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Blood-brain barrier (BBB) is known to be impaired in cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), and is measurable by dynamic-contrast enhancement (DCE)-MRI. In a cohort of 69 patients (42 sporadic, 27 monogenic SVD), who underwent 3T MRI, including DCE and cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) sequences, we assessed the relationship of BBB-leakage hotspots to SVD lesions (lacunes, white matter hyperintensities (WMH), and microbleeds). We defined as hotspots the regions with permeability surface area product highest decile on DCE-derived maps within the white matter. We assessed factors associated with the presence and number of hotspots corresponding to SVD lesions in multivariable regression models adjusted for age, WMH volume, number of lacunes, and SVD type. We identified hotspots at lacune edges in 29/46 (63%) patients with lacunes, within WMH in 26/60 (43%) and at the WMH edges in 34/60 (57%) patients with WMH, and microbleed edges in 4/11 (36%) patients with microbleeds. In adjusted analysis, lower WMH-CVR was associated with presence and number of hotspots at lacune edges, and higher WMH volume with hotspots within WMH and at WMH edges, independently of the SVD type. In conclusion, SVD lesions frequently collocate with high BBB-leakage in patients with sporadic and monogenic forms of SVD.

Increasing elephant populations in Kenya since 1989 have been widely praised as a conservation success story. However, where elephants and agricultural land overlap, incidents of human–elephant conflict are on the increase. Wildlife managers and farmers are now trying different farm-based deterrents to keep elephants out of crops. Here, we present data on the effectiveness of a novel beehive fence deployed in a Turkana community of 62 communally run farms in Kenya. Specifically, 1700m of beehive fences semi-surrounded the outer boundaries of seventeen farms, and we compared elephant farm invasion events with these and to seventeen neighbouring farms whose boundaries were ‘protected’ only by thorn bush barriers. We present data from 45 farm invasions, or attempted invasions, recorded over 2 years. Thirteen groups of elephants approached the beehive fences and turned away. Of the 32 successful farm invasions, only one bull elephant broke through the beehive fences. These results demonstrate that beehive fences are more effective than thorn bush barriers at deterring elephants and may have a role to play in alleviating farmer–elephant conflict. Additionally, the harvesting of 106kg of honey during the trial period suggests that beehive fences may also improve crop production and enhance rural livelihoods through honey sales.

The US military has witnessed termination of the selective service system, significant salary increases to make military salaries more competitive with civilian salaries, and efforts to eliminate or reduce a host of military benefits to active-duty personnel, veterans, retirees, and military families. These policies suggest the development of a professional military with the characteristics of an occupation. The women's liberation movement in the past few years has provided the impetus for reevaluation of the sex-role definitions, policies, and attitudes that have previously limited the social options available to women. Consequently, many of the economic, legal, educational, and occupational barriers commonly encountered by women are beginning to crumble. In attempting to keep pace with the move toward equal opportunity for both sexes, the military establishment has recently begun to recruit more women and to develop more diverse career options for them.

Increasing habitat fragmentation and human population growth in Africa has resulted in an escalation in human-elephant conflict between small-scale farmers and free-ranging African elephants (Loxodonta Africana). In 2012 Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) implemented the national 10-year Conservation and Management Strategy for the Elephant in Kenya, which includes an action aimed at testing whether beehive fences can be used to mitigate human-elephant conflict. From 2012 to 2015, we field-tested the efficacy of beehive fences to protect 10 0.4-ha farms next to Tsavo East National Park from elephants. We hung a series of beehives every 10 m around the boundary of each farm plot. The hives were linked with strong wire. After an initial pilot test with 2 farms, the remaining 8 of 10 beehive fences also contained 2-dimensional dummy hives between real beehives to help reduce the cost of the fence. Each trial plot had a neighboring control plot of the same size within the same farm. Of the 131 beehives deployed 88% were occupied at least once during the 3.5-year trial. Two hundred and fifty-three elephants, predominantly 20-45 years old entered the community farming area, typically during the crop- ripening season. Eighty percent of the elephants that approached the trial farms were kept out of the areas protected by the beehive fences, and elephants that broke a fence were in smaller than average groups. Beehive fences not only kept large groups of elephants from invading the farmland plots but the farmers also benefited socially and financially from the sale of 228 kg of elephant-friendly honey. As news of the success of the trial spread, a further 12 farmers requested to join the project, bringing the number of beehive fence protected farms to 22 and beehives to 297. This demonstrates positive adoption of beehive fences as a community mitigation tool. Understanding the response of elephants to the beehive fences, the seasonality of crop raiding and fence breaking, and the willingness of the community to engage with the mitigation method will help contribute to future management strategies for this high human-elephant conflict hotspot and other similar areas in Kenya.

Extant measures of well-being, guided by western European values and beliefs, reveal a scientific commitment to develop and test indices to monitor the social, psychological, familial, and economic status of populations. The limitations of these measures to ethnic populations are addressed in this study. Relational Well-being (RWB II), an indigenous, culture-based 14-item measure rooted in beliefs and values emphasizing family, ancestors, culture, and harmony with nature, was developed and tested with a sample (N = 810) of indigenous Hawaiians in Hawaii. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 408), confirmatory factor analysis (n = 402), test of invariance, and tests of reliability and validity confirmed the psychometric quality of RWB II. The applicability of the composite index of Relational Well-being II as well as its six underlying factors (Resilience, Community Involvement, Financial Stability, Cultural Practice, Family Commitment, and Health Care) to family theory of resilience, research, and education are discussed.

Key Words: census, children, families, multietknicity, socialization, youth ethnic identity.The nation's minority population is now over 100 million, so that about one in three U.S. residents is a person of color. in the period from 1980 to 2000, the European American population in the United States grew in size by 8%. In this same time period, the African American population increased by 30%, the Latino/Latina populations by 143%, and the American Indian/Alaskan Native populations by 46%. In striking contrast, in this time period the Asian American population in the United States increased by 190%. This transformation of the U.S. population configuration was facilitated by an increase in interracial marriages, resulting in a substantial increase in persons with multiethnic ancestries. The diversity within ethnic groups as reflected in the 2000 U.S. Census was fostered by a change in policy allowing the Census to record the multiethnic nature of the U.S. population.This special Issue of Family Relations, with its 18 articles, acknowledges the emerging and distinct importance of understanding children, youth, and families of multiethnic ancestries. As a framework for understanding this special issue, we believe it is important to place multiethnicity in a historical and social context to foster an appreciation of the salience of this social change within the U.S. population, if not in the world. In 1989, the United States' adoption of what is known as "the hypodescent rule" suppressed the identification of multiethnic individuals and children in particular by requiring children to be classified as belonging to the race of the non- White parent. Interracial marriage between Whites and Blacks was deemed illegal in most states through the 20th century. California and western U.S. laws prohibited White-Asian American marriages until the 1950s. Since the 1967 Supreme Court decision, which ruled that antimiscegenation laws were unconstitutional, there has been a predictable increase in or reporting of the number of interracial couples and mixed-race children. The increase over the past 30 years has been dramatic when we consider the proportions of children living in families with interracial couples. The proportion of children living in interracial families increased from 1 .5% in 1970 to 2.4% in 1980, 3.6% in 1990, and 6.4% in 2000. In the state of Hawaii, the proportion of children living in multiethnic families grew to over 31% in 2000. In comparison to the 6.4% nationally, one in three children is being socialized in multiethnic family environments in the state of Hawaii (Lee, 2010).This collection of original work on multiethnic children, youth, and families begins with the Census Bureau report on race data collected in the 2000 Census and the 2010 Census. Jones and Bullock provide the two decennial censuses on the distributions of people reporting multiple races in response to the census. In identifying the concentrations of multiethnic individuals and families at the national level and with geographic comparisons, the spotlight is placed on the changing and complex racial and ethnic diversity in the United States. Trask addresses the growing number of multiethnic immigrant and transnational families in the United States and abroad. The continuity in and dynamic relationships that emerge as a result of immigrations and transnational migrations increases our demand for more knowledge about the individual culture and history of the procreated multiethnic family units.Levchenko and Solheim begin the section of articles on how multiethnic families are formed by examining international marriages between Eastern European-born women and U.S. -born men. Spouses in Eastern European-U.S. couples were found to differ significantly by age, income, education, and number of previous marriages. In addition to interracial marriages, adoption of children of color is one of the most recognized contributors to multiethnic family formations. …

Focusing on Asian Americans, Hawaiians, and Caucasians in Hawaii, this study contributes to the literature by examining (1) the geographical distributions of education in relation to self-rated general health at neighborhood levels, and (2) the individual variations in self-rated health by ethnicity and education at both individual and neighborhood levels. Using the 2007 Hawaii Health Survey with linked zip-code information, and applying GIS (Geographic Information System) and binary logistic regression models, this study found that (1) there are significant between ethnic differences in self-rated health in Hawaii, with Hawaiians being the most disadvantaged population compared to Japanese, Chinese, and Caucasians; (2) individual socioeconomic characteristics are all related to self-rated health, and education (in particular) mediates the Japanese vs. Hawaiian and Chinese vs. Hawaiian health differences; (3) the neighborhood level of education has an independent effect on self-rated health over and above individual characteristics for the whole sample and it partially mediates the between ethnic health differences; and (4) the relative importance of education to self-rated health is more significant and salient for Caucasians and Japanese/Chinese than for Filipinos and Hawaiians. In sum, this study not only demonstrates a geographical profile of health and education distributions in Hawaii, but also reveals significant mediating effects of education, at both individual and neighborhood levels, in explaining the between and within ethnic differentials in self-rated health.

Strategies to reduce domestic heating loads by minimizing the infiltration of cold air through adventitious openings located in the thermal envelopes of houses are highlighted by the building codes of many countries. Consequent reductions of energy demand and CO2e emission are often unquantified by empirical evidence. Instead, a mean heating season infiltration rate is commonly inferred from an air leakage rate using a simple ratio scaled to account for the physical and environmental properties of a dwelling. The scaling does not take account of the permeability of party walls in conjoined dwellings and so cannot differentiate between the infiltration of unconditioned ambient air that requires heating, and conditioned air from adjacent dwellings that does not.\ud \ud A stochastic method is presented that applies a theoretical model of adventitious infiltration to predict distributions of mean infiltration rates and the associated total heat loss in any stock of dwellings during heating hours. The method is applied to the English and UK housing stocks and provides probability distribution functions of stock infiltration rates and total heat loss during the heating season for two extremes of party wall permeability. The distributions predict that up to 79% of the current English stock could require additional purpose-provided ventilation to limit negative health consequences. National models predict that fewer dwellings are under-ventilated. The distributions are also used to predict that infiltration is responsible for 3–5% of total UK energy demand, 11–15% of UK housing stock energy demand, and 10–14% of UK housing stock carbon emissions.

UNLABELLED: A number of studies have estimated population exposure to PM2.5 by examining modeled or measured outdoor PM2.5 levels. However, few have taken into account the mediating effects of building characteristics on the ingress of PM2.5 from outdoor sources and its impact on population exposure in the indoor domestic environment. This study describes how building simulation can be used to determine the indoor concentration of outdoor-sourced pollution for different housing typologies and how the results can be mapped using building stock models and Geographical Information Systems software to demonstrate the modifying effect of dwellings on occupant exposure to PM2.5 across London. Building archetypes broadly representative of those in the Greater London Authority were simulated for pollution infiltration using EnergyPlus. In addition, the influence of occupant behavior on indoor levels of PM2.5 from outdoor sources was examined using a temperature-dependent window-opening scenario. Results demonstrate a range of I/O ratios of PM2.5 , with detached and semi-detached dwellings most vulnerable to high levels of infiltration. When the results are mapped, central London shows lower I/O ratios of PM2.5 compared with outer London, an apparent inversion of exposure most likely caused by the prevalence of flats rather than detached or semi-detached properties. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Population exposure to air pollution is typically evaluated using the outdoor concentration of pollutants and does not account for the fact that people in London spend over 80% of their time indoors. In this article, building simulation is used to model the infiltration of outdoor PM2.5 into the domestic indoor environment for dwellings in a London building stock model, and the results mapped. The results show the variation in relative vulnerability of dwellings to pollution infiltration, as well as an estimated absolute indoor concentration across the Greater London Authority (GLA) scaled by local outdoor levels. The practical application of this work is a better understanding of the modifying effect of the building geometry and envelope design on pollution exposure, and how the London building stock may alter exposure. The results will be used to inform population exposure to PM2.5 in future environmental epidemiological studies.

(2001). In Search of Resiliency in Families. Marriage & Family Review: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 47-81.

Zusammenfassung. Mit dem Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP) wurde ein bewährtes Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument zur Erfassung der Krankheitsbewältigung von Eltern chronisch kranker Kinder ins Deutsche übertragen und psychometrisch überprüft. Nach einer Darstellung des theoretischen Hintergrundes des CHIP werden die drei Dimensionen des Fragebogens beschrieben: I. Aufrechterhalten der familiären Integration, Kooperation und einer optimistischen Sichtweise der Situation, II. Aufrechterhalten von sozialer Unterstützung, Selbstwertgefühl und psychologischer Stabilität, III. Verstehen der medizinischen Situation durch Kommunikation mit anderen Eltern und medizinischem Personal. Die interne Konsistenz der Skalen liegt bei .75, .76 und .71. Die Retest-Reliabilität beträgt .75, .63 und .57 und verweist damit auf eine mittlere Veränderungssensitivität des CHIP. Die externe Validität wurde durch Korrelationen mit einzelnen Skalen der Trierer Skalen zur Krankheitsbewältigung (TSK) demonstriert. Referenzwerte für unterschiedliche klinische Gruppen werden mitgeteilt. Mit dem CHIP steht ein international bewährtes spezifisches Instrument zur Messung des Copingverhaltens von Eltern chronisch kranker Kinder und Jugendlicher erstmals in deutscher Sprache zur Verfügung. Anwendungsgebiete sind vor allem die pädiatrische Psychologie und familienorientierte Rehabilitation.

Theory building and research on resilient family systems has evolved over time, beginning with family stress theory focused on factors that protected the family system from entering into a crisis. With the addition of the postcrisis recovery processes of adjustment and adaptation, the foundation of family resilience theory was established (for an overview of over 2 decades (1976–2003) of family systems theory building and research see Hansen and Johnson (1979), McCubbin and McCubbin (1996a, 1996b), Patterson (1988, 2002), and Walsh (1996, 2002, 2003)). With the rapid development of psychological theories and research on resilient children and adults, family scholars drew from these theories and research methods to advance their own body of work on ethnic family systems and their resilience. Research on ethnic family systems followed along the psychology-guided pathway with the inclusion of dimensions of ethnicity as categorical variables inserted in the equation to explain variability in the chosen indices of resilience. Consequently, the in-depth study of ethnicity in family systems and the advancement of a systems theory of resilience have been limited.

The Micro DE project was a scoping and feasibility study to identify opportunities for micro-generation storage and control technology development at an individual dwelling level in the UK.The study investigated the potential for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions through Distributed Energy (DE) technologies. This was achieved through the development of a segmented model of the UK housing stock supplemented with detailed, real-time supply and demand energy-usage gathered from field trials of micro distributed generation and storage technology in conjunction with building control systems.The outputs of this project now feed into the Smart Systems and Heat programme.This deliverable is number 3 of 7 in Work Package 3. it coversWP 3.5.1 Modelling the cost effectiveness and hence potential uptake of technologies andWP 3.2.2 Human FactorsmodellingThe report aims to identify the opportunities to develop micro DE and control technologies and quantify the potential impact on UK domestic energy use by 2040. It also addresses the impact of human interaction in the form of ‘comfort taking’, i.e. using micro DE technologies / improvements in building thermal efficiency to improve occupant comfort through higher internal temperature as opposed to reduction of energy consumption.The model, and its use and results are discussed under the following headings:Building stock and dwelling variantsTechnology parameters2010 constraints2040 update constraintsModel versionsTime varying assumptionsMicro DE system pricesInstallations to dateInternal temperature correction and “comfort taking”Illustrative model outputs

The basic research value of an agency-based information system is a function of its ability to examine and test social science theories, propositions, and hypotheses. This paper employs BOMIS data to test a set of hypotheses regarding the effects of youth coping patterns and family system types on successful program completion and post-release outcomes. The findings have implications for treatment change as well as for family and adolescent development research.

This study examines how education benefits health through social well-being in Hawaii where the centrality of community life is underscored. The 2007 Hawaii Health Survey with linked zip-code information was used to investigate the effects of education at both individual and neighborhood levels using mixed-effects models. Geographic Information System was applied to map the geographical distributions of education, social well-being, and health. It was found that individual-level education benefits mental health and its effects are largely mediated by respondents’ employment status and their social well-being (social integration, social contribution, social actualization, and social coherence). Both individual and neighborhood-level education promotes physical health and their effects are partially mediated by economic well-being and two indicators of social well-being (social integration and social coherence). Results of this study suggest the independent effects of two levels of education on physical health and the importance of education and social well-being to both mental and physical health in the State of Hawaii.

Intuitive reasoning linking family functioning and the work environment to the health status of employees, remains in need of confirmatory evidence. This study focuses on the health risk status of 117 women and 39 men who completed the Healthier People Health Risk Appraisal Inventory, received a physical examination, and completed questionnaires on family functioning and the work environment. A discriminant analysis comparing resilient (low health risk) with vulnerable (high health risk) subjects revealed for female employees, six family and eight work factors in predicting health risk with 86.3% accuracy; for male employees six family and four work factors predicted health risk with 87.2% accuracy. Implications for theory, intervention, and research are discussed.

Journal URL: http://jcp.aip.org/

The social work profession has an historical commitment to address the needs of clusters of individuals, families, or communities designated by a majority of members in society to be the recipients of stigmatization, prejudice, and discrimination. Struggling along a continuum of assimilation and acculturation, the unique characteristics, culture, and voices of immigrant and indigenous people are underscored as emergent special populations deserving of focused understanding, research, and competent interventions. The concepts of special intelligence, historical trauma, ancestral memory, collectivity, and supraorganic structure are underscored in providing descriptive accounts of emerging paradigms for research and practice. The often overlooked elements of protocol and respect in the conduct of research involving these special populations are highlighted to call attention to social work's historical but often conflicted world view which has roots in the narratives of colonialism. The research strategies of storytelling, testimonials, celebrating survival, and community transformation associated with decolonizing methodologies are introduced to guide future research and intervention with these populations. Keywords: immigrant; indigenous; historical trauma; ancestral memory; family; collectivity; culture; protocol; authenticity; transforming communities; oral histories; storytelling; decolonizing methodologies

Human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor inhibited cell-surface proteolytic activity in human fibroblasts. In the range of concentrations which caused proteinase inhibition, fibroblast proliferation was also inhibited by this reagent and by the ovine equivalent. At lower concentrations, there was some evidence for a mitogenic effect, and this was confirmed by obvious stimulation of DNA synthesis at these concentrations. Human alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, previously demonstrated to be an inhibitor of fibroblast proliferation, was also mitogenic at concentrations lower than those which inhibited proteolytic activity and cell proliferation. Human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor and epidermal growth factor apparently work through independent mechanisms, since their mitogenic effects are additive.

Production of D*+/-(2010) mesons in diffractive deep inelastic scattering has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 82 pb^{-1}. Diffractive events were identified by the presence of a large rapidity gap in the final state. Differential cross sections have been measured in the kinematic region 1.5 < Q^2 < 200 GeV^2, 0.02 < y < 0.7, x_{IP} < 0.035, beta < 0.8, p_T(D*+/-) > 1.5 GeV and |��(D*+/-)| < 1.5. The measured cross sections are compared to theoretical predictions. The results are presented in terms of the open-charm contribution to the diffractive proton structure function. The data demonstrate a strong sensitivity to the diffractive parton densities., 35 pages, 11 figures, 6 tables

Objective: Studies of alcohol and the family should represent the full range of family types in the U.S. population. Developments from studies of family systems in other research contexts may be usefully applied to the alcohol field. Methods: This commentary highlights important methodological and conceptual issues relevant for the design and conduct of family research. Results: Data indicate major changes in the composition of the American family over the past quarter century. Some recent conceptual developments in the field of family research are relevant for studies of alcohol and the family and for intervention development. Conclusions: Family-based alcohol research should acknowledge and address the heterogeneity that exists among modern American families. Studies of family risk and resiliency should distinguish between threats to the family's ability to function as a whole, and threats to the well-being of individual members. Additional research is needed on the role of race and ethnicity in family ...

Traumatic fingertip amputation is common’. In children such injuries have often been managed nonoperatively with acceptable functional and cosmetic results’,“. Moreover, apparent lengthening of the amputated digit has been noted2. In this case a 4-year-old child suffered a traumatic crushing amputation which was followed by the regeneration of a distal phalanx in the absence of the middle phalanx.

A case of pancreatic fistula successfully managed by the endoscopic insertion of an expanding-mesh metal stent into the pancreatic duct is reported. The patient had developed a fistula following rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst, and attempted transpapillary drainage using plastic endoprostheses had failed due to prosthesis migration. Insertion of a Strecker metal stent was followed by rapid and sustained clinical improvement and cessation of fistula drainage.

This report describes our experience with a 6-year-old girl with dextro-transposition of the great arteries and persistent left superior vena cava, who manifested severe superior vena caval syndrome following a Mustard repair. A direct end-to-end anastomosis of the left superior vena cava to the left atrial appendage, which formed part of the systemic venous atrium, was performed with excellent relief of the obstruction. The rationale for application of this method is discussed as an alternative to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass for intra-atrial baffle revision.

Family stress, family and personal resources, and parental coping were operationalized from self-report questionnaires completed by mothers and fathers in 72 two-parent families who had a child with cystic fibrosis (CF). Three-month and 15-month changes in clinically recorded measures of the CF child's height and weight data and pulmonary functioning were correlated with the family functioning variables. Each of the four criterion indices of CF child health changes were regressed separately on the significant family functioning variables. Twenty-two percent of the variance in 15-month height and weight changes were explained by family stress, family resources, and parental coping. Family functioning variables also explained 17% of the variance in 3-month pulmonary functioning changes and 15% of the variance in 3-month height and weight changes. These findings suggest that the way in which the family functions has indirect effects on critical indices of a CF child's health. These data lend support to an increased focus by physicians and other medical professionals on the health of the total family system as a way to enhance outcomes for children with CF.

PART ONE: FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES Breaking the Silence - Alex Kotlowitz Growing up in Today's Inner City African-American Families - Harriet P McAdoo Strength and Realities Culture, Resiliency, and Mutual Psychological Development - Nancy P Genero Indigenous Resources and Strategies of Resistance - Michael C Thornton Informal Caregiving and Racial Socialization in Black Commmunities Resiliency in African-American Families - Hamilton I McCubbin Military Families in Foreign Environments Housing and Neighborhood Satisfaction of Single-Parent Mothers and Grandmothers - Marylin L Cantwell and Dorothy I Jenkins Healing Forces in African-American Families - Cherie A Bagley and Juanitaelizabeth Carroll The Lack of Prenatal Care in Poor Urban African-American Postpartal Women - Carol Sue Holtz A Phenomenological Study PART TWO: FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS Level of Satisfaction in African-American Marriages - Michael E Connor A Preliminary Investigation Variation in Adolescent Pregnancy Status - Velma McBride Murray A National Tri-Ethnic Study Being There - William D Allen and William J Doherty The Perception of Fatherhood Among a Group of African-American Adolescent Fathers African-American Couples' Lived Experience of Infertility - Su An Arnn Phipps Observing Mother-Daughter Interaction in African-American and Asian-American Families - Nancy A Gonzales, Yumi Hiraga and Ana Mari Cauce Resiliency and Coping in 'At Risk' African-American Youth and their Families - Hamilton I McCubbin et al Resilient Families in an Ethnic and Cultural Context - Hamilton I McCubbin et al

The routine absence of corporate executive husband/fathers in intact families is a variation of father absence. Though not prolonged, frequent exits and reentries may stress the family system. To determine how nonclinical family members deal with routine father absence, a coping inventory was administered to 66 corporate wives. Factor analysis revealed wives coped with the stress of routine father absence by (a) fitting into the corporate lifestyle; (b) developing self; and (c) establishing independence. Though a pilot study, findings offer empirical support for a premise more traditionally accepted by family therapists than by family sociologists: Individual psychological variables need to be considered along with systems variables in the development of family stress theory.

Families in Disaster research has drawn heavily from the family stress and crises research paradigms and concepts advanced by Reuben Hill's ABC-X Model and by related research. This article attempts to broaden the perspective of family behavior in disaster situations by advancing additional concepts, definitions and propositions. Findings from longitudinal research on American families faced with the historically unique traumatic situation of having a husband/father held captive or unaccounted for in the Vietnam War were analyzed first in reference to the ABC-X Model, which suggested the need to expand this classic model. This article introduces the Double ABC-X Model in an effort to capture the dynamic nature of family response to stress over time. This expanded model includes: AA-the family's pile up of life events and stressors over time; BB-the family's resources which are strenghened or developed within and in transaction with the community and include coping and social support; CC-the family's perception of the stressor and related changes in the family; and XX-the additional end state of family adaptation following a crisis. This model merits careful consideration and additional testing in light of stress and disaster studies reviewed and propositions advanced during the past decade.

For a study of adjustment problems experienced by families of servicemen missing in action (MIA) or prisoners of war (PW), a total of 215 army, navy, and marine corps families were interviewed approximately one year prior to the release of the prisoners. Through personal, in-depth interviews, data were collected on demographic factors, as well as psychological, social, and medical factors conceivably related to family and individual adjustment. Results indicated that the normal patterns of coping with father/husband absence were disturbed by the unprecedented and indeterminate length of his absence, and that much of the social acceptance, stability, and continuity which are taken for granted in the intact family was lacking or severely taxed in the PW/MIA family. Health care services to these families are discussed.

Community-based residential treatment programs, many of which reportedly provide milieu therapy, have increased ten-fold during the past decade. Yet, little effort has been devoted to systematically evaluate these programs. The present research with an experimental design was conducred to assess the impact of a residential program on young adults diagnosed as functionally psychotic, severely neurotic, or having a personality disorder. Ninety-four subjects whose applications lo the program were accepted were randomly assigned to either the experimental (entered residential program) or to the comparison (not in residential treatment) group. Prior to random assignment, baseline data of demographic and background information, along with measures of self responsibility, social interaction, self-concept and problem-solving abilities, were obtained. Following completion of the program, experimental, comparison subjects, and dropouts were interviewed and the same dependent measures were obtained. The comparative ...

The Armed Forces have made a commitment to strengthening families in an effort to reduce the risk for families and to facilitate family adaptation to the strains and hardships of military life. However, research on enlisted families needed to guide the development of family programs is limited. Assuming critical family strengths may be observed in the context of family transitions, this study of 1,000 Army families faced with the crisis of family relocation to West Germany revealed the importance of Stressors and strains, family and personal strengths, and community supports — which varied across stages of the family life cycle. The findings highlight the importance of developing family programs tailored to meet the needs of families at the couple, preschool and schoolage, adolescent and launching, and empty nest stages of the family life cycle. Specific family strengths and community supports relative to family life cycle stages are identified.