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Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge and it is accountable for 7% of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) loss, and by the end of 2025 about 29% of world’s population is likely to suffer from hypertension. Tribal population constitute about 8% of the total population in India. Among tribal population, study on hypertension will provide an interesting outcome because studies across the world have shown a lower prevalence. The objective of the study was to estimate the pooled prevalence of hypertension among adult tribal populations in India and also to analyse the possible sources of heterogeneity in the estimate. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Google scholar, Scopus, Embase MEDLINE, and journals for articles published between 2001 and 2020. This is a systematic review and meta-analysis done on hypertension among tribal populations of India. Three authors independently reviewed the articles, performed quality assessment and data was extracted. Pooled estimate of hypertension was calculated. Subgroup analyses was performed. A total of 26 articles with a total number of subjects of 75,543 were included in the study. The pooled estimate of hypertension prevalence was 25.1% (95% CI: 24.7, 25.4). There was significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 98.2 and Q = 1289.37). It is essential to conduct larger cohort studies and randomised controlled trials to determine the causes of the increased prevalence of hypertension among the tribal population. The prevalence of hypertension among tribal population are essential as a source of primary information and for rational planning of health services and will help public-health policy-makers to assign sufficient priority and resources for its management and prevention.

Urine Drainage Bag (UDB) has been frequently acknowledged by patients who are suffering from urine incontinence, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, and urological surgeries in which a patient is impotent to out-migration. In ICUs, physiological parameters of a patient are measured by monitoring devices. These devices can also supervise whether the values of the parameters lie within a pre-established range set by the clinician. Just like the basic parameters of the patient monitor, urine output is another parameter which has to be sensed and supervised frequently by the healthcare staff. The automation is done digitally by the monitoring device, “Uro-Dislyser”. Along with the designed low-cost device named Uro-Dislyser, which is capable of sensing and supervising urine output, regular plastic urine bag is replaced by biodegradable bag. This biodegradable bag is designed in a way that can serve the purpose of better hygiene and mental health, and can be used as a fertilizer in agriculture field. The Internet of Things (IoT) is programmed along with the load cell and the alarm rings to indicate the level of urine in UDBs.

Context: By December of 2021, 80% of the eligible Indian population had received at least one shot of COVID-19 vaccine. However, this phase of vaccination was hindered with the very prevalent vaccine hesitancy and, in its absence, India would have reached this mark of coverage much earlier. Vaccine skepticism is still present, especially around vaccination of children and it may further delay coverage in our next phase of vaccination. Methods and Material: A total of 680 healthcare workers (HCWs) and 1,308 General public (the community) were interacted with in a South Indian city between the months of December 2020 and February 2021. An online-platform based survey was conducted where vaccine acceptancy levels were studied among them before and after vaccine roll out in the country. The reasons for acceptance as well as hesitancy were surveyed. Simultaneously, vaccine awareness activity was conducted. Results: The overall vaccine acceptance among the HCWs was reflected to be 68.5% & in the community it was found to be 60.4% at the time of vaccine rollout. Nearly half, i.e., 51.6% of the HCWs and 50.58% in the community, expressed the reason for hesitancy as the fear of side effects. Conclusions: Carrying out Mass-vaccination activities without adequately assessing the acceptancy levels among its beneficiaries and taking measures to allay the reasons for hesitancy will lead to delayed coverage and an ineffective vaccination drive which is an ultimate failure of purpose. Need of the hour is an effective communication & health education measure that would address all the concerns related to COVID-19 vaccine

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that affects 422 million people worldwide and can lead to diabetic myopathy and bone diseases. The etiology of musculoskeletal complications in diabetes and the interplay between the muscular and osseous systems are poorly understood. Exercise training promises to prevent diabetic myopathy and diabetic bone disease and offer protective effects on muscle and bone. Although the muscle-bone interaction is largely biomechanical, the muscle secretome, specifically the myokines, has significant implications for bone biology. Here, we have developed an in vitro model to elucidate the effects of mechanical strain on myokine secretion and its impact on bone metabolism decoupled from physical stimuli. We developed modular bone constructs using crosslinked gelatin hydrogels which facilitated osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells. Then muscle constructs were made from fibrin hydrogel, which enabled myoblast differentiation and formed mature myotubes. We investigated the myokine expression by the muscle constructs under strain regimens replicating endurance (END) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in hyperglycemic conditions. In monocultures, both regimens induced higher expression of Il15 and Igf1, while END supported more myoblasts differentiation and myotube maturation than HIIT. When cocultured with bone constructs, the HIIT regimen increased Glut4 expression in muscle contructs that END supporting higher glucose uptake. Likewise, the muscle constructs under the HIIT regimen promoted a healthier and matured bone phenotype than END. Interestingly, under static conditions, myostatin (Mstn) expression was significantly downregulated in muscle constructs cocultured with bone constructs compared to monocultures. Our in vivo analysis of the role of myostatin on bone structure and function also showed that myostatin knockout (GDF8-/-) enhanced muscle mass and moderately influenced bone phenotype in adult mice. Together, our in vitro coculture system allowed orthogonal manipulation of mechanical strain on muscle constructs while facilitating biochemical crosstalk between bone and muscle constructs. Such systems can provide an individualized microenvironment and allow decoupled biomechanical manipulation, which is unachievable using traditional models. In the long-term, these in-vitro systems will help identify molecular targets and develop engineered therapies for diabetic bone disease.

Animal bites cause a big burden worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. As per WHO, dog bites are the cause of major animal bite injuries followed by snake bites, cat bites, and monkey bites. Annually about 55,000–60,000 persons die of rabies, of which nearly one-third are from India alone. Rabies, though being a 100% fatal disease, is also a potentially preventable disease. Objective: To estimate the proportion of animal bites in patients attending anti-rabies clinic of a tertiary hospital, Mysuru. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out during the period of June 2018 - May 2019. Secondary data was collected from the registers available at the anti-rabies clinic in KR Hospital, Mysuru, using a pretested proforma. This information was compiled in an excel sheet and analysed using simple measures like proportions, percentages, and graphs. Results: A total of 3861 animal bite cases were reported, out of which, 69.1% were males and 30.9% were females. Dog bites contributed the highest (92.1%) followed by cat bites (5.2%). As per the category of wounds, 59.6% were Category 2 and 36.2% were Category 3 wounds. Conclusion: Dog bite is the commonest animal bite which needs to be addressed as a priority with appropriate preventive strategies. There is a pressing need to create awareness among the general population about the need for timely health care seeking behaviour and to avail the benefit of free anti-rabies vaccination in the public health sector in order to prevent the risk of fatal events. How to cite this article:Suresh H, Ahmed M, Khan MA. Profile of Animal Bite Cases in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Mysuru. Int J Preven Curat Comm Med. 2021;7(1):25-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2454.325X.202104

People with diabetes will have some coexisting mental illness most of the time and its evaluation and management are essential for the well-being of the person. With this background, the Global Mental Health Assessment Tool (GMHAT) app was used to screen for mental illness among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Mysore, India.A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients who were on treatment for type 2 diabetes for at least 6 months from the Out-Patient Department of KR Hospital, Mysore. Interviews were conducted using a structured GMHAT. Data were entered in MS Excel and analysed using SPSS version 21.0. Chi-square, Independent T-test/Mann-Whitney tests were used to investigate associations between the variables.The mean age of the study participants was 48.8 ± 11.6 years. Among the 100 diabetic patients, 39% (There is a higher prevalence of mental illness in patients with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence rate increases with an increase in the chronicity of diabetes. The use of the GMHAT app could help in rapid assessment and accurate diagnoses.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a global pollutant, which can cause damage to the central nervous system at both high-acute and chronic-low exposures, especially in vulnerable populations, such as children and pregnant women. Nowadays, acute-high poisoning is rare. However, chronic exposure to low MeHg concentrations via fish consumption remains a health concern. Current therapeutic strategies for MeHg poisoning are based on the use of chelators. However, these therapies have limited efficacy. Ghrelin is a gut hormone with an important role in regulating physiologic processes. It has been reported that ghrelin plays a protective role against the toxicity of several xenobiotics. Here, we explored the role of ghrelin as a putative protector against MeHg-induced oxidative stress. Our data show that ghrelin was able to ameliorate MeHg-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in primary neuronal hypothalamic and hippocampal cultures. An analogous effect was observed in mouse hypothalamic neuronal GT 1-7 cells. Using this model, our novel findings show that antioxidant protection of ghrelin against MeHg is mediated by glutathione upregulation and induction of the NRF2/NQO1 pathway.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has increased the morbidity and mortality across the world. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, tiredness, and the least common symptoms are aches and pains, sore throat, diarrhoea, conjunctivitis, headache and loss of taste or smell. In this current pandemic, the number of COVID-19 survivors being discharged from the hospital is increasing day by day and the long-term effect among the survivors is also increasing. Fatigue and dyspnea were the most reported Post COVID symptoms. The presence of these symptoms is also known as "Long COVID". COVID-19 disease has not only affected the physical health but also the mental health of the patients which also had led to decrease in their quality of life.A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted among 35 patients who were admitted in District hospital in Mysuru during the month of October 2020. Purposive Sampling was adopted for selecting the patients. Data was collected through telephone after their discharge. Data were entered in Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS trial version 23. Descriptive statistics such as percentages and proportions were calculated. To see the association between the variables, Chi-square test, Fischer's exact test was used. P0.05 was taken as statistically significant.The mean age of the study participants was 49.1 years. Majority of them had fever (68.6%) followed by Myalgia (65.7%), cough (60%), fatigue (42.9%), headache (37.1%) Majority of the patients had no symptoms after discharge (65.7%). After being discharged from the hospital, 22.9% of patients had difficulty in sleeping, 17.1% had loss of taste/smell and fatigue, 8.6% of them had breathlessness and 5.7% of the patients had a change in voice and loss of appetite.With the increasing number of cases across the world, we will most likely face an ongoing wave of COVID-19 sequelae. To Prevent this, an extensive rehabilitation program is necessary for patients during hospitalization and after discharge.

Introduction: Immunisation coverage is a vital strategy adopted by most programs on child survival globally. A robust immunisation coverage program goes a long way in controlling the Vaccine Preventable Disease (VPDs). It is very important to analyse the factors which are detrimental in achieving 100% immunisation among children. Aim: To find the extent of immunisation coverage and to identify the factors for failure of immunisation among children in the rural field practice area of Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysuru. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional was carried out from November 2019 to January 2020 on children between 0-2 years of age using the World Health Organisation (WHO) thirty clusters sampling method. The sample size was estimated to be 210. Identification of clusters was done as per the WHO manual on 30×7 cluster survey. Interview was conducted using a structured interview format in selected households with study subjects. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel sheet and analysed using chi-square test. Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) software version 23.0 was used for analysis of data. Results: Among the study participants, 131 (86%) were fully immunised and 29 (14%) were partially immunised (those who did not receive all the due vaccines till two years of age). Religion, educational status of parents and the presence or absence of immunisation card had significant (p-values=0.01

Oxidative stress, impairment of antioxidant defenses, and disruption of calcium homeostasis are associated with the toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg). Yet, the relative contribution and interdependence of these effects and other molecular mechanisms that mediate MeHg-induced neurotoxicity remain uncertain. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of anti-apoptotic and cell cycle progression genes. In addition to its role in cell growth and survival, STAT3 regulates redox homeostasis and prevents oxidative stress by the modulation of nuclear genes that encode for electron transport complexes (ETC) and antioxidant enzymes. Here we tested the hypothesis that STAT3 contributes to the orchestration of the antioxidant defense response against MeHg injury. We show that MeHg (>1 μM) exposure induced STAT3 activation within 1 h and beyond in mouse hypothalamic neuronal GT1-7 cells in a concentration-and time-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation exacerbated MeHg-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant responses. Finally, treatment with the antioxidant Trolox demonstrated that MeHg-induced STAT3 activation is mediated, at least in part, by MeHg-induced ROS generation. Combined, our results demonstrated a role for the STAT3 signaling pathway as an early response to MeHg-induced oxidative stress.

Author's summary Seventy percent people are able to recognize chest pain as myocardial infarction (MI) symptoms. There is no difference in awareness of MI symptoms between male and female. There is wide variation in awareness of MI symptoms. The prevalence varies from less than 5% in African countries such as Kenya, Tanzania and in Asian countries such as Nepal to as high as 90% in Germany., Background and Objectives Knowledge about myocardial Infarction (MI) symptoms is crucial because inadequate awareness ensures direct association with patient delay and adverse health events subsequently. Methods PRISMA guidelines were followed while conducting the systematic review with PROSPERO number CRD42020219802. An electronic search was conducted comprehensively through 5 databases to find those relevant articles systematically. Prevalence was calculated for each typical symptom of MI separately and subgroup analysis according to continent, country, gender and ethnicity was done. Meta-Analysis was conducted by using statistical software R version 3.4.3. A random-effects model was used. Results Studies from 35 different countries with 120,988,548 individuals were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of chest pain awareness was highest, while it was lowest for jaw, back, and neck pain. There was no difference in terms of awareness in males and females. Prevalence of awareness of typical MI symptoms was higher in the Caucasian white, white, and non-Hispanic white groups than in other groups. The prevalence varies from less than 5% in African countries such as Kenya, Tanzania and Asian countries such as Nepal to as high as 90% in Germany. Conclusions People are well aware of chest pain as a symptom of MI. However, there is limited knowledge regarding other typical symptoms of MI.