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This article presents a study on the dialectal areas of Brazil, carried out using semantic-lexical data, which take the proposition of dialectal division of Brazil established by Antenor Nascentes (1953) by reference. In this way, there is an investigation of the answers of the informants of the Linguistic Atlas of Brazil Project - ALiB Project - to question 156 of the Semantic-Lexical Questionnaire - QSL - which seeks to ascertain the ways of naming "What are the little round glass things that boys like to play" (NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE ALiB PROJECT, 2001, p. 34). The methodology used consisted in carrying out the following steps: a) selection and reading of texts related to the theme, Nascentes (1953; 1955), Teles (2018), among others; b) formation of the corpus; c) analytical comparison of the items documented in the corpus, aiming at identifying similarities and differences, from the comparison established among the researches of Ribeiro (2012), Portilho (2013), Isquerdo; Romano (2014), Romano (2015), D'Anunciação (2016), Santos (2016), Alencar (2018) and, finally, Santos (2018), which focused on the description of responses to QSL 156 (gude); d) elaboration of final considerations about the Brazilian dialectal sandality, portrayed through the comparative study. It is worth mentioning that the corpus analysis made it possible to record and document the lexical diversity of the Portuguese spoken in several geographic regions of the country, besides bringing news about the Brazilian dialectal configuration, from the point of view of the lexical item under analysis. Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre as áreas dialetais do Brasil, realizado por meio de dados semântico-lexicais, que tomam a proposição de divisão dialetal do Brasil estabelecida por Antenor Nascentes (1953) por referência. Desse modo, há uma investigação das respostas dos informantes do Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil – Projeto ALiB, para a questão 156 do Questionário Semântico-Lexical – QSL, que busca apurar as formas de nomear o brinquedo assim descrito na questão: “Como se chamam as coisinhas redondas de vidro que os meninos gostam de brincar?” (COMITÊ NACIONAL DO PROJETO ALiB, 2001, p. 34). A metodologia utilizada consistiu na realização das seguintes etapas: a) seleção e leitura dos textos relacionados ao tema, Nascentes (1953; 1955), Teles (2018), entre outros; b) formação do corpus; c) comparação analítica dos itens documentados no corpus, objetivando identificar semelhanças e diferenças, a partir do cotejo estabelecido entre as pesquisas de Ribeiro (2012), Portilho (2013), Isquerdo; Romano (2014), Romano (2015), D’Anunciação (2016), Santos (2016), Alencar (2018) e, por fim, Santos (2018), os quais tiveram foco na descrição das respostas para QSL 156 (gude); e d) elaboração de considerações finais acerca da arealidade dialetal brasileira, retratada por meio do estudo comparativo. Vale ressaltar que a análise do corpus possibilitou realizar o registro e a documentação da diversidade lexical do português falado em diversas regiões geográficas do país, além de trazer notícias sobre a configuração dialetal brasileira, do ponto de vista do item lexical em análise.

Eighteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) were carried out to evaluate groundwater potential and aquifer protective capacity of the overburden units in Gude and environs. The Schlumberger configuration with maximum current electrode of 100 m was used and H type curve accounted for 94.4%. Geo-electro stratigraphic sections revealed that the geologic sequence beneath the area is composed of topsoil and highly Weathered/Fracture basement. The first layer is topsoil and has resistivity values between 15 Ωm to 462 Ωm with thickness ranging from 0.82 m to 4.78 m. The second layer which is referred to as weathered/fractured has resistivity values between 23 Ωm to 119 Ωm and thickness value ranging from 15 m to 43 m. The third layer representing a weathered basement and has an average resistivity value of 316.10 Ωm. The Dar-Zarrouk parameter in Gude area showed that the transvers resistance varies from 140.83 to 4763.02 Ohm-m2 with average value of 1422.32 Ohm-m2. While the Hydraulic conductivity values determined from geoelectrical technique range from 7.028 to 48.554 m/day with average value of 17.145 m/day.

Gude nuts are known as wooden nuts on Kisar Island, which is an area that uses wood nuts as food. This study aims to determine the viscosity value and organoleptic test of pigeon pea sauce based on the weight of the beans. This research was conducted in February - March 2021 at the Laboratory of the Biology Education Study Program, FKIP, Pattimura University, Ambon and a viscosity test at the Ambon Industrial Standardization and Research Institute (Baristand) using an experimental research type and the research design used was a completely randomized design ( RAL), using 3 treatments, namely the weight of pigeon pea 150 g, 300 g and 450 g and using 2 replications to obtain 6 samples. This study showed that the weight of pigeon pea had an effect on the viscosity and organoleptic of soy sauce. From the viscosity analysis, the highest viscosity was obtained, namely 608.065 cp with a weight of 450 g pigeon pea, while for pigeon pea 300 g 411.065 cp and 150 g gude beans at 141 cp and organoleptic test obtained the average value of the texture of soy sauce on the treatment of pigeon pea and soy sauce 450 g pigeon pea 300 g with an average value of 4 (very thick) and peanut gude 150 g with an average value of 3 (thick). In the flavor of pigeon pea sauce 300 g and 150 g have an average value of 3 (fragrant), while for the treatment of 450 g peanuts is 4 (very fragrant). The color of the soy sauce in the pigeon pea sauce treatment was 450 g and 300 g with an average value of 4 (very black), and the 150 g peanut sauce treatment was 3 (black). In the treatment of 450 g of pigeon pea sauce and 300 g of pigeon pea sauce, the average value was 3 (sweet). For 150 g of pigeon pea soy sauce, on average the panelists gave a score of 2 (less sweet). There is an influence on the viscosity because the weight of the nuts used is different. while the organoleptic test showed a thick, fragrant, less sweet, and sweet taste.

Gude (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) merupakan tanaman kacang-kacangan tahunan (perennial) yang mempunyai keunggulan dibanding tanaman kacang-kacangan lokal lain antara lain tahan kekeringan, tahan rebah dan polong tidak mudah pecah. Potensi komoditas gude belum didukung data yang akurat. Gude digunakan sebagai salah satu sumber protein dan gizi yang bisa dikembangkan. Salah satu cara untuk mengetahui keberadaan protein adalah analisa profil protein dengan metode SDS-PAGE. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi profil protein pada tanaman gude jenis biji hitam dengan SDS-PAGE. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Faal Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Brawijaya Malang pada bulan Desember 2017. Bahan penelitian adalah biji gude hitam yang berasal dari kabupaten Wonogiri yang dibudidayakan di greenhouse Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sebelas Maret Solo. Analisis profil protein dilakukan dengan separating gel, stacking gel, pemanasan sampel, running, staining dan destaining. Selanjutnya dianalisis pita protein yang diamati meliputi berat molekul (BM), kehadiran pita protein, dan tebal tipis pita protein. Dari hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan bahwa gude hitam menghasilkan 10 marker dengan berat molekul 11kD, 17kD, 20kD, 25kD, 35kD, 48kD, 63kD, 75kD, 100kD dan 135kD. Analisis SDS-PAGE menunjukkan bahwa gude hitam mempunyai pita dengan berat molekul kecil (kurang dari 60kD), besar (160kD keatas) dan sedang (60-110kD). Protein dengan berat molekul kecil mengindikasikan bahwa tanaman terebut mudah diserap dalam metabolism sedangkan pada berat molekul besar tahan terhadap stress lingkungan. Protein yang terdapat pada gude hitam mengandung protein βGalactosidase, Ovalbumin, Carbonic anhydrase, lysozyme

Tempe yang memiliki kualitas baik dapat dilihat dari penampilan morfologi atau penampilan fisik dari tempe itu sendiri. Karakteristik tempe sangat dipengaruhi oleh kualitas substrat fermentasi yang baik, kualitas starter atau inokulum yang baik, serta kondisi lingkungan dan cara kerja yang steril. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas tempe (warna, tekstur, dan aroma) pada tempe gude (Cajanus cajan (L) Millps.) selama fermentasi. Metode fermentasi tempe gude dilakukan sesuai dengan cara fermentasi tempe kedelai, akan tetapi pada kacang gude dilakukan perendaman bertingkat. Pada waktu 24 jam pertama miselia kapang mulai tumbuh, berwarna putih, akan tetapi belum begitu padat, miselia yang tumbuh masih tipis. Akan tetapi aroma khas tempe mulai tercium, pada hasil fermentasi selama 48 jam menghasilkan tempe gude dengan kualitas yang cukup baik yaitu memiliki tekstur yang padat, memiliki aroma yang harum, pH 4,3 dan kadar air 6,8% berwarna putih yang disebabkan oleh miselia kapang yang tumbuh baik.

Snack bar is a snack that is consumed between meals. Snack bars are usually made from nuts, cereals, and dried fruit. Snack bars are made to meet nutritional intake and overcome hunger amid busy activities. Snack bar products made from local raw materials need to be developed considering the many sources of food that have functional benefits. Samples were tested for carbohydrate, protein, fat, moisture content, and ash content. The results obtained were then statistically analyzed using a completely randomized design analysis. The study used 7 treatments and 3 replications so that the researcher had 21 experimental units. The comparison treatment of gude bean flour with red beans and kratok beans on snack bar products has a carbohydrate content of 41.826 – 45.310%, protein 13,234 – 33,869%, fat 10.046 – 10.796%, ash content 0.704 – 1.343%, and water content 6.344 – 6.819%.

The use of local bean as an alternative food to meet the community's nutritional needs has been widely practised by society. One of the popular local beans in Kisar Island, Southwestern Maluku community, is gude bean. The people of Kisar Island have used gude beans and sweet potatoes to make traditional food, namely kolak (sweet compote), while the young pods are used as fresh vegetables. Gude bean can be used as a functional food such as gude essence, sweetened condensed milk, and soy sauce. The research objective was to determine the organoleptic assessment of food products from gude beans. Three sterile food products using gude beans were made in this research. The organoleptic tests were conducted on the Kisar community. Organoleptic panellists were fifteen (15) people originally from Kisar Island who live in Ambon city. Panellists were selected using a purposive sampling technique because they originally from Kisar Island know the nature of gude beans, like gude beans, have consumed gude beans. Descriptive analysis techniques were used as data analysis. The results showed that gude essence, milk, and soy sauce products had good taste, colour, texture, and aroma and were acceptable for consumption. This organoleptic test showed that the Kisar community could accept the gude bean food products.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) is one of the biodiversity of Kisar Island, Maluku Barat Daya (MBD). This study aimed to determine the number and size of chromosomes from pigeon pea (C. cajan) from Kisar Island, MBD. The method used for chromosome observation is the squashing method, while for the analysis of the shape and size of chromosomes using the picsart and image raster applications. Data analysis using descriptive analysis with the help of figures and tables. The results showed that the chromosome number of three varieties of pigeon pea (C. cajan) was 2n = 14. The longest chromosome is owned by orange seed varieties that are 9.17 µm, batik color seed varieties are 9.09 μm, the shortest chromosomes are owned by black seed varieties of 8.32 µm. The chromosome length of the three varieties of pigeon pea (C. cajan) varies showing different genome numbers. Key words: Chromosome; Cajanus cajan; Kisar Island; Maluku Barat Daya.

Pigeon pea and tempeh are local foods that are rich in nutrients. This functional drink is a development of the previously made peanut drink formulation. This functional drink of gude and tempeh beans with the addition of arabic gum as a stabilizer. Analyzing the effect of adding gum arabic through organoleptic tests and knowing the food safety of this functional drink. This research is a pre-experimental research. The research design uses a one shot group design. The organoleptic analysis test used was the Friedman test. Product safety was carried out by microbiological contamination test using AMP and ALT methods. Organoletic test analysis showed that there was no difference in acceptance (p>0.005) of color, aroma, taste and texture at the concentration of gum addition (0.10%, 0.15% and 0.20%). Bacteriological test results AMP and ALT values do not exceed the maximum threshold value of microbial contamination according to SNI 3719:2014 for beverage products. Keywords : Functional drink, arabic gum, pigeon pea, tempe ABSTRAK Kacang gude dan tempe merupakan pangan lokal yang kaya dengan kandungan zat gizi. Minuman fungsional ini merupakan pengembangan dari formulasi minuman kacang gude yang telah dibuat sebelumnya. Minuman fungsioanal kacang gude dan tempe ini dengan penambahan gum arab sebagai bahan penstabil. Menganalisis pengaruh penambahan gum arab melalui uji organoleptik dan mengetahui keamanan pangan minuman fungsional ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pra ekperimental. Desain penelitian menggunakan one shot group design. Uji analisis organoleptik yang digunakan adalah uji Friedman. Keamanan produk dilakukan dengan uji cemaran mikrobiologi metode AMP dan ALT. Analisis uji organoletik adalah tidak ada perbedaan penerimaan (p>0,005) terhadap warna, aroma, rasa dan tektur pada konsentrasi penambahan gum (0,10%, 0,15% dan 0,20%). Hasil uji bakteriologi nilai AMP dan ALT tidak melebihi nilai ambang batas maksimum cemaran mikroba menurut SNI 3719:2014 untuk produk minuman. Kata Kunci : Minuman fungsional, gum arab, kacang gude, tempe

The aim of this article is to examine literacy and numeracy scores of learners who participated in the South African Kha Ri Gude Literacy Campaign. Analysing the learning outcomes of the 2011 cohort of a total of 485,941 participants, the authors seek to identify variations between the learners’ achievements across the eleven official South African languages. Besides exploring the relationship between the literacy and numeracy assessment scores by language, the authors also analyse these scores against various relevant features of the learners’ profiles such as their residential type (rural village, urban township etc.), regularity of class attendance and previous school attendance, if any. They asked ten language experts who had been involved in the development of the campaign’s learner materials to rank the various languages according to their level of difficulty with regard to literacy learning and to interpret the variation in learner achievement scores across the South African languages. This interpretation demonstrates that the challenges of teaching and learning literacy and numeracy in South African languages go beyond the difficulty levels established on the basis of linguistic criteria. The authors contend that future literacy programmes will have to take existing hierarchies and inequalities among language groups into account and devise differentiated strategies to achieve parity of learning.

Garut adalah salah satu umbi lokal yang berpotensi di Indonesia yang memiliki kadar amilosa yang tinggi, sedangkan kacang gude adalah kacang-kacangan dengan kandungan protein yang tinggi. Bihun adalah produk olahan yang terbuat dari beras. Kandungan amilosa garut yang tinggi dan kandungan protein kacang gude yang tinggi pula berpotensi untuk menggantikan beras sebagai bahan baku bihun. Karaginan merupakan suatu jenis hidrokoloid yang telah banyak digunakan dalam bidang pangan yang dapat meningkatkan karakteristik fungsional dari pati, tekstur dan sifat reologikal, dan meningkatkan kualitas dan stabilitas dari produk pangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) 1 faktor, yaitu penambahan karaginan pada campuran tepung garut dan tepung kecambah kacang gude (60:40) dan STPP 0,3% (b/b) yang terdiri dari 7 level (0%; 0.50%; 0.60%; 0.70%; 0.80%; 0.90% dan 1%). Penambahan karaginan dengan konsentrasi 1 % memiliki nilai karakteristik pasta yang paling mendekati dengan nilai karakteristik pasta tepung beras.

Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung, Bd. 70 Nr. 3 (2021): Embracing Digital Methods: Towards a New History of Space in Central and Eastern Europe

The literature shows that people living in urban areas are responsible for three-quarters of global carbon emissions. Developing low carbon cities is therefore crucial to mitigate these emissions. The focus of this study is on efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the urban region of Khon Kaen (120,000 inhabitants), located in northeast Thailand. In 2018, we conducted a qualitative study in four communities in Khon Kaen to gain insight into existing ways of reducing carbon emissions. The results showed that behavior linked to reducing carbon emissions was associated with recycling practices, waste management, and the upgrading of the quality of life, e.g., by developing more sustainable consumption patterns. We found that low carbon city initiatives must first deal with separating household waste and the correct disposal of organic waste, and that community networks are crucial for developing, capturing, and sharing best practices to develop waste management activities that meet the requirements for a transition toward a sustainable low carbon city environment.

Generally, tempeh is made from soybean, but low production of soybean in Indonesia bringing ongovernment have to import its. Soybean import 70% approximated from United State constitutetransgenic soybean which apprehensived have negative effect for health. Indonesia has so manylocal legume such as pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). That could be used as soy beansubstitute as raw material of tempeh. This study aimed to determine the effect of inoculumconcentration pigeonpea beans right to quality and chemical properties of lactid acid bacteriatempeh produced during the fermentation proces. It can be concluded that the inoculumconcentration of 2,50 g/kg of material, can increase levels of the amino nitrogen of 1,582 %, andcan inhibit the growth of lactid acid bacteria. It is also recommended for further research conducedon the long soaking, soaking place, and fermentation time is right to improve the quality ofpigeonpea beans tempeh produced.Keywords : Concentration of the inoculum, lactid acid bacteria, and tempeh pigeonpea

Yoghurt merupakan salah satu produk fermentasi yang menggunakan susu sebagai bahan dasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan bahan dasar susu nabati yang berasal dari kacang gude ekstrak umbi bit sebagai bahan tambahan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan rasio kacang gude kering dan ekstrak umbi bit yang tepat untuk menghasilkan yoghurt kacang gude yang mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan tinggi dan untuk menentukan tingkat penerimaan konsumen terhadap yoghurt kacang gude dengan penambahan ekstrak umbi bit. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan yaitu Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan faktor pertama yaitu kacang gude kering sebesar 20%, 30%, 40% dan faktor kedua yaitu ekstrak umbi bit 5%, 10%, 15%. Analisis kimia yaitu analisis aktivitas antioksidan, gula total, protein, total asam, dan lemak. Analisis organoleptik yaitu warna, kekentalan, rasa asam, flavor kacang gude dan kesukaan keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan 20% kacang gude kering dan ekstrak umbi bit 15% adalah perlakuan terbaik yang didasarkan pada kesukaan keseluruhan yang terdapat pada yoghurt. Dari komposisi tersebut terdapat aktivitas antioksidan DPPH 58,35%, kadar gula 2,77%, kadar protein 39,90%, total asam 1,17%, dan kadar lemak 0,19%. Sedangkan yoghurt yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi didapatkan pada komposisi 30% kacang gude dan ekstrak umbi bit 15% dengan nilai aktivitas antioksidan sebesar 65,23%. Pada perlakuan ini mengasilkan kadar gula 2,80%, kadar protein 46,96%, total asam 1,26%, dan kadar lemak 0,11%. Kata kunci: Kacang gude, ekstrak umbi bit, yoghurt, aktivitas antioksidan ABSTRACT Yogurt is one of the fermented products that used milk as a basic ingredient. This research used basic ingredients of vegetable milk derived from pigeon peas and used beet root extract as an additional material. The purpose of this study was to determine the ratio of dried pigeon peas to water and beet root extract that are appropriate for producing pigeon peas yogurt that had high antioxidant activity and to determine the level of consumer acceptance of pigeon peas yogurt with the addition of beet root extract. The experimental design used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the first factor was dried pigeon peas of 20%, 30%, 40% and the second factor were beet root extract 5%, 10%, 15%. The chemical analysis was antioxidant activity, total sugar, protein, total acid, and total fat. Organoleptic analysis of color, viscosity, sour taste, flavor of pigeon peas and overall preference. The results showed that the combination treatment of 20% dried pigeon peas and 15% beet root extract was the best treatment. From the composition there is DPPH antioxidant activity 58,35%, 2,77% sugar content, 39,90% protein content, 1,17% total acid, and 0,19% fat content. Whereas yogurt with the highest antioxidant activity was found in the composition of 30% pigeon peas and 15% beetroot extract with antioxidant activity values of 65,23%. In this treatment yielded 2,80% sugar content, 46,96% protein content, 1,26% total acid, and 0,11% fat content. Keywords: Pigeon pea, beet root extract, yoghurt, antioxidant activity

This work proposes to analyze the variants of cambalhota and bolinha de gude used in the capital cities of the Northeast region, as described in the ALiB, and the in the Houaiss and Aurélio electronic dictionaries. The general objective is to analyze, in the selected dictionaries, the treatment given to the mentioned regionalisms, as opposed to the ALiB data. In order to do so, a comparison among the information gathered in the three materials was established, especially with regard to geographic location, for the purpose of perceiving convergences and divergences. The data show little convergence between the information provided by the ALiB and the dictionaries. The information found in the dictionaries, for the most part of it, differs from the ones in ALiB. With this, it is possible to notice the need for an update in the lexicographic works concerning the approach used given to regionalisms, based on the dialectical researches. Este trabajo se propone analizar las variantes de cambalhota y de bolinha de gude de las capitales de la región Nordeste, en conformidad con lo descrito en el ALiB, en los diccionarios electrónicos Houaiss y Aurelio. El objetivo general es analizar, en los referidos diccionarios, el tratamiento hacia los regionalismos citados, contraponiéndose a los datos del ALiB. Por lo tanto, se estableció un enfrentamiento entre las informaciones traídas en los tres materiales, sobre todo referente a la localización geográfica, a fin de percibir convergencias y divergencias. Los datos apuntan pocas convergencias entre las informaciones traídas en el ALiB y en los diccionarios. Las informaciones encontradas en los diccionarios, en su mayoría, divergen del ALiB. Con todo, se fija la necesidad de actualización de las obras lexicográficas en el tratamiento de regionalismos, empleando como base las búsquedas dialectológicas. Este trabalho se propõe a analisar as variantes de cambalhota e de bolinha de gude nos dicionários eletrônicos Houaiss e Aurélio. O objetivo geral é analisar, nos referidos dicionários, o tratamento dado aos regionalismos citados, contrapondo-os aos dados do ALiB. Para tanto, estabeleceu-se um confronto entre as informações trazidas nos três materiais, sobretudo quanto à localização geográfica, a fim de perceber convergências e divergências. Os dados apontam poucas convergências entre as informações trazidas no ALiB e nos dicionários. As informações encontradas nos dicionários, em sua maioria, divergem do ALiB. Com isso, nota-se a necessidade de atualização das obras lexicográficas no tratamento de regionalismos, utilizando como base as pesquisas dialetológicas.

Soybean oil cake and pigeonpea were the alternatives vegetable protein sources besides soybean. Their high protein content has not been considered yet in the food processing technology especially for tofu product. This study evaluated ratio of soybean oil cake to pigeonpea used in tofu processing, tofu characteristics and recovery, anti nutrition content and organoleptics characteristics of tofu. Ratio of soybean oil cake to pigeonpea used in this study were 100:0; 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; and 50:50. The result showed that ratio of soybean oil cake to pigeonpea effected tofu characteristics and recovery. Ratio 100:0 gave the best result either in nutrition (protein) content or recovery, but the tofu contains the highest anti nutrition too. Tofu made from material with ratio of 90:10 and 80:20 had the same characteristics and better than others. Organoleptically, tofu made from material with ratio 100:0; 90:10 and 80:20 were valued higher than others. This study needs to be developed in order to find the best processing technique and condition in larger scale.

O presente artigo refere-se a uma investigação desenvolvida a partir de um projeto aplicado em uma turma de alunos do 5º ano do ensino fundamental, com o objetivo de compreender a importância das regras de convivência e o respeito, com vistas no desenvolvimento e aprimoramento da compreensão das habilidades por meio de estratégias lúdicas. O referido projeto buscou enfatizar as melhorias no processo de ensino-aprendizagem através do jogo de bola de gude, bem como, possibilitar mecanismos de socialização aos que apresentavam dificuldades de relacionamento, tanto dentro quanto fora da sala de aula. Para tal, foi elaborado em conjunto um regimento, contendo as regras de cada fase do trabalho, e, de forma minuciosa as nuances pertinentes à execução das atividades, visto que havia alguns estudantes da referida turma que apresentavam dificuldades de relacionamento, os quais acabam interferindo na concentração, produção, compreensão e resolução das atividades. O trabalho é de natureza qualitativa, usando a técnica da observação e pesquisa bibliográfica. Ao finalizar o referido projeto e as observações in loco, concluiu-se que foram alcançados resultados satisfatórios, pois foi constatado que brincadeira é coisa séria, e por mais simples que seja se direcionada, planejada e organizada, pode ser um grande dispositivo para o desenvolvimento do processo de ensino-aprendizagem e socialização dos estudantes.

This work proposes to analyze the variants of cambalhota and bolinha de gude used in the capital cities of the Northeast region, as described in the ALiB, and the in the Houaiss and Aurelio electronic dictionaries. The general objective is to analyze, in the selected dictionaries, the treatment given to the mentioned regionalisms, as opposed to the ALiB data. In order to do so, a comparison among the information gathered in the three materials was established, especially with regard to geographic location, for the purpose of perceiving convergences and divergences. The data show little convergence between the information provided by the ALiB and the dictionaries. The information found in the dictionaries, for the most part of it, differs from the ones in ALiB. With this, it is possible to notice the need for an update in the lexicographic works concerning the approach used given to regionalisms, based on the dialectical researches.

Gude beans (Cajanus cajan) (L.) Millsp) or also called pigeon peas are a type of black legume that can be found in India, Asia and Africa. Pigeon peas are a source of protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, including potassium, but the utilization of pigeon peas for food, especially in the bakery, is still limited. This study aimed to determine the nutritional content of pigeon pea streussel bread through laboratory tests (proximate test and potassium content test) and public acceptance through panelists' preference test. This study used a R&D (Research and Development) with a 4D model (Define, Design, Development and Disseminate). Public acceptance was conducted by 100 general public using a preference test form. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and paired sample t-test. The preference test of gude streussel bread showed 4.09 (preferred). Nutritional content of pigeon pea streussel bread per 100 grams consisted of 51.3 grams of carbohydrates, 7.64 grams of protein, 10.36 grams of fat, 310.53 kcal of energy, and 188.79 mg of potassium. This research show that pigeon pea streussel bread can be consumed as a healthy bread for people with hypertension.

Tempe merupakan makanan tradisional Indonesia yang kaya akan vitamin dan mineral mudah dicerna oleh tubuh. Bahan yang lazimnya digunakan sebagai substrat fermentasi tempe adalah kacang kedelai (Glicyne max), akan tetapi tidak semua daerah di Indonesia dapat ditumbuhi oleh kacang kedelai, oleh karena itu dibutuhkan substrat alternative untuk fermentasi tempe. Kacang gude (Cajanus cajan L.) dapat dijadikan sebagai substrat alternatif fermentasi tempe, hal ini dikarenakan kacang gude mempunyai kandungan gizi yang cukup baik dan memiliki kandungan vitamin dan mineral yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh. Namun demikian sebagian mineral tersebut terikat dengan senyawa asam fitat yang merupakan tripsin inhibitor, sehingga proses pengolahan seperti fermentasi merupakan salah satu cara untuk menguraikan senyawa asam fitat. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan pengujian berupa penentuan kadar abu, nitrogen, vitamin dan mineral dengan metode standar, dilakukan sebelum dan setelah fermentasi. Kadar abu mengalami penurunan setelah fermentasi, kadar nitrogen, kadar besi, kadar kalsium dan kadar fosfor juga mengalami penurunan, sedangkan vitamin B12 mengalami peningkatan meskipun tidak signifikan.

Tempe is a traditional grain-based food that is in great demand by the people of Indonesia, because in addition to its relatively cheap price, its vegetable protein content is also quite high. The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of tempeh through organoleptic tests made from gude (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millps.) seeds with different concentrations and fermentation time. This type of research is a pure experiment. The research was carried out at the Biology Laboratory, FSTT, Mandalika University of Education. The experimental research design used a Randomized Block Design (RAK). Consists of two factors, namely: yeast concentration (K1 = 1.5%; K2 = 2%; and K3 = 2.5%), and fermentation time (F1 = 24 hours; F2 = 30 hours; and F3 = 36 hours ), with 3 replications to obtain 27 experimental units. Data collection techniques using organoleptic tests, which include: color, aroma, texture, and taste tests. Sampling for panelists using purposive sampling technique. Organoleptic test data were collected through the hedonic preference test, with a scale of 1-5, namely: 1 = dislike, 2 = neutral, 3 = somewhat like, 4 = like, and 5 = very much like. The data analysis technique used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a significant level of 5%. Based on the results of statistical analysis concluded that the concentration of yeast and fermentation time had a significant effect on the color, aroma, texture, and taste of the gude seed tempeh produced.

The Japanese land snail Ovachlamys fulgens is reported for the first time in Brazil. We recorded the species in 2015 and 2017 in the municipalities of Santos and São Vicente in the metropolitan region of Baixada Santista, São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. We found the species in an urban park and in a secondary forest altered by exotic plants. As this species is considered a pest and is capable of transmitting disease to humans, we propose that urgent measures be taken by the Brazilian government to control its populations.

International audience

Olivia Gude has a long and distinguished career as both a public artist and an art educator. She is currently the Angela Gregory Paterakis Professor and Chair of Art Education at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), where she works with graduate and undergraduate students to prepare for working as artist educators in school and community settings. Her scholarly work includes a number of articles and book chapters about art education and community art. Prof. Gude has worked as a community public artist for many years and has created over 30 large-scale mural and mosaic projects, working with intergenerational groups, teens, elders, and children. I interviewed Prof. Gude at the SAIC building in downtown Chicago to discuss how her school, university, and community art engagement as well as her work with the National Coalition for Core Arts Standards, might offer suggestions for transforming arts education for the twenty-first century and provide authentic connections between school and ...

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Cookies dari tepung mocaf dan tepung koro gude dimaksukan untuk meningkatkan pemanfaatan bahan pangan local. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat kesukaan panelis terhadap produk cookies mocaf dan tepung tempe koro gude, serta mengetahui karakteristik fisikokimia dari produk tersebut..Metode yang digunakan penelitian ini meliputi pembuatan tepung tempe koro gude, pembuatan cookies mocaf dan tepung tempe koro gude, uji organoleptik, analisa kimia yang meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, kadar protein, kadar lemak, kadar karbohidrat dan aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil penelitian uji organoleptik terhadap lima formulasi cookies F0, F1, F2, F3, dan F4, pada parameter rasa, warna dan overall menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata antar perlakuan pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (p≤0,05). Dua formulasi terbaik cookies mocaf dan tepung tempe koro gude pada semua parameter dihasilkan oleh F2 dan F3 dan dilanjutkan dengan analisa kimia dan aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil uji kadar air nilai tertinggi didapat sampel cookies F3 sebesar 4,99%, kadar protein nilai tertinggi didapat sampel cookies F3 sebesar 7,59% dan aktivitas antioksidan nilai tertinggi didapat sampel cookies F3 sebesar 21,13%, nilai signifikansi menunjukkan ada beda nyata antar perlakuan pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% (P

Kacang gude (Cajanus cajan) termasuk dalam tanaman kacang-kacangan yang memiliki potensi untuk digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk ketahanan pangan karena kaya akan protein, karbohidrat, dan memiliki toleransi tinggi terhadap stres lingkungan. Informasi tentang kacang gude di Indonesia masih minim sehingga perlu dilakukan eksplorasi dan karakterisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari keragaman karakter kacang Gude Putih (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) di Wonogiri, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Sidokarto, Doho, dan Gambiran, Kecamatan Girimarto, Kabupaten Wonogiri, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Variabel yang diamati meliputi morfologi batang, daun, bunga, polong, dan biji. Data morfologis dianalisis menggunakan uji chi kuadrat dan program NTSYS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik morfologi kacang Gude Putih di tiga lokasi di Wonogiri memiliki variasi genetik. Karakter tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, dan ketebalan batang di ketiga lokasi memiliki hasil yang beragam sedangkan karakter lainnya memiliki hasil yang seragam. Hasil analisis hubungan antara lokasi dan karakter kacang Gude Putih bersifat signifikan pada beberapa karakter termasuk tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, dan ketebalan batang. Koefisien kesamaan tanaman kacang Gude Putih di tiga lokasi di Wonogiri berkisar antara 83–87% hingga 100%. Nilai koefisien keragaman pada kisaran 13–17%, menunjukkan bahwa keragaman kacang Gude Putih di tiga lokasi tersebut memiliki keanekaragaman yang sempit.

In this chapter, we explore how the South African Kha Ri Gude mass literacy campaign, flowing from and drawing on the experience of the an earlier national literacy campaign, was developed to support those otherwise marginalized in the South African society. We explain the aims of the campaign as furthering the goal of ‘Literacy Plus’ (i.e. Literacy Plus enabling increased participation in economic, social, and political life). We explicate how a range of (mixed) methods was used for soliciting feedback from learners (as well as from educators and coordinators) throughout both campaigns and further to this in an assessment that took place (2013–2015) by the Adult Basic Education and Youth Development Department at the University of South Africa. We indicate how, in the assessment, we considered ourselves to be involved in a relationship of reciprocity with the (sampled) participants as we explored the impact of the Kha Ri Gude campaign from their perspectives (as developed/recounted through the interactional encounter with us).

Gude bean (Cajanus cajan), usually called lebui in Lombok isused as functional food. It contain protein, carbohydrate, mineral, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Beside nutrients, it also contain anti-nutrients (phitat dan tanin). The processes of soaking, boiling, germination and also fermentation of the gude beans could reduce or even eliminate the anti-nutrient. One of the fermented products that commonly consumed is tempe. As a functional food, tempe could be processed into vegetable dishes, including stir-fry. This research aimed to analyze the effect of stir-frying process on the antioxidant activity, total antioxidant, resistant starch, soluble and isoluble dietary fiber and proximate composition of stir-fried gude beans tempe. The result of analyses were: antioxidant activity 17.48%, total antioxidant 42.53%, resistant starch 1.97%, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber 6.29% db and 16.96% db,, protein 7.48%, lipid 1.39%, carbohydrate 24.34%, and water content 65.20%. The conclusion of this research was that stir-fry process could affect some nutrients and antioxidant activity.Gude bean (Cajanus cajan), usually called lebui in Lombok isused as functional food. It contain protein, carbohydrate, mineral, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Beside nutrients, it also contain anti-nutrients (phitat dan tanin). The processes of soaking, boiling, germination and also fermentation of the gude beans could reduce or even eliminate the anti-nutrient. One of the fermented products that commonly consumed is tempe. As a functional food, tempe could be processed into vegetable dishes, including stir-fry. This research aimed to analyze the effect of stir-frying process on the antioxidant activity, total antioxidant, resistant starch, soluble and isoluble dietary fiber and proximate composition of stir-fried gude beans tempe. The result of analyses were: antioxidant activity 17.48%, total antioxidant 42.53%, resistant starch 1.97%, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber 6.29% db and 16.96% db,, protein 7.48%, lipid 1.39%, carbohydrate 24.34%, and water content 65.20%. The conclus...

Gizi kurang merupakan masalah global terutama pada negara-negara berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh pemberian baruasa kacang gude terhadap berat badan dan tinggi badan siswa sekolah dasar. Baruasa kacang gude dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai jajanan sumber protein yang cukup tinggi karena mengandung protein sebesar 20,70%. Desain penelitian adalah penelitian eksperimen semu menggunakan rancangan Pretest-Postest dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposif. Penelitian ini melibatkan 60 siswa yang dibagi dalam tiga kelompok yakni, kelompok baruasa kacang gude+obat cacing, kelompok baruasa, dan kelompok obat cacing. Satu minggu sebelum intervensi kelompok pertama diberi obat cacing pirantel pamoat dosis 10 ml, kemudian diberi intervensi baruasa kacang gude 60 g/hr, kelompok kedua diberikan baruasa kacang gude sebanyak 60 g/hr, dan kelompok ketiga diberikan obat cacing pirantel pamoat dosis 10 ml. Pemberian baruasa pada kelompok pertama dan kedua dilakukan selama 60 hari. Pengukuran BB dan TB siswa dilakukan satu minggu sebelum dan satu minggu setelah pelaksanaan intervensi berakhir. BB diukur menggunakan timbangan camry, sedangkan tinggi badan menggunakan microtoice. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase perubahan rata-rata BB dan TB siswa pada kelompok baruasa+obat cacing lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok perlakuan lainnya dan berbeda secara bermakna. Pemberian baruasa kacang gude+obat cacing dapat menaikkan berat badan dan tinggi badan siswa sekolah dasar.Kata Kunci : Baruasa kacang gude, berat badan, tinggi badan, siswa sekolah dasar.ABSTRACTMalnutrition is a global problem, especially in developing countries. The aim of the research was to asses the effect of giving baruasa pigeon pea on weight and height of elementary school students. The research was a quasi-experiment study using pretest-posttest design. The samples were selected using purposive sampling technique consisting of 60 students divided into three groups, i.e. baruasa pigeon pea+anthelmintic, baruasa group, and anthelmintic group. One week before intervention, the first group was given pyrantel pamoate anthelmintic with a dose of 10 ml. Then it was given intervention of baruasa pigeon pea 60 g/hr. The second group was given baruasa pigeon pea 60 g/hr, and the third group was pyrantel pamoate anthelmintic with a dose of 10 ml. The first and the second groups were given baruasa for 60 days. The measurement of weight and height students was done one week before and one week after the implementation of intervension ends. Weight was measured using camry scale, while height was measured using microtoice. The result of the research indicate that the percentage of average change of students weight and height in baruasa + anthelmintic group is higher than the one in other treatment groups and they are different significantly.Keyword : baruasa pigeon pea, weight, height, elementary students

Genus Chersaecia Gude, 1899 Chersaecia Gude, 1899d: 148. Endoplon Gude, 1899 d: 148. Syn. nov. Chersaecia ��� P��ll-Gergely et al. 2015 c: 9. Type species Helix (Plectopylis) leiophis Benson, 1860 by original designation. Included species and subspecies Chersaecia auffenbergi sp. nov., C. brachyplecta (Benson, 1863) comb. nov., C. dextrorsa (Benson, 1860), C. feddeni (Blanford, 1865) comb. nov., C. goniobathmos (Ehrmann, 1922) comb. nov., C. leiophis (Benson, 1860), C. leucochila (Gude, 1897) comb. nov., C. magna (Gude, 1897) comb. nov., C. mogokensis sp. nov., C. nagaensis nagaensis (Godwin-Austen, 1875), C. nagaensis muspratti (Gude, 1897), C. perarcta perarcta (Blanford, 1865), C. perarcta simplex (Solem, 1966), C. perrierae (Gude, 1898), C. refuga (Gould, 1846), C. reversalis sp. nov., C. shanensis (Stoliczka, 1873), C. shiroiensis shiroiensis (Godwin-Austen, 1875), C. shiroiensis subnagaensis subsp. nov., C. smithiana (Gude, 1897) comb. nov., C. woodthorpei (Gude, 1899) comb. nov. Diagnosis Shell sinistral or dextral, flat, widely umbilicated; in most cases protoconch seemingly ���smooth���, but never glossy, matt or with tubercles of various size; aperture always with fold; parietal wall with one or two vertical lamellae and usually one or two long horizontal plicae reaching the parietal callus (main and lower plica); all palatal plicae horizontal, sometimes divided in the middle, in some species with several additional denticles posteriorly, in some species three horizontal plicae above and one below the vertical plate formed by the accretion of two plicae (similar to that of Plectopylis). Penis long, cylindrical to very short (reduced), internally with irregular longitudinal folds; penial caecum usually absent (rudimentary caecum rarely discernible); epiphallus present or absent; retractor muscle inserts on penis-epiphallus transition (or at the proximal end of penis); vas deferens slender, with thickened proximal part (or entire vas deferens thickened); vagina slender, usually long, with weak fibre muscles; bursa copulatrix long, with slightly or moderately thickened bursa; diverticulum conical to elongated, cylindrical, shorter than bursa (note that in C. perarcta simplex no diverticulum was reported). Differential diagnosis Chersaecia differs from Endothyrella, Gudeodiscus, Halongella, Sicradiscus and Sinicola by the usually tuberculated (not regularly ribbed) protoconch and the presence of long palatal plica extending to the parietal callus (the only exception is Gudeodiscus longiplica). For the delimitation of Chersaecia from Plectopylis, see Remarks. Distribution The genus Chersaecia is known from northeastern India, Myanmar and northern Thailand (Fig. 4). Remarks Gude (1899 d) diagnosed Chersaecia: ���Sinistral or dextral. Umbilicus wide. Palatal folds horizontal or oblique. Sometimes with one or oblique or vertical plate���, whereas the diagnosis of Plectopylis s.s. was given as follows: ���Sinistral. Shell flattened. Palatal armature: one vertical plate with three horizontal folds above, one below���. However, the fusion of the fourth and fifth palatal plicae into a vertical plate, which is very characteristic in Plectopylis, is also present in two species (perrierae, shiroiensis) assigned to Chersaecia by Gude (1899 d). Therefore this character-state cannot be used as a distinguishing character between the two genera. The peculiarity of Gude���s division is that all species of Plectopylis have two lamellae (sometimes connecting at their upper end), whereas all Chersaecia have only one lamella. These character-states, however, were mentioned by Benson (1860), but not Gude (1899 d). Gude (1914 b) referred to Plectopylis woodthorpei as the transitional form between Plectopylis and Chersaecia, probably because of the small size of the species, which is similar to Chersaecia, but with two lamellae, which is characteristic of Plectopylis sensu Gude (1899d). Some specimens of Chersaecia perrierae show an intermediate character-state between the one and two lamellae types (see under that species). Moreover, the main difference between typical Chersaecia leiophis and Plectopylis goniobathmos is the absence (leiophis) and presence (goniobathmos) of an anterior lamella. These data suggest that the distinguishing mark between Plectopylis and Chersaecia cannot be the number of lamellae, because it shows clinal variability between species, or even between different specimens of the same sample (Fig. 5). I therefore retain all species that are characterized by two lamellae fused at their upper ends, forming a structure which resembles the Greek letter lambda, in the genus Plectopylis. All other former species of Plectopylis, which possess two independent lamellae, are henceforth assigned to the genus Chersaecia. The two species classified in the genus Endoplon Gude, 1899 (type species: Helix (Plectopylis) brachyplecta Benson, 1863, by original designation) do not differ from some species of Chersaecia (e.g., C. magna) in any notable shell characters, only by the coiling direction, which is insufficient to maintain the generic distinction. Therefore, Endoplon is moved to the synonymy of Chersaecia. Gude (1899 d) classified all Vietnamese species in Endoplon. The revision of the Chinese species, however, revealed that the western (Burmese) and eastern (Chinese and Vietnamese) species are only distantly related (see P��ll-Gergely & Hunyadi 2013). The genus Gudeodiscus was erected for the Vietnamese and Chinese taxa formerly placed in Endoplon. Chersaecia is very diverse in terms of anatomical characters, especially the length of the penis and the presence or absence of the epiphallus. So far, the limited information on the genitalia is not in agreement with conchological characters. For example, the epiphallus is absent in C. perrierae, but present in the conchologically similar C. shanensis. In contrast, the conchologically different C. scabra sp. nov. is very similar to C. dextrorsa in the genital anatomy (especially the absence of the epiphallus and the vestigial penis). The species classified in this genus should be placed in at least two different genera based on the presence/absence of the epiphallus. However, I here refrain from describing any new genera, because the anatomy of the type species (C. leiophis), and the majority of the other species are unknown. Table 1 summarizes the key characters of species of Chersaecia. Table 1 (continued on next page). Key characters, most similar species and distribution of species of Chersaecia Gude, 1899, Hunyadiscus P��ll-Gergely, 2016 and Naggsia P��ll-Gergely & Muratov, 2016., Published as part of P��ll-Gergely, Barna, 2018, Systematic revision of the Plectopylinae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Plectopylidae), pp. 1-114 in European Journal of Taxonomy 455 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.455, http://zenodo.org/record/3817707, {"references":["Gude G. K. 1899 d. Armature of Helicoid landshells and new sections of Plectopylis. Science Gossip 6 (65): 147 - 149. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34012981 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Pall-Gergely B., Budha P. B., Naggs F., Backeljau T. & Asami T. 2015 c. Review of the genus Endothyrella Zilch, 1960 with description of five new species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Plectopylidae). ZooKeys 529: 1 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 529.6139","Benson W. H. 1860. Notes on Plectopylis, a group a Helicidae distinguished by several internal plicate Ephiphragms; with the Characters of a new Species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (5): 243 - 247. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18658580 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Benson W. H. 1863. Characters of new Land-Shells from the Andaman Islands, Burmah, and Ceylon, and of the Animal of Sophina. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (11): 318 - 323. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 22221772 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Blanford W. T. 1865. Contributions to Indian Malacology, No. V. Descriptions of new land shells from Arakan, Pegu, and Ava; with notes on the distribution of described species. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 34 (2): 66 - 105. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 37191013 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Ehrmann P. 1922. Land- und Susswasserschnecken aus den sudl. Schan-Staaten, Hinterindien. Sitzungsberichte der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Leipzig 45 - 48: 1 - 28.","Solem A. 1966. Some non-marine mollusks from Thailand, with notes on classification of the Helicarionidae. Spolia Zoologica Musei Hauniensis 24: 1 - 110.","Gould A. A. 1846. [Dr. Gould exhibited a collection of shells, sent from Tavoy, in Burmah, by the Rev. Mr. Mason. Among them he distinguished and characterized the following undescribed species]. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 2: 98 - 100. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9490782 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Stoliczka F. 1873. Descriptions of two new species of Indian Landshells. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 42 (2): 169 - 171. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 35546066 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1914 b. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. ‾ II. (Trochomorphidae- - Janellidae). Taylor & Francis, London. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12910698 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Pall-Gergely B., Muratov I. V. & Asami T. 2016. The family Plectopylidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) in Laos with the description of two new genera and a new species. ZooKeys 592: 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 592.8118","Pall-Gergely B. & Hunyadi A. 2013. The family Plectopylidae Mollendorff 1898 in China (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 142 (1): 1 - 66."]}

Plectopylis cairnsi Gude, 1898 Figs 34 B���C, 35D���F, 38C���D, 39 Plectopylis cairnsi Gude 1898g: 171. fig. 90 a���g [���possibly Burma ���]. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) cairnsi ��� Gude 1899d: 148; 1899e: 175; 1914b: 129���130, fig. 64a���g. Plectopylis achatina ��� Boonngam et al. 2008: 259, fig. 2. Diagnosis A large, sinistral species with an apertural fold that is not in contact with the lambda-complex. Material examined Holotype MYANMAR: 1 shell, holotype, Burma? (NHMUK 1922.8.29.47). Additional material THAILAND: 14 shells, Krabi Province, Limestone Ridge on E side of Highway 4.9 km NW of Krabi, 8��11��� N, 98��51��� E, 40 m a.s.l., 25 Sept. 1985, F.G. Thompson leg. (UF 76744); 3 shells, same data as for preceding (HNHM 97479); 16 specimens (preserved in ethanol), same data as for preceding (UF 76457); 7 shells, Krabi Province, S side of Limestone Ridge, 6.4 km ENE of Ban Chong Phli, 8��05��� N, 98��51��� E, 26 Sep. 1985, F.G. Thompson leg. (UF 76787); 197 shells, Krabi Province, Limestone Ridge 6 km Ne, 2.5 km N of Krabi, 8��07��� N, 98��56��� E, 100 m a.s.l., 26 Sep. 1985, F.G. Thompson leg. (UF 76761); 20 specimens (preserved in ethanol: two of them, PL011 and PL012, used for molecular study) (UF 76467); 6 shells (mixed sample with P. thompsoni sp. nov.), Krabi Province, 10 km NE of Ao Luk, 8��29��� N, 98��49��� E, 30 Sep. 1985, F.G. Thompson leg. (UF 77252); 2 specimens (preserved in ethanol: PL015 and PL016 used for molecular study), same data as for preceding (UF 77252); 2 shells, Krabi Province, limestone knoll on the W side of Highway 401, 2.2 km N of Ban Ao Luk Nua, 8��25��� N, 98��44��� E, 25 Sep. 1985, F.G. Thompson leg. (UF 76723); 3 shells, Krabi Province, Wat Tham Sua, Nation Valley, Mar. 2000, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 3 shells, Krabi Province, ca 2.5 km W of Nong Khon, road nr 4033 (NW of Krabi), Oct. 1999, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (HNHM 97480); 12 shells, same data as for preceding (coll. PGB); 3 shells, Krabi Province, ca 0.3 km SE of Bau Chong Phili (NW of Krabi), Oct. 1999, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 5 shells, Krabi Province, off Km 117.6, road # 4 (Phang Nga���Krabi), 1.5 km on unpaved road, 8��09.574��� N, 98��51.761��� E, Sep. 2000, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 5 shells, Krabi Province, Khao Phung Cave Forest Park (ca 20 km N of Krabi), 3 Mar. 2000, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 2 shells, Krabi Province, left side off Km 23, # no. 4, Phang Nga- Krabi, Mar. 2000, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg.(coll. PGB); 10 shells, Krabi Province, WNW of Amphoe Khao Phanom (from rd # 4037 to rd # 4) limestone hill at left side, 8��22.711��� N, 98��56.183��� E, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 6 shells, Krabi Province, ca 6 km N of Ban Nai Sa (NW of Krabi), Mar. 2000, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 3 shells, Krabi Province, Kao Klom, (NW of Krabi), Oct. 1999, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 2 shells, Krabi Province, canyon ca 1.3 km W of road # 4, direction to old town of Ao Luk (Krabi to Phang Nga), 8��22.382��� N, 98��44.043��� E, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 6 shells, Krabi Province, limestone hill, left side off Km 112 road # 4 (Krabi���Phang Nga), 8��05.758��� N, 98��52.106��� E, 22 Oct. 2000, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 7 shells, Krabi Province, Wat Tham Sua, Nation Valley (near Krabi), 8��07.691��� N, 98��55.678��� E, Oct. 2000, J. and Ch. Hemmen leg. (coll. PGB); 7 shells, Krabi Province, North of Krabi, Tiger Cave Temple, Wort Tham Sena, 8��07���36.15��� N, 98��55���26.65��� E, Sep. 2007, A. Reisch��tz leg. (coll. REI); 1 shell, 1 damaged shell, (coll. PGB); 2 shells, Tiger Cave, Krabi (coll. PGB) (ex coll. K. Okubo); 9 shells, 4 tissue samples, 4 specimens in ethanol, Phangnga, Ao Nang, N side of cliff, 8��1.93��� N, 98��50.28��� E, 70 m a.s.l., 26 Jul. 2010, B. Hausdorf leg. (ZMH 51951); 4 shells, 2 tissue samples, 3 specimens in ethanol, Krabi, Ban Chong Mai Kaeow, N of Ao Luek Nuea, calcareous rocks, 8��24.87��� N, 98��44.22��� E, 60 m a.s.l., 31 Jul. 2010, B. Hausdorf leg. (ZMH 51964); 1 shell, Krabi, Phanom Benja National Park, Huai To waterfall and surrounding forest, 8��14.35��� N, 98��54.87��� E, 120 m a.s.l., 28 Jul. 2010, B. Hausdorf leg. (ZMH 51992); 3 shells, Krabi, Thap Prik, calcareous rocks N of, 8��10.75��� N, 98��52.45��� E, 60 m a.s.l., 28 Jul. 2010, B. Hausdorf leg. (ZMH 79010); 3 shells, Southern Thailand, Andaman Sea side, Krabi Province, Phnom Mountain, donated by Mr Somnuek Patamakanthin and Mr Samwang Patamakanthin, 31 Jul. 2006 (NHMUK 2006.03.29). Description SHELL. Sinistral, almost flat, spire only slightly elevated; whorls 5.5; basal colour yellowish to greyish, dorsal surface with brownish-red and paler stripes; protoconch consists of 2.5���2.75 whorls, extremely finely granular with fine, irregular growth wrinkles; teleoconch very finely, regularly ribbed and decussated with fine spiral lines; sculpture less prominent on ventral side; peristome thickened and slightly reflected, with a rather weak, blunt parietal callus; apertural fold continuous with main plica, usually free from parietal callus (or reaches with a thinner projection). Lambda-complex complete; upper branch and left leg elongated; main plica free from lambda-complex; short horizontal plica may be present under lambda-complex. Palatal wall typical of Plectopylis. MEASUREMENTS (in mm). D = 18.9, H = 6.5 (holotype); D = 18.4���21.1, H = 6.3���7.4 (n = 3, shells from Thailand). CHARACTERS OF THE GENITAL SYSTEM. One specimen from sample UF 76467 was examined. Left ommatophoral retractor runs between penis and vagina; penis relatively long, internally with parallel, serrate folds and tiny calcareous crystals; epiphallus and vas deferens attached to penis with weak muscle fibres; no penial caecum observed; epiphallus internally with three main, and some minor longitudinal folds; retractor muscle thick and inserts on proximal part of penis; vagina approx. half of length of penis, and of comparable diameter; bursa copulatrix with a very short, slender stalk, and a very long, elongate, thick bursa; diverticulum ovate, slightly shorter than stalk of bursa copulatrix; diverticulum contained a spermatophore, which is long, fragile, reddish brown tube folded multiple times, forming an ovate mass having pointed ends. RADULA. Centrals with small, triangular cusps; endocones of laterals ovoid with pointed tip; ectocones of first laterals much larger than centrals; ectocones of marginals undivided, endocones of marginals mostly undivided. Differential diagnosis Plectopylis thompsoni sp. nov. is larger and flatter, the right leg of its lambda-complex is absent, and the main plica is connected to the lambda-complex. Plectopylis bensoni is usually larger, has a shouldered body whorl (more rounded in cairnsi), and the main plica is connected to the lambda-complex (not connected in cairnsi). For the differences with P. malayana sp. nov., see under that species. Distribution This species is known from Krabi Province in Thailand only. In one of the localities, Plectopylis cairnsi co-occurs with P. thompsoni sp. nov. (Fig. 40). Remarks Most examined shells had the main plica and the apertural fold connected. In contrast, they are free from each other in the holotype of P. cairnsi. Furthermore, the main plica reaches the parietal callus in the holotype and only in the minority of the Thai shells. In view of these differences, which I consider minor, I do not find it necessary to treat the Thai populations as a distinct taxon., Published as part of P��ll-Gergely, Barna, 2018, Systematic revision of the Plectopylinae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Plectopylidae), pp. 1-114 in European Journal of Taxonomy 455 on pages 85-89, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.455, http://zenodo.org/record/3817707, {"references":["Gude G. K. 1898 g. Armature of Helicoid landshells and new forms of Plectopylis. Science Gossip 5 (54): 170 - 172. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34017090 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1899 d. Armature of Helicoid landshells and new sections of Plectopylis. Science Gossip 6 (65): 147 - 149. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34012981 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1899 e. Armature of Helicoid landshells. Science Gossip 6 (66): 174 - 177. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34123273 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1914 b. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. ‾ II. (Trochomorphidae- - Janellidae). Taylor & Francis, London. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12910698 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Boonngam P., Dumrongrojwattana P. & Matchacheep S. 2008. The Diversity of Land Snail Fauna in Chonburi Province, Eastern Thailand. Kasetsart Journal (Natural Science) 42: 256 - 263.","Benson W. H. 1860. Notes on Plectopylis, a group a Helicidae distinguished by several internal plicate Ephiphragms; with the Characters of a new Species. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (5): 243 - 247. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 18658580 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018]."]}

Plectopylis bensoni Gude, 1914 Figs 2, 34E, 35C, 36 A���F, 37, 38A���B Helix achatina Pfeiffer, 1845: 86 [���S��damerika���]. Helix repercussa Gould, 1856: 11 [���Tavoy and Mergui���]. Syn. nov. Plectopylis achatina var. obesa Gude, 1898e: 115, fig. 83a���c. Syn. nov. Plectopylis achatina var. infrafasciata Gude, 1898f: 133, fig. 84a���f. Syn. nov. Plectopylis achatina var. venusta Gude, 1898f: 133, fig. 85a���c. Syn. nov. Plectopylis achatina var. castanea Gude, 1898f: 133���134, fig. 86a���c. Syn. nov. Plectopylis achatina var. breviplica Gude, 1898f: 134, fig. 87a���c. Syn. nov. Plectopylis achatina var. repercussoides Gude, 1899a: 333. Syn. nov. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni, Gude 1914b: 138���141, figs 70���72. Helix (Atopa) achatina ��� Albers 1850: 90. Helix (Corilla) achatinum ��� Adams & Adams 1855: 208. Helix achatina ��� Benson 1859c: 95 [���near Moulmein���]. ��� Pfeiffer 1868: 395. Helix (Plectopylis) achatina ��� Benson 1860: 244, 245. ��� Hanley & Theobald 1870: 7, pl. 13, fig. 1. ��� Godwin-Austen 1875b: 613, pl. 74, fig. 6���6a. ��� Nevill 1878: 71. ��� Kobelt 1879: 236, pl. 71, fig. 9. ��� Tryon 1887: 165, pl. 35, figs 3���5, 7���8. ��� Tapparone Canefri 1889: 47 (= 323). ��� Godwin- Austen 1895: 155. pl. 7, fig. 5. Helix repercussa ��� Pfeiffer 1868: 396. ��� Gude 1898d: 74, fig. 78a���i. Plectopylis achatina ��� Stoliczka 1871: 221���222, pl. 15, figs 1���3. ��� Pilsbry 1894: 145, pl. 40, figs 5���8. ��� Gude 1898e: 114���115, figs 80���82. Helix (Plectopylis) repercussa ��� Hanley & Theobald 1870: 7, pl. 13, fig. 4. ��� Nevill 1878: 72. ��� Tryon 1887: 165 (synonym achatina). Plectopylis (Plectopylis) achatina (var. repercussoides, var. infrafasciata, var. castanea, var. obesa, var. venusta, var. pachystoma Theob. M.S., var. breviplica) ��� Gude 1899d: 148. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) repercussa ��� Gude 1899d: 148; 1899e: 175; 1914b: 146���149, fig. 78a���i. ��� Johnson 1964: 139, pl. 37, fig. 3. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) achatina ��� Gude 1899e: 175. Plectopylis achatina var. obesa ��� Gude 1900a: 35���36, fig. 13a���c. Plectopylis achatina var. infrafasciata ��� Gude 1900a: 36���37, fig. 14a���c. Plectopylis achatina var. venusta ��� Gude 1900a: 37���38, fig. 15a���c. Plectopylis bensoni var. repercussoides ��� Gude 1900b: 91. Plectopylis repercussa ��� Gude 1900b: 91. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni var. repercussoides ��� Gude 1914b: 141���142. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni var. infrafasciata ��� Gude 1914b: 142���143, fig. 73a���c. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni var. castanea ��� Gude 1914b: 143, fig. 74a���c. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni var. obesa ��� Gude 1914b: 143���144, fig. 75a���c. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni var. venusta ��� Gude 1914b: 144���145, fig. 76a���c. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni var. breviplica ��� Gude 1914b: 145���146, fig. 77a���c. Plectopylis (Plectopylis) bensoni ��� Zilch 1960: 595, fig. 2095. Diagnosis A very variable species with medium-sized to very large, flat shell, shouldered body whorl due to flat dorsal side (although edge of body whorl rounded), strong main plica, which is connected to both the anterior lamella and the apertural fold, lower plica usually reaches the peristome. Type material The original description (Pfeiffer 1845) was based on a single specimen from the private collection of J.E. Gray, and was said to be collected in South America (���soll aus S��damerika herstammen���). This locality was questioned later (Pfeiffer 1848b: 406), and in the 5 th edition of the Monographiae Heliceorum Viventium, Pfeiffer (1868) designated ���Farm Caves, prope Moulmein��� as the locality of the species. The location of the single shell (holotype) is unknown, and it is most probably lost. Pfeiffer���s collection was destroyed during WWII (Dance 1986). If not destroyed, there are two possibilities where the holotype could be: either in the collection of Cuming, or the shells could have remained in the collection of Gray. Both collections are deposited in the NHM (Dance 1986). I have been unable to locate the holotype there. Since this is the type species of Plectopylis, which is the type genus of the family Plectopylidae, I found it necessary to select a neotype. The shell detailed below, collected at the type locality, is therefore designated as the neotype. Material examined Neotype (here designated) MYANMAR: 1 shell, Kha Yon Caves, approx. 16��32��� N, 97��42.9��� E, 15 Oct. 2009, K. Okubo leg. (NHMUK 20170143, ex coll. K. Okubo). Other types MYANMAR: 1 shell, lectotype of P. repercussa, Burmah, Tavoy and Mergui, coll. Gould (MCZ 169336); 3 shells, paralectotypes of P. repercussa, Burmah, Tavoy (NHMUK 20140813); 1 shell, holotype of P. bensoni var. castanea, Moulmein, coll. Linter (NHMUK 1922.8.29.45); 1 shell, holotype of P. bensoni var. infrafasciata, Moulmein, coll. Linter (NHMUK 1922.8.29.43); 1 shell, holotype of P. bensoni var. obesa, Moulmein, coll. Linter (NHMUK 1922.8.29.42); 1 shell, holotype of P. bensoni var. repercussoides, Moulmein, coll. Linter (NHMUK 1922.8.29.46); 1 shell, holotype of P. bensoni var. venusta Moulmein, coll. Linter (NHMUK 1922.8.29.44). The lectotype of P. repercussa was selected by Johnson (1964). According to the original description of P. bensoni var. breviplica, the holotype is in the collection of Mr Ponsonby, but it was not found in the NHM. Additional material MYANMAR: 1 shell, Birmanie, coll. Denis (MNHN IM- 2012-2516); 7 shells, Birmanie, Moulmein, Mission L. Fea, 1885���1889 (MNHN-IM- 2012-2517); 2 shells, Birmanie, coll. Jousseaume (MNHN- IM- 2012-2518); 8 shells, Indien, Moulmein (NHMS 122182���122189); 1 shell, Moulmein (NHMS 122180); 1 shell, Ost-Indien, ex coll. Dr. Holub 1896 (NHMS 4923); 1 shell, Mergui, Fulton leg., coll. M��llendorff (SMF 150096); 2 shells, (��� var. infrafasciata ���), Burma, coll. Bosch ex Rolle (SMF 172061); 1 shell, Barma, coll. M��llendorff (SMF 150094); 2 shells (��� achatina obesa ���), Burma, coll. Bosch, ex Rolle (SMF 172060); 1 shell (��� v. castanea ���, mixed sample with P. anguina), Burma, coll. Bosch ex Rolle (SMF 172059); 2 shells, Indien, Moulmein, coll. Jaeckel ex Edlauer (SMF 212737); 2 shells, Indien, Moulmein, coll. Bosch, ex Rolle (SMF 172057); 1 shell, Moulmein, coll. Pfeiffer ex Staudinger (SMF 102813); 3 shells, Moulmein, coll. Jetschin ex Linter 1893 (SMF 102822); 2 shells, Moulmein, coll. Kobelt 1876, ex-exhibition coll. ���alte Schau-Slg.��� (photographed in Zilch 1960) (SMF 150088); 3 shells, Birma, coll. M��llendorff ex Beddome (SMF 150091); 3 shells (not typical form with elevated spire), Attaram-Tal, coll. M��llendorff (SMF 150092); 2 shells, Moulmein, coll. Ehrmann ex Staudinger (SMF 150093); 1 shell, Burma, coll. Reinhardt (SMF 150098); 3 shells, Burma, Moulmein, coll. M��llendorff (SMF 150090); 2 shells, Burma, Moulmein, coll. C. Boettger, 1908 (SMF 102814); 3 shells (labelled as ��� anguina ���), Burmah, Mergui (NHMUK); 2 shells (under the name anguina), Burmah, Moulmein, coll. A. S. Kennard, coll. Gude (NHMUK); 1 shell, Birma, coll. Bosch, ex Rolle (SMF 172063); 1 shell, Moulmein (ZMUC-GAS-1802); 1 shell, Moulmein, coll. Steenberg (ZMUC-GAS-1803); 1 shell, Indien, Linter leg., 1906, coll. Steenberg (ZMUC-GAS-1801); 1 shell, Moulmein, Bostre Indien, coll. Steenberg ex Dr. Stoliczka (ZMUC-GAS-1815); 4 specimens (ethanol-preserved bodies + corresponding shells), Kayin, West foot of Zwegabin Mt., Pha-an, loc. 20091014A, 16��49.676��� N, 97��40.504��� E, 31 m a.s.l., 14 Oct. 2009, K. Ohara, K. Okubo and J.U. Otani leg. (coll. PGB); 1 specimen (shell + anatomically examined body), same data as for preceding (NHMUK 20170152); 6 shells, Kayin, West foot of Zwegabin Mt., 16��49.552��� N, 97��40.603��� E, 24 m a.s.l., 14 Oct. 2009, K. Ohara, K. Okubo and J.U. Otani leg. (coll. PGB, ex coll. K. Ohara); 2 shells, Kayin, Pha-an, east foot of Mt. Zwegabin, loc. 20091014C, 16��48.783��� N, 97��40.395��� E, 14 Oct. 2009, K. Ohara, K. Okubo and J.U. Otani leg. (coll. PGB, ex coll. K. Okubo); 1 shell (protoconch examined by SEM), same data as for preceding (coll. PGB); 4 shells, same data as for preceding (coll. PGB, ex coll. K. Ohara); 1 shell, Kayin, [rubber plantation] Pha-an, opposite side of point C, 16��48.693��� N, 97��39.809��� E, 32 m a.s.l., 14 Oct. 2009, K. Ohara, K. Okubo and J.U. Otani leg. (coll. PGB, ex coll. J.U. Otani); 1 shell, Pha An, Bayin Nyi Cave, ca 16��58.225��� N, 97��29.614��� E, 13. Oct. 2009, K. Ohara, K. Okubo and J.U. Otani leg. (coll. PGB, ex coll. K. Okubo); 1 shell, Kayin, Sadsar [Saddan] Cave, Pha-an, 16��44.414��� N, 97�� 43.114��� E, 50 m a.s.l., 14. Oct. 2009, K. Ohara, K. Okubo and J.U. Otani leg. (coll. PGB, ex coll. K. Okubo). SRI LANKA: 1 shell, Tinter [probably Linter] leg. (HNHM 62599); 2 shells, Ceylon, coll. Kov��cs, Gy. (HNHM 67067); 4 shells, Ceylon, ex coll. Oberwimmer (NHMS 122190 ��� 122193); 3 shells, Ceylon(?), coll. Kr��per ex Oberwimmer (SMF 102809); 1 shell, Ceylon, Colombo, coll. Jetschin ex Oberwimmer (SMF 102810); 2 shells, Ceylon, coll. Bosch, ex Rolle (SMF 172058); 1 shell, Ceylon, coll. Jetschin ex Oberwimmer (SMF 102812). LOCALITY UNKNOWN: 2 shells (SMF 150087); 2 shells (labelled as anguina) (NHMUK). Description SHELL. Sinistral, flat, but protoconch usually protrudes above dorsal surface; colour variable, from yellowish to blue and flesh-coloured/reddish (usual); shells usually not monochrome, but with lighter stripes of variable thickness; ventral shell surface usually much lighter than dorsal side; protoconch large, consists of 3.25���3.75 whorls, very finely, irregularly wrinkled; ca first whorl of teleoconch with reticulated sculpture; following ca 1.5 whorls rather glossy, with rough, irregular wrinkles; body whorl rounded or slightly, bluntly keeled, above and below shouldered; aperture oblique, oval; peristome strongly expanded and reflected; parietal callus strongly developed, blunt, slightly S-shaped; apertural fold usually strong, connected to parietal callus; umbilicus wide, without periumbilical keel. Four opened shells were examined. Lambda-complex complete; upper branch does not extend beyond left leg; right leg long or very long; main plica connected to lambda-complex, continuous with apertural fold; lower plica starts below lambda-complex and runs until peristome, or in some populations stops in the middle. Palatal plicae six; first relatively short, situated close to suture; second strongly elongated anteriorly, with a dichotomous posterior end; third shorter, its posterior end descends in direction of lower suture; fourth and fifth form a vertical plate, with one or two additional denticles on posterior side, near its lower end; sixth short, curved. MEASUREMENTS (in mm). D = 17.7���31.3, H = 7���9.1 (smallest and largest specimens found in the NHM); D = 26.2���28.8, H = 8.6���9.1 (repercussa, NHMUK paralectotypes); D = 23.8, H = 8.1 (holotype of achatina var. castanea); D = 17.7, H = 7 (holotype of achatina var. venusta); D = 27.3, H = 8.8 (holotype of achatina var. repercussoides); D = 21.8, H = 8.6 (holotype of achatina var. infrafasciata); D = 19.3, H = 7.5 (holotype of achatina var. obesa). Stoliczka (1871) mentioned that the largest shell was 35 mm in width. CHARACTERS OF THE GENITAL STRUCTURE. Two specimens were anatomically examined (NHMUK 20170152). Left ommatophoral retractor crosses penis and vagina; atrium very short; penis with a longer, cylindrical proximal, and a shorter, also cylindrical but slightly thicker distal portion; penis internally with approx. 10 longitudinal, serrate folds without calcareous granules; epiphallus slightly shorter than distal part of penis; internally with 4���5 strong, longitudinal folds; distal part of penis and epiphallus bound together with weak muscle fibres; a short, blunt penial caecum discernible; retractor muscle slender, flat, and inserts on penial caecum; vas deferens slender, even near its insertion to pedunculus; it is bound to distal part of penis and vagina by weak membrane; vagina approximately as long as penis, flattened at its curving point (this is the point where vaginal bulb is developed in some specimens), otherwise rather cylindrical; uterus with three large, elongated embryos in one specimen; diverticulum triangular, robust, short, bursa copulatrix with very long, slender stalk, bursa elongate oval; a long, club-like, easily weathering spermatophore was found in bursa; slender end of spermatophore curly; whole surface of spermatophore finely wrinkled; spermatophore internally not structured. RADULA. Centrals with small, triangular cusps; endocones of laterals wide ovoid with pointed tips; ectocones of first laterals much larger than centrals; ectocones of marginals undivided, endocones of marginals mostly undivided or divided by shallow incision. See also under radula of Plectopylis cyclaspis. Differential diagnosis See under P. anguina, P. cairnsi and P. linterae. Distribution The species has been reported from several southern localities in Myanmar. Georeferenced sites are known from the limestone hills of the Kayin and Mon States. Although many historical samples are recorded as from from Sri Lanka or Ceylon, these probably all represent erroneous localities on the labels (see also Fig. 12), because no plectopylid has been found in Sri Lanka recently (D. Raheem, pers. comm., 2017 January), and this distribution type is highly unlikely from a biogeographical point of view. Remarks Plectopylis achatina was described by L. Pfeiffer (1845) as ��� Helix achatina Gray ���. However, Gray never described this taxon, so the author should be considered as Pfeiffer. For a long time this species was called Plectopylis achatina Pfeiffer, 1845. That name, however, was already occupied by Helix achatina Gmelin, 1791 (see Gmelin 1791). Therefore, Gude proposed the replacement name Plectopylis bensoni. The only remarkable difference between Plectopylis repercussa and P. bensoni is the strongly elongated upper branch of the lambda-complex in P. repercussa, which differs from the shorter upper branch of P. bensoni. This, however, does not allow the distinction of the two species, which otherwise do not differ in general shell shape. Moreover, P. bensoni var. repercussoides is described as an ���intermediate between typical P. bensoni and P. repercussa ��� (Gude 1914b). I therefore treat P. repercussa as a synonym of P. bensoni. One sample (���Attaram-Tal���, coll. M��llendorff, SMF 150092) had three shells with a somewhat elevated spire and a slightly keeled body whorl (similar to that of Plectopylis anguina). This sample might be a locally isolated form with peculiar shell characters., Published as part of P��ll-Gergely, Barna, 2018, Systematic revision of the Plectopylinae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Plectopylidae), pp. 1-114 in European Journal of Taxonomy 455 on pages 79-85, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2018.455, http://zenodo.org/record/3817707, {"references":["Pfeiffer L. 1845. Uebersicht der mit inneren Lamellen versehenen Helix-Arten. Zeitschrift fut Malakozoologie 2: 81 - 87. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16291669 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gould A. A. 1856. [Dr. A. A. Gould presented the following descriptions of shells]. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 6: 11 - 16. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9493210 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1898 e. Armature of Helicoid landshells and new forms of Plectopylis. Science Gossip 5 (52): 114 - 115. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34017026 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1898 f. Armature of Helicoid landshells and new forms of Plectopylis. Science Gossip 5 (53): 133 - 134. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34017049 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1899 a. Armature of Helicoid landshells and new forms of Plectopylis. Science Gossip 5 (59): 332 - 333. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34029472 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Gude G. K. 1914 b. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Mollusca. ‾ II. (Trochomorphidae- - Janellidae). Taylor & Francis, London. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12910698 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Albers J. C. 1850. Die Heliceen nach naturlicher Verwandtschaft systematisch geordnet. Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin, Berlin. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11507","Adams H. & Adams A. 1855. The Genera of Recent Mollusca; Arranged According to their Organization. Vol. II. Van Voorst, London. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4772","Benson W. H. 1859 c. Notes on the Animals of Rhaphaulus Chrysalis, Pupina artata, Otopoma clausum, Helix Achatina, and H. pylaica. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (4): 93 - 96. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2356222 [accessed 4 Jul. 2018].","Pfeiffer L. 1868. Monographia Heliceorum Viventium: Sistens Descriptiones Systematicas et Criticas Omnium Huius Familiae Generum et Specierum Hodie Cognitarum. Brockhaus, Leipzig. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 12932069 [accessed 30 Jul. 2018].","Benson W. H. 1860. Notes on Plectopylis, a group a Helicidae distinguished by several internal plicate Ephiphragms; with the Characters of a new Species. 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The aim of study to observe influence of the baruasa kacang gude (gude bean) consumption on the body weight, upper arm circumferences and serum protein level in the elementary school student with malnutrition. The study was conducted by using quasi experimental research with non-randomized pre-post design for 2 months period. The sampling method was purposive sampling technique. The study involved 56 students is divided to 2 groups: intervention and control group. The intervention group is consisted samples who had gude bean and deworming agent only. Meanwhile, control group is included samples who had deworming agent. The intervention group had given 10 ml of deworming agent (pryantel pamoate) and gude bean (78 g/day) for 60 days. In additions, 10 ml of deworming agent (pryantel pamoate) was given to control group. The measurement of the body weight, upper arm circumference, and serum protein was taken before and after the intervention. The result showed changed of mean value of body weight, upper arm circumference and total serum protein in the intervention group was higher than control group. Statistically, there was significant difference in increment of upper arm circumference in the intervention group compared to control group. The gude beans had increased body weight, upper arm circumference and serum protein level in the elementary school students with malnutrition.

A atividade relatada neste trabalho ocorreu em turmas do nono ano do Ensino Fundamental da Escola Municipal Tomás Antônio Gonzaga da cidade de Ouro Preto – MG e consistiu na discussão de conceitos físicos inerentes a Movimento a partir de um jogo com bolinhas de gude que possibilitou aos estudantes relacionarem o conteúdo à prática. Essa atividade e seu potencial lúdico possibilitaram grande envolvimento com os temas discutidos e sugerem uma mudança nos métodos tradicionais de ensino de Física que muitas vezes estimulam a memorização mecânica de fórmulas matemáticas, causando aversão e a falta de interesse pela disciplina.

The exotic land gastropod Ovachlamys fulgens (Gude, 1900), aka the jumping snail, was registered in Eldorado city, Misiones province, constituting the first documented record of that species in Argentina– and for all of South America as well. Identities of the individuals were confirmed through morphological examination, and by a DNA sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. DNA sequences for the mitochondrial 16S-rRNA and the nuclear 18S-rRNA genes were also obtained from the morphologicallyconfirmed specimens to gain insights into the genetic background of this species in Argentina, and as additional markers for enhancing the rapidity of identification by governmental authorities who are responsible for managing the presence of exotic species. Different size classes suggested that the species had successfully reproduced and become established in the locality. Ovachlamys fulgens is emphasized in the literature as being a serious pest to orchids. Misiones province harbors a high species richness of orchids, representing about one half of the known species in Argentina. Owing to the use of the orchid as an ornamental plant, the commercial trade could have facilitated the introduction of the species into Argentina. Control measures, preventive education, and surveillance are needed to prevent the further spread of this snail., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Under the somewhat different, certainly intentionally punning title, Unter Druck: Mitteleuropäische Buchmalerei im Zeitalter Gutenbergs / Under Pressure / Printing […] in the Age of Gutenberg, this volume first appeared in German (Lucerne: Quaternio, 2015) to accompany a series of twelve different exhibitions of largely fifteenth-century book illumination across Central Europe. The exhibitions in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were held, in part overlapping, from September 2015 – March 2017. They were bookended by exhibits in Vienna and Munich (for the latter, see Bilderwelten. Buchmalerei zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Katalogband zu den Ausstellungen in der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek vom 13. April 2016 bis 24. Februar 2017, ed. Jeffrey F. Hamburger et al. Buchmalerei des 15. Jahrhunderts in Mitteleuropa, 3 (Lucerne: Quaternio, 2016). For each of ten somewhat smaller exhibitions a catalogue of uniform size and format was produced; they are, according to the publisher, already out of print. The three editors of the more comprehensive collection, Painting the Page, penned contributions that complement Eberhard König’s study, “Colour for the Black Art,” which traces the development of ornamentation to the Gutenberg and following printed Bibles. Early printed Bibles, in Latin or in the vernacular, tended only to provide space for initial and marginal, as opposed to full page illumination. These admittedly limited artistic accomplishments often allow for more precise localization of incunabula than other available resources. At the same time, differences and even misunderstandings – such as failure to follow instructions to the illuminator – on occasion lead to fruitful cultural analysis. Finally, printed copies that were never adorned were sometimes in the past thought to be superior, untouched, as it were, by the artistry of the ‘old’ manuscript world. König argues that the study of early printed books, and especially the illuminations they contain, should be celebrated not only as ancillary scholarship, but also as a discipline in its own right.

Eostrobilops humicolus Páll-Gergely & Hunyadi, sp. n. is described from Guangxi Province, China. It is characterized by the combination of a small shell (diameter: 2.3–2.4 mm), strongly ribbed dorsal surface, an infraparietal lamella not reaching the callus, and long basal folds. The new species is found approximately 500 and 800 km from the two nearest species E. infrequens (northern Vietnam), and E. diodontina (Hunan, China), respectively. A checklist of extant Eostrobilops Pilsbry, 1927 and Enteroplax Gude, 1899 species is provided. Enteroplax yaeyamensis Habe & Chinen, 1974, Enteroplax kanjiokuboi Minato & Tada, 1992 and Enteroplax taiwanica Minato & Tada, 1992 are moved to the genus Eostrobilops because of the lack of an elevated parietal callus and a peripheral thread. A map showing all Eostrobilops records is provided., Article, ZOOKEYS. (508):85-95 (2015)