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Digital technology is perceived as a solution to meet the ‘challenges’ of ageing and promote independent and healthy ageing. This approach, often driven by policymakers, is leading to the vast development of a so-called ‘Age-tech’ market, mainly focused on healthcare technologies. Despite the potential positive outcomes, adoption and actual use of digital healthcare technologies are often low, and chronological age is often considered a barrier to the adoption of digital technology. Yet, the role of ageism in adoption and actual use is overlooked. This chapter discusses the potential theoretical influence of ageism in applying digital technology in care and healthcare. First, the chapter provides an overview of the perception of age in relation to digital technology and the manifestation of ageism in healthcare. It continues by providing recent evidence, from the field and from the authors’ research experience, in an attempt to describe two potential ways in which ageism is related to adoption and actual use of digital healthcare technology: (1) through the perspectives of different stakeholders (older adults, healthcare professionals, caregivers, and designers) and (2) through the design of digital technology. Finally, the chapter discusses possible implications for practice in healthcare, design, research, and policy concerning digital technology.

Theories on technology adoption in the context of healthcare for older people have developed from a merely individual usability approach to a richer understanding of deeper personal motivations and values as well as a broader awareness of stakeholders and organisations. The aim of this chapter is twofold: first, to give an overview of the existing frameworks, models, and theories that describe the multiple factors at several levels that influence technology uptake in the context of healthcare. Second, to critically analyse the meaning these frameworks, models, and theories bring to the human aspects of healthcare technology adoption and use. Because the book focuses on care for older persons, specific attention is given to personal aspects that influence technology acceptance by older people.

The business environment for sawnwood producers based in the traditional forest-industry countries of the boreal zone has changed dramatically in the last decade. Among the greatest changes is the establishment of the European Monetary Union (EMU). However, the effect of the associated exchange rate changes on international forest-industry trade in European markets has not previously been examined. The present study attempts to fill this gap by analyzing the effects of currency movements on Finland’s and Sweden’s competitiveness in the international sawnwood market. Johansen’s multivariate cointegration method was applied for formulation of the separate partial equilibrium model systems for bilateral trade flows from Finland and Sweden to analyze pricing of sawn softwood for the UK market in 1995–2008. Rather than competitive markets, our findings indicate the existence of price discrimination and market power on the part of exporting firms. The results show that Finnish exports have been greatly affected by the currency movements between euros and British pounds in the UK market. Furthermore, the estimated values for exchange-rate pass-through coefficients indicate that Finnish exporters have passed on some of the exchange rate changes between these currencies to the UK customers. This result is in line with similar estimations for the period before the EMU. The present estimates show a slightly lesser degree of exchange-rate pass-through, possibly suggesting transition towards a more competitive environment in the UK’s sawn softwood market.

The global financial crisis, Russia’s taxation policy for exported wood and EU’s targets for the use of renewable energy have had a significant effect on the forest sector in Finland in recent years. The significance of foresight work has increased, as the operational environment of the forest sector is complex and constantly changing. Yet, there is a long tradition of forest-related foresight studies: For instance, UNECE Timber Committee, FAO Forestry Commission, IIASA Forestry Programme and ITTO in cooperation with many national and international organizations have produced information on trends and made policy analyses. At a national level, forest-related foresight work has been carried out in Sweden, France, Germany and United States among others. Additionally, numerous industryspecific international organizations have implemented foresight processes. In Finland, forest-related foresight studies have recently been carried out by the University of Eastern Finland, the Finnish Forest Research Institute and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry as a part of the National Forest Programme. In addition, other instances such as consulting companies, forest industry as well as other research institutes have published foresight reports. Interest and resources for foresight exercises have increased in the society in general. Also, methodology has benefitted from recent advances. The aim of our study was to compile the current information, in a condensed form, on the recent foresight work carried out in the Finnish forest sector and in other relevant sectors and to identify strenghts and possible gaps in the acquired foresight information. Our focus was on the foresight work published or carried out in 2008 or later in Finland, with additional information from relevant sources abroad. Results of this study will be presented. The review will serve the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in forest policy processes as well as point out possible new directions for future forest-related foresight studies., Subject Title: Abstract

Steady-state turbulent motion is created in superfluid 3He-B at low temperatures in the form of a turbulent vortex front, which moves axially along a rotating cylindrical container of 3He-B and replaces vortex-free flow with vortex lines at constant density. We present the first measurements on the thermal signal from dissipation as a function of time, recorded at 0.2 Tc during the front motion, which is monitored using NMR techniques. Both the measurements and the numerical calculations of the vortex dynamics show that at low temperatures the density of the propagating vortices falls well below the equilibrium value, i.e. the superfluid rotates at a smaller angular velocity than the container. This is the first evidence for the decoupling of the superfluid from the container reference frame in the zero-temperature limit., 4 pages, 4 figures

In a rotating two-phase sample of 3He-B and magnetic-field stabilized 3He-A the large difference in mutual friction dissipation at 0.20 Tc gives rise to unusual vortex flow responses. We use noninvasive NMR techniques to monitor spin down and spin up of the B-phase superfluid component to a sudden change in the rotation velocity. Compared to measurements at low field with no A-phase, where these responses are laminar in cylindrically symmetric flow, spin down with vortices extending across the AB interface is found to be faster, indicating enhanced dissipation from turbulence. Spin up in turn is slower, owing to rapid annihilation of remanent vortices before the rotation increase. As confirmed by both our NMR signal analysis and vortex filament calculations, these observations are explained by the additional force acting on the B-phase vortex ends at the AB interface., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures

Vortex flow remains laminar up to large Reynolds numbers (Re~1000) in a cylinder filled with 3He-B. This is inferred from NMR measurements and numerical vortex filament calculations where we study the spin up and spin down responses of the superfluid component, after a sudden change in rotation velocity. In normal fluids and in superfluid 4He these responses are turbulent. In 3He-B the vortex core radius is much larger which reduces both surface pinning and vortex reconnections, the phenomena, which enhance vortex bending and the creation of turbulent tangles. Thus the origin for the greater stability of vortex flow in 3He-B is a quantum phenomenon. Only large flow perturbations are found to make the responses turbulent, such as the walls of a cubic container or the presence of invasive measuring probes inside the container., 4 pages, 6 figures

New techniques, both for generating and detecting turbulence in the helium superfluids 3He-B and 4He, have recently given insight in how turbulence is started, what the dissipation mechanisms are, and how turbulence decays when it appears as a transient state or when externally applied turbulent pumping is switched off. Important simplifications are obtained by using 3He-B as working fluid, where the highly viscous normal component is practically always in a state of laminar flow, or by cooling 4He to low temperatures where the normal fraction becomes vanishingly small. We describe recent studies from the low temperature regime, where mutual friction becomes small or practically vanishes. This allows us to elucidate the mechanisms at work in quantum turbulence on approaching the zero temperature limit., Comment: 100 pages 47 figures. Submitted for publication in Progress in Low Temperature Physics, Vol. XVI

Safeguarding forest biodiversity has been one of the most important issues internationally as well as in Finnish national forest and environmental policies since 1990's. In the next coming years, decisions will be made upon future actions for preserving forest biodiversity in Southern Finland. The ecological studies call for conserving 510% of the southern forest land. Setting aside forests for conservation is not, however, without problems. The previous research indicate that an increase in conservation increases timber prices and reduces wood harvests and therefore affects forestry and the forest industries. This study extends the previous work by presenting a tool for analysing the economic impacts of forest conservation so that two important issues are accounted for: (i) the overall impacts of conservation depend on the regional allocation of the conservation sites and (ii) biodiversity values differ accross regions. We present a multi-regional model of the Finnish forest sector, which combines detailed regional data on the forest industry, timber supply and the growing forest resources with the data on forest biodiversity. The biodiversity data are derived from three habitat quality models relevant to the Finnish case. The model is suitable for comparing the impacts of different conservation alternatives. In addition, the model can be applied to look for the optimal regional allocation of the conservation sites. Thereby, the question of how important is the regional allocation of conservation set-asides to the economic costs of conservation can be addressed. We demonstrate the model use by analysing the magnitude of conservation impacts for selected conservation scenarios.

The business environment for sawnwood producers based in the traditional forest-industry countries of the boreal zone has changed dramatically in the last decade. Among the greatest changes is the establishment of the European Monetary Union (EMU). However, the effect of the associated exchange rate changes on international forest-industry trade in European markets has not previously been examined. The present study attempts to fill this gap by analyzing the effects of currency movements on Finland’s and Sweden’s competitiveness in the international sawnwood market. Johansen’s multivariate cointegration method was applied for formulation of the separate partial equilibrium model systems for bilateral trade flows from Finland and Sweden to analyze pricing of sawn softwood for the UK market in 1995–2008. Rather than competitive markets, our findings indicate the existence of price discrimination and market power on the part of exporting firms. The results show that Finnish exports have been greatly affected by the currency movements between euros and British pounds in the UK market. Furthermore, the estimated values for exchange-rate pass-through coefficients indicate that Finnish exporters have passed on some of the exchange rate changes between these currencies to the UK customers. This result is in line with similar estimations for the period before the EMU. The present estimates show a slightly lesser degree of exchange-rate pass-through, possibly suggesting transition towards a more competitive environment in the UK’s sawn softwood market.