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Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) yield has plateaued due to reduction in rainfall and rise in temperature. Therefore, its production cycle could not get appropriate water and temperature. It becomes important to standardize the sowing time and plant spacing of cluster beans in changing climate scenarios to get higher productivity. Therefore, a field study was conducted in 2019 at the Research area of MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of four sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) and three plant spacings (10, 12 and 15 cm) on crop growth, yield, and physiological functions of cluster bean genotype BR-2017 under split plot arrangement under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) were placed in the main plot, while plant spacing (10, 12 and 15 cm) was maintained in subplots. The significant effect of sowing time and plant spacing was observed on pod plant-1, pod length, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight. Results showed that 1st June sowing performed better over 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July, while plant spacing 15 cm about in all sowing times showed higher results on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean over plant spacing 10, 12, and 15 cm. The 1st June sowing time at 15 cm plant spacing showed 8.0, 22.7, and 28.5% higher grains pod-1 than 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July sowing, respectively. Maximum grain yield was observed on 1st June in all three spacings (10, 12, and 15 cm). The chord diagram indicates that the crop has received optimum environmental conditions when sown 1st June over other sowing times. In conclusion, 1st June sowing with 15 cm plant spacing could be a good option to achieve maximum productivity of cluster bean under changing climate scenario.

In this study, liquid fermented wastes from 15 licensed biogas plants located within different regions of Türkiye were determined and the parameters that are important to waste management evaluations were revealed. Accordingly, some physical, chemical, and biological analyses include moisture, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), pH, EC, total N, P, K, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, E.coli O157:H7, and Enterobacteria were conducted. Spearman’s correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relationship among the results, and a regression analysis was conducted to reveal the effect of the results on each other. In the wastes, DM values were between 0.53-9.71%, OM values were between 0.53-7.76%, N contents were between 0.10-0.74%, P contents were between 0.04-0.22%, K contents were between 0.15-0.56%, EC values were between 1.50-6.51 dS m-1, B contents were between 16.96-34.63 mg kg-1, and Na contents were between 0.11-0.40%. A correlation analysis was conducted to reveal the relationship of OM and DM to other parameters. OM content had a significant correlation with N (73.9%), P (80.4%9, Fe (71.4%), Mn (75.7%), EC (53.2%), K (60.7%), and Mg at 72.1%. The DM contents had a significant correlation with N (68.2%), P (95.4%), Cu (60.0%), Fe (88.2%), Mn (94.3%), Zn (67.5%), EC (76.1%), K (81.4%), and Mg at 83.9%. A significant regression model and the variances of DM and OM variables were 37.8 and 24.8% for N (%), 61.7 and 31.5% for P (%), 53.9 and 22.4% for K (%), 46.6 and 23.8% for Ca (%), and 70.0 and 45.7% for Mg (%), respectively. Finally, these observations should be used to demonstrate the usability of liquid fermented wastes for agricultural purposes.

Ülkemizde sarımsak tarımında ilk sıralarda yer alan illerden alınan toprak örneklerinde bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum konsantrasyonları ile bazı temel toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmada, Balıkesir, Kırklareli, Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Antalya, Karaman, Muğla ve Kastamonu illerinden toplam 224 adet toprak örneği alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinde tekstür, pH, EC, kireç, organik madde ile bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, farklı yörelerden alınan toprak örnekleri birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum konsantrasyonlarının 1,31-27,83 µg kg-1 arasında değiştiği ve ortalama 13,45 µg kg-1 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitkiye yarayışlı ortalama selenyum konsantrasyonun en fazla Kastamonu (27,83 µg kg-1), en az ise Hatay (1,31 µg kg-1) yöresi topraklarında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sarımsak tarımı yapılan toprakların ağırlıklı olarak kil bünyeli, % 53,57’sinin hafif alkali, EC yönünden sorun taşımadığı, % 41,07’sinin çok ve çok fazla kireçli, % 47,32’sinin ise az ve çok az organik madde içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum konsantrasyonu ile toprak reaksiyonu arasında önemli pozitif (r= 0,330***), kireç ve organik madde miktarları arasında ise önemli negatif (sırasıyla r= -0,260***, r= -0,259***) ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Toprakta reaksiyonun yükselmesi durumunda Se yarayışlılığının arttığı, buna karşın kireç ve organik maddenin artması durumunda ise Se yarayışlılığının azaldığı belirlenmiştir.

Toxicity induced by a high concentration of lead (Pb) can significantly decrease plant's growth, gas exchange, and yield attributes. It can also causes cancer in humans. The use of organic amendments, especially biochar, can alleviate Pb toxicity in different crops. The application of biochar can decrease the uptake of Pb by plant roots. However, the high pH of thermo-pyrolyzed biochar makes it an unfit amendment for high pH soils. As Pb is an acute toxin and its uptake in rice is a major issue, the current experiment was conducted to explore the efficacy of chemically produced acidified carbon (AC) to mitigate Pb toxicity in rice. Lead was introduced in concentrations of 0, 15, and 30 mg kg

The objective of the study was to investigate the survival of earthworm Eisenia fetida during vermicomposting of Sugar Industry wastes. These wastes are called Decanter sludge (DS) and Press filter waste soil (PKF). To achieve the objective a laboratory-based experiment was performed 12 weeks under controlled conditions. Eleven different mixtures were prepared by mixing DS, PKF and farmyard manure (FYM) in different ratios. During the incubation time, earthworms survived in treatments which included less than 50% DS or 50% PKF. The number of earthworms increased significantly in all treatments from 6 to 90 (P

Objectives As a liquid organic fertilizer used in agriculture, digestate is rich in many nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, potassium); their utilization may be however less efficient in soils poor in organic carbon (due to low carbon:nitrogen ratio). In order to solve the disadvantages, digestate enrichment with carbon-rich amendments biochar or humic acids (Humac) was tested. Methods Soil variants amended with enriched digestate: digestate + biochar, digestate + Humac, and digestate + combined biochar and humic acids—were compared to control with untreated digestate in their effect on total soil carbon and nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration and soil enzymatic activities in a pot experiment. Yield of the test crop lettuce was also determined for all variants. Results Soil respiration was the most significantly increased property, positively affected by digestate + Humac. Both digestate + biochar and digestate + Humac significantly increased microbial biomass carbon. Significant negative effect of digestate + biochar (compared to the control digestate) on particular enzyme activities was alleviated by the addition of humic acids. No significant differences among the tested variants were found in the above-ground and root plant biomass. Conclusions The tested organic supplements improved the digestate effect on some determined soil properties. We deduced from the results (carbon:nitrogen ratio, microbial biomass and activity) that the assimilation of nutrients by plants increased; however, the most desired positive effect on the yield of crop biomass was not demonstrated. We assume that the digestate enrichment with organic amendments may be more beneficial in a long time-scaled trial.

Bu calisma kapsaminda, Afsin Elbistan Linyit isletme sahasinda mevcut organik materyallerden elde edilen humik asit, organik toprak duzenleyicisi ve organomineral gubrelerin bugday bitkisi ve bazi toprak ozellikleri uzerine etkilerini belirlemek amaciyla sera denemesi kurulmustur. Sera denemesi sonuclarina gore; en yuksek pH tek basina 15 kg da -1 DAP uygulamasinda belirlenmis, mineral, organik ve organomineral gubrelerin artan duzeylerde uygulanmasi topraklarin EC degerlerini kontrole gore artirmistir. Denemeye alinan uygulamalarin tamaminda topraklarin organik madde miktari kontrol ve tek basina mineral gubre uygulamalarina gore onemli artis gostermistir. En yuksek alinabilir P kapsami organik toprak duzenleyicisi ile DAP gubresinin birlikte uygulamasinda belirlenmis, en yuksek N ise 10.10.10 organomineral gubre uygulamasinda belirlenmistir. Butun uygulamalarda bitki boyu kontrole gore artis gostermistir. Bugday bitkisi en yuksek yas agirlik 10.10.10 organomineral gubre uygulamasinda, kuru agirlik ise en yuksek tek basina 15.15.15 kimyasal gubre uygulamasinda belirlenmistir. Bugday bitkisi N ve P icerikleri en fazla 1lt humik asit uygulanmis topraklarda belirlenmistir. Sonuc olarak AEL isletme sahasinda onemli miktarlarda bulunan organik materyallerin icerik analizlerinin yapilarak organik toprak duzenleyicisi, organomineral gubre, K-humat ve humik asit seklinde degerlendirilmesinin bugday yetistiriciliginde onemli oldugu belirlenmistir.