33 results on '"Hakan Kaleli"'
Search Results
2. Experimental Analysis of Effect to Friction of Commercial Oil Additive Used in Automobiles
- Author
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Mithat ŞİMŞEK, Özlem SALMAN NTEZİYAREMYE, Hakan KALELİ, Recai Fatih TUNAY, and Ertuğrul DURAK
- Abstract
With the development of automotive technology, long life, high power, and low fuel consumption performance are expected from the internal combustion engine. This study investigated the effects of commercial oil additives on friction under different experimental conditions. In order to examine the friction effect, the samples prepared from the piston ring and cylinder were tested with the Reciprocating Test Rig at different speeds and loads. Using additives in the commercial oil lubricant showed a little reduction under the lower load. When the applied load increased commercial oil showed better friction coefficient performance in the experimental study. As for the expected results, the friction coefficient reduced with increasing sliding speeds under all conditions. In general, it was found that the commercial oil supplement did not have much effect on reducing the coefficient of friction when all the results were evaluated under these experimental conditions
- Published
- 2023
3. Mechanical properties and bio-tribological performance of PVD (Ta/ZrN)n multilayer coatings on UHMWPE in bovine serum lubrication
- Author
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Chems Eddine Ramoul, Corinne Nouveau, Nasser Eddine Beliardouh, Emrullah Hakan Kaleli, Ali Ourdjini, Oualid Ghelloudj, Selman Demirtaş, Amel Gharbi, and Kheireddine Bouzid
- Subjects
Ta/ZrN ,wear ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Mechanical Engineering ,PVD coating ,UHMWPE ,Sciences de l'ingénieur ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Software ,Computer Science Applications - Abstract
This work investigated the tribological performance of (Ta/ZrN)n multilayer coatings against ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) material. Three multilayer coatings with different designs were deposited on Ti-6Al-4 V substrate and subjected to wear testing under lubrication of diluted bovine calf serum. The results revealed an improvement in wear resistance of (Ta/ZrN)n multilayer coatings and low coefficient of friction under an applied load of 1 N. High hardness, excellent biotribological properties, and low residual stresses were obtained in the multilayer coating with the thinnest ZrN as the topmost layer of 100 nm. This work demonstrates that Ta/ZrN multilayers can be promising coatings for prosthesis applications.
- Published
- 2022
4. Investigation on Dry Sliding Wear Performance and Corrosion Resistance of 13Cr5Ni2Mo Supermartensitic Stainless Steel
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Hakan Kaleli, S. Tlili, A. Oulabbas, S. Meddah, Nasser Eddine Beliardouh, and C.E. Ramoul
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wear ,Materials science ,corrosion ,Mechanical Engineering ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,Metallurgy ,microstructure ,friction ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Mechanics of Materials ,supermartensitic steel ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,Sliding wear - Abstract
This work aimed to study the microstructure, wear and corrosion resistance of supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS). Heat treatment applied to samples consists of quenching after austenitization at elevated temperature (1250 °C) followed by a double tempering at 650 °C. Conventional mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS) analysis and X-ray diffraction methods (XRD) are used to analyze the microstructure and to evaluate the wear mechanisms. The potentiodynamic polarisation and the electrochemical impedance spectroscoopy (EIS) methods are used to evaluate the corrosion resistance in both the 0.5M H2SO4 and 0.5M NaCl aggressive media. The microstructure is mainly composed with tempered lath martensite, small quantity of retained austenite and carbides. Oxidative and abrasive wear dominated the wear process in dry condition. During the corrosion process, the same mechanism of degradation was found in both the 0.5M NaCl and 0.5M H2SO4.
- Published
- 2021
5. Synthesis and tribocorrosion performances of multilayer (Ta/ZrN)n coatings
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Nasser Eddine Beliardouh, Chems Eddine Ramoul, Corinne Nouveau, Emrullah Hakan Kaleli, and Alex Montagne
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magnetron sputtering ,Materials Chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,Zirconium nitride ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Tantalum ,Sciences de l'ingénieur ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Multilayer coating, Biomaterial, Tribocorrosion - Abstract
Multilayer thin coatings (~3 µm in thickness) were deposited using reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering on Ti-6Al-4 V substrate for biomaterial applications. Films are a combination of hard zirconium nitride with pure tantalum, used to manage interfacial stress and to avoid crack growth. Alternating hard/ductile material is a biomimetic design inspired by nature (nacre-inspired materials). Tribocorrosion tests were performed in Hank’s solution at 37 ◦◦C, under open circuit potential by using a ball-on-disk reciprocating tribometer. A tendency to high resistance against corrosion was found for all the samples. Coatings with a top 100 nm thick ZrN layer showed more noble potential as well as a reduction of both the friction coefficient and the wear rate during the sliding phase. The principal wear mechanism is related to a tribocorrosion layer formation.
- Published
- 2022
6. Tribological and Antibacterial Properties of Polyetheretherketone Composites with Black Phosphorus Nanosheets
- Author
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Xuhui Sun, Chengcheng Yu, Lin Zhang, Jingcao Cao, Emrullah Hakan Kaleli, and Guoxin Xie
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Polymers and Plastics ,black phosphorus ,polyetheretherketone ,lubrication properties ,antibacterial properties ,General Chemistry - Abstract
Over the past few decades, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) artificial bone joint materials faced problems of poor wear resistance and easy infection, which are not suitable for the growing demand of bone joints. The tribological behavior and wear mechanism of polyetheretherketone (PEEK)/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets have been investigated under dry sliding friction. Compared with pure PEEK, the COF of PEEK/10 wt% PTFE/0.5 wt% BP was reduced by about 73% (from 0.369 to 0.097) and the wear rate decreased by approximately 95% (from 1.0 × 10−4 mm3/(N m) to 5.1 × 10−6 mm3/(N m)) owing to the lubrication of the BP transfer film. Moreover, BP can endow the PEEK composites with excellent biological wettability and antibacterial properties. The antibacterial rate of PEEK/PTFE/BP was assessed to be over 99.9%, which might help to solve the problem of PEEK implant inflammation. After comprehensive evaluation in this research, 0.5 wt% BP nanosheet-filled PEEK/PTFE material displayed the optimum lubrication and antibacterial properties, and thus could be considered as a potential candidate for its application in biomedical materials.
- Published
- 2022
7. Tribological Properties of New Developed Nano Boric Acid Suspended as Additive in Engine Oil
- Author
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Selman Demirtas, Veli Uysal, Hakan Kaleli, and Zulhicce Tanriseven
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Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Boric acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Nano ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Suspension (vehicle) - Abstract
It is well known that nanoparticles affect the interaction between lubricants and surfaces with various chemical compositions and different chemical and physical properties. In recent years, nanoparticles have started to play more important roles as lubricant additives for their potential in wear, friction and emission reduction and improving lubrication and fuel economy. Although nanolubricants are frequently used for friction tests, little is known about stability and degree of dispersion of these nanoparticles in viscous liquids. Most of them are unstable, agglomerate or aggregate which sediment over time. Boric acid (H3BO3) has always been a very important material due to its broad range of applications such as in medicine, cosmetics, automotive industry, metallurgy and also for miscellaneous purposes in other areas. Literature survey showed that friction between automobile engine parts could be greatly reduced using microscopic particles of boric acid.This study involves the new invention of successful suspension of nano boric acid (BA) additive added into 5W-40 fully synthetic commercial lubricating oil. This invention is confidential and realized by Murat ÖZAYMAN from Tribor ARGE Co. in Teknopark of YILDIZ Technical University in Istanbul-TURKEY. The particle size of BA is determined with (Transmission Electron Microscopy) (TEM). Backscattering and transmittance profiles proved that nano boric acid (BA) particles were in suspension in commercial engine oil. Suspended BA in engine oil is applied between piston ring and cylinder liner system in order to investigate their effect on friction and wear under boundary lubricated conditions. Simulation and measurement of friction and wear were conducted using a reciprocating tribometer. Surface analysis were performed using 3D digital optical microscope, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)/X-Ray, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Boron (B) from BA is well detected, mixed with other elements of additives and protected the surface under boundary lubrication conditions. The results indicate that BA can considerably improve the tribological performance of a piston ring and cylinder liner system under lubricated conditions. It has found that the friction coefficient is reduced with nano boric acid (BA) suspended engine oil and protected the surface mostly on cylinder liner mixing with other additives.
- Published
- 2019
8. Application of Suspended Nanoboric Acid as an Efficient Lubrication Additive in Engine Oil
- Author
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Hakan Kaleli, Zulhicce Tanriseven, Veli Uysal, Selman Demirtas, and Jun Zhao
- Subjects
Lubricity ,Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Lubrication ,General Materials Science ,Composite material - Abstract
Lubricants play a vital role in machine life and performance, reducing friction and wear and preventing component failure. Performance-enhancing additives are a vital part of today’s modern lubricants. In response to this need, this experimental work presents the development of the new suspended nanoboric acid (nBA) additive added in engine oil that can drastically lowered friction and wear.This is a new invention of nBA additive hold in suspension and added into 5W-40 fully synthetic commercial lubricating oil. This invention is confidential and realized by Tribor ARGE Co. in Teknopark of YILDIZ Technical University in Istanbul-TURKEY.The particle size of nBA is determined with (Transmission Electron Microscopy) (TEM). Turbiscan Tower Stability Analyzer results proved that nBA particles were in suspension in commercial engine oil. Suspended nBA in engine oil is applied between ball and disk system in order to investigate their effect on friction and wear under lubricated conditions. Simulation and measurement of friction and wear were conducted using a ball on disk reciprocating tribometer UMT-3. Surface analysis was performed using 3D digital optical microscope and surface roughness, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)/X-Ray and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Boron (B) from nBA is well detected, mixed with other elements of additives and protected the surface under boundary lubrication conditions. The results indicate that nBA can considerably improve the tribological performance of a ball and disk pairs under lubricated conditions. It has found that the friction coefficient is reduced with nBA suspended engine oil and protected the surface on both ball and disk mixing with other additives.
- Published
- 2019
9. Tribological Performance Investigation of a Commercial Engine Oil Incorporating Reduced Graphene Oxide as Additive
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Ioannis Karnis, Spiros H. Anastasiadis, Hakan Kaleli, Dae Eun Kim, Veli Uysal, Minas M. Stylianakis, and Selman Demirtas
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wear ,Materials science ,General Chemical Engineering ,friction ,Oxide ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,reduced graphene oxide ,Article ,law.invention ,lcsh:Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Dynamic light scattering ,law ,friction coefficient ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Graphene ,tribological properties ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Rubbing ,engine oil additives ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,chemistry ,dispersion ,0210 nano-technology ,Dispersion (chemistry) ,Carbon ,Tribometer ,5W-40 - Abstract
We investigated the tribological behavior of commercialized, fully synthetic engine oil upon the incorporation of reduced graphene oxide in seven different concentrations between 0.01 and 0.2 wt %. Stability of the prepared samples was assessed by turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering measurements, and their tribological properties through a reciprocating tribometer, using a steel ball on special cut steel blocks. The addition of 0.02 wt % of reduced graphene oxide led to an improvement of the tribological behavior compared to the pristine engine oil, by significantly lowering the friction coefficient by 5% in the boundary lubrication regime. Both the surfaces and the reduced graphene oxide additive were thoroughly characterized by microscopic and optical spectroscopy techniques. We also verified that a protective layer was formed between the worn surfaces, due to the presence of reduced graphene oxide. Carbon accumulation and various additive elements such as Ca, Zn, S and P were detected on the rubbing surfaces of both the ball and the block through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Finally, it was shown that the wear scar diameter on the surface of the steel ball was lower by 3%, upon testing the engine oil sample containing reduced graphene oxide at concentration 0.02 wt %, compared to the control sample.
- Published
- 2021
10. Thermal stress analysis of dry friction clutches
- Author
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Hakan Kaleli, Oday I. Abdullah, Hussein K. Jobair, Nasser Eddine Beliardouh, and Josef Schlattmann
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Work (thermodynamics) ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Rotational symmetry ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Finite element method ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,General Energy ,Contact mechanics ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Phase (matter) ,Thermal ,Torque ,Clutch ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to compute accurately the distributions of the frictional heat generated, contact pressure and thermal stresses at any instant during the sliding period (heating phase) of the single-disc friction clutch system works in the dry condition and the complex interaction among them. Design/methodology/approach Numerical work was achieved using the developed elastic and thermal finite element models (axisymmetric models) to simulate the engagement of the single-disc friction clutch system. Findings The change of distribution of contact pressure during the sliding period (heating phase) affects significantly the magnitude and distribution of the produced thermal stress. The high local heat generated appeared in the contacting surfaces because of the non-uniformity of the distribution of contact pressure during the heating phase (sliding time) and this will dramatically increase the thermal stresses. Originality/value Sequentially coupled thermal-mechanical approach was developed to investigate the thermal stresses problem in automotive clutches under dry conditions. This approach is considered a promising approach to investigate the effect of material, sliding time, torque function, etc., on the thermal stresses of different types of friction clutch.
- Published
- 2018
11. Thermal Treatment Effect on Tribological and Corrosion Performances of 13Cr5Ni2Mo Super-Martensitic Stainless Steel
- Author
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Oday I. Abdullah, R. Bahi, Emrullah Samad, C.E. Ramoul, S. Tlili, Hakan Kaleli, and Nasser Eddine Beliardouh
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Quenching ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,Metallurgy ,Abrasive ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Martensitic stainless steel ,engineering.material ,Tribology ,Microstructure ,Thermal Treatments ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Wear ,Mechanics of Materials ,Martensite ,engineering ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,Tempering ,Martensitic Stainless Steel - Abstract
Wear behavior of 13Cr5Ni2Mo supermartensitic stainless steel (SMSS) were investigated in air and in argillaceous paste at room temperature. Prior to wear testing, the samples were subjected to two thermal treatments, namely; quenching followed by double tempering. A pin-on-disc test rig was used to conduct the wear test with a tribo-pair consisting of supermartensitic stainless steel sliding against itself. It was observed that the microstructure of the thermally treated samples mainly consisted of tempered martensite and carbides. Wear results showed that oxidative and abrasive wear dominated the wear process of the treated samples in both dry conditions and in argillaceous paste. Additionally corrosion tests were performed in 5.0% NaCl solution via potentiodynamic polarization tests. It was found that the passive film formation provides a good corrosion resistance to the samples.
- Published
- 2018
12. Numerical analysis of cam and follower based on the interactive design approach
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Adolfo Senatore, Hakan Kaleli, Amjad Al-Hamood, Hazim U. Jamali, and Oday I. Abdullah
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Chamfer ,Cam ,Numerical analysis ,Flow (psychology) ,02 engineering and technology ,Mechanics ,Non-Newtonian ,Reynolds equation ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Mechanism (engineering) ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Elastohydrodynamic lubrication ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Modeling and Simulation ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Lubrication ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Point (geometry) ,Follower modification ,Cam follower ,Mathematics - Abstract
The contact between the cam and follower is considered as one of the most complicated problems from the lubrication point of view. The contact in this elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) problem undergoes extreme variation conditions of different parameters. These include the load variation, geometry at the contact point and sliding speed. This paper presents an EHL solution for the contact problem between cam and chamfered follower (originally flat faced). The model of solution is point contact in order to accurately simulate the chamfering of the follower. The solution of Reynolds equation considers the non- Newtonian oil behavior in the calculation of the flow factors. The interactive design approach used in this paper focused mainly on the effect of chamfer as well as the other general parameters of the mechanism. The results revealed that chamfering of the follower in the axial direction has considerable effects on the performance of the mechanism. The linear modification causes significant rise in the maximum pressure and extreme thinning in the film thickness.
- Published
- 2019
13. Characterization Of The Friction And Wear Effects Of Graphene Nanoparticles In Oil On The Ring/Cylinder Liner Of Internal Combustion Engine
- Author
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Mahdi Khadem, Dae Eun Kim, Hakan Kaleli, and Selman Demirtas
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Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Cylinder (engine) ,law.invention ,Reciprocating motion ,Piston ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,General Energy ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Internal combustion engine ,law ,Lubrication ,Piston ring ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Tribometer - Abstract
Purpose This study aims to investigate the tribological characteristics of a Napier-type second piston ring against a cylinder liner in the presence of graphene nano-additives mixed into 5W40 fully synthetic engine oil. Design/methodology/approach Wear tests were carried out in the boundary lubrication condition using a reciprocating tribometer, and real engine tests were performed using a single spark ignition Honda GX 270 test engine for a duration of 75 h. Findings The experimental results of the tribometer tests revealed that the nano-additives formed a layer on the rubbed surfaces of both the piston ring and the cylinder liner. However, this layer was only formed at the top dead center of the cylinder liner during the engine tests. The accumulation of carbon (C) from the graphene was heavily detected on the rubbed surface of piston ring/cylinder liner, mixed with other additive elements such as Ca, Zn, S and P. Overall, the use of graphene nano-additives in engine oil was found to improve the frictional behavior in the boundary and mixed lubrication regimes. Abrasive wear was found to be the main mechanism occurring on the surface of both piston rings and cylinder liners. Originality/value Though many researchers have discussed the potential benefits of graphene as a nano-additive in oil to reduce the friction and wear in laboratory tests using tribometers, to date, no actual engine tests have been performed. In this paper, both tribometer and real engine tests were performed on a piston ring and cylinder liner using a fully formulated oil with and without graphene nano-additives in the boundary lubrication condition. It was found that a graphene nano-additive plays an active role in lowering the coefficient of friction and increasing surface protection and lubrication by forming a protective layer on the rubbing surfaces.
- Published
- 2019
14. Modeling and theoretical analysis of a novel ratcheting-type cam-based infinitely variable transmission system
- Author
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Oday I. Abdullah, Adolfo Senatore, Hazim Jamalia, Amer Imran, Hakan Kaleli, and Amjad Al-Hamood
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Marketing ,Physics ,Infinitely variable Transmission ,Cam ,Strategy and Management ,Mathematical analysis ,Ratchet ,Rotation around a fixed axis ,Angular velocity ,02 engineering and technology ,Kinematics ,Mechanism (engineering) ,Acceleration ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Circular motion ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Transmission (telecommunications) ,Media Technology ,General Materials Science ,Infinitely variable Transmission, Cam, Ratchet - Abstract
An infinitely variable transmission (IVT) is a system that allows for a continuous (non-discrete) variation (including zero) in transmission ratio between two rotating elements. In this paper, a novel ratcheting-type IVT mechanism is presented and its geometrical design and kinematic analysis are studied in details. The proposed system contains two identical units. Each unit includes a cam with a follower, oscillatory slotted links pivoted at a shaft that can be moved vertically by a hydraulic ram (alterable transmission ratio), and a grooved wheel with an actuating rod. The input rotational motion is converted through each unit to an oscillatory angular motion of controlled amplitude. This resulting motion is rectified using a ratchet to get a unidirectional output rotational motion. Therefore, the system output motion will have a different velocity and acceleration than those of the system input. The kinematic analysis revealed that the transmission ratio can be varied continuously in a range from zero to infinity. The analysis also showed that, for particular transmission ratios, the system gives uniform output (angular velocity and acceleration) for a corresponding uniform input.
- Published
- 2019
15. Quantitative comparison of tribological performance of chromium- and zinc-phosphate-coated piston rings in tribotest rig
- Author
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Levent Yüksek, Hakan Kaleli, and Doğuş Özkan
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musculoskeletal diseases ,Materials science ,Mechanical engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,Ring (chemistry) ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Piston ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Coating ,law ,Surface roughness ,Lubricant ,Composite material ,Mechanical Engineering ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Zinc phosphate ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,chemistry ,engineering ,Cast iron ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the tribological performance of the zinc-phosphate- and chromium-coated spheroidal cast iron piston rings in reciprocating tribotest rig with conventional commercial lubricant. Results of the experiments showed that tribofilm was formed both on ring and liner surfaces. Zinc phosphate coating was removed from the ring surface after the experiments. Wear rate of liner-chromium-coated ring pair was lower than the liner-phosphate-coated ring. The friction coefficient of the liner-phosphate-coated ring pair ranged from 0.104 to 0.124, lower than the liner-chromium-coated ring, which ranged from 0.114 to 0.129. Change of average surface roughness was also lower in chromium-coated ring (31%) than the phosphate-coated ring (72%). Test results showed that hard chromium-coated ring had better tribological performance and coating efficiency than the phosphate-coated ring due to wear resistance and lower change of average surface roughness.
- Published
- 2016
16. Comparison of tribological performances of sulfur based and boron succuminide containing antiwear additive with ZDDP by engine bench tests
- Author
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M. Barış Yağcı, Hakan Kaleli, Doğuş Özkan, and Özgür Birer
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Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Tribology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Sulfur ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,General Energy ,0203 mechanical engineering ,chemistry ,Lubrication ,0210 nano-technology ,Boron ,Antiwear additive - Abstract
Purpose This study aims to evaluate and compare by 100 hours engine bench tests the tribological performances of two types of lubrication oils, which were sulfur-based, boron succinimide-containing antiwear package (NP-3) oil and conventional zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP)-containing (R-1) oil. Design/methodology/approach The tribological performances of the oils were evaluated in three main contexts, including engine tests, physical/chemical changes and surface analysis. Findings Results showed that NP-3 lubrication oil, which was environment- and catalyst-friendly, can be an alternative lubrication oil with its tribological performance due to similar antiwear characteristics with the ZDDP. Originality/value Attempts to develop catalysis- and environment-friendly antiwear additive packages have not presented popular or commonly used ZDDP-free products for the vehicle industry. This study presents tribological characterization of a newly developed ZDDP-free lubricating oil by engine bench tests.
- Published
- 2016
17. Surface and wear mechanisms analysis of phosphorous-free and conventional engine lubricants on cylinder liner and piston rings surfaces
- Author
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Yves Berthier, Levent Yüksek, Doğuş Özkan, and Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Mechanical Engineering ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Cylinder (engine) ,law.invention ,Piston ,General Energy ,Optical microscope ,law ,Spark-ignition engine ,Forensic engineering ,Composite material ,Lubricant ,Antiwear additive ,Crankcase - Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the wear mechanisms, formations and effectiveness of tribofilms of new developed, antiwear additive which is called mercapthocarboxylate. The mercapthocarboxylate is a sulphur-based and non-phosphorus additive. Design/methodology/approach – The effectiveness of the additive was examined through a set of laboratory endurance tests that applied with single cylinder spark ignition engine. Two types of lubricants were used to compare the engine tests which were thiophosphate (ZDDP) containing engine lubricant (phosphorus containing) and mercapthocarboxylate containing non-phosphorus and non-ash crankcase oil. Lubricants were tested under identical operating conditions for 100 hrs. The surfaces of cylinder liner and piston rings were inspected through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. Findings – Catalysis-friendly and sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate additive can be an alternative antiwear additive package for lubrication oil due to better wear performance when compared to ZDDP. Originality/value – Sulphur-based mercapthocarboxylate is a new developed antiwear additive and was applied to lubrication oil in this study. This lubrication oil was tested in the real engine environment by using 100-hr engine bench tests.
- Published
- 2015
18. SPECTRA 2.3-Carbon nano fiber additives to improve battery performance for electric vehicle recharge infrastructure
- Author
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Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Surface (mathematics) ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Piston ,Materials science ,law ,Lubrication ,Mechanical engineering ,Combustion ,Layer (electronics) ,Cylinder (engine) ,law.invention - Published
- 2016
19. Sliding wear behavior of magnetron sputtered chromium carbide thin films
- Author
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Nasser Eddine Beliardouh, Corinne Nouveau, Hakan Kaleli, Université Badji Mokhtar - Annaba [Annaba] (UBMA), Laboratoire Bourguignon des Matériaux et Procédés (LABOMAP), Arts et Métiers Sciences et Technologies, HESAM Université (HESAM)-HESAM Université (HESAM), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University (YTU), and Ministère algérien
- Subjects
Materials science ,Matériaux [Sciences de l'ingénieur] ,Friction ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Coating ,Wear ,Sputtering ,Cutting tool ,Coatings ,[SPI.MECA.MEMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Mechanics of materials [physics.class-ph] ,Thin film ,Duplex treatment ,Mechanical Engineering ,Abrasive ,Metallurgy ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Wood ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,General Energy ,chemistry ,Cavity magnetron ,engineering ,Adhesive ,0210 nano-technology ,Chromium carbide ,human activities - Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this technical paper is to investigate the friction and wear behavior of inexpensive and durable cutting tools, developed for wood machining using duplex treatment. Design/methodology/approach Cr–(WC–Co) coatings were deposited onto carburized low-alloy steel substrate by a reactive magnetron sputtering. The total coating thickness was approximately 2 μm. Unlubricated wear tests have been performed using a disc sample sliding against an alumina ball (Al2O3) and a wood (beech) pin. Findings The paper provides information about the effect of duplex treatment on the surface properties of low-alloy steel against wood and offers practical help for the researchers in coating topic. Originality/value Experimental results showed that sliding wear properties of the selected coatings are strongly dependent on the counter-face material. When tested against alumina balls, the wear mechanisms are oxidative wear followed by a combination of adhesive and abrasive wear, while a combination of an oxidative and adhesive wear was the main wear mechanism observed against a wood pin.
- Published
- 2016
20. Evaluation of additive's layer formation in engine crankcase oil using two different types of tribological test rigs
- Author
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Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Reciprocating motion ,Energy loss ,General Energy ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Base oil ,Friction modifier ,Tribology ,Crankcase ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films - Abstract
The role that lubricating oils play is, first of all, to reduce energy loss and keep the wear and seizure to a minimum, or, in a broader sense, to improve the friction characteristics. Resistance to deterioration and prevention of rust development on metals are demanded as secondary functions. The time during which lubricating oil retains its ability to prevent any possible damage to a body in motion should be considered as its lifetime. Many functions that are provided by base oil alone are insufficient; therefore, special additives are dissolved in them. The additives for lubricating oils are of many types, and their functions are diverse and many. Those additives that are used with the purpose of improving friction characteristics are generally called oiliness improvers or friction modifiers. In this study, the protective additive's layers formed on rubbed surfaces of pins, plates and discs were investigated using pin‐on‐disc and reciprocating pin‐on‐plate test rigs. Wear tracks were examined using optical and electron microscopy with X‐ray diffraction analysis.
- Published
- 2004
21. Measurement of friction force and effects of oil fortifier in engine journal bearings under dynamic loading conditions
- Author
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Ertuğrul Durak, Hakan Kaleli, Aydın Bıyıklıoğlu, and Cahit Kurbanoğlu
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Engineering ,Crank ,Bearing (mechanical) ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Base oil ,Finite difference method ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Mechanics ,Reynolds equation ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,law.invention ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Dynamic loading ,Lubricant ,Composite material ,Reduction (mathematics) ,business - Abstract
Commercial base oil and oil fortifier added to this oil are used to investigate the frictional behavior of the engine journal bearings using the theoretical Reynolds equation and experimental test rig. In the theoretical part of the study, the Reynolds equation that states the pressure distribution and friction force with finite width was solved by using the finite difference method. In the experimental part of the study, a new design test rig was conducted to measure the friction force, the lubricant film thickness of the engine journal bearing using base oil under dynamical loaded conditions. The effect of oil fortifier was detected measuring the friction force every three minutes in each 360 crank angle during 15 minutes of experiment. As the theoretical friction results showed similar variation with the experimental measurements of engine bearings, adding oil fortifier to the base oil presented a substantial reduction of friction force during the testing period. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 2003
22. Engine emissions and poisoning effect of synthetic oil's additives on catalytic converter using an engine dynamometer
- Author
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Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Engineering ,Dynamometer ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,law.invention ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,General Energy ,chemistry ,law ,visual_art ,Catalytic converter ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Synthetic oil ,Ceramic ,Thrust specific fuel consumption ,Lubricant ,business ,Crankcase - Abstract
Two 5W‐30 synthetic‐base phosphorus containing (commercial) and phosphorus‐free (P‐free) crankcase oils were tested for engine performance characteristics, engine emissions and poisoning effects of oil additives on a three‐way catalytic converter using engine dynamometer. The emission data of the two oils taken during engine operation were compared in the absence and presence of the catalytic converter. Surface characterization was used to determine the poisoning catalyst effect accumulated from the oil additives in the ceramic washcoat. Oil analyses were also used to examine the condition of the lubricant occurred during engine performance testing operation. The experimental engine performance tests indicated that the catalytic converter diminished the torque and power for the commercial and P‐free oils, whereas the specific fuel consumption increased for both oils in the presence of the catalytic converter.
- Published
- 2003
23. Effects of boron oil fortifier on friction and pressure distribution in engine journal bearings
- Author
-
Ertuğrul Durak and Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Pour point ,Metallurgy ,Base oil ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Tribology ,Concentration ratio ,Dispersant ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,General Energy ,chemistry ,Viscosity index ,Boron - Abstract
Additives are incorporated in engine oils to improve existing desirable properties of base stocks and to impart new specific properties required by modern engines. The additives include antioxidants, detergents, dispersants, corrosion and rust inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, pour point depressants, foam inhibitors and tribological agents. In this study, the effect of boron oil fortifier added into the base oil on friction coefficient and pressure distribution was investigated between sliding surfaces of engine journal bearings. Experiments were performed firstly using only base oil at different speeds and loads. Then, this test was repeated with different concentration ratio of 1, 3, 5 and 10 percent commercial boron additive.
- Published
- 2003
24. The impact of crankcase oil containing phosphorus on catalytic converters and engine exhaust emissions
- Author
-
Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Materials science ,Waste management ,Mechanical Engineering ,Phosphorus ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Catalyst poisoning ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,law.invention ,Catalysis ,General Energy ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Internal combustion engine ,law ,Catalytic converter ,Thrust specific fuel consumption ,Crankcase ,Petrol engine - Abstract
Two 10W30 mineral‐base phosphorus containing (commercial) and phosphorus‐free (P‐Free) crankcase oils were tested in the engine dynamometer for the poisoning effects on a catalytic converter and emission‐engine’s performance. The emission results of the two oils were compared with and without a catalytic converter, including the light‐off temperature of the catalyst. Surface characterisation was used to determine accumulated catalyst poisoning from the oil additives. The performance analysis shows that the catalytic converter lowers the torque and power for the commercial and P‐Free oils, whereas the specific fuel consumption increases for both oils in the presence of the catalytic converter. In both cases of the presence and the absence of catalytic converter the torque, power and specific fuel consumption remain the same for phosphorus containing and P‐Free oils. The presence of the catalytic converter shows lower HC and CO and higher CO2 emissions for both P‐Free and commercial oils. Surface characterisation using x‐ray microanalysis techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy and indicated residual amounts of poisons, predominantly P, Ca, S and Zn deposited on the catalyst.
- Published
- 2001
25. Protective effect of commercial oil fortifier in fully‐formulated crankcase oils
- Author
-
Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Testing equipment ,Tribology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,law.invention ,General Energy ,Optics ,Optical microscope ,law ,Constant load ,Experimental work ,Composite material ,Boundary lubrication ,business ,Crankcase - Abstract
Commercial oil fortifier was added to fully‐formulated crankcase oils, and their performance, in terms of friction, wear and, most importantly, the role of the additive protective layer on the sliding surfaces, was investigated. Tests were performed on a pin‐on‐disc machine using steel and steel sliding partners under boundary lubrication conditions. Tests were carried out at a constant load and velocity at different temperatures with different lubricants and the results were achieved using analytical methods such as light microscopy, electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Related to the experimental work, lubricants and the lubricants containing oil fortifier presented satisfactory protective additive layers which were identified on the wear track at high and low temperatures.
- Published
- 2001
26. Effect of lubricant additives on the transition pressure from mild to severe wear for grey cast iron sliding pairs
- Author
-
Terry Eyre, Hakan Kaleli, and Farshad Ghasripoor
- Subjects
Work (thermodynamics) ,Materials science ,Metallurgy ,Base oil ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,engineering.material ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Combustion ,Transition pressure ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Mechanics of Materials ,Microscopy ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Experimental work ,Cast iron ,Lubricant - Abstract
Over the years, a wide variety of chemical compounds have been introduced as additives to improve the performance of oil. The severity of the performance requirement of lubricating oils is rising continuously in terms of extended oil drain intervals, fuel economy, and reduced friction and wear of the components in internal combustion engines. In this work, using a pin-on-disc machine, the effect of various lubricant additives on the friction and wear (transition pressures) of cast iron and laser-cladded sliding partners were studied. Tests were carried out at different velocities and temperatures with different lubricants and the conclusions were demonstrated using different analytical methods such as light microscopy, electron microscopy, surface topography and X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy. Related to the experimental work, the base oil containing ZDDP (zincdialkyldithiophosphate) additive and the fully formulated oil show higher transition pressure than the base oil and base oil+CaSO4 lubricant. At high temperatures and velocities the effectiveness of the additives are less than at low speeds and temperatures.
- Published
- 1997
27. Oil ageing ‐ drain period in a petrol engine
- Author
-
Hakan Kaleli and Irfan Yavasliol
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.product_category ,Petroleum engineering ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,General Energy ,Petroleum industry ,Internal combustion engine ,Lubricant ,Gasoline ,business ,Motor oil ,Petrol engine - Abstract
The more frequently an engine oil is changed, the more the overhaul life of the engine is extended but with an increase in the cost both of the oil and of the oil drain services. If engine oil is changed less frequently the associated costs will decrease. In order to find the optimum drain interval, it is necessary to establish the relationship between the cost of the oil and oil drain services and the cost of more frequent overhauls. Presents an investigation into the degradation of a proprietary lubricant marketed in Turkey, and the wear rate of a petrol engine driven in urban traffic. Lubricant samples were examined approximately every 2,000km for deterioration of the lubricant and evidence of wear of the engine components. From the experimental results, determines the optimum oil drain period of the engine.
- Published
- 1997
28. Tribomechanical-Chemical Effects and Visualisation of Additive’s Layer Formation in Engine Crankcase Oil Between Sliding Pairs
- Author
-
Yves Berthier, Hakan Kaleli, Colin, Anne-Marie, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et des Structures [Villeurbanne] (LaMCoS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Diffraction ,Materials science ,High-speed camera ,law ,Metallurgy ,Sapphire ,Lubricant ,Electron microscope ,Composite material ,Chemical reaction ,Crankcase ,Stub (electronics) ,law.invention - Abstract
Examination of worn surfaces by optical, electron microscope detection and X-Ray diffraction analysis indicated that the replacement of the pin (steel 52100) by another pin (steel Stub 51115) facilitated and increased the influence of surface degradation which allows the sliding surface to be satisfactorily reactive to form high percentage of protective additive’s layers and to cover uniformly the whole wear track in boundary lubricated conditions. A few minutes of dry test well determined the production of the surface degradation to promote an optimal layer formation. The same type of tests were repeated using pin (sapphire) on the plate (steel Stub 51115) in order to be able to visualize the formation of layers. High speed camera has got images of layers and demonstrates the layer formation during experiment. This study suggests that the surface deterioration is a mechanical process and promotes chemical reactions at solid surfaces. Satisfactory degradation of the surface permits activating lubricant additives to form protective layers. The temperature has a significant chemical influence on the mechanical effect of the material type on the formation of additive’s layer.
- Published
- 2005
29. Surface and Wear Analysis of Zinc Phosphate Coated Engine Oil Ring and Cylinder Liner Tested with Commercial Lubricant
- Author
-
Doğuş Özkan and Hakan Kaleli
- Subjects
Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,lcsh:Mechanical engineering and machinery ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,engineering.material ,Tribology ,Cylinder (engine) ,law.invention ,Coating ,law ,engineering ,Ring oiler ,lcsh:TJ1-1570 ,Atomic ratio ,Cast iron ,Composite material ,Lubricant - Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the tribological performance through investigating protective additive layer and friction coefficient and implementing the quantitative wear measurements on the rubbed surface of the sliding pairs. The specimens of oil ring were rubbed against cast iron engine cylinder liner under boundary lubrication conditions. The ring and liner surfaces were examined by optical, scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. The elemental analysis of surfaces was performed by using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Surface observations showed that coating was removed from the ring surface. Higher levels of Ca, Zn, P, and S elemental ratios (0.93%, 0.45%, 1.55%, and 1.60% as atomic percent) were detected on the cylinder liner surface. Wear width, length, and depth measurements were performed by optical and atomic force microscopies on the ring and cylinder liner surface. The results showed that wear widths for oil ring were 1.59 μm and 1.65 μm; wear widths for cylinder liner were 3.20 μm and 3.18 μm; wear depths for oil ring were 100 nm; and wear depths for cylinder liner were 482 nm. Wear data were taken mostly from the additive layer points detected by SEM and X-ray measurements.
- Published
- 2014
30. The mechanism of layer formation and the function of additives used in fully formulated engine crankcase oils
- Author
-
Hakan Kaleli, Yves Berthier, Colin, Anne-Marie, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et des Structures [Villeurbanne] (LaMCoS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), and Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Drop (liquid) ,Surface roughness ,Lubrication ,Forensic engineering ,Lubricant ,Tribology ,Composite material ,Crankcase ,Rubbing - Abstract
Lubricant additives are chemicals which, when present in small amounts, improve the physical, chemical or tribological properties of the lubricant. They form a tribochemical (antiwear) film on the rubbing surfaces which protect the engine from excessive wear. In this study fully formulated crankcase oil (SAE 20W50) is used to investigate the role of additives and determine the mechanical conditions of the formation of protective additive layers between sliding surfaces. As many and various scientifical work exist on additive tribo-chemistry, we are mostly oriented on tribo-mechanics. In what mechanical conditions such as coefficient of friction, velocity, temperature, surface roughness, load and lubrication condition (hydrodynamic or boundary) additives play their role appropriately? Tests were performed on a reciprocating pin-on-plate machine using steel and steel sliding partners under boundary lubrication conditions. Various tests were carried out at different loads, velocities and temperatures then the conclusions were demonstrated using analytical methods such as light microscopy, electron microscopy and X-Ray diffraction. Although various results were obtained, low coefficient of friction, slightly worm surface and drop of oil mostly in boundary conditions play an important role to have partial additive layers (as a small islands) covering the wear scar. Additive layers have mostly been detected in the darkest grooves (such as addtive's islands) of the slightly worn surfaces in the case of using Scanning Electron microscopy. X-Ray maps show that darker points contain more additives elements such as Ca, Zn, P, S and Cl than lighter points.
- Published
- 2001
31. Oxidation Stability of Some Phosphorus - Free Fully Formulated Crankcase Oils
- Author
-
Hakan Kaleli, Behrooz Khorramian, and Joseph M. Perez
- Subjects
Chemical engineering ,Chemistry ,Phosphorus ,Oxidation stability ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Crankcase - Published
- 1998
32. Used Oil Analysis and Study of Oil Drain Period in Gasoline Engine
- Author
-
Hakan Kaleli and Behrooz Khorramian
- Subjects
Oil analysis ,Waste management ,Period (geology) ,Environmental science ,Fuel oil ,Petrol engine - Published
- 1998
33. Emission of phosphorus-containing and phosphorus-free fully formulated crankcase oil using an engine dynamometer
- Author
-
Hakan Kaleli and Behrooz Khorramian
- Subjects
Pollutant ,Engineering ,Waste management ,Dynamometer ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Phosphorus ,Air pollution ,chemistry.chemical_element ,medicine.disease_cause ,Durability ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Automotive Engineering ,medicine ,Lubricant ,business ,Crankcase ,Carbon monoxide - Abstract
Emissions systems' durability is influenced by many engine oil formulation variables. Previous studies have suggested that emissions system durability is optimised by a high metal/phosphorus ratio. In this work, a systematic study was conducted to determine the effect of phosphorus and phosphorus-free additives in the lubricant on exhaust emissions using an engine dynamometer for 22 minutes. Within experimental accuracy, both phosphorus-free lubricants have shown satisfactory engine performance characteristics and similar HC emissions under identical engine test conditions. However, there might be a marginal improvement of carbon monoxide emission by phosphorus-free oils over the phosphorus-containing oils.
- Published
- 2000
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