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Tae Sik Goh,1,* Mihyang Ha,2,* Jung Sub Lee,1 Dae Cheon Jeong,3 Eun Sang Jung,4 Myoung-Eun Han,2 Yun Hak Kim,5,6 Sae-Ock Oh2 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; 3Deloitte Analytics Group, Deloitte Consulting LLC, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 4Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, College of Life & Resources Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Republic of Korea; 5Department of Anatomy and Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea; 6Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Advances in genomics have greatly improved the survival rate in cancer patients. However, due to genetic heterogeneity, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is still difficult to diagnose early, and its survival rate is extremely low. Therefore, we identified biomarkers that predict the prognosis of PDAC patients using independent cohort data. Materials and methods: To develop a novel prognostic biomarker, we used the gene expression and clinical data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Kaplan–Meier survival curve using median values of genes as cutoff showed that EIF4G1 was the only statistically significant gene in the 3 cohorts. We analyzed the prognostic significance of EIF4G1 using the time-dependent area under the curve (AUC) of Uno’s C-index, the AUC value of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) at 3years, and multivariate Cox analysis. We also compared EIF4G1 levels between tumors and matched non-tumor tissues. Results: EIF4G1 is the only prognostic gene in patients with PDAC, which was selected by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. The survival curve showed that high expression of EIF4G1 was associated with poor prognosis of PDAC with a good discriminative ability in 3 independent cohorts. The risk stratifying ability of EIF4G1 was demonstrated by analyzing C-indices and AUC values. Multivariate Cox regression confirmed its prognostic significance. EIF4G1 expression was significantly higher in PDAC tissues than in the matched normal tissues. Conclusion: EIF4G1 could be used as a novel prognostic marker for PDAC and to determine suitable treatment options. Keywords: EIF4GI, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, prognosis, GEO, TCGA

Tae Won Kwak,1,* Hee Jae Shin,2,* Young-Il Jeong,1 Myoung-Eun Han,3 Sae-Ock Oh,3 Hyun-Jung Kim,4 Do Hyung Kim,5 Dae Hwan Kang1 1Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, 2Marine Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 3Department of Anatomy, School ofMedicine, Pusan National University, Gyeongnam, 4Genewel Co Ltd. Gyeonggi-do, 5School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Republic of Korea *These authors contributed equally tothis work Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the anticancer activity of streptochlorin, a novel antineoplastic agent, in cholangiocarcinoma. Methods: The anticancer activity of streptochlorin was evaluated in vitro in various cholangiocarcinoma cell lines for apoptosis, proliferation, invasiveness, and expression of various protein levels. A liver metastasis model was prepared by splenic injection of HuCC-T1 cholangiocarcinoma cells using a BALB/c nude mouse model to study the systemic antimetastatic efficacy of streptochlorin 5 mg/kg at 8 weeks. The antitumor efficacy of subcutaneously injected streptochlorin was also assessed using a solid tumor xenograft model of SNU478 cells for 22days in the BALB/c nude mouse. Results: Streptochlorin inhibited growth and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor by cholangiocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced apoptosis in vitro. In addition, streptochlorin effectively inhibited invasion and migration of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cholangiocarcinoma cells were also suppressed by treatment with streptochlorin. Streptochlorin effectively regulated metastasis of HuCC-T1 cells in a mouse model of liver metastasis. In a tumor xenograft study using SNU478 cells, streptochlorin significantly inhibited tumor growth without changes in body weight when compared with the control. Conclusion: These results reveal that streptochlorin is a promising chemotherapeutic agent to the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Keywords: streptochlorin, cholangiocarcinoma, chemotherapeutic agent, invasion, metastasis

This paper deals with the design of robust DSMC (Discrete-Time Sliding Mode Control) scheme in order to overcome system uncertainty in steering system with mechanically joined structure. The proposed control scheme is one of robust control schemes based on system dynamics. Therefore, system dynamics required is not obtained from physical law but SCM (Signal Compression Method) through experiment in order to avoid complicate mathematical development and save time. However, SCM has a shortcoming that is the limitation of with order linear model which does not include the dynamic of high-frequency band. Thus, considering system uncertainty, DSMC is designed. In addition, to reduce the chattering problem of DSMC, DSMC is derived from the reaching law and the Lyapunov stability condition. It is found that the proposed control scheme has robustness in spite of the perturbation of system uncertainty through computer simulation.

In general, the position control of electro hydrostatic actuator(EHA) systems is difficult because of the large variation of the effective bulk modulus of the working fluid, which is due to the absence of a heat exchanger like a reservoir tank, the friction between the cylinder and piston, and the external disturbance force. Moreover, it is difficult to identify the values of the effective bulk modulus and friction. In this paper, the variation of the effective bulk modulus, friction, and external disturbance are considered as uncertainties of EHA systems. To solve the problems due to these system uncertainties, an adaptive back-stepping control scheme with fuzzy neural networks(FNNs) is proposed. The effectiveness of the adaptive back-stepping control(ABSC) system with FNNs was compared with those of the standard back-stepping control(BSC) system and the ABSC system through computer simulation.

This paper presents a web tension control strategy for multi-span web transport in a continuous annealing process (CAP) used in steel manufacture. In the CAP, the temperature of the steel web is varied over a wide range, and this generates a thermal strain in the web. In addition, in order to save workspace, vertical type web transport systems are usually used, and the weight of the web causes a gravity strain in the web. These strains in the web induce the variation of the web tension. To control the web tension in the CAP, a feed-forward tension control scheme is suggested, which is based on a mathematical model considering the additional strains due to thermal and gravity effects. The performance of the proposed feed-forward tension control scheme is experimentally evaluated in an actual CAP. In addition, to respond to the variations of many system parameters, a feedback tension control scheme based on the tension observer is proposed. The performance of the feedback tension control system is evaluated by computer simulation.

To improve position tracking performance of servo systems, a position tracking control using adaptive back-stepping control(ABSC) scheme and recurrent fuzzy neural networks(RFNN) is proposed. An adaptive rule of the ABSC based on system dynamics and dynamic friction model is also suggested to compensate nonlinear dynamic friction characteristics. However, it is difficult to reduce the position tracking error of servo systems by using only the ABSC scheme because of the system uncertainties which cannot be exactly identified during the modeling of servo systems. Therefore, in order to overcome system uncertainties and then to improve position tracking performance of servo systems, the RFNN technique is additionally applied to the servo system. The feasibility of the proposed control scheme for a servo system is validated through experiments. Experimental results show that the servo system with ABS controller based on the dual friction observer and RFNN including the reconstruction error estimator can achieve desired tracking performance and robustness.

This paper deals with a tracking control problem of a mechanical servo system with nonlinear dynamic friction which contains a directly immeasurable friction state variable and an uncertainty caused by incomplete parameter modeling and its variations. In order to provide an efficient solution to these control problems, we propose a composite control scheme, which consists of a friction state observer, a RFNN approximator and an approximation error compensator with sliding mode control. In first, a sliding mode controller and friction state observer are designed to estimate the unknown internal state of the LuGre friction model. Next, a RFNN is developed to approximate an unknown lumped friction uncertainty. Finally, an adaptive error compensator is designed to compensate an approximation error of RFNN. Some simulations and experiments on the mechanical servo system composed of ball-screw and DC servo motor are executed. Their results give a satisfactory performance of the proposed control scheme.

Friction is an important factor for precise position tracking control of servo systems. Servo systems with highly nonlinear friction are sensitive to the variation of operating condition. To overcome this problem, we use the LuGre friction model which can consider dynamic characteristics of friction. The LuGre friction model is used as a feed-forward compensator to improve tracking performance of servo systems. The parameters of the LuGre friction model are identified through experiments. The experimental result shows that the tracking performance of servo systems with higherly nonlinear friction can be improved by using feed-forward friction compensation.

Incidence of Plasmodium vivax malaria in South Korea have been reemerged from mid-1990 and infected around 1600 patients annually recent years. The authors calculated the distribution of malaria infection and prevalence in South Korea using incidence (2001-2006) and incubation period distributions by a back-calculation formula and the least squares estimation method. The estimated infection has a normal distribution with a mean 207 and a standard deviation 30.7 days. In addition, the authors found the estimated daily average prevalence is 628.8 patients.

A new mathematical model of a web transport system (WTS) in a continuous annealing process (CAP) is proposed. In general, temperature and gravity effects influence the web of a vertical WTS in a CAP. However, these effects are not systematically considered in the conventional mathematical model of a WTS. Disregard for these effects causes a low quality of webs in the CAP. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of webs, a precise web tension control is required based on a mathematical model with thermal and gravity effects. Thus, the mathematical model with thermal and gravity effects in the CAP was established in this paper. In addition, the feed-forward velocity compensator for the web tension control system was suggested, which was based on the proposed mathematical model with thermal and gravity effects. In order to evaluate the validity of the proposed mathematical model for a vertical WTS and the proposed web tension control system in a CAP, computer simulations that considered thermal and gravity effects were executed and an experiment was implemented.

Conventional hydraulic actuator (CHA) systems have been widely used as power units because they can generate very large power compared to their size. In general, a CHA system consists of an electric motor, a pump, a reservoir, various valves, hoses, which are used to transfer the working fluid and an actuator. CHA systems, however, have some problems such as environmental pollution caused by the leakage of the working fluid, maintenance load, heavy weight and limited installation space. These shortcomings can be overcome by compactly integrating the components of CHA systems and by applying a suitable control scheme for the electric motor. To overcome these shortcomings of CHA systems, electro-hydraulic actuator (EHA) systems have been developed, having merits such as smaller size, higher energy efficiency and faster response than existing CHA systems (Kokotovic, 1999). However, for the robust position control of EHA systems, system uncertainties such as the friction between the piston and cylinder and the pump leakage coefficient have to be considered. To solve these system uncertainty problems of EHA systems and to achieve the robustness of EHA systems with system disturbance and bounded parameter uncertainties, Wang et. al. presented a sliding mode control and a variable structure filter based on the variable structure system (Wang, 2005). Perron et. al proposed a sliding mode control scheme for the robust position control of EHA systems showing volumetric capacity perturbation of the pump (Perron, 2005). However, these control methods have some chattering problem due to the variable structure control scheme. The chattering vibrates the system and may reduce the life cycle of the system. Jun et. al. presented a fuzzy logic self-tuning PID controller for regulating the BLDC motor of EHA systems which has nonlinear characteristics such as the saturation of the motor power and dead-zone due to the static friction (Jun, 2004). Chinniah et. al. used a robust extended Kalman filter, which can estimate the viscous friction and effective bulk modulus, to detect faults in EHA systems (Chinniah, 2006). Kaddissi et. al. applied a robust indirect adaptive back-stepping control (ABSC) scheme to EHA systems having perturbations of the viscous friction coefficient and the effective bulk modulus due to temperature variations (Kaddissi, 2006). However, in spite of the variation of the effective bulk modulus due to the temperature and pressure variations, Chinniah et. al. considered

This paper deals with adaptive sliding mode control of servo systems with system uncertainty such as nonlinear friction. In the case of servo systems, friction phenomenon causes the reduction of tracking performance because friction is directly related with various internal and external environment conditions such as the level of lubricant, contamination, and temperature. Therefore, to overcome the problems with friction in servo systems, robust control scheme is required. In addition, to actively compensate system uncertainties, adaptive control scheme can be required. This paper proposes adaptive sliding mode control scheme integrating sliding mode control scheme with robustness property and adaptive control scheme with compensating system uncertainty by on-line estimating unknown parameters. The proposed control scheme is verified through computer simulation.

The scope of working motion is expressed in the angle of handling tool motion to move in required conditions with carrying a variety of tools such as hammer, grinder and roller. As this scope becomes larger and it is possible to do the handling work in complex shape and narrow block space. The driving axis of working motion is the number of axis of link type to construct the main axis of working assistant system. Generally, the working motion becomes much smoother as the number of this axis becomes larger. The kind of handling tools is generally classified into several categories to do the handling work in different handling method by using different handling tools such as hammer, grinder and roller. The number of driving axis of related motion is defined in relation with arm and wrist motion of worker when the operator in working suit is doing the handling work. The working velocity is defined as the velocity of handling tools to move in working path and it is closely related with the productivity of handling work. The working load is defined as the total force to be pulled and pushed at end of the working assistant system or to be hanged on it.

This paper deals with robust position control of electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) systems with system uncertainties. EHA systems compared with conventional hydraulic actuator (CHA) systems are controlled by electric motor directly connected to bidirectional pump and its size is much smaller due to the component integration such as a pump, a reservoir, various valves and horses. In addition, EHA systems have fast response property because of high stiffness. Therefore, EHA systems can replace CHA systems as well as satisfy system performance. In spite of the merit of EHA systems, EHA systems in construction field are exposed to many system uncertainties due to the distinct characteristics of construction field. However, it is difficult to measure or estimate system uncertainties. Thus, sliding mode controller (SMC) and radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) algorithm are designed to compensate system uncertainties and to achieve robust control performance with EHA systems.

This paper deals with adaptive back-stepping position control system with FNNs(fuzzy neural networks) algorithm for servo system with system uncertainty. The proposed control scheme is induced from the result with the definition of continuative LCF(Lyapunov control functions). In addition, to guarantee the stability problem of the proposed control scheme, the connection weight vector of the FNNs is updated by adaptive rule. The effectiveness of the adaptive back-stepping control system with the FNNs was compared with that of the standard back-stepping control system through computer simulation.

This paper presents the power assistance system of working habiliment type for painting worker in ship-building. The painting worker carrying several tools such as spray gun, brush and roller should be stayed to do painting job in closed working space or inside internal wall of ship large block and in long time. Specially, the power habiliment system is realized by developing the mechanism and control technology to reduce the working load to be transferred to the muscular system of worker. And also it is developed to realize the human friendly optimal working motion. This paper shows the design of multi-axis link mechanism to do painting job of a variety of motion. It shows the control technology of painting work system to reduce the effect of the weight of painting tool and wearable painting system and the working load of painting process such as the reaction force of spray gun.

This paper deals with a sliding mode impedance control (SMIC) of end-effector of robot manipulator using a tracking control scheme and a real-time artificial intelligence algorithm based on a radial basis function neural networks(RBFNNs). To real-time estimate the design parameters of desired impedance model such as desired inertia, damping, and stiffness desired impedance, SMIC(sliding mode impedance control) with RBFNNs algorithm is proposed.

This paper deals with the robust position control of electro hydrostatic actuator(EHA). In general, the position control of EHA systems based on the model of itself is difficult because of system uncertainties such as parameter perturbation, friction, and external disturbance. To solve the problems due to these system uncertainties, an adaptive back-stepping control (ABSC) scheme with radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) is proposed. The adaptive back-stepping controller consists of back-stepping controller and adaptive rule for reconstruction error. Moreover, to estimate the bounded uncertainties of the reconstruction error, the RBFNN with online update law is designed. The effectiveness of the adaptive back-stepping control system with RBFNN was compared with that of the standard back-stepping control system through computer simulation.