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Summary Fault population studies are essential to investigate lithospheric strength and stress conditions [1]. Understanding the displacement-length relationship of faults helps us to understand the lithosphere and stress states, and may inform on the stratigraphy of crustal rocks [2]. However, the number of slip events, linkage, and reactivation may affect the Dmax/L ratios [3]. The investigation of current seismicity on Mars is the motivation for a renewed and detailed analysis of the fault systems of Mars. Using Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and corresponding orthoimages derived from High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) data, we obtained information on the displacement distribution on fault traces as well as the maximum displacement. The Dmax/L ratio is calculated as ~0.007, consistent with previous measurements of martian faults (0.006; [4]). Based on these analyses, we discuss the implications of fault segmentation and linkage for further interpretation. Introduction Detailed investigation on geometric fault properties can provide insights into the mechanical and temporal evolution of fault systems [5,6], and the past and future potential for seismic energy release [7]. In planetary science, where a lack of seismometers is unfortunately the rule rather than the exception, the analysis of faults with remote sensing data typically provides the only direct observational evidence to constrain the tectonic history of a planet [1]. Since the seismic moment released during the growth of a fault is strongly connected to the fault geometry, the study of fault populations can also help to estimate the current seismicity level [2,8]. Until today, only a few data on the relationships between fault displacement and length have been collected for extraterrestrial bodies [9], partly due to the limited number of reliable topographic datasets. The InSight mission put a lander in the Elysium region of Mars in 2018. It is equipped with a seismometer [10] that has recorded several marsquakes for which the locations could be determined [11]. As a starting point for our analysis of fault geometries, we selected the Memnonia Fossae fracture system, one of the closest fracture sets to the InSight landing site, which radiates outward from the Tharsis region in a southwesterly direction. Data and Methods All topographic measurements in this study are based on Digital Elevation Models (DEM) based on HRSC data (High Resolution Stereo Camera; [10]). As HRSC is a push-broom scanning instrument with nine CCD line detectors mounted in parallel on a focal plane, its unique feature is the ability to obtain imaging data at high resolution, with along-track triple stereo, four colors and five different phase angles. The spatial scale of HRSC is 10 m/pixel at the nominal periapsis altitude of 250 km, with an image swath of 53 km. Figure 1: Images show faults from Memnonia Fossae region with three different image system: a. Orthoimage from HRSC, b. DEM derived from HRSC data, c. CTX image. We use DEM and orthoimages from HRSC [10] to obtain information on the displacement distribution along fault traces. This also enabled determining the maximum displacement. We compare our results to previous measurements of faults on Mars, Earth, and beyond. Based on these analyses, we discuss the implications of fault segmentation and linkage for further interpretation. HRSC data offer high-resolution topography and spatially contiguous coverage, which are required to analyze detailed topographic characteristics of large fault systems. For structural interpretation of key locations (e.g., relay ramps), CTX images (~5-6 m px-1) have been inspected. Fault length was digitized along the fault line, and multiple topographic cross-sections across the fault were drawn with a spacing of ~1 km. Fault throw (a proxy for true displacement) was visually determined in the digitized cross-sections. Results At the time of writing, 16 images out of 75 available images/DEM from the Memnonia Fossae region exhibiting normal faults have been investigated. In this preliminary stage, a total number of 83 faults in Memnonia Fossae were studied. We find an average Dmax/L ratio of 0.007, consistent with our previous findings for other regions on Mars, where this ratio had an average value of 0.006 [4]. References [1] Schultz, R.A. et al. (2010) J. Struct. Geol., 32, 855-875. [2] Golombek, M.P. et al. (1992) Science 258, 979-981. [3] ] Kim, Y., Sanderson, D. J. (2005) Earth Sci. Reviews, 68, 317-334. [4] Hauber, E. et al. (2014) Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 45, #1981. [5] Cartwright, J. A., et al., J. Struct. Geol. 17, 1319-1326, 1995. [6] Cowie, P.A. and Scholz, C.H., J. Struct. Geol. 14, 1133-1148, 1992. [7] Wells, D.L. and Coppersmith, K.J. (1994) Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer., 84, 974-1002. [8] Knapmeyer, M. et al. (2006) J. Geophys. Res., 111, E11006. [9] Schultz, R.A. et al. (2006) J. Struct. Geol., 28, 2182-2193. [10] Lognonné, P., et al., (2019) Space Science Reviews, 215(1), 1-70. [11] Drilleau, M., et al., (2021) EGU General Assembly. Conf. 14998. [12] Gwinner et al., Planetary and Space Science 126 (2016) 93–138.

Here we present the results of our mapping of a large field of landforms characterized by flow-like morphology in the southwestern part of Utopia Planitia. They have been previously interpreted as mud flows associated with a partly frozen muddy ocean [1,2]. We find that these features can be grouped into four separate classes with distinct shapes and sizes and a clear evolutionary sequence among them. This suggests that all 205 studied features spread across the 500 × 1300 km large area were formed by the same basic process and that the material likely originated from the same source. Introduction The deepest parts of Utopia Planitia served as depocenters or sinks since early in the Martian history [2,3] and would be the final destination for any material released during Hesperian catastrophic floods [4]. Consequently, it was proposed that a large body of water might once or repetitively have been present there [1,5]. However, such hypothesis is still controversial due to the lack of unambiguous morphological evidence [6]. A promising area to search for such evidence is Adamas Labyrinthus, where the presence of putative mud flows has been previously reported [2,5]. Data and Methods Our mapping is based on the global CTX Mosaic (5m/pixel) [7] which served as the base map for delineation of the observed features. The features were marked as point, linear, and polygonal features in a QGIS environment. HiRISE (0.3 m/pixel) and CTX stereo pairs were processed using the MarsSI service [8] to produce digital elevation models (DEM) for some studied landforms. This enabled us to calculate their basic morphometric characteristics, height and volume, but also to reveal the relative stratigraphy among them and their surroundings. Results We found and mapped 205 features with positive topography characterized by flow-like appearance (Fig. 1). We classified them into four groups based on their extent, shape, and morphological properties (e.g., surface roughness). The resulting classes are ‘hills’ (Fig. 2a), ‘ridges’ (Fig. 2b), ‘plateaus’ (Fig. 2c), and ‘complexly layered units’ (CLUs, Fig. 2d), but we note that landforms commonly show transitional stages, hence share characteristics of multiple classes (such as in Fig. 2b). Hills are the smallest studied features. They are characterized by circular plan-map appearance. Their surface texture can be either smooth or rough with flow-like structures extending beyond their bases (Fig. 2a). Hills can be solitary features or be associated with fractures, in which case they form hill chains. Ridges are elongated features with rough surface. They vary in width from narrow sub-kilometer stretches to wide and elevated smooth plateau-like features (see Fig. 2b) surrounded by hummocky rims. Plateaus (referred to in [2] as “etched flows”) are kilometer-sized features characterized by a smooth central uplifted unit usually surrounded by a rough boundary (Fig. 2c). The smooth unit often contains rimless pits. Plateaus sometimes superpose the polygonal throughs typical for Adamas Labyrinthus. The final type are CLUs represented by extensive and often chaotic combination of overlapping landforms mentioned above (Fig. 2d). Their relative stratigraphy is decipherable only with the use of DEMs. Discussion Previously, many flow-like features have been described elsewhere on Mars as lava flows [9,10]. At the first glance this might seem like a plausible scenario even here as the studied features bear many morphological similarities with terrestrial and martian lava flows. However, our survey did not reveal signs of subsidence or explosive excavation associated with studied features, which are commonly accompanying volcanic eruptions [e.g. 9,10]. We also did not find evidence of lava-water interactions (e.g., rootless cones) which would have favorable conditions to occur at this location as the studied features are superposed on terrain enriched in volatiles as documented by polygonal troughs, ghost craters and pedestal craters [2]. Instead, the morphological characteristics of the mapped features, transitions between their categories and the spatial context of the study suggest that the landforms are of sedimentary (mud) volcanic origin. Recently, Brož et al. [11] showed experimentally that low viscosity mud effusively emplaced onto the cold martian surface under the low atmospheric pressure of 7 mbar would behave similar to pahoehoe lava, and resulting landforms might have similar appearance. This is because the evaporative cooling of water would cause the formation of an icy crust on the surface of the mud flow, analogous to a solidified lava crust. This process might explain the observed shapes of the studied features. Conclusions We propose that the studied features were formed due to the expulsion of mud from a gradually freezing muddy body. Because of the climatic conditions on Mars such body would be freezing from the top down, causing an increase in the internal pressure of the still liquid mixture underneath. This would trigger the ascent of the mud towards the surface via cracks in the frozen crust and subsequent effusive eruptions. Once the mud would be exposed to the surface, it would spread by flowing over the surface, while freezing at the same time. This would limit its ability to flow but cause the resulting outflow to have an appearance similar to terrestrial lava flows. This process gave rise to the observed hills, ridges, plateaus and complexly layered units. Emergent landforms degraded over time as the volatile part of the compound sublimed away eventually leading to the characteristic morphology we observe today. Acknowledgements: VC, PB & YM were supported by Czech Science Foundation (#20-27624Y). References: [1] Jöns (1985), Lunar Planet. Sci. 16, 414–415; [2] Ivanov et al. (2014), Icarus 228, 121-140; [3] Frey et al. (2002), Geophysical Research Letters 29, no. 10, 22-1-22-4; [4] Carr (1996), Planetary and Space Science 44, 1411-1423; [5] Ivanov et al. (2015), Icarus 248, 383-391; [6] Sholes et al. (2021), Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 126, no. 5; [7] Dickson et al. (2018), 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018, LPI Contrib. No. 2083 ; [8] Quantin-Nataf et al. (2018), Planetary and Space Science 150, 157-170; [9] Hodges & Moore (1994), Atlas of volcanic features on Mars; [10] Hauber et al. (2009), JVGR 185, 69-95; [11] Brož et al. (2020), Nat. Geo. 13, 403-407

The mid-latitudes of Mars host a large amount of buried ice deposits [1], which bear a record on the very Late Amazonian climate evolution (~107 to 108 yr.) [2] and are a possible resource for future exploration [3]. The reconstruction of the history of these ice reservoirs and the characterization of their current state is critical to enable putting constraints on the interplay between climate change, volatile migration and landform evolution. Examination of terrestrial analogs can help to identify similarities and – equally important – differences between the response of buried ice on Mars and Earth to changing environmental parameters. Here we report on our long-term investigations of an ice-cored moraine on Svalbard, a proxy for mid-latitude debris-covered glacier on Mars [4]. Our study area is an ice-cored lateral moraine of Kongsvegen glacier on the southern shore of Kongsforden in NW Spitsbergen (Svalbard). This site is subject to rapid degradation by melting and redistribution of surficial sediment, e.g., by thaw slumps and debris flows [5]. We couple multi-year fieldwork with repeat remote-sensing observations. Fieldwork includes DGPS-supported monitoring of surface changes by several imaging methods comparisons to environmental data (e.g., [6]). In 2008, a flight campaign with HRSC-AX (an airborne version of DLR’s High Resolution Stereo Camera on Mars Express) provided orthoimages (20 cm/px) and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM; 50 cm ground sampling distance, GSD) [7]. In 2020 a repeat campaign with DLR’s MACS (Modular Airborne Camera System) achieved ground pixel sizes between 5 cm and 10 cm for RGB images, and 10 cm to 15 cm for NIR images. The associated DEM has the same resolution [8]. MACS also acquires TIR data,which we use to identify regions with anomalous temperatures (e.g., exposed ice). We use for detailed mapping of ice-rich viscous flow features on Mars [9]. This study focuses on the Nereidum Montes area in the northern part of the Argyre basin. Image analysis, mapping of landforms and documentation of results were carried out using the QGIS software. A difference DEM was generated to determine the elevation differences (i.e. volume changes) on the ice-cored moraine between 2008 and 2020. Hillshade layers were created for each dataset to facilitate quick visual identification of morphological changes. Slump scars were digitized in 2008 and 2020 on orthoimages and hillshade views, and prominent slumps of 2020 (most recent, visible and best preserved) have been geomorphologically mapped with a focus on buried dead ice, collapsed sediment, and the relative activity of mud flows. Image analysis and mapping of Martian landforms is currently ongoing. There are 4 areas of major activity within the ice-cored moraine (Fig.1.a) highlighted by the four red boxes b, c, d and e, with more than 10m of elevation losses. There are many areas showing a neutral balance in terms of topographic evolution (white pixels). Hillshade layers from 2008 (Fig.1.f) and 2020 (Fig.1.g) correspond to the area of box d and show that significant changes have occurred in 12 years, indicating a massive degradation of ice-cored moraine in the last decade. This also demonstrates that the general trend is towards a heterogenous loss of material. The slump scars appear to be concentrated in the same areas described above. In 2008, 85 scars were counted against 157 scars in 2020, i.e. almost twice as many. It also appears that the 2020 scars are following the outlines of high activity areas while the 2008 scars are within these areas. Regarding the detailed mapping of slumps, the area corresponding to the buried dead ice, mapped with the TIR channel, can vary in shape and size depending on the shape of headscarp and the other units, i.e. the collapsed sediments and the mudflows (Fig.2.b,d). The collapsed sediments are washed away by the mudflows. The mudflow seems more active near the previously exposed dead ice. Therefore, the degradation of ice-cored moraines takes place mainly through the melting of the ice, which leads to mass wasting and rapid degradation. As Mars does not have the same climatic conditions, it is interesting to see whether the same landforms can be found on it at a very local scale. The Mars case study displays gullies, arcuate ridges with small gullies superposed on their slopes, flow features and also possible sublimation features such as pitted terrain, broad pits, and lineated patterned ground (Fig.3.b). The area is also filled with washboard terrain which is only found at steep slopes, above the lobate flow feature. It is marked by a close alternation of closely-spaced scarps which are parallel to the contour lines (possible evidence for paraglacial sacking [10]). Tension cracks are also found at the ridges and parallel to gully headscarps indicating recent activity. These tension cracks may be similar to headscarp retreats on backwasting processes on ice-cored moraines (Fig.3.d). The ice-cored ridge or arcuate ridge may still undergo degradation. The first results show that the degradation processes are rather related to potential ice sublimation and that signs of melting ice, if they exist on Mars, are not strongly encountered, which is consistent with the studies on very Late Amazonian climate evolution. References [1] Levy, J. S. et al. (2014), J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 119, 2188– 2196. [2] Bramson, A. et al. (2021), Bull. Amer. Astron. Soc., 53(4), e-id. 115. [3] Putzig, N. et al. (2022) LPSC 53, #2443. [4] Petersen,E. et al. (2017) LPSC 48, #2966. [5] Bennett, M. et al. (2000) Geomorphology, 35, 21-40. [6] Boike, J. et al. (2018), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 355–390. [7] Hauber, E. et al. (2011), Geological Society of America, 483, 177–201. [8] DLR - Institut für Optische - Sensorsysteme, (2020). [9] Souness, C. and Hubbard, B. (2012), Progress in Phys. Geog. 36(2), 238-261. [10] Jawin, E. R. et al. (2018), Icarus, 309, 187-206.

We propose using coupled deep learning based super-resolution restoration (SRR) and single-image digital terrain model (DTM) estimation (SDE) methods to produce subpixel-scale topography from single-view ESA Trace Gas Orbiter Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) and NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) images. We present qualitative and quantitative assessments of the resultant 2 m/pixel CaSSIS SRR DTM mosaic over the ESA and Roscosmos Rosalind Franklin ExoMars rover’s (RFEXM22) planned landing site at Oxia Planum. Quantitative evaluation shows SRR improves the effective resolution of the resultant CaSSIS DTM by a factor of 4 or more, while achieving a fairly good height accuracy measured by root mean squared error (1.876 m) and structural similarity (0.607), compared to the ultra-high-resolution HiRISE SRR DTMs at 12.5 cm/pixel. We make available, along with this paper, the resultant CaSSIS SRR image and SRR DTM mosaics, as well as HiRISE full-strip SRR images and SRR DTMs, to support landing site characterisation and future rover engineering for the RFEXM22.

Kilometre-sized flows (KSFs) have been observed in many regions on Mars and have been typically interpreted as lava flows. However, sedimentary volcanism has been proposed as an alternative origin for some KSFs. Remarkable examples of such hypothesized sedimentary KSFs are located at the southern margin of Chryse Planitia. There, the flows are associated with conical and dome-shaped edifices; however their formation mechanism remains enigmatic due to the absence of ground truth. Previous studies revealed that these KSFs consist of three morphological elements: a central depression, leveed central channels, and a distal portion of the fading channel(s). Here, we present new morphological results obtained on these KSFs using seven newly available Digital Elevation Models computed from HiRISE stereo pairs. Our investigation confirms that these features are aggradational and formed by the transport of a liquid. This material emerged from identified depressions and the presence of subtle mounds inside them is interpreted to mark the position of feeder vents. We also observe that the margins surrounding the central large channels are not continuous. They are cut by meter-sized troughs linking the central channels to units which have distinctive albedo and roughness compared to their surroundings. These bright units do not have a clear topographical expression, suggesting that the effused material originally flowing away from the central channel was easily removed after its emplacement. Such surface features are unlikely to be related to igneous deposits, since once lava is released from a main channel, it would rapidly solidify due to the heat loss and hence result in topographically distinct features. In contrast, such morphological expressions are more likely related to sedimentary volcanism and the emplacement of low viscosity water-rich mud. Sublimation, evaporation, infiltration or a combination of these processes should lead to water loss from the flows without leaving a detectable topographic expression but changing the roughness and hence albedo of the surface. The southern part of Chryse Planitia is a region on Mars where subsurface sediment mobilization could have operated in the past and hence represents a promising site for future exploration where deeper-sourced sedimentary deposits are exposed at the surface.

Slope streaks are albedo features that form frequently on equatorial Martian slopes. Most slope streaks are dark relative to surrounding terrains, a minor fraction is bright, and there are rare transitioning streaks that exhibit a contrast reversal partway downslope. Their formation mechanisms and physical surface properties are not well understood. New observations acquired by the Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) on board ESA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) provide insights into slope streaks' surface microstructure, roughness and particle size ranges. Using multiple phase angle observations, we show that dark slope streaks are substantially rougher and possibly more porous than their bright counterparts, which are likely composed of more compact regolith. Color data acquired in the four wavelength bands suggest that dark streaks are spectrally similar to bright streaks but are composed of larger particles. The comparison of our orbital results to the laboratory measurements of Martian regolith analogs indicates that particles within dark slope streaks may be up to a factor of four larger than the granular material of the surrounding terrains. At one study site in Arabia Terra, using complementary imagery from other orbiters, we identify a case where dark slope streaks turned fully bright in a twenty-year period. These and CaSSIS observations suggest that bright slope streaks are old dark slope streaks, likely formed by deposition of dust or decomposition of surface aggregates into smaller particles.

The NASA InSight mission to Mars successfully landed on 26 November 2018 in Elysium Planitia. It aims to characterize the seismic activity and aid in the understanding of the internal structure of Mars. We focus on the Cerberus Fossae region, a giant fracture network ∼1,200 km long situated east of the InSight landing site where M ∼3 marsquakes were detected during the past 2 years. It is formed of five main fossae located on the southeast of the Elysium Mons volcanic rise. We perform a detailed mapping of the entire system based on high-resolution satellite images and Digital Elevation Models. The refined cartography reveals a range of morphologies associated with dike activity at depth. Width and throw measurements of the fossae are linearly correlated, suggesting a possible tectonic control on the shapes of the fossae. Widths and throws decrease toward the east, indicating the long-term direction of propagation of the dike-induced graben system. They also give insights into the geometry at depth and how the possible faults and fractures are rooted in the crust. The exceptional preservation of the fossae allows us to detect up to four scales of segmentation, each formed by a similar number of 3-4 segments/subsegments. This generic distribution is comparable to continental faults and fractures on Earth. We anticipate higher stress and potential marsquakes within intersegment zones and at graben tips.

The High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter provides remotely sensed imagery at the highest spatial resolution at 25–50 cm/pixel of the surface of Mars. However, due to the spatial resolution being so high, the total area covered by HiRISE targeted stereo acquisitions is very limited. This results in a lack of the availability of high-resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) which are better than 1 m/pixel. Such high-resolution DTMs have always been considered desirable for the international community of planetary scientists to carry out fine-scale geological analysis of the Martian surface. Recently, new deep learning-based techniques that are able to retrieve DTMs from single optical orbital imagery have been developed and applied to single HiRISE observational data. In this paper, we improve upon a previously developed single-image DTM estimation system called MADNet (1.0). We propose optimisations which we collectively call MADNet 2.0, which is based on a supervised image-to-height estimation network, multi-scale DTM reconstruction, and 3D co-alignment processes. In particular, we employ optimised single-scale inference and multi-scale reconstruction (in MADNet 2.0), instead of multi-scale inference and single-scale reconstruction (in MADNet 1.0), to produce more accurate large-scale topographic retrieval with boosted fine-scale resolution. We demonstrate the improvements of the MADNet 2.0 DTMs produced using HiRISE images, in comparison to the MADNet 1.0 DTMs and the published Planetary Data System (PDS) DTMs over the ExoMars Rosalind Franklin rover’s landing site at Oxia Planum. Qualitative and quantitative assessments suggest the proposed MADNet 2.0 system is capable of producing pixel-scale DTM retrieval at the same spatial resolution (25 cm/pixel) of the input HiRISE images.

During an extensive grid-mapping campaign on Mars' southern hemisphere, we have detected so-called sheet flow deposits, which are defined by distinctive lobate fronts, thin and mostly planar layers, and faint sub-parallel surface lineations. They originate from the high plains of Dryas Mons, a large massif of impact and tectonic origin, and follow the topographic gradient down into the adjacent basins. Their sources often coincide with steep and multi-layered outcrops. This work addresses the formation of these deposits, and if they are related to the unique tectonic and endogenic environment of Dryas Mons. We applied photogeological mapping, age determinations by crater counts, as well as topographic and heat flow measurements in order to reconstruct the evolution of these landforms. The calculated ages (mid to late Amazonian), their location in the mid-latitudes, as well as some specific morphologies like lobate flow fronts are typical for standard viscous-flow features on Mars. In contrast to such viscous-flow features, the sheet flow deposits occur isolated in the Dryas Mons region. Aside from that, major other landforms, typical for viscous-flow features are lacking, like sublimation pits, brain terrain or arcuate deformations. Considering these similarities and differences, we suggest that both landforms viscous-flow features and the sheet flow deposits of Dryas Mons were formed by the involvement of volatiles; however, at varying amounts and by different emplacement processes. As the formation of the sheet flow deposits is located in an area with one of the highest heat flow values planet-wide, we calculated if the heat flow could be a potential trigger for the release of outcropping volatile-rich layers. However, our calculations have shown that the heat flow is still insufficient to enable near-surface melting. Instead, we suggest that the volatiles originate from deep layers affected by magmatic and/or intrusive activities in a tectonically active environment. These conditions led to melting and mobilisation of the volatiles by advective hydrothermal processes. Thus, the volatiles migrated upward along hypothesized deep-seated fault systems, formed by Noachian/Hesperian impacts and tectonic activities, until they reached conductive layers outcropping at Dryas Mons, enabling them to drain. After their release to the cold Amazonian atmosphere, this mixture of volatiles and solids partially froze, resulting in a comparatively high viscosity, and hence, a slow and laminar (non-turbulent) movement. This flow behaviour might have led to the formation of the lineations at their surface along shear zones. Hence, we suggest that the sheet flow deposits may have originally formed as slowly moving icy debris flows during the mid- to late Amazonian. This work has been funded by the Research Fellowship Program through the European Space Agency. J. Ruiz contribution was supported by the project PGC2018-095340-B-I00 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities.

The development technology is something that happens quickly and surely this is marked by the number of new manufacturing companies that are emerging and spreading throughout the world. In the manufacturing industry the most important thing that must always be maintained is production efficiency, but the majority of industries only pay attention to the efficiency aspects of their production activities without regard to the aspects of humans who work in the industry. Human resource scorecard (HRSC) is an appropriate measurement method in identifying and measuring the relationship between workers, strategy, and performance to produce a good company. This human resource performance measurement is looking at business units from four perspectives: financial perspective (F), the customer (C), internal business process (I), and learning and growth (L). Each perspective in HRSC weighted by Analytical Hierarchy process method and then calculated by Objective Matrix (OMAX) to identify which category needed an extra attention and need to be repaired. The end result of OMAX will be reviewed by management theory so the solution made in this analysis will produce the best end result that needed by the company. This measurement is very critical to the company because the competition between company is getting tougher nowadays. HRSC measurement was carried in PT OCM by describing the company’s vision and mission into human resource action whose contribution can be measured using AHP analysis in 4 perspectives: financial perspective with a weight of 0.396, customer perspective (employee) with a weight of 0.118, internal business perspective with a weight of 0.240, and growth and development perspective with a weight of 0.247 after that PT OCM use that measurement in OMAX method to determine what KPI needed extra attention and repairment, management based theory will be applied in that solution to give the best result.

International audience; On February 18, 2021 NASA's Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater, located at the northwestern edge of the Isidis basin on Mars. The uppermost surface of the present-day crater floor is dominated by a distinct geologic assemblage previously referred to as the dark-toned floor. It consists of a smooth, dark-toned unit overlying and variably covering light-toned, roughly eroded deposits showing evidence of discrete layers. In this study, we investigated the stratigraphic relations between materials that comprise this assemblage, the main western delta deposit, as well as isolated mesas located east of the main delta body that potentially represent delta remnants. A more detailed classification and differentiation of crater floor units in Jezero and determination of their relative ages is vital for the understanding of the geologic evolution of the crater system, and determination of the potential timeline and environments of habitability. We have investigated unit contacts using topographic profiles and DEMs as well as the distribution of small craters and fractures on the youngest portions of the crater floor. Our results indicate that at least some of the deltaic deposition in Jezero postdates emplacement of the uppermost surface of the crater floor assemblage. The inferred age of the floor assemblage can therefore help to constrain the timing of the Jezero fluviolacustrine system, wherein at least some lake activity postdates the age of the uppermost crater floor. We present hypotheses that can be tested by Perseverance and can be used to advance our knowledge of the geologic evolution of the area.

We report a previously unnoticed annually repeating phenomenon consisting of the daily formation of an extremely elongated cloud extending as far as 1,800 km westward from Arsia Mons. It takes place in the solar longitude (Ls) range of ∼220°-320°, around the Southern solstice. We study this Arsia Mons Elongated Cloud (AMEC) using images from different orbiters, including ESA Mars Express, NASA MAVEN, Viking 2, MRO, and ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM). We study the AMEC in detail in Martian year (MY) 34 in terms of local time and Ls and find that it exhibits a very rapid daily cycle: the cloud growth starts before sunrise on the western slope of the volcano, followed by a westward expansion that lasts 2.5 h with a velocity of around 170 m/s in the mesosphere (∼45 km over the areoid). The cloud formation then ceases, detaches from its formation point, and continues moving westward until it evaporates before the afternoon, when most sun synchronous orbiters make observations. Moreover, we comparatively study observations from different years (i.e., MYs 29-34) in search of interannual variations and find that in MY33 the cloud exhibits lower activity, while in MY34 the beginning of its formation was delayed compared with other years, most likely due to the Global Dust Storm. This phenomenon takes place in a season known for the general lack of clouds on Mars. In this paper we focus on observations, and a theoretical interpretation will be the subject of a separate paper.

21st EGU General Assembly, EGU2019, proceedings from the conference held 7-12 April, 2019 in Vienna, Austria, id.11100, After 15 years in orbit Mars Express remains one of ESA's most scientifically productive Solar System missions whose publication record now exceeds 1200 papers. Characterization of the geological processes on a local-to-regional scale by HRSC, OMEGA and partner experiments on NASA spacecraft has allowed constraining land-forming processes in space and time. Recent results suggest episodic geological activity as well as the presence of large bodies of liquid water in several provinces (e.g. Eridania Planum, Terra Chimeria) in the early and middle Amazonian epoch and formation of vast sedimentary plains north of the Hellas basin. Mars Express observations and experimental teams provided essential contribution to the selection of the Mars-2020 landing sites. Recent discovery of subglacial liquid water underneath the Southern polar cap has proven that the mission science potential is still not exhausted. More than a decade-long record of the atmospheric parameters such as temperature, dust loading, water vapor and ozone abundance, water ice and CO2 clouds distribution, collected by SPICAM, PFS, OMEGA, HRSC and VMC together with subsequent modeling have provided key contributions to our understanding of the martian climate. Recent spectroscopic monitoring of the 2018 dust storm revealed dust properties, their spatial and temporal variations and atmospheric circulation. More than 10,000 crossings of the bow shock by Mars Express allowed ASPERA-3 to characterize complex behavior of the magnetic boundary topology as function of the solar EUV flux. Observations of the ion escape during complete solar cycle revealed important dependencies of the atmospheric erosion rate on parameters of the solar wind and EUV flux and established global energy balance between the solar wind and escaping ion flow. The observations showed that ion escape can be responsible for removal of about 10 mbar over the Mars history that implies existence of other more effective escape channels. The structure of the ionosphere sounded by the MARSIS radar and the MaRS radio science experiment was found to be significantly affected by the solar activity, the crustal magnetic field, as well as by the influx of meteorite and cometary dust. MARSIS and ASPERA-3 observations suggest that the sunlit ionosphere over the regions with strong crustal fields is denser and extends to higher altitudes as compared to the regions with no crustal anomalies. Several models of the upper atmosphere and plasma environment are being developed based on and in support of the collected experimental data. The models aim at creating user-friendly data base of plasma parameters similar to the Mars Climate Database that would be of great service to the planetary community. A significant recent achievement was the flawless transition to the >gyroless> attitude control and operations mode on the spacecraft, that would allow mitigating the onboard gyros aging and extending the mission lifetime. In November 2018 ESA's Science Programme Committee (SPC) confirmed the mission operations till the end of 2020 and notionally approved its extension till the end of 2022. The talk will give the Mars Express status, review the recent science highlights, and outline future plans focusing on synergistic science with TGO.

The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) of ESA’s Mars Express mission [1, 2] is still running nominally and delivering new image strips to fill remaining gaps that lead to a contiguous coverage of the Martian surface at high resolution stereo. As a push broom scanning instrument with nine CCD line detectors mounted in parallel, its unique feature is the ability to obtain along-track stereo images and four colors during a single orbital pass. Thus, panchromatic stereo and color images from single orbits of the HRSC have been used to produce digital terrain models (DTMs) and orthoimages of the Martian surface since 2004 [3].Since 2010 new HRSC multi-orbit data products have been generated, which have been developed into a global mapping program organized into MC-30 half-tiles, since 2014 [4,5]. Based on continuous coverage of an area, regional DTMs and orthomosaics can be produced by combining image data from multiple orbits using specifically adapted techniques for block-adjustment, DTM interpolation and image equalization [6]. The resulting DTMs and color orthomosaics are the baseline for a controlled topographic map series of Mars. The extents of the regional products follow the MC-30 (Mars Chart) global mapping scheme of Greeley and Batson [7]. For the generation of the DTMs and color mosaics, the MC-30 quadrangles are further divided into East (E) and West (W). In parallel to the completion of the first half-tile DTM and color mosaic (MC-11-E) we developed a concept for a topographic map series of Mars [8,9]. To limit data volumes and map sizes, each quadrangle is subdivided into eight tiles (i.e. each half-tile into four tiles). The map scale of 1:700,000 is a compromise between the high DTM and orthomosaic resolution of 50 m/pxl and an acceptable hardcopy format of about 1 m in width to 2 m in height (≜14 pxl/mm). MC-11 was selected to be produced first because it contains the finally selected landing site, Oxia Planum, of ESA’s ExoMars mission with the Rosalind Franklin rover. After MC-11, the Global Topography and Mosaics Task Group (GTMTG) of the HRSC Science Team focussed on MC-13, which hosts the landing site of the Perseverance rover from NASA’s Mars 2020 mission, Jezero crater. The next HRSC MC quadrangles will also be equatorial ones (i.e. 19 and 20).All maps are available for the public at the HRSC team website (http://hrscteam.dlr.de/HMC30/index.html).[1] Neukum, G., et al., ESA Special Publication, 1240, pp. 17-36, 2004. [2] Jaumann, R., et al., Planetary and Space Science 55, pp. 928-952, 2007. [3] Gwinner, K., et al., Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 294, pp. 506-519, 2010. [4] Gwinner, K, et al., 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, #2727, 2010. [5] Dumke, A., et al., Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, #1533, 2010. [6] Gwinner, K. et al., Planetary and Space Science, 126, pp. 93-138, 2016. [7] Greeley, R. and Batson, G., Planetary Mapping, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. [8] Schulz, K., Bachelor Thesis, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, 2017. [9] Kersten, E., et al., EPSC Abstracts Vol. 12, EPSC2018-352, 2018.

International audience; A seamless mosaic has been constructed including a 3D terrain model at 50 m grid-spacing and a corresponding terrain-corrected orthoimage at 12.5 m using a novel approach applied to ESA Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera orbital (HRSC) images of Mars. This method consists of blending and harmonising 3D models and normalising reflectance to a global albedo map. Eleven HRSC image sets were processed to Digital Terrain Models (DTM) based on an opensource stereo photogrammetric package called CASP-GO and merged with 71 published DTMs from the HRSC team. In order to achieve high quality and complete DTM coverage, a new method was developed to combine data derived from different stereo matching approaches to achieve a uniform outcome. This new approach was developed for high-accuracy data fusion of different DTMs at dissimilar grid-spacing and provenance which employs joint 3D and image co-registration, and B-spline fitting against the global Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) standard reference. Each HRSC strip is normalised against a global albedo map to ensure that the very different lighting conditions could be corrected and resulting in a tiled set of seamless mosaics. The final 3D terrain model is compared against the MOLA height reference and the results shown of this intercomparison both in altitude and planum. Visualisation and access mechanisms to the final open access products are described.

According to recent mineralogical study, the presence of an iron oxi-hydroxide (akaganeite) which form under specific conditions, has been detected in Robert Sharp crater, located in the equatorial region of Mars (133.59°'E, -4.12°N), implying an acidic and oxidizing environment in this region. These deposits of akaganeite might be the ultimate alteration phase of a drying lake or lagoon within Robert Sharp. Morphological and stratigraphical studies and, as well, age determination has been carried out in order to constrain the geological and hydrological history of Robert Sharp. Robert Sharp has known a varied geological history, including the formation of fretted terrains and an aerial/aeolian filling during the Hesperian epoch. The presence of valleys and fan-shaped deposits, and the detection of several aqueous minerals, in the crater suggest the presence of a fluvio-lacustrine activity phase in the crater during the last period of the Martian chronology, the Amazonian epoch. The existence of a putative paleo-lake should be short-time and estimated between 1.3 Ga and 500 Ma. Thus, this study shows that Mars has known several phases of aqueous activities well after the late Noachian/ early Hesperian period.

International audience; Jezero crater has been selected as the landing site for the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, because it contains apaleolake with two fan-deltas, inlet and outlet valleys. Using the data from the High Resolution Stereo Camera(HRSC) and the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), we conducted a quantitative geomorphological study of the inlet valleys of the Jezero paleolake. Results show that the strongest erosion is related to a network of deep valleys that cut into the highland bedrock well upstream of the Jezero crater and likely formed before the formation of the regional olivine-rich unit. In contrast, the lower sections of valleys display poorbedrock erosion and a lack of tributaries but are characterized by the presence of pristine landforms interpreted asfluvial bars from preserved channels, the discharge rates of which have been estimated at 10^3–10^4 m^3s^-1. The valleys’ lower sections postdate the olivine-rich unit, are linked directly to the fan-deltas, and are thus formed inan energetic, late stage of activity. Although a Late Noachian age for the fan-deltas’ formation is not excludedbased on crosscutting relationships and crater counts, this indicates evidence of a Hesperian age with significantimplications for exobiology.

The photogrammetric bundle adjustment of line scanner image data requires a precise description of the time-dependent image orientation. For this task exterior orientation parameters of discrete points are used to model position and viewing direction of a camera trajectory via polynomials. This paper investigates the influence of the distance between these orientation points on the quality of trajectory modeling. A new method adapts the distance along the trajectory to the available image information. Compared to a constant distance as used previously, a better reconstruction of the exterior orientation is possible, especially when image quality changes within a strip. In our research we use image strips of the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC), taken to map the Martian surface. Several experiments on the global image data set have been carried out to investigate how the bundle adjustment improves the image orientation, if the new method is employed. For evaluation the forward intersection errors of 3D points derived from HRSC images, as well as their remaining height differences to the MOLA DTM are used. In 13.5 % (515 of 3,828) of the image strips, taken during this ongoing mission over the last 12 years, high frequency image distortions were found. Bundle adjustment with a constant orientation point distance was able to reconstruct the orbit in 239 (46.4 %) cases. A variable orientation point distance increased this number to 507 (98.6 %). German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) German Aerospace Center (DLR)/50 QM 1304

Web-based planetary image dissemination platforms usually show outline coverage of available data and offer querying for metadata as well as preview and download. While the usual form of presenting multiorbit data sets is to merge the data into a larger mosaic, for change detection purposes it is essential to maintain the individual images as an important snapshot of the planetary surface taken at a specific time. We introduce the web-based interactive Mars Analysis and Research System (iMARS web-GIS), which is specialized on planetary surface change analysis with novel tools for simultaneous visualization of single images as time series in their original sequence. As the data foundation, we use the vast quantity of automatically coregistered orthoimages and digital terrain models (DTM) from three NASA missions' instruments processed and ingested in the context of the EU-funded iMars project. The baseline for the coregistered images are the High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) multiorbit quadrangle image mosaics, which are based on bundle block-adjusted multiorbit DTM mosaics. Additionally, we make use of the existing along-track bundle-adjusted HRSC single images and DTMs available at the planetary data archives. We provide two science cases for exemplary workflows of the multitemporal single-image analysis, demonstrating the dedicated tools for surface change interpretation-one near Mawrth Vallis and one near the south pole. A web mapping application including the presented functionality has been implemented and is available at http://imars.planet.fu-berlin.de with the iMars project website (http://www.i-mars.eu/web-gis) serving as a mirror.

For a systematic mapping of the Martian surface, the Mars Express orbiter is equipped with a multi-line scanner: Since the beginning of 2004 the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) regularly acquires long image strips. By now more than 4,000 strips covering nearly the whole planet are available. Due to the nine channels, each with different viewing direction, and partly with different optical filters, each strip provides 3D and color information and allows the generation of digital terrain models (DTMs) and orthophotos. To map larger regions, neighboring HRSC strips can be combined to build DTM and orthophoto mosaics. The global mapping scheme Mars Chart 30 is used to define the extent of these mosaics. In order to avoid unreasonably large data volumes, each MC-30 tile is divided into two parts, combining about 90 strips each. To ensure a seamless fit of these strips, several radiometric and geometric corrections are applied in the photogrammetric process. A simultaneous bundle adjustment of all strips as a block is carried out to estimate their precise exterior orientation. Because size, position, resolution and image quality of the strips in these blocks are heterogeneous, also the quality and distribution of the tie points vary. In absence of ground control points, heights of a global terrain model are used as reference information, and for this task a regular distribution of these tie points is preferable. Besides, their total number should be limited because of computational reasons. In this paper, we present an algorithm, which optimizes the distribution of tie points under these constraints. A large number of tie points used as input is reduced without affecting the geometric stability of the block by preserving connections between strips. This stability is achieved by using a regular grid in object space and discarding, for each grid cell, points which are redundant for the block adjustment. The set of tie points, filtered by the algorithm, shows a more homogenous distribution and is considerably smaller. Used for the block adjustment, it yields results of equal quality, with significantly shorter computation time. In this work, we present experiments with MC-30 half-tile blocks, which confirm our idea for reaching a stable and faster bundle adjustment. The described method is used for the systematic processing of HRSC data.

A variety of sedimentary deposits is observed in Xanthe Terra, Mars, including Gilbert-type deltas, fan deltas dominated by resedimentation processes, and alluvial fans. Sediments were provided through deeply incised valleys, which were probably incised by both runoff and groundwater sapping. Mass balances based on High-Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) digital terrain models show that up to ∼30% of the material that was eroded in the valleys is present as deltas or alluvial fan deposits. Stratigraphic relationships and crater counts indicate an age of ∼4.0 to ∼3.8 Ga for the fluvial activity. Hydrologic modeling indicates that the deposits were probably formed in geologically very short time scales. Our results point to episodes of a warmer and wetter climate on early Mars, followed by a long period of significantly reduced erosion rates.

The Eberswalde crater and its contributing basins have been analyzed in detail in order to reconstruct the geological evolution of the water-related landforms with particular focus on the Eberswalde delta-like feature. Based on a complex strata organization characterized by a topset–foreset–bottomset geometry, typical of delta progradation on Earth, we interpret the Eberswalde feature to be a fan delta associated with a lacustrine system. Depositional sub-environments have been recognized and mapped and the sedimentary processes discussed. A sequence stratigraphy approach has been used to evaluate the system, which we interpret to result from three depositional sequences. These sequences suggest relative water level fluctuations and a longer trend over time towards decreasing water content inside the basin.

The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) has been orbiting the planet Mars since January 2004 onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) Mars Express mission and delivers imagery which is being used for topographic mapping of the planet. The HRSC team has conducted a systematic inter-comparison of different alternatives for the production of high resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) from the multi look HRSC push broom imagery. Based on carefully chosen test sites the test participants have produced DTMs which have been subsequently analysed in a quantitative and a qualitative manner. This paper reports on the results obtained in this test.

This review summarizes the use of High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) data as an instrumental tool and its application in the analysis of geological processes and landforms on Mars during the last 10 years of operation. High-resolution digital elevations models on a local to regional scale are the unique strength of the HRSC instrument. The analysis of these data products enabled quantifying geological processes such as effusion rates of lava flows, tectonic deformation, discharge of water in channels, formation timescales of deltas, geometry of sedimentary deposits as well as estimating the age of geological units by crater size-frequency distribution measurements. Both the quantification of geological processes and the age determination allow constraining the evolution of Martian geologic activity in space and time. A second major contribution of HRSC is the discovery of episodicity in the intensity of geological processes on Mars. This has been revealed by comparative age dating of volcanic, fluvial, glacial, and lacustrine deposits. Volcanic processes on Mars have been active over more than 4 Gyr, with peak phases in all three geologic epochs, generally ceasing towards the Amazonian. Fluvial and lacustrine activity phases spread a time span from Noachian until Amazonian times, but detailed studies show that they have been interrupted by multiple and long lasting phases of quiescence. Also glacial activity shows discrete phases of enhanced intensity that may correlate with periods of increased spin-axis obliquity. The episodicity of geological processes like volcanism, erosion, and glaciation on Mars reflects close correlation between surface processes and endogenic activity as well as orbit variations and changing climate condition.