and women experience body dissatisfaction. Among other instruments, a widely used method to assess perceived body size and body dissatisfaction are figure rating scales. Although a variety of illustration methods (e.g., three-dimensional, or 3D, models and line-drawing models) have been used to create these figure rating scales, to date, they have not been directly compared to one another. Thus, in the first study, which includes 511 participants at a mean age of 46 years old (range: 20-70), the present research work aims to assess how the line-drawing and 3D model scales, representing different body illustration methods, relate to each other. Furthermore, the first study assesses the validity of the indication of body dissatisfaction measured using these figure rating scales by comparing them to body checking or scrutinizing behavior and body appreciation levels. The project's second study examines the two figure rating scales using objectively measured anthropometric data. In total, 239 participants at a mean age of 54 years (range: 18-94) were included. The results show that figure rating scales can be considered tools that measure perceptual body image due to their positive correlations with body checking behavior (for women) and their negative correlations with body appreciation. The 3D model and line-drawing scales show good to excellent inter-scale reliability, and both scales agree equally well with body mass index (BMI) measurements. Thus, the 3D model and line-drawing scales both seem well suited for assessing perceived body size and perceptual body dissatisfaction, suggesting that neither illustration method is superior to the other., PLoS ONE, 16 (12), ISSN:1932-6203

The term “nutritious” is being increasingly used by product manufacturers but the term is not currently regulated as a nutrition claim. It is unclear how lay consumers and experts define and interpret the term or how they evaluate the “nutritiousness” of various foods. To address this evidence gap, a mixed methods design was applied and both nutrition experts (n = 206) and lay participants (n = 269) provided definitions of the term “nutritious” and evaluated the “nutritiousness” of 20 different snack foods in a cross-sectional survey. Definitions were analysed using Leximancer and snack evaluations were compared both between groups and with nutrient profile scores (UK Ofcom and Australian Health Star Rating). Expert and lay definitions differed considerably, with experts using terms such as nutrient-density, macro- and micronutrients, kilojoules/Calories, while lay consumers used descriptions such as fuel, fresh, natural, body needs, and functioning. Snack evaluations were highly correlated between groups (Rs > 0.89, p < 0.001) and between nutrient profile scores (Rs > 0.75, p < 0.001). However, mean perceptions significantly differed for 18 out of 20 foods with the largest difference for yoghurts (p < 0.05). There are discrepancies between expert and lay perceptions of snack foods and the definition of the term “nutritious”. The results highlight the need for an agreed definition and the potential regulation of the term “nutritious” in food marketing. ISSN:2072-6643

Die Selbstwahrnehmung der Gedächtnisleistung ist oft keine akkurate Widerspiegelung der tatsächlich vorhandenen Gedächtnisleistung. Anosognosie, das Nichterkennen der Beeinträchtigung, ist bei neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen oft der Fall. Zielsetzung: Das Ziel dieser Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob sich die Selbstwahrnehmung von der Fremdwahrnehmung hinsichtlich Gedächtnisleistung unterscheidet. Dies wurde für die Gruppen Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Alzheimer-Demenz (AD), Morbus Parkinson (PD) und eine zusätzliche gesunde Kontrollgruppe ermittelt. Zudem wurde analysiert, ob Zusammenhänge mit objektiven neuropsychologischen Tests vorliegen. Zu Beginn wurde der hier verwendete Fragebogen, Skala zur Erfassung der subjektiven Gedächtnisleistung (SEG) psychometrisch untersucht. Methodik: 185 Personen einer Gedächtnisambulanz und 35 gesunde Kontrollpersonen nahmen an einer standardisierten neuropsychologischen Testung teil. Im Anschluss daran wurden Fragebögen bearbeitet, mitunter die SEG. Diese enthält 16 alltagsrelevante Fragen und wurden sowohl den Personen selbst, als auch den engsten Angehörigen vorgegeben, was den Vergleich der beiden Perspektiven ermöglichte. Ergebnisse: Die Psychometrische Analyse der SEG zeigte, mit Ausnahme der Validität, zufriedenstellende Werte. Für Sensitivität und Spezifität, scheint die Fremdbeurteilung besser zwischen gesunder Kontrollgruppe und MCI, AD oder PD diskriminieren zu können. Nach der statistischen Analyse sind sowohl bei der Selbst- als auch der Fremdwahrnehmung lediglich signifikante Unterschiede zwischen Kontrollgruppe und den Diagnosegruppen (MCI, AD, PD) zu verzeichnen. Vergleicht man die Gruppen untereinander sind jedoch keine Unterschiede vermerkbar. Die Korrelationen fielen sowohl bei der Selbst- als auch der Fremdwahrnehmung mit objektiven Verfahren gering aus. Konklusion: Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass keine Unterschiede zwischen der Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung vorliegen. Allerdings kann die Fremdbeurteilung besser zwischen Kontrollgruppe und Diagnosegruppen diskriminieren. Zudem konnten auch höhere Korrelationen zwischen Fremdwahrnehmung und objektiven Gedächtnistests gefunden werden. Für zukünftige Forschung wäre es wichtig die Konversion von MCI zu AD zu beobachten, und mit Hilfe von solchen Längsschnittstudien auch die Selbst- und Fremdwahrnehmung im Verlauf., The self-perception of memory performance is often not an accurate reflection of actual memory performance. Anosognosie, impaired Awareness is often the case for neurodegenerative diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether the self-ratings differ from the caregiver’s-ratings concerning memory performance. This was determined for the groups Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and an additional healthy controls. It was also analyzed whether they correlate with objective neuropsychological tests. In addition, the questionnaire being used was psychometrically investigated. Methodology: 185 people at a memory clinic and 35 healthy controls participated in a standardized neuropsychological testing. Subsequently, personality questionnaires were processed, including the SEG (Skala zur Erfassung der subjektiven Gedächtniseinschätzung). It contains 16 questions to everyday life and both the people themselves and the caregivers completed the questionnaire in order to be able to compare the perceptions. Results: The validation of the analysis show satisfactory values with the exception of validity. For sensitivity and specificity, the caregiver’s-ratings seem to be able to discriminate better between healthy controls and MCI, AD or PD. According to the statistical analysis the self-ratings as well as the caregiver’s-ratings only show significant differences between the healthy controls and MCI, AD or PD. The groups among themselves did not suggest significant differences. The correlations between both self-ratings and caregiver’s ratings with objective tests were overall low. Conclusion: The results suggest that there are no differences between self-ratings and caregiver’s-ratings concerning memory performance. However, the caregiver’s-ratings seem to distinguish between healthy controls and MCI, AD and PD better than the self-ratings. There are also higher correlations between caregiver’s reports and objective memory tests. Longitudinal studies would be important to observe the course of development from MCI to dementia. Such longitudinal studies would be interesting in terms of the self-perception and caregiver’s ratings concerning memory-loss.

Heutzutage wird weltweit eine Vielzahl an Industriechemikalien hergestellt, die unter anderem in einer Reihe von sehr unterschiedlichen Konsumprodukten ihren Einsatz finden. Der Kontakt mit diesen Produkten kann zu einer Belastung des Menschen sowie der Umwelt führen, wobei etliche dieser Stoffe im Zusammenhang mit negativen Effekten auf die Gesundheit stehen. Dabei handelt es sich unter anderem um sogenannte endokrin wirksame Substanzen, die schädigende Effekte auf das Hormonsystem haben können. Zu den endokrin wirksamen Substanzen, die in hohen Mengen hergestellt und verwendet werden, gehören die Phthalate sowie Bisphenol A. Phthalate werden als Kunststoffweichmacher und Additive in einer Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Produkten eingesetzt, während Bisphenol A als Monomer in der Herstellung von Polykarbonaten, Polyvinylchlorid, Kunstharzen und Thermopaper seine Verwendung findet. Durch ihr Vorkommen in diesen Produkten sowie aufgrund ihrer chemischen Struktur können sowohl Phthalate als auch Bisphenol A in Lebensmittel, Getränke, Wasser, Luft, Staub und Böden migrieren und so über unterschiedliche Wege vom Menschen aufgenommen werden. Im Körper werden sie schnell verstoffwechselt und über den Harn wieder ausgeschieden, wo sie in weiterer Folge nachgewiesen werden können. Durch das sogenannte Human-Biomonitoring kann dieser Nachweis der Substanzen bzw. ihrer Metaboliten in unterschiedlichen Körperflüssigkeiten erfolgen, um die Belastung sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ zu bestimmen. Bisher wurden in den vergangenen Jahren nur wenige Human-Biomonitoring-Studien in Österreich durchgeführt. Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Studie, durchgeführt am Umweltbundesamt Wien, war die Untersuchung der Phthalat- und Bisphenol A-Belastung im Harn in einer großen Stichprobe der österreichischen Bevölkerung. Das Probenmaterial und die Daten wurden vom Institut der Ernährungswissenschaften der Universität Wien im Rahmen der Österreichischen Studie zum Ernährungsstatus 2010/2012 gesammelt. Insgesamt bestand die untersuchte Studienpopulation aus 595 männlichen und weiblichen ProbandInnen aus nahezu allen österreichischen Bundesländern. Die Einteilung der Studienpopulation erfolgte in die Kategorien Kinder I (6-8 Jahre), Kinder II (7-15 Jahre), Erwachsene (18-65 Jahre) und SeniorInnen (64-81 Jahre). Insgesamt wurden 14 Metaboliten von 10 Phthalaten in den Harnproben mittels HPLC-MS/MS analysiert. In nahezu allen Proben konnten diverse Phthalatmetaboliten detektiert werden, wobei der Nachweis der niedermolekularen Metaboliten sowie der Metaboliten des hochmolekularen Di-2-ethylhexylphthalat (DEHP) in einem Großteil der Proben erfolgte. Wie bereits in mehreren wissenschaftlichen Studien gezeigt, gehören Kinder zur der am höchsten belasteten Populationsgruppe. Eine Ausnahme stellt die Belastung mit MEP dar, die bei Erwachsenen und SeniorInnen im Vergleich zu jüngeren StudienteilnehmerInnen wesentlich höher lag. Ebenfalls in Übereinstimmung mit anderen internationalen Studien konnten in weiblichen Teilnehmerinnen höhere Belastungen mit diversen Phthalatmetaboliten verglichen mit männlichen Teilnehmern festgestellt werden. Die Untersuchung der Konzentrationen an Gesamt-BPA (freies und konjugiertes BPA) in den Harnproben erfolgte mittels on-line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS, wobei BPA nur in einer verhältnismäßig geringen Probenanzahl nachgewiesen werden konnte. Die Anteile der positiven Proben variierten je nach Studiengruppe zwischen 11% bei Erwachsenen und SeniorInnen, und 50% bei Kindern im Alter von 6-8 Jahren (Gruppe Kinder I). Auch hier waren Kinder höher exponiert als ältere StudienteilnehmerInnen und es lag eine Abnahme der Belastung mit steigendem Alter vor. Die maximale nachgewiesene BPA-Konzentration lag bei 17 µg/l Harn bei einem Erwachsenen, sowie nach Kreatinin-Adjustierung bei 21 µg/g Kreatinin bei einem Kind der Gruppe Kinder I, wobei generell die Belastung in der untersuchten Studienpopulation gering ausfiel. Anhand der im Harn bestimmten Substanzkonzentrationen wurde die Bestimmung der täglichen Aufnahmemenge von Diethylphthalat (DEP), Di-n-butylphthalat (DnBP), Di-isobutylphthalat (DiBP), Butylbenzylphthalat (BBzP) und Di-2-ethylhexylphthalat (DEHP) nach zwei unterschiedlichen Berechnungsmodellen basierend auf dem ausgeschiedenen Harnvolumen sowie der ausgeschiedenen Kreatininkonzentration durchgeführt. Die berechneten Aufnahmemengen wurden mit tolerierbaren Aufnahmemengen verglichen, um mögliche Überschreitungen feststellen zu können. In erster Linie wurden diese bei Kindern festgestellt. Obwohl die Anzahl der Überschreitungen generell gering ausfiel, weist deren Auftreten auf ein mögliches Gesundheitsrisiko hin. Außerdem konnte eine Abnahme der täglichen Aufnahmemengen mit steigendem Alter identifiziert werden. Zur Erhebung der täglichen BPA-Aufnahmemengen erfolgten ebenfalls Berechnungen basierend auf zwei unterschiedlichen Modellen, die ähnlich wie bei den Phthalaten durchgeführt wurden. Die kalkulierten täglichen Aufnahmemengen erwiesen sich als generell gering, wobei ebenfalls eine Abnahme mit zunehmendem Alter identifiziert werden konnte. Im Vergleich mit tolerierbaren Aufnahmemengen, speziell mit der neuen temporären tolerierbaren täglichen Aufnahmemenge (Tolerable Daily Intake, TDI) von 5 µg/kg Körpergewicht/d, existierten keine Überschreitungen. Für die Phthalate wurde zur Untersuchung der kombinierten Belastung eine kumulative Risikobewertung unter Berücksichtigung des Konzepts des „Hazard Index“ (HI) basierend auf den entsprechenden TDIs und RfD AAs (Referenzdosis für Anti-Androgenität) durchgeführt, wobei die Überschreitung eines HI-Wertes von 1 ein mögliches Gesundheitsrisiko darstellt. Die berechneten HIs nahmen mit steigendem Alter von Kindern zu Erwachsenen ab. Bei SeniorInnen wurde ein erneuter Anstieg beobachtet. Überschreitungen existierten alleinig bei Kindern bezogen auf den von den TDIs abgeleiteten HI-Werten, wobei 13% der StudienteilnehmerInnen der Gruppe Kinder I den HI überschritten. Bei der Untersuchung von möglichen Assoziationen zwischen den Phthalat- bzw. BPA-Belastungen und ausgewählten erhobenen Parametern zeigten sich einige statistisch signifikante Zusammenhänge, deren weitere Untersuchung von Interesse wäre. Die vorliegende Studie bietet damit neue Daten zur Exposition für eine große Stichprobe der österreichischen Bevölkerung und trägt damit zur nationalen und internationalen Expositionsabschätzung und Risikobewertung bei. In der Druckversion der Dissertation liegen die Originalfragebögen, die im Rahmen der Österreichischen Studie zum Ernährungsstatus 2010/2012 verwendet wurden, in Form eines digitalen Mediums (CD) bei., There is a multitude of industrial chemicals produced and used in a variety of common consumer products, to which humans and the environment are exposed. For several of these chemicals, associations between exposure and adverse health effects on animals and humans have been identified in scientific studies. Some chemicals, the so-called endocrine disruptors, present a specific problem as they may affect the hormone system. Amongst such substances and substance groups, phthalates and bisphenol A are of particular interest. Phthalates are used as plasticisers and additives in an immense variety of products and applications, and bisphenol A is used as monomer for the production of polycarbonates, polyvinyl chloride, epoxy resins and thermal paper. Due to their presence in common consumer products as well as their chemical structure, they can migrate from these products into food, beverages, water, air, dust and soil, leading to human exposure by a variety of routes. Human Biomonitoring for these compounds is therefore a crucial method for the analysis of chemicals and their corresponding metabolites in various body fluids to determine the extent of exposure in both a qualitative and quantitative manner. At present, only a few Human Biomonitoring studies have been carried out in Austria. The main aim of the present study, conducted at the Environment Agency Austria, was therefore the investigation of the exposure to phthalates and bisphenol A of a large sample of the Austrian population. Samples and data were collected by the Department of Nutritional Sciences of the University of Vienna within the context of the Austrian Study on Nutritional Status 2010/2012. In total, the study population consisted of 595 male and female participants from almost all Austrian federal states, who were each assigned to one of the following groups: Children I (6-8 years), Children II (7-15 years), Adults (18-65 years), and Elderly People (64-81 years). In total, 14 urinary phthalate metabolites of 10 parent compounds were analysed by HPLC-MS/MS. Generally, phthalate metabolites were detected in almost all of the investigated samples, with low molecular weight phthalates as well as the high molecular weight phthalate metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) being found in the majority of the urine samples. In agreement with other scientific studies, children were found to be more highly exposed to the majority of the investigated phthalate metabolites when compared to adults and elderly people, except in the case of the metabolite MEP, where results were inversely. Additionally, similar to findings from previous studies, females showed exhibited higher exposures to several phthalate metabolites than males. The analysis of urinary total BPA (free and conjugated) was performed with on-line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS. BPA was detected in only a marginal number of samples, with a minimum detection rate of 11% in adults and elderly people, and a maximum detection rate of 50% in children aged 6-8 years (Children I group). Thus, similar to the case of phthalate metabolite exposure, children were also more highly exposed to BPA compared than older participants, and a decrease of exposure with increasing age was also exhibited. The highest exposure level for creatinine-unadjusted BPA was 17 µg/l in an adult, and for creatinine-adjusted BPA, 21 µg/g in a child. The exposure to BPA was generally low within the present study population. In addition to the data from Human Biomonitoring, daily intakes were estimated based on urinary volume excretion and urinary creatinine excretion, respectively, and were then compared to various acceptable exposure levels. Exceedances of acceptable levels were primarily observed among children, and, although the overall number of exceedances was low, their presence should be considered a potential cause of concern. Additionally, the trend of decreasing daily intakes with increasing age was shown similar to analysed urinary exposure. The estimations of daily BPA intake also followed two different calculation models, similar to those of daily phthalate intakes. In general, the calculated daily BPA intakes were low. Again, similar to trends related to phthalate exposure, a decrease with increasing age was also identified. Regarding acceptable exposure levels, and especially the new temporary TDI of 5 µg/kg bw/d, no exceedances existed. For the investigation of cumulative phthalate exposure, a cumulative risk assessment was performed under consideration of the dose-addition concept of the Hazard Index (HI) based on TDIs and RfD AAs. Exceedances were identified only for HI values based on TDIs especially among children, where the maximum rate of exceedance of 13% was determined in the group of Children I. Associations between exposure and selected parameters were also investigated and identified, thereby exhibiting interesting discoveries which could constitute the subject of further investigations. Overall, the present study provided new exposure data for a large sample of the Austrian population and contributes to national and international exposure and risk assessment. The original questionnaires (in German) of the Austrian Study of Nutritional Status (ASNS) provided from the Department of Nutritional Sciences (IfEW) of the University of Vienna can be found on the digital media attached to the print version of this thesis.

NORSK: Vi har benyttet oss av en litteraturstudie for å fordype oss i hvordan man som sykepleier kan forebygge infeksjoner hos barn med leukemi i tiden med cytostatikabehandling. Innledningen vår beskriver valg av problemstilling, avgrensning og oppgaveoppbygging. I metodekapittelet har vi skrevet om den valgte litteraturen med kildekritikk. Teorien inneholder den vanligste typen av leukemi; akutt lymfatisk leukemi med forekomst og symptomer, cytostatikabehandling med de bivirkninger som forekommer, infeksjon og infeksjonsforebygging med de ulike tiltakene, kommunikasjon og lovverk. Vi har brukt to sykepleieteoretikere, Martinsen og Travelbee. Teorien har vi drøftet opp i mot problemstillingen og egne erfaringer. Vi har gjennom oppgaven hatt fokuset rettet mot barnets behov i forhold til infeksjonsforebyggingen. Oppgavens konklusjon ligger i kommunikasjon og informasjon i forhold til barnet og de infeksjonsforebyggende tiltakene. ENGELSK: We have used a literature study to immerse ourselves in how the nurse can prevent infections on children with leukemia during the period of chemotherapy. The statement describes our choice of topic, definition and task structure. In the method chapter, we have written about the selected literature with source criticism. The theory contains the most common type of leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia with prevalence and symptoms, chemotherapy with the side effects that occur, infection and infection prevention of the various measures, communication and law. We have used two nursing theorists, Martinsen and Travelbee. We have discussed the theory up against the problem and our own experience. Our focus has been the child’s needs in relation to infection prevention. The practical conclusion lies in communication and information in relation to the child and infection prevention measures.

Durch den wachsenen Trend zum Verzehr von Fertiggerichten nimmt das Angebot derer laufend zu. Aus diesem Grund wurden mittels Internetrecherche und Vor-Ort-Erhebung in einem ausgewählten Supermarkt das bestehende Sortiment, Packungs- und Portionsgrößen, Nährwerte und Zutatenlisten, sowie weitere Informationen zu den einzelnen Produkten der Handelsmarken Chef Menü, Dr. Oetker, Iglo, Inzersdorfer, Knorr, Maggi, Natur Compagnie, Spar Feine Küche und Wagner erhoben und die Nährstoffprofile der Gerichte mit den D-A-CH-Referenzwerten verglichen, um zu ermitteln, ob diese Gerichte aus ernährungs-physiologischer Sicht eine Hauptmahlzeit ersetzen können. Ein ausgewählter Teil der Fertiggerichte wurde am FKE Dortmund mit Hilfe der Lebensmitteldatenbank LEBTAB analysiert, um eine Aussage über möglichst viele Nährstoffe zu ermöglichen. Die Analyse der gesamt erhobenen Fertiggerichte und der mit LEBTAB berechneten Gerichte zeigt, dass Fertiggerichte, die den unterschiedlichen Produktgruppen zugeteilt wurden, eine Hauptmahlzeit nicht oder nur teilweise ersetzen können. Die Energiegehalte sind oftmals zu niedrig, während das Nährstoffmuster von Fett, Protein und Kohlenhydraten meist unausgewogen sind. Auch die Verteilung der Fettsäuren ist in vielen Gerichten nicht optimal. Die Fertiggerichte enthalten oftmals zu geringe Mengen an Ballaststoffen und suboptimale Mineralstoff- und Vitamingehalte. Zu beachten sind auch die durchwegs hohen Gehalte an Speisesalz in den einzelnen Fertiggerichten. Außerdem wurden die in den erhobenen Fertiggerichten beinhalteten Zusatzstoffe ermittelt, die einem Großteil der Gerichte zugesetzt wurden. Allen voran enthalten viele Gerichte Antioxidantien, Synergisten und Komplexbildner, gefolgt von Stabilisatoren, modifizierter Stärke, Aromen, und anderen.

Between 1984 and 2001, 94 patients underwent a course of treatment for Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease in the clinic for orthopaedics at the university of Marburg. The intention of this study consisted in retrospectively eliciting prognostically valuable factors for the sickness, the so called risk factors, and verifying their effect on the medium-term clinical and radiological results. The patient population comprised 84 boys and 10 girls. In 10 cases both the left and the right hip were affected in one patient. The chronological age at the time of the initial stage of the disease averaged 7.19 years. Five patients (6.49%) showed an occurrence of the disease among relatives. The majority of cases were treated operatively, predominantly by intertrochanteric varus osteotomy or pelvic osteotomy (Chiari or Salter), and some were treated conservatively. A leg-length-discrepancy of 1 to 3.5 cm was observed in merely 14 patients (17.8%). Severe complications (adduction contractures, osteochondrosis dissecans) during course of treatment and deformities in the state of convalescence were extremely rare. 75 patients (79.8% of the patient population) were examined according to clinically accepted hip scores. Since the time of diagnosis an average of 8.34 years had elapsed and the mean age at the time of examination constituted 15.07 years. 73 patients (97.3%) showed excellent results according to the Harris Hip score and solely one case a good and another a satisfying result. Accordingly, the Merle d’Aubigné Hip score presented excellent values in the majority of cases. Thus, 72 patients (96%) achieved an excellent, two patients a moderate and one patient a poor result. Between the applied Hip scores and the severity of the disease, there was no correlation detectable. The radiological course and outcome of disease was analyzed for 74 patients. The extent of the femur head-affection was measured by means of Catterall-, Salter-Thompson and Herring-classification and the result at recovery was evaluated by dint of Mose- and Stulberg-classification. The presence of radiological risk signs such as Gage’s sign and metaphyseal reaction (including number and volume of the cysts) was scrutinized. After an extensive analysis we subdivided the risk factors into clinical (female gender, age > six years, incidence of the disease in relatives and bilateral disease) and radiological risk factors (severe Catterall-/Salter-Thompson-/Herring-stage, presence of the Gage’s sign and metaphyseal reaction including number and volume of the cysts) and checked the correlation with a poor outcome according to Mose and Stulberg classification. On closer examination of the clinical risk factors, the age proved to be an especially useful indicator with regard to the prognosis since the patients who were older than nine years at time of hip-affection more often tended to develop aspherical femur heads compared to the patients below six years of age. Scilicet the older patients showed poor results with aspherical femur heads in 84,6% of the cases (compared to 28, 6% of the younger patients) and in 16,7% of the cases the older patients generated an aspherical incongruency corresponding to Stulberg type 3 with the risk of evolving a grave arthritis before the age of 50 (whereas all of the younger patients were able to obtain a congruent hip joint). The closer investigation of female gender and bilateral disease showed that female patients and bilaterally affected patients both leaned towards poorer outcomes than boys or unilateral affected patients, although a statistical significance could not be established. Contrary to expectations, patients with increased incidence of the disease among relatives presented excellent clinical and radiological results, which contradicts an assumed disadvantage of these patients. The in-depth analysis of the radiological risk factors revealed a good correlation of the severe stages of Catterall, Salter-Thompson and Herring, which all indicate an extensive infestation of the femur head, with a poor outcome according to Mose and Stulberg. Patients which radiologically demonstrated a Gage’s sign or a metaphyseal reaction were somewhat more often struck by a poor result than patients without existence of these risk signs, although no statistically significant differences could be determined. All in all, there may be summarized that in our patient population most notably an age older than nine years at the time of initial affection of the hip and an extended affection of the femur head showed a good correlation with a poor outcome, wherefore both of these risk factors seem to be qualified for a reliable evaluation of the prognosis., In den Jahren 1984 bis 2001 wurden 94 Patienten im Klinikum für Orthopädie der Universität Marburg aufgrund eines Morbus Perthes therapiert. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, retrospektiv prognostisch wertvolle Faktoren aus der Erkrankungsphase, die so genannten Risikofaktoren, zu eruieren und deren Effekt auf die mittelfristigen klinischen und radiologischen Ergebnisse zu überprüfen. Das Patientengut bestand aus 84 Jungen und 10 Mädchen. Eine beidseitige Erkrankung lag bei 10 Patienten vor. Das chronologische Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Ersterkrankung betrug durchschnittlich 7,19 Jahre. Fünf Patienten (6,49%) zeigten eine familiäre Häufung der Erkrankung. Die Mehrzahl der Patienten wurde operativ therapiert, vorwiegend mittels Intertrochantärer Varisationsosteotomie oder einer Beckenosteotomie nach Chiari bzw. Salter, und einige erhielten eine konservative Behandlung. Eine Beinlängendifferenz von 1 bis 3,5 cm war lediglich bei 14 Patienten festzustellen (17,8%). Schwerwiegende Komplikationen (Adduktionskontraktur, Osteochondrosis dissecans) im Rahmen der Therapie gehörten zu den wenigen Ausnahmefällen. Deformitäten nach Ausheilung der Erkrankung waren selten. Es wurden 75 (79,8% des gesamten Patientengutes) Patienten anhand klinisch anerkannter Hip Scores nachuntersucht. Seit dem Zeitpunkt der Diagnosestellung waren durchschnittlich 8,34 Jahre vergangen und das mittlere Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Nachuntersuchung lag bei 15,07 Jahren. Der Harris Hip Score zeigte bei 73 Patienten (97,3%) exzellente Ergebnisse und lediglich in einem Fall ein gutes und in einem weiteren Fall ein befriedigendes Ergebnis. Auch der Hip Score nach Merle d’Aubigné und Postel ergab vorwiegend sehr gute Werte. So erreichten 72 Patienten (96%) ein sehr gutes, zwei Patienten ein mittleres und ein Patient ein schlechtes Ergebnis. Es war keine Beziehung zwischen beiden angewandten Hip Scores und dem Schweregrad der Erkrankung feststellbar. Von 74 Patienten konnte der Verlauf und das Endergebnis anhand von Röntgenbildern ausgewertet werden. Das Ausmaß des Hüfkopfbefalls wurde mithilfe der Klassifikationen nach Catterall, Salter-Thompson bzw. Herring und das Outcome mittels Mose- und Stulberg-Klassifikation beurteilt. Das Vorhandensein der radiologischen Risikozeichen Gage’s sign und metaphysäre Beteiligung (inklusive Anzahl und Volumen der Zysten) wurden überprüft. Nach einer umfassenden Analyse der Risikofaktoren, nahmen wir eine Einteilung in klinische (Weibliches Geschlecht, Alter > 6 Jahre, Familiäre Häufung und Bilateralität) und radiologische Risikofaktoren (hohes Stadium nach Catterall, Salter-Thompson bzw. Herring, Vorhandensein des Gage’s sign und metaphysäre Beteiligung mit Anzahl und Volumen der Zysten) vor und kontrollierten deren Zusammenhang mit einem schlechten Endergebnis nach Mose und Stulberg. Bei näherer Betrachtung der klinischen Risikofaktoren, erwies sich das Alter als besonders wertvolles Kriterium im Hinblick auf die Prognose, denn unsere Patienten mit Ersterkrankungsalter über 9 Jahren entwickelten häufiger entrundete, asphärische Hüftgelenke im Vergleich zu den Patienten unter 6 Jahren. So zeigten die Älteren in 84,6% der Fälle schlechte Ergebnisse mit endrundeten Hüftköpfen nach Mose-Klassifikation (verglichen mit 28,6% der Jüngeren) und laut Stulberg ergab sich bei den Älteren in 16,7% ein Typ 3 mit asphärischer Inkongruenz und der Gefahr der schweren Arthroseentwicklung vor dem 50. Lebensjahr (wohingegen die Jüngeren alle ein kongruentes Hüftgelenk erreichen konnten). Die genauere Untersuchung der Risikogruppen Weibliches Geschlecht bzw. bilateral befallene Patienten zeigte zwar erwartungsgemäß, daß Mädchen bzw. beidseits Erkrankte zu schlechteren Endergebnissen tendierten als die Jungen bzw. die einseitig Erkrankten, es konnte für diese beiden Risikofaktoren jedoch keine Signifikanz ermittelt werden. Die Patienten mit nachgewiesener familiärer Häufung der Erkrankung zeigten wider Erwarten sehr gute klinische und radiologische Endergebnisse, was gegen eine Benachteiligung dieser Patienten spricht. Hinsichtlich der radiologischen Risikofaktoren ergab sich eine gute Korrelation der hohen Catterall-, Salter-Thompson- bzw. Herring-Stadien, die einen ausgeprägten Hüftkopfbefall anzeigen, mit einem schlechten Outcome nach Mose und Stulberg. Patienten mit radiologisch nachweisbarem Gage’s sign bzw. metaphysärer Beteiligung waren etwas häufiger von einem schlechten Ergebnis betroffen als Erkrankte ohne diese Risikozeichen, es ließen sich allerdings keine signifikanten Unterschiede feststellen. Insgesamt läßt sich zusammenfassen, daß bei unserem Patientengut vor allem ein Ersterkrankungsalter von über 9 Jahren und ein hohes Ausmaß des Hüftkopfbefalls eine gute Korrelation mit einem schlechten Ergebnis zeigte, weshalb diese beiden Risikofaktoren für eine verläßliche Beurteilung der Prognose geeignet zu sein scheinen.

Tools that specifically measure food disgust sensitivity are scarce. This gap has been successfully filled with the recently developed eight-item version of the Food Disgust Scale (FDS short). In the present study, we tested the validity of this measure with three behavioural tasks that we designed. Participants (N = 108) filled in questionnaires before they tried three products as part of a behavioural task covered as tasting experiment. We presented these products with written scenarios, which aimed to induce disgust. For all three tasks, we found a significant correlation between the amount participants consumed and their FDS short score. In the first task, we presented participants with a meat product (r = −0.34, p, Food Quality and Preference, 68, ISSN:0950-3293, ISSN:1873-6343

The comparability or similarity of consumers’ behavior in virtual reality (VR) and in real life (RL) is indispensable to successfully take advantage of VR technology in consumer behavior (CB) research. This study investigated the comparability of participants’ behavior in a virtual environment and in RL to validate VR for data acquisition in CB research. Participants (N = 98) were randomly assigned to a RL condition or a VR condition in which the settings were chosen to mimic a RL environment as closely as possible. In both conditions, participants ranked 20 types of commercial breakfast cereal by their perceived healthiness from healthy to unhealthy. We observed that the perceived healthiness of the 20 cereals in the VR and RL conditions were highly correlated (rs = 0.91, p < .001, N = 20). The information-seeking behavior was not different between the two conditions, t (96) = −1.11, p = .27. Furthermore, the attributes employed by the participants to evaluate the healthiness of the cereals did not vary between the two conditions. The presence level of the participants in the virtual environment was also examined. The results illustrate that the participants’ behavior in the virtual environment and in the real world were comparable, which provides robust evidence for the validity of VR as a beneficial and promising tool for data acquisition in CB research., Food Quality and Preference, 87, ISSN:0950-3293, ISSN:1873-6343

Food Quality and Preference, 91, ISSN:0950-3293, ISSN:1873-6343

Cultured meat is a novel food technology that promises to produce meat in a more environmentally friendly and animal-friendly way. We conducted an internet survey in ten countries (Australia, China, England, France, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, Sweden and the US) with a total sample of 6128 participants. Results suggest that there are large cultural differences regarding the acceptance of cultured meat. French consumers were significantly less accepting of the idea than consumers in all other countries. Perceived naturalness of and disgust evoked by cultured meat were important factors in the acceptance of this novel food technology in all countries. Trust in the food industry, food neophobia and food disgust sensitivity indirectly and directly influenced the acceptance of cultured meat in almost all countries. In order to increase the acceptance of cultured meat, the similarity of cultured meat to traditional meat needs to be emphasized rather than the rather technical production process, which may evoke associations of unnaturalness and disgust., Appetite, 155, ISSN:0195-6663

The term “nutritious” is being increasingly used by product manufacturers but the term is not currently regulated as a nutrition claim. It is unclear how lay consumers and experts define and interpret the term or how they evaluate the “nutritiousness” of various foods. To address this evidence gap, a mixed methods design was applied and both nutrition experts (n = 206) and lay participants (n = 269) provided definitions of the term “nutritious” and evaluated the “nutritiousness” of 20 different snack foods in a cross-sectional survey. Definitions were analysed using Leximancer and snack evaluations were compared both between groups and with nutrient profile scores (UK Ofcom and Australian Health Star Rating). Expert and lay definitions differed considerably, with experts using terms such as nutrient-density, macro- and micronutrients, kilojoules/Calories, while lay consumers used descriptions such as fuel, fresh, natural, body needs, and functioning. Snack evaluations were highly correlated between groups (Rs > 0.89, p < 0.001) and between nutrient profile scores (Rs > 0.75, p < 0.001). However, mean perceptions significantly differed for 18 out of 20 foods with the largest difference for yoghurts (p < 0.05). There are discrepancies between expert and lay perceptions of snack foods and the definition of the term “nutritious”. The results highlight the need for an agreed definition and the potential regulation of the term “nutritious” in food marketing., Nutrients, 9 (8), ISSN:2072-6643

The comparability or similarity of consumers' behavior in virtual reality (VR) and in real life (RL) is indispensable to successfully take advantage of VR technology in consumer behavior (CB) research. This study investigated the comparability of participants' behavior in a virtual environment and in RL to validate VR for data acquisition in CB research. Participants (N = 98) were randomly assigned to a RL condition or a VR condition in which the settings were chosen to mimic a RL environment as closely as possible. In both conditions, participants ranked 20 types of commercial breakfast cereal by their perceived healthiness from healthy to unhealthy. We observed that the perceived healthiness of the 20 cereals in the VR and RL conditions were highly correlated (r(s) = 0.91, p < .001, N = 20). The information-seeking behavior was not different between the two conditions, t (96) = - 1.11, p = .27. Furthermore, the attributes employed by the participants to evaluate the healthiness of the cereals did not vary between the two conditions. The presence level of the participants in the virtual environment was also examined. The results illustrate that the participants' behavior in the virtual environment and in the real world were comparable, which provides robust evidence for the validity of VR as a beneficial and promising tool for data acquisition in CB research., Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Project “Digital Lives”

This thesis examines consumers’ interest in naturalness and their perception of meat alternatives. Naturalness is a multi-faceted and complex field; what food producers market as natural is not necessarily what consumers perceive as natural. Although consumers widely prefer natural products, there are almost no regulations concerning the use of the term “natural”. Naturalness however is not equally important to all consumers. The first study of this thesis compared different scales that are used to measure the perceived importance of naturalness to consumers. It found that the most common scales are very similar and can be used interchangeably. Because there can be a large gap between perceived and objective naturalness, it was necessary to develop an integrative tool capable of measuring the degree of naturalness in food. An experiment with consumers showed that the Food Naturalness Index both represents the perception of consumers and provides a valuable tool with which food producers may compare and improve their products. To policy makers, the Food Naturalness Index serves as a starting point for regulations on the use of the naturalness claim. In addition to this benefit, establishment of the Food Naturalness Index as federally-mandated package label would allow consumers to identify natural products quickly and with little effort. Natural foods can only be produced in natural environments, and many of those environments are threatened by climate change. In general, food production and especially animal farming has a negative impact on the environment. Meat consumption contributes significantly to climate change, causes animal suffering and is linked to health risks. In order to reduce these negative effects, meat consumption must be reduced, perhaps through the substitution of meat with plant-based alternatives. As the consumption of meat alternatives is currently low, the second part of this thesis examines consumers’ acceptance of meat alternatives and attempts to acquire insights into how new meat alternatives might gain widespread popularity and eventually replace meat altogether. In the third study, we therefore collected and analyzed consumers’ associations with meat and meat alternatives, compared the appropriateness of eating meat alternatives in different situations and contrasted a diverse range of meat and meat alternative products. The findings showed that, while meat had generally positive associations, reactions to meat alternatives were rather negative. Eating meat alternatives was perceived to be more appropriate in situations where one eats alone or with family and friends rather than in a formal setting. The study also confirmed previous findings that meat alternatives should be similar to meat in regard to taste, texture, and ease of preparation. The fourth study explored consumers’ attitude towards vegetarian and vegan lifestyles and their perception of burgers containing beef, pea, and algae as protein source. An online survey was conducted with participants from Germany, France, and the United Kingdom in order to compare the influence of different culinary backgrounds. Although participants generally expressed negative attitudes towards vegetarian and vegan lifestyles, the incorporation of pea and algae was found to be promising, as those burgers were considered to be healthier and more environmentally friendly than the traditional beef burger. In summary, the present work has shown that naturalness is considered to be an important aspect for food selection. However, it is difficult to define what exactly naturalness means. This leads to diverging views between consumers and food manufacturers. It is therefore important to define the requirements for the use of the term naturalness and the newly developed Food Naturalness Index could be helpful for this. Furthermore, meat alternatives have great potential to reduce the negative impact of meat production on the environment. They have the greatest chance to successfully replace meat if they are similar in taste and consistency to meat and are offered at an attractive price. Overall, we think that as more and more people incorporate meat alternatives into their diets, the consumption of meat alternatives will become as much of a norm as eating meat is today.

The emotion of disgust has a protective function over both mind and body. The present thesis has focused on food disgust, that is, the rejection of food, and pursued three aims. First, the present work has found, developed, and tested reliable measures of food disgust sensitivity. Second, it has identified individual factors that influence food disgust sensitivity, and third, it has investigated and discussed the implications of food disgust sensitivity for human behaviour, including food choice and hygiene. The thesis has used behavioural measures, tasting experiments, and online surveys to pursue these goals. It has confirmed the validity of an existing self-report measure of food disgust using behavioural measures and developed and tested a new, picture-based tool. With this tool, the cross-cultural validity of the construct of food disgust was demonstrated in China and Switzerland. Throughout the present work, findings showed that females have higher food disgust sensitivity than males. Finally, the thesis has demonstrated that food disgust has important implications for food-related behaviours such as food wastage, hygiene behaviour, and food choice. The present work has provided new evidence and interpretations of how disgust sensitivity shapes food choice. Specifically, it has reported a relationship between bitter taste and disgust sensitivity in males but not in females, according to the findings of a tasting experiment. This contrasts with the results of previous studies, and the current work has discussed possible explanations for this. Moreover, this thesis has used virtual reality as a novel approach to induce disgust during research. The findings showed that individuals high in food disgust sensitivity have more trouble distancing themselves from virtual disgust elicitors than individuals low in disgust sensitivity. Finally, the thesis has reported findings from an online survey, which indicated that individuals high in food disgust sensitivity use more restrictive assessment criteria when deciding whether a food item can be consumed than those low in food disgust sensitivity. They have also reported higher frequencies of food hygiene behaviour than participants with low disgust sensitivity. In sum, the present work has validated an existing self-report measure of food disgust and developed a new picture-based tool, which could be a promising measure for research with children or when pictures might be preferred to text. The current work has investigated the influence of sex and culture on disgust sensitivity and assessed how disgust shapes food choice and hygiene behaviour. Above all, it has added to current understandings of disgust and its implications. This is crucial for both researchers and the food industry. The knowledge herein can be used to study and treat eating disorders; help develop interventions to increase people’s acceptance of novel foods, such as insects or artificial meat; to design an action plan to promote food hygiene; and to implement measures to reduce food waste.