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Military planning is a decision-making process that begins with the receipt of a mission, and the set of activities of the commander and staff, taking into account resources and ways of working, to prepare plans or operational orders and achieve the set goals. Planning is actually a roadmap for military operations to achieve a goal. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the major factors affecting the planning of military operations in the coming war with a classical approach to provide a viable framework for military planning and to be used by commanders, staff officers and planners of operations. The results showed that 94.4% of the sample population believe in the dimensions of the principles of war, combat capability, basic rules of combat, ground combat systems, and creativity and innovation with relevant components and indicators in planning military operations in future wars with Influence the classical approach.

Introduction: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that can produce reactive oxygen species, and oxidative stress in the kidney. On the other hand, rosemary extract is an antioxidant playing a protective role against free radicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in rat kidney due to the exposure to chlorpyrifos and to assess the antioxidant effect of two concentrations of 100 and 200 mg / kg rosemary extract on the nephrotoxicity caused by this pesticide. Material and method: In the current study, 30 male Wistar Rats, weighing 200-220 g were used. They were randomly divided into five groups and selected as the study groups, each group including six rats for further comparison. They were as following groupd: Group І: served as control (received dissilated water, i.p) , Group П: the chlorpyrifos exposure group (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.), Group Ш: the group exposed to rosemary extract (100 mg / kg) by gavage, Group ІV: the exposure group with rosemary 100 mg / kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.) and Group V: simultaneous exposure of rosemary 200 mg / kg concentration (by gavage) and after 30 minutes exposure to chlorpyrifos (13.5 mg / kg, i.p.). After 2 and 4 weeks, the rats were weighed and killed. A section of kidney tissue was examined for changes of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and another section was tested for histopathological alterations. Results: The results showed that chlorpyrifos significantly damaged the kidney tissue and altered the activity of GPx and MDA compared to the control group, as well as it damaged the kidney tissue. Moreover, the simultaneous exposure to chlorpyrifos and rosemary extract with concentration of 100 mg/kg significantly made modifications to the MDA and GPx levels. In addition, with the increasing of rosemary doses from 100 to 200 mg / kg, changes in the levels of MDA and GPx were closer to those of the control group. Conclusion: The rosemary extract can reduce the oxidative stress caused by chlorpyrifos and, therefore, can be used to treat the poisoning caused by this pesticide.

Background Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease that is endemic in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Low efficacy and high cytotoxicity of the current treatment regimens for leishmaniasis is one of the most important health problems. In this experimental study, anti-leishmanial effects of different concentrations of resveratrol and resveratrol nano-emulsion (RNE) were assessed. Methods RNE was prepared using the probe ultra-sonication method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT technique on the L929 cell line. The anti-leishmanial activities on promastigotes of leishmania were assessed using vital staining and infected BALB/c mice were used to assess the in vivo anti-leishmanial effects. Results In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that all concentrations of resveratrol and RNE had valuable inhibitory effects against Leishmania major in comparison to the control group (P 50) values were calculated as 16.23 and 35.71 µg/mL for resveratrol and RNE, respectively. Resveratrol and RNE showed no cytotoxicity against the L929 cell line. Conclusions According to the potent in vitro and in vivo anti-leishmanial activity of RNE at low concentration against L. major, we suggest that it could be a promising anti-leishmanial therapeutic against L. major in the future.

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) that causes high morbidity in the tropics and sub-tropics. Despite the remarkable advancements in the treatment of CL, the available therapeutics are far from ideal and also cause serious adverse side effects. Negative air ions (NAIs) generators are widely available for domestic and industrial uses. Several studies have reported on positive effects of NAIs therapy on human health as a non-pharmaceutical treatment for respiratory disease, allergy, or stress-related health conditions, including infectious diseases. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the effectiveness of the NAIs therapy against Leishmania parasites. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of NAIs therapy on Leishmania major (L. major) the causative agent of CL in in vitro and in a murine model. Methodology/Principal findings In vitro anti-leishmanial effects of NAIs therapy were measured by parasitological methods. NAIs therapy was assessed in vivo in L. major infected BALB/c mice by measuring the footpad (FP) lesion size and parasite load using metric caliper tool and qPCR, respectively. Immune responses in treated and non-treated mice were assessed by measuring the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, NO and arginase activity. In vitro NAIs therapy significantly decreased the viability of Leishmania promastigotes and of amastigotes cultured in macrophages, but did not affect the host cells. NAIs therapy of L. major infected BALB/c mice resulted in reduced FP lesion size, diminished parasite burden, and importantly decreased induction of IL-4 and arginase activity in the presence of NAIs. In contrast IFN-γ and NO levels were significantly enhanced. NAIs therapy significantly diminished the progression of disease compared to the control group, but was less effective than amphotericin B treatment. Conclusions Our study shows that NAIs treatment was effective in vitro and in Leishmania-infected mice, elicited a T-helper 1 (Th1) response and increased efficient cellular immunity, resulting in a diminished parasite load. Therefore, NAIs therapy can be considered as a useful and safe tool that can contribute to clearing L. major infections without inducing toxicity in host cells. The applications and mechanisms of NAIs therapy warrant further investigation especially in humans suffering from CL.

Nowadays the US exploiting fighting against terrorism, is trying to show instability and insecurity in the region so that it could justify its presence west Asian countries This study was done with the aim to investigate the development of US Army, Navy and Air Force bases in West Asia and its impact on the military security of the I.R of Iran. According to the findings, the most important reasons for the development US Bases in West Asia are as follows: first, providing the security of the energy shipping; second, providing the security for US allies including Zionist Regime. In this regard, the development of US Bases in West Asia has direct and indirect impact on the military security of the I.R of Iran. Therefore, I.R of Iran must consider the following action: enforcing its military power, strengthening deterrence capability based on active diplomacy, improving short-range ballistic missiles, building strong and secret undercover sites, exploiting forces in line with resistance axis in the region, using opportunities and reliance building with the aim to expel foreigners from the region, signing joint defensive treaties and collective security.

Introduction: Cysticercus fasciolaris is the larval stage of the cestode Taenia taeniaeformis, whose definitive hosts are cats. Rodents and very rarely humans act as intermediate hosts. Here, we investigated the rate of infection among urban rats in the north of Khuzestan province, southwest of Iran, and described the histopathological changes in the liver of infected animals. Methods: One hundred eight rats were collected from the cities Dezful, Sush, and Andimeshk in the north of Khuzestan province during 2014-2015. The rats were sacrificed, dissected, and their livers were removed and examined macroscopically for the presence of the cyst, which were then cut open and inspected for larvae. The cysts of infected livers were examined for the histopathological changes and the recovered larvae were identified based on morphometric features. Results: Out of 108 rats examined, 8 (7.4%) had small to moderate size cysts. Each cyst had two layers and contained one larva of C. fasciolaris. The scolex of the larvae had four suckers and a rostellum armed with two rows of hooks. The infected livers had multiple cysts and liver parenchyma necrosis or neoplastic evidence were not seen in the tissue sections. Conclusion: The small size cysts indicated actue infection, which may explain the absence of sarcoma as well.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı uterus kanser insidans ve mortalitesinin, İnsani Gelişme Indeksi (HDI) ve bunun 2012’deki komponentleri ile arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada kullanılan veriler, 2012 yılında GLOBOCAN tarafından sunulan insidans ve ölüm oranlarında elde edilmiştir. HDI ve bileşenleri hakkındaki veriler Dünya Bankası sitesinden alınmıştır. HDI ve komponentleri ile Standart Mortalite Oranları (SMH) ve Standart İnsidans Hızları (SIH) arasındaki korelasyonun değerlendirilmesi için iki değişkenli korelasyon yöntemi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Toplamda 2012'de dünyadaki tüm ülkelerde prostat kanseri için 52762 insidans vakası ve 265672 ölüm kaydedildi.Serviks uteri kanseri için SMH, tüm dünyada yüz bin kişi için 6.8 olarak saptandı. Uterus kanseri SIH ile HDI arasında -0.578'lik negatif korelasyon saptandı. Ayrıca, uterus kanseri (SMH) ile HDI arasında-0.717'lik negatif korelasyon saptandı. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, az gelişmiş ülkelerde uterus kanser insidansının ve mortalitesinin daha yüksek olduğunu ve insidansın HDI ile pozitif ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, etkili ve kabul edilebilir tarama programlarının yaygınlaştırılmasının kanser insidansını etkili bir şekilde azaltabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Introduction: Some postgraduate students reported the presence of a nematode infection, presumably, Trichosomoides crassicauda in the urinary bladder of rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the animal house of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). We prompted to explore the prevalence of this infection among the rats of animal houses belonging to medical and veterinary research centers in Tehran. We also described the histopathological changes in the bladder tissue of the infected rats. Methods: We collected 214 adult rats (R. norvegicus) from four animal houses including TUMS in Tehran. The urine of 112 animals was collected during 24 h and inspected microscopically for helminths eggs. Then, the rats were euthanized, sacrificed and dissected; their bladders were removed and examined under a stereomicroscope for the presence of worms and histopathological changes. Results: Out of 112 urine samples checked, 16 contained T. crassicauda eggs. Out of 214 rats, 114 showed infection urinary bladder with the nematode T. crassicauda. The histopathological changes in the urinary bladder included hyperemia, edema, hyperplasia, and metaplasia. In the transitional epithelium, the features of gravid female nematodes, with an egg-filled uterus were visible. Conclusion: Trichosomoides crassicauda is a prevalent infection in laboratory rats of research centers in Tehran and its identification cannot be made merely based on urine examination of the rats.

Sanaz Jafarpour Azami,1,* Aref Teimouri,1,2,* Hossein Keshavarz,1 Amir Amani,3,4 Fariba Esmaeili,3 Hamid Hasanpour,1,5 Samira Elikaee,1 Hamid Salehiniya,6 Saeedeh Shojaee1 1Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 2Students Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 3Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; 4Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; 5Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; 6Department of Public Health, School of Health, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: The aim of this study was to prepare curcumin nanoemulsion (CR-NE) to solve the problems associated with poor water solubility and low bioavailability of CR and to test its efficiency in the treatment of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in mouse models. Materials and methods: CR-NE 1% was prepared using spontaneous emulsification by soybean as oil phase; a mixture of Tween 80 and Tween 85 as surfactant; ethanol as cosurfactant and distilled water. Particle size and zeta potential of NE were assessed using Nano-ZS90 dynamic light scattering. Stability testing of NE was assessed after storage for 2 months at room temperature. In vivo experiments were carried out using 50 BALB/c mice inoculated with virulent RH strain (type I) and 50 BALB/c mice inoculated with avirulent Tehran strain (type II) of Toxoplasma gondii and treated with CR-NE (1% w/v), CR suspension (CR-S, 1% w/v), and NE without CR (NE-no CR). Results: The mean particle size and zeta potential of CR-NE included 215.66±16.8 nm and-29.46±2.65 mV, respectively, and were stable in particle size after a three freeze–thaw cycle. In acute phase experiment, the survival time of mice infected with RH strain of T. gondii and treated with CR-NE extended from 8 to 10 days postinoculation. The differences were statistically significant between the survival time of mice in CR-NE-treated group compared with negative control group (P

Background: Hymenolepis diminuta is a cestod of rodents and rarely infects humans. Infection in humans is via ingestion of infected insects. This study was aimed to detect H. diminuta cysticercoids in red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum, and cockroaches originated from different regions of Iran. Methods: The red flour beetles and cockroaches were collected from local bakeries in five cities including Tehran, Ahvaz, Kazerun, and Sabzevar during 2010–2011. Some beetles and cockroaches were colonized in insectary and adults from F1 generation were fed on H. diminuta eggs. Both laboratory-infected and field-collected samples were dissected and examined for cysticercoids. Detection of H. diminuta DNA in T. castaneum beetles was performed by targeting a partial sequence of Ribosomal gene. Results: Except the beetles from Ahvaz, all specimens were negative for cysticercoid by microscopy. Of the four dissected beetles from Ahvaz, one harbored 12 cysticercoids. Also, 110 (52%) of laboratory-infected beetles showed infection with an average of 12–14 larvae. None of the cockroaches was infected. Two beetles from Ahvaz, includ­ing the remainder of the microscopic positive specimen, yielded the expected amplicon in PCR assay. The H. diminuta DNA sequences generated in this study were identical and matched 97–100% with similar sequences from GenBank database. Conclusion: Lack of infection in the majority of beetles may reflect a low rat infestation rate in those areas, alternatively, the examined specimens might not have been the representative samples of the T. castaneum populations.

Introduction: There is not much data on parasitic infections of laboratory animals that are kept in conventional conditions in Iran. The present study was designed to investigate intestinal helminths infections in laboratory colonies of rats and mice. Methods: Droppings from 110 mice and 110 rats (each animal one dropping) belonging to experimental and breeding groups in four animal houses were collected. Experimental groups were being used in biomedical researches and breeding groups were not under any experiment. The droppings were preserved in formaldehyde 10% individually and examined by microscopy with 10x magnification. Results: Out of 220 droppings examined, 96 (43.6%) harbored helminths eggs; 53 (48.1%) belonged to mice and 43 (39.09%) to rats. Four helminthes species including, Syphacia obvelata, Syphasia muris, Hymenolepis nana, and Hetrakis spumosa were identified in the both animals, while Aspicularis tetraptera was merely seen in mice. H. nana was the most frequent helminth infection in mice and rats and infection with H. spumosa and A. tetraptera, showed the lowest rates in droppings of mice and rats, respectively. Mixed infections with ≥ two species was observed in 21 (9.5%) of 220 droppings, 14 (12.7%) belonged to mice and 7 (6.3%) to rats. Conclusion: The present results emphasizes more careful monitoring in laboratory animal houses, such as improving the cleaning and ventilating systems as well as adopting therapeutic measures, when required.

Objective/background Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. This is especially true in Northern Iran, which has high TB prevalence. The chronic nature of this disease is further exacerbated if it is accompanied by fungal infection, which usually remains undiagnosed and thus untreated. Thus, mycotic infections add fatal dimensions to pulmonary TB. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of invasive forms of fungal elements in sputum samples collected from patients with pulmonary TB at a reference laboratory in Ghaemshahr, Northern Iran, during the past 10 years. Methods In this retrospective study, sputum samples collected from 430 patients were examined. Pulmonary TB in patients was confirmed in our laboratory, and samples obtained during the period from March 2006 to February 2016 were analyzed. The sputum samples were subjected to biological (bacterial) staining (Ziehl–Neelsen and fluorochrome) and mycological investigation using KOH+ Calcofluor White (Sigma-Aldrich, India) by fluorescent microscopy and fungal culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar (Sigma-Aldrich, India) and CHROMagar (Paris, France). Results Invasive forms of fungal pathogens were observed as co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 28/430 cases (6.51%). The frequency of Aspergillus, both branching and dichotomous infection, accounted for 3.72% (16/430): Aspergillus flavus, 1.63%; Aspergillus fumigatus, 1.16%; Aspergillus niger, 0.69%; and Aspergillus oryzae, 0.23%, respectively. Blastoconidia and pseudohyphae forms of yeast were observed as co-infection with M. tuberculosis in 2.79% (12/430) of the cases: Candida albicans, 1.86%; Candida krusei, 0.46%; and other Candida species, 0.46%, respectively. Conclusion Northern Iran is a critical region in the TB world and multidrug-resistant TB is a serious problem in this region. Although it is believed that there exists a commensal relationship between fungus and TB infections, the invasive forms of fungal pathogens and their co-infection can be caused by increasing disability and failure of treatment. Diagnosis of secondary or co-existing fungal infections in TB is most important for reducing the mortality and morbidity of these patients.

The abstract not available.

Background: Identification of liver flukes, Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantica by morphometric parameters is not always reliable due to the overlapping measurements. This study aimed to characterize the liver flukes of animals from different parts of Iran by the genetic markers, ITS1, and COXI. Methods: We collected flukes from infected livestock in six provinces of Iran from Sep to Nov 2016. The flukes were identified by amplification of a 680 bp sequence of ITS1 locus followed by a restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) assay. The genetic diversity among isolates was evaluated by amplification and sequencing of a 493 bp fragment of the COXI gene. Results: We obtained 38 specimens from Khuzestan, 22 from Tehran, 10 from Isfahan, 10 from Mazandaran, 4 from Kurdistan, and 3 from Ardabil provinces. PCR-RFLP analysis revealed two patterns, representing F. hepatica, and F. gigantica. Fifty specimens from cattle and sheep exhibited F. hepatica pattern and 37 from the cattle, sheep, buffalo, and goat that of F. gigantica. The phylogeny based on COXI revealed two distinct clades separating F. hepatica from F. gigantica. In our phylogeny, the Iranian F. gigantica isolates showed a distinct separation from the African flukes, while grouped with the East Asia specimens demonstrating a common ancestor. The F. hepatica isolates clustered with the flukes from different parts of the world, including East Asia, Europe, and South America. Conclusion: The present study revealed a substantial genetic difference between F. gigantica populations of Asia and Africa, while F. hepatica isolates from different parts of the world shared high similarities.