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The relationship between the leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and hyperspectral remote sensing imagery (HYP) was determined to construct an estimation model of the LNC of drip-irrigated sugar beets, aiming to provide supports for the in-time monitoring of sugar beet growth and nitrogen management in arid areas. In this study, a field hyperspectrometer was used to collect the leaf reflectance at the 350–2500 nm for each treatment on the 65th, 85th, 104th, 124th, and 140th day after emergence, and the LNC and leaf chlorophyll content (CHL) of sugar beets were also determined. The spectral characteristic parameters were selected to construct the vegetation indices. The LNC estimation model using HYP as the independent variable (HYP-LNC), and that using CHL and HYP as the independent variables (HYP-CHL-LNC), were compared. The results shows that the HYP-CHL-LNC models had a better linear relationship and a higher fitting accuracy than the HYP-LNC models.

The SEG Advanced Modeling (SEAM) Arid benchmark model was designed to simulate an extremely heterogeneous low-velocity near surface (NS), which is typical of desert environments and typically not well characterized or imaged. Imaging of land seismic data is highly sensitive to errors in the NS velocity model. Vertical seismic profiling (VSP) partly alleviates the impact of the NS as the receivers are located at depth in the borehole. Deep learning (DL) offers a flexible optimization framework for full-waveform inversion (FWI), often outperforming typically used optimization methods. We investigate the quality of images that can be obtained from SEAM Arid VSP data by acoustic mini-batch reverse time migration (RTM) and full-waveform imaging. First, we focus on the effects of seismic vibrator and receiver array positioning and imperfect knowledge of the NS model when inverting 2D acoustic data. FWI imaging expectedly and consistently outperforms RTM in our tests. We find that the acquisition density is critical for RTM imaging and less so for FWI, while NS model accuracy is critical for FWI and has less effect on RTM imaging. Distributed acoustic sensing along the full length of the well provides noticeable improvement over a limited aperture array of geophones in imaging deep targets in both RTM and FWI imaging scenarios. Finally, we compare DL-based FWI imaging with inverse scattering RTM using the upgoing wavefield from the original SEAM data. Use of significantly more realistic 3D elastic physics for the simulated data generation and simple 2D acoustic inversion engine makes our inverse problem more realistic. We observe that FWI imaging in this case produces an image with fewer artifacts.

Change detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is an important part of remote sensing (RS) image analysis. Contemporary researchers have concentrated on the spatial and deep-layer semantic information while giving little attention to the extraction of multidimensional and shallow-layer feature representations. Furthermore, change detection relies on patch-wise training and pixel-to-pixel prediction while the accuracy of change detection is sensitive to the introduction of edge noise and the availability of original position information. To address these challenges, we propose a new neural network structure that enables spatial-frequency-temporal feature extraction through end-to-end training for change detection between SAR images from two different points in time. Our method uses image patches fed into three parallel network structures: a densely connected convolutional neural network (CNN), a frequency domain processing network based on a discrete cosine transform (DCT), and a recurrent neural network (RNN). Multi-dimensional feature representations alleviate speckle noise and provide comprehensive consideration of semantic information. We also propose an ensemble multi-region-channel module (MRCM) to emphasize the central region of each feature map, with the most critical information in each channel employed for binary classification. We validate our proposed method on four benchmark SAR datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the competitive performance of our method.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil severely and are difficult to remediate. In this study, acid-modified chestnut inner shell biochar with abundant pore channels was used as the main raw materials for the immobilization of white-rot fungal crude enzyme. The maximum immobilization rate of crude enzymes (97.25%±6.20%) could be achieved under the optimal conditions of 24 h immobilization of 10 U/mL crude enzymes by 1 g biochar at 25℃ and pH = 5. Meanwhile, immobilization improved the stability of the crude enzyme. The relative activity of the immobilized crude enzyme increased by 59.32% and 49.73% (compared to the free crude enzymes) after 5 weeks of storage at 4°C and 25°C, respectively. It has been verified that chestnut-based immobilized crude enzyme can degrade 37% of benzo[a]pyrene in 10 days for PAHs-contaminated soils. An efficient, feasible, and low-cost remediation method for PAHs-contaminated soils was explored, which provides technical support for the application of crude enzymes in organic contaminated soils.

Munronin V (1), a limonoid possessing a newly 7/7/6 tricarbocyclic framework, was obtained from Munronia henryi Harms. 1 inhibited Tau pathology by activating TFEB-mediated autophagy, suggesting its potential for against Alzheimer's disease (AD).

C2 inhibited autophagy by blocking autophagy flow, thereby closing the self-protection pathway of oxidative stress to enhance CDT. Importantly, C2 exhibited almost the same tumor growth inhibition activity as cisplatin in the T24 xenograft model.

While increasing studies confirmed the adverse effects of indoor air pollution (IAP) on cardiopulmonary systems, less is known about the impact of IAP on child's brain.To explore the associations between multiple indoor air pollutants exposures and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in Chinese schoolchildren.We invited 8630 individuals aged 6-12 years from an ongoing school-based cohort study across Guangzhou from April to May 2019. There are 7495 and 7245 children were respectively evaluated on the parent- and teacher-rated Conner's Rating Scale-Revised, and 7087 children were assessed on both versions. Indoor air pollutants exposures including cooking oil fumes, incense burning, home renovation, and secondhand smoke, were measured using a questionnaire reported by parents and children, and further converted into an index. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were performed to evaluate the associations between indoor air pollutants exposures and ADHD index and the presence of ADHD symptoms.As reported by parents, 321 (4.3%) children had ADHD symptoms. Each of the four pollutants was positively associated with higher ADHD index and higher odds of ADHD symptoms. Children exposed to 1, 2, and ≥ 3 types of indoor air pollutants had higher ADHD index and higher odds of ADHD symptoms than those non-exposed children. For parent-reported ADHD symptoms, the odds ratios ranged from 1.24 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92-1.67] to 2.73 (95% CI: 1.86-4.01). These associations were consistent in parent- and teacher-reported ADHD symptoms, and the combination of both.Indoor air pollutants exposures were positively associated with higher prevalence of children's ADHD symptoms assessed by whether parents or teachers.

We developed a circular bivalent aptamer (CBA) to precisely activate membrane receptor-mediated regenerative signaling for repairing liver injury in vivo. This work expands the applications of aptamer in the field of regenerative medicine.

Zn(ii) compounds exhibit remarkable antitumor and antiangiogenic activities.

Two “volcano” peaks in the relevant activity curve showcased that plasma discharge power had a significant impact on the activity of Pt/CeO2-Px catalysts and modulating discharge power could be regarded as an efficient method to optimize catalyst performance.

A novel atomically precise Fenton-like agent (DC-OD-Cu) was rationally engineered for maximized ROS-amplified mitochondrial damage-mediated tumor therapy by synchronous chemodynamic/photodynamic therapy.

This review compares machine learning approaches for property prediction of materials, optimization, and energy storage device health estimation. Current challenges and prospects for high-impact areas in machine learning research are highlighted.

To evaluate and describe the clinical efficacy and safety of a modified unilateral biportal endoscopic lumbar discectomy.From February 2019 to February 2020, patients who met the inclusion criteria were treated using a modified unilateral biportal endoscopic lumbar discectomy. During the operation, the herniated disc was removed and the ligamentum flavum was preserved. Clinical efficacy was assessed via postoperative imaging and follow-up.A total of 70 patients were followed up for more than 2 years, including 51 males and 19 females, aged 49.4 ± 16.0 years. All operations were completed and no complications were noted. Postoperative lumbar magnetic resonance imaging showed that the decompression of the nerve root was sufficient and the ligamentum flavum was preserved in all patients. Postoperative lumbar CT showed that the caudal lamina and inferior articular process of the cephalad vertebral were partially removed. Lower back and leg pain were significantly relieved after surgery, and the Oswestry Disability Index was significantly improved compared to presurgery measurements (P ＜ 0.01). After 2 years of follow-up, the sensory and muscle strength of nerve roots were significantly recovered (P ＜ 0.01). According to the MacNab score of the patients, 40 cases were defined as "excellent," 26 cases were "good," 2 cases were "fair," and 2 cases were "poor."Modified unilateral biportal endoscopic lumbar discectomy can completely remove a lumbar herniated disc; relieve lower back and leg pain; improve lumbar function; reduce the risk of dural tearing, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, and epidural hematoma; and reduce the epidural adhesion and arachnoiditis caused by ligamentum flavum resection.

Cationic lipids were designed to study the structure–activity relationship of hydrophobic parts. At a certain length, the unsaturation degrees significantly affected the transgene expression through enhancing membrane fusion and fluidity.

The nonlinear optical responses of carbon nanohoop derivatives increase significantly with the increasing number and the length of π-bridges.

A pillar-layered dense 3d–4f MOF shows high IAST selectivity for CH4/N2 owing to the enhancement of the interactions between the MOF and CH4 by the heteroatoms of the pillars.

ObjectivesThe primary aim was to evaluate risk factors for surgical site infections after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The secondary aim was to investigate the surgical site infection incidence rate and the mean time to postoperative surgical site infection symptoms.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, Embase and Web of Science were searched from database inception to September 2021 and updated in April 2022.Eligibility criteriaQuantitative, original studies reporting potential risk factors for surgical site infections after ACLR were included.ResultsTwenty-three studies with 3871 infection events from 469 441 ACLRs met the inclusion criteria. Male sex (OR 1.78, p< 0.00001), obesity (OR 1.82, p=0.0005), tobacco use (OR 1.37, p=0.01), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.40, p=0.002), steroid use history (OR 4.80, pConclusionMale sex, obesity, tobacco use, diabetes mellitus, steroid use history, previous knee surgery history, professional athletes, revision surgery, hamstring autografts, concomitant lateral extra-articular tenodesis and a long operation time may increase the risk of surgical site infections after ACLR. Although the risk of surgical site infections after ACLR is low, raising awareness and implementing effective preventions for risk factors are priorities for clinicians to reduce the incidence of surgical site infections due to its seriousness.

Background Patients with gastroparesis who have undergone prior intrapyloric botulinum toxin injection (BTI) may seek an opinion regarding peroral pyloromyotomy (POP). There are only two small reports assessing the role of BTI as a predictor for successful treatment with POP. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study to assess whether symptomatic improvement after BTI predicts a response to POP. We included 119 patients who had undergone both BTI and POP at Cleveland Clinic Ohio or Cleveland Clinic Florida from January 2016 to September 2019. Results 65.5 % of patients had symptomatic improvement after BTI. Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index (GCSI) scores were available for 74 patients, with 64 % achieving a response to POP, defined as a decrease in mean GCSI ≥ 1. In multivariable analysis, response to BTI (odds ratio [OR] 7.7 [95 %CI 2.2–26.1]) and higher pre-POP GCSI score (OR 2.3 [95 %CI 1.2–4.6]) were independent predictors of response to POP. Conclusions Clinical improvement after BTI is a predictor of response to POP in patients with gastroparesis. This information may aid in improving patient selection for POP.

Lubricants have played important roles in friction and wear reduction and increasing efficiency of mechanical systems. To optimize tribological performance, chemical reactions between a lubricant and a substrate must be designed strategically. Tribochemical reactions are chemical reactions enabled or accelerated by mechanical stimuli. Tribochemically activated lubricant additives play important roles in these reactions. In this review, current understanding in mechanisms of chemical reactions under shear has been discussed. Additives such as oil-soluble organics, ionic liquids (ILs), and nanoparticles (NPs) were analyzed in relation to the tribochemical reaction routes with elements in metallic substrates. The results indicated that phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, and nitrogen are key elements for tribochemical reactions. The resulting tribofilms from zinc dithiophosphates (ZDDP) and molybdenum dithiocarbamate (MoDTC) have been widely reported, yet that from ILs and NPs need to investigate further. This review serves as a reference for researchers to design and optimize new lubricants.

STUDY QUESTION Are maternal urinary isoflavone (ISO) concentrations during pregnancy associated with anogenital distance (AGD) in infants at birth, and at 6 and 12 months of age? SUMMARY ANSWER Higher maternal urinary ISO concentrations during pregnancy were associated with longer AGD in infants of both sexes, and equol (EQU) and daidzein (DAD) were identified as the important ISO mixture components in the observed associations. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Evidence of the association of prenatal exposure to ISO with offspring’s AGD is mainly derived from animal studies, which used different study designs and had inconsistent results. Only one human study has been reported and it found null associations between maternal ISO exposure during pregnancy and AGD among boys at birth, with a small sample size and a wide range of exposure windows. No human study on girls was found. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Prospective cohort study (Shanghai-Minhang Birth Cohort Study), with pregnant women recruited at 12–16 weeks of gestation in Shanghai, China between April and December 2012. One thousand two hundred and twenty-five live singletons were left in the cohort at delivery of which 480 mother–infant pairs had data on both maternal urinary ISO concentrations and at least one AGD measurement and were included in the present study. Anopenile distance (AGDAP) and anoscrotal distance (AGDAS) of boys and anoclitoral distance (AGDAC) and anofourchette distance (AGDAF) of girls were measured at birth and at 6 and 12 months of age. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations between maternal ISO concentrations and AGD. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was implemented to examine both the overall effects of ISO mixture and the single effect of each ISO and identify important components of ISO mixture. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A general profile of higher concentrations of maternal ISO associated with longer AGD in infants of both sexes was observed, when maternal education, parity, BMI before pregnancy (BMI, categorical variable), passive smoking during early pregnancy, age at delivery, gestational weeks and infant body size were adjusted for. Among boys, EQU was associated with increased AGDAS at birth and at 6 and 12 months, and DAD was associated with increased AGDAP at birth. Among girls, the associations of EQU and DAD with increased AGDAC and AGDAF at birth were found. When gestational weight gain and feeding patterns of infants in the first 6 months were additionally adjusted for, and maternal BMI was adjusted for as a continuous variable, more pronounced associations were observed, especially for associations of genistein (GEN), DAD and glycitein (GLY) with increased AGDAP and AGDAS at 6 months in boys. However, these associations were not always observed in the highest tertile group, and no consistent dose–response relationships were found. Similar results were observed in BKMR models, showing positive correlations of concentration of ISO mixture with increased AGDAS at both 6 and 12 months among boys, and increased AGDAC and AGDAF at birth among girls. Statistically significant increments of 4.96 mm (95% credible interval (CrI): 1.40, 8.52) and 1.07 mm (95% CrI: 0.02, 2.13) in AGDAS at 6 months among boys and AGDAC at birth among girls, respectively, were observed at the 75th percentile of ISO mixture, compared with 25th percentile. EQU and DAD were identified as the important components among ISO-AGD associations. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION First, due to the short half-lives of ISO, the accuracy of a single spot urine sample reflecting ISO exposure during pregnancy may be limited, and thus may cause non-differential misclassification. Second, despite the adjustments for several important covariates in the study, unmeasured and residual confounding factors may remain a concern. Third, false discovery due to multiple testing may remain. Finally, the reduced sample sizes attributed to the loss of follow-up and missing data of confounders may limit our ability to detect an association, if any existed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Prenatal ISO exposure may affect the reproductive development of offspring. As ISO can be widely detected in pregnant women, especially in Eastern countries, more studies are warranted to provide evidence of the effects of prenatal ISO exposure on long-term reproductive outcomes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2701003), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22076123), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (21ZR1454700 and 20ZR1448000), the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (20194Y0160) and Innovation-oriented Science and Technology Grant from NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (CX2022-04). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.