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Introducción: la Psiquiatría ha recorrido un largo camino a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad, es la rama de las ciencias médicas que se ocupa del estudio de las enfermedades mentales. Actualmente se considera la ciencia que se ocupa del estudio del psiquismo del hombre como ser social. El problema de investigación partió de la necesidad de ofrecer referentes relacionados con la contextualización actual de la evolución de la Psiquiatría en Guantánamo. Objetivo: recopilar información concerniente a la evolución histórica de la especialidad de Psiquiatría en esta provincia. Método: se realizó una investigación de corte histórico, a través de revisiones de diversas bibliografías, entrevista a expertos, galenos precursores y profesionales de la salud estudiosos del tema en cuestión. Resultados: se acopió información concerniente con la evolución histórica de la Psiquiatría guantanamera, donde se relacionan los aspectos generales y fundadores de la especialidad antes y después de 1959 (década de los 70, 80, 90 y actualidad). Consideraciones finales: la Psiquiatría guantanamera evoluciona de forma reveladora y aplicando actualmente para su atención el método clínico hasta llegar a tener equipos de salud mental en toda la provincia, brindando una atención de calidad, asentando las bases con la introducción de las nuevas pautas para la promoción de la salud mental y prevención de los trastornos psíquicos, diagnóstico de las enfermedades mentales, tratamiento y rehabilitación de las personas que las padecen., {"references":["González R. Manual de Psiquiatría. Introducción a la Psiquiatría. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas; 2019. p.316","Historia de la psiquiatría. Wikipedia.org [Internet]. 2013 [citado 23 Oct 2019]. Disponible en: en https://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php","Alexander FG, Selesnick ST. Historia de la Psiquiatría. Barcelona: Editorial ESPAXS; 1970.","Sánchez F, Barrientos G. Psiquiatría Social y Comunitaria. Santo Domingo: Editorial BÚHO; 2001.","OMS. Salud Mental: nuevos conocimientos, nuevas esperanzas. Informe sobre la Salud Mental en el mundo. Ginebra, Suiza: OMS; 2001.","OPS/OMS. Declaración de Caracas. Reestructuración de la Psiquiatría en América Latina y el Caribe. Caracas, Venezuela: OPS, OMS; 1990.","González R. Relación equipo de salud, paciente-familia. Aspectos éticos y tácticos. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas; 2015.","onzález R. Clínica Psiquiátrica Básica actual. La Habana: Editorial Félix Varela; 2005. 9. Knapp E. Psicología de la Salud. La Habana: Editorial Félix Varela; 2005.","León M. Salud Mental y Comunidad. Material de estudio de la Maestría en Salud Mental Comunitaria. 2 a ed. La Habana; 2006.","Cuba. MINSAP. Carta de La Habana. Reorientación de la Psiquiatría hacia la APS. La Habana: MINSAP; 1995.","eón González M. La atención comunitaria en salud mental. Rev Cubana Med Gen Int [Internet]. 2002 Oct [citado 1 Oct 2020]; 18(5):340-342. Disponible en:http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864- 21252002000500009&lng=es","Castilla del Pino C. Historia crítica de la Psiquiatría en el siglo XX: Una mirada biográfica. Rev Asoc Esp Neuropsiq [Internet]. 2007 Mar [citado 1 Oct 2020]; 27(1):105-118. Disponible en: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0211- 57352007000100011&lng=es","González de Rivera JL. Evolución histórica de la Psiquiatría. Psiquis. 1998; 19(5):183- 200.","Breve Historia de la Psiquiatría o El Origen de un Despropósito. Nuevapsiquiatría [Internet]. 25 Abr 2014 [citado 1 Oct 2020]. Disponible en: https://nuevapsiquiatria.es/?p=199","Medina Ortiz O. Historia de la psiquiatría y de las enfermedades mentales [Internet]. Venezuela: Facultad De Medicina Universidad de los Andes San Cristóbal; 2016 [citado 5 Mayo 2020]. Disponible en: https://es.slideshare.net/oscarmedina61/historia-de-la- psiquiatra-y-de-las-enfermedades-mentales","González PR. Historia de la psiquiatría. monografias.com [Internet]. [citado 5 Mayo 2020]. Disponible en: https://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/hispsiq/hispsiq.shtml","Levav I. Temas de Salud Mental en la Comunidad. Serie Paltex. Washington: OPS, OMS; 1992.","Sotolongo García Y, Menéndez López LR, Valdés Mier MA, Campos Zamora M, Turró Mármol CM. Psiquiatría de enlace en el paradigma salubrista: reto o salto cualitativo. Rev Cubana Med Mil [Internet]. 2004 [citado 23 Feb 2020]; 33(1):[aproximadamente 21 p.]. Disponible en: http://bvs.sld.cu/revistas/mil/Vo33_1_04/mil08104.htm","León M, Barrientos G, González J. Enfoques para un debate en Salud Mental. En: Guía metodológica del funcionamiento de los Centros Comunitarios de Salud Mental. La Habana: Editora Conexiones; 2011. p:275-312.","González R. Manual de Psiquiatría. Introducción a la Psiquiatría. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas; 2019. p: 316.","Marietán H. Historia de la psiquiatría. ALCMEON [Internet]; Oct 2004 [citado 1 Oct 2020]; 11(4). Disponible en: https://www.alcmeon.com.ar/11/44/08_marietan.htm","León M, Clavijo A. Diagnóstico de Salud Mental comunitario. Camagüey: Universidad de Ciencias Médicas; 2017.","González Fernández L, Méndez Torres VM, Digurnay Durruthy I, Soler Pérez M. Evolución histórica de la especialidad de Psiquiatría en la provincia de Guantánamo. Rev Inf Cient [Internet]. 2014 [citado 23 Oct 2019]; 85(3):123-132. Disponible en: http://www.revinfcientifica.sld.cu/index.php/ric/article/view/1144"]}

Now passing its tenth year of pre-trial, the 9/11 military commission involves five men on trial for war crimes and terrorism in relation to the attacks against the USA on 11 September 2001. This article examines specific issues regarding the relationship between the prohibition against torture, national security and the right to fair trial that have arisen in the pre-trial phase of the case. The most obvious connection between the prohibition against torture and the right to fair trial has traditionally played out in the context of the exclusion of evidence obtained through torture. However, the frenetic nature of engagement between the defense and the prosecution in the courtroom reinforces that the US government’s efforts to hide the torture of the defendant victims diminishes the further range of protections that make up the right to fair trial, in particular this article examines various components of the right to an effective defense. In analysing these issues, the article contributes to the legal literature and understanding about the interrelated nature of torture and fair trial in the Guantánamo military commissions by demonstrating how efforts to conceal torture using the guise of national security prevents the defendants from fully engaging their rights to a fair trial in the 9/11 military commission.

Introduction: leprosy is a health problem with a high biopsychosocial impact, however, there is no study that characterizes it in the municipality of Guantánamo. Objective: to characterize clinical aspects of leprosy in the Guantánamo municipality in the period 2015-2019. Method: an observational, retrospective, descriptive and longitudinal study of all patients (N = 117) with this diagnosis was carried out. The frequency of diagnosis by years, clinical forms, detection method, time of diagnosis and degree of disability secondary to this disease were specified. Results: 2017 was the year during which more patients with leprosy were diagnosed (25.7%), the most frequent clinical form was lepromatous (56.4%). More commonly, leprosy was detected spontaneously (83.8%), the diagnosis of leprosy was early (92.3%) and in 93.1% of the patients it did not generate any degree of disability. Conclusions: leprosy is not currently a health problem in the Guantánamo municipality, but the diagnosis is not usually with the precociousness that is demanded since it is still carried out late, with poor recognition of the clinical manifestations by primary health care and population, which reveals the importance of actions aimed at screening for this disease.

RESUMEN La soberanía contemporánea se actualiza dentro del campo de la gubernamentalidad, y ejerce su poder de forma extralegal y extrahumana sobre ciertas poblaciones consideradas peligrosas para la seguridad social. Estas prácticas producen vidas invivibles, no solo porque están fuera de la ley, sino también, y por las mismas razones lógicas, porque están fuera de los marcos que definen lo humano. Guantánamo constituye aquí el paradigma ejemplar de la negación del estatuto jurídico y ontológico de los prisioneros cuyas vidas son suspendidas indefinidamente. Entre las conclusiones que arroja esta reflexión, se encuentra que el exceso de poder soberano amenaza la vida humana de aquellos sectores seleccionados como riesgosos, al igual que la vida comunitaria reducida al riesgo, la enemistad y el rechazo. ABSTRACT Contemporary sovereignty is updated within the field of governmentality, and exercises its power in an extralegal and extrahuman form on certain populations considered dangerous for social security. These practices lead to unlivable lives not only because they are outside the law, but also, and for the same logical reasons, because they are outside the frameworks that define what is human. Guantanamo constitutes the exemplary paradigm of the denial of the legal and ontological status of prisoners whose lives are suspended indefinitely. Among the conclusions drawn from this reflection is that the excess of sovereign power threatens the human life of those sectors considered to be dangerous, as well as community life which becomes reduced to risk, enmity and rejection. RESUMO A soberania contemporânea é atualizada no campo da governamentalidade e exerce seu poder de maneira extralegal e extra-humana sobre certas populações consideradas perigosas para a segurança social. Essas práticas produzem vidas invisíveis não apenas porque estão fora da lei, mas também, e pelas mesmas razões lógicas, porque estão fora dos limites que definem o humano. Guantánamo constitui aqui o paradigma exemplar da negação do estatuto jurídico e ontológico dos prisioneiros que têm suas vidas suspensas indefinidamente. Entre as conclusões dessa reflexão, conclui-se que o excesso de poder soberano ameaça a vida humana dos setores selecionados como arriscados, bem como a vida comunitária reduzida a risco, inimizade e rejeição.

Ustavna demokracija temelji na načelu omejitve oblasti, kjer je delovanje državnih organov ustavnopravno omejeno s ciljem učinkovitejšega spoštovanja človekovih pravic in svoboščin. Čeprav je sistem omejitve oblasti vpet v različne in številne politične sisteme in ustavnopravne rede držav, ga znanstvena literatura proučuje v redkih primerih. Z namenom zapolnitve te vrzeli z interdisciplinarno doktorsko disertacijo podamo izvirni prispevek k znanstvenima disciplinama politologije in prava v dveh korakih. V prvem koraku s kvalitativno raziskovalno analizo v luči predhodne proučitve zgodovinskega razvoja politične ideje in ustavnopravnega načela omejitve oblasti oblikujemo teoretični model sistema omejitve oblasti in opredelimo njegovo tipologijo. Sistemu omejitve oblasti določimo tri razsežnosti (stvarno-vsebinsko, funkcionalno-organizacijsko in vrednostno-vsebinsko razsežnost) in pet ustavnih prvin (načelo taksativno določenih ustavnih pristojnosti oblasti, načelo razmejitve pristojnosti v zvezni državni ureditvi, načelo delitve oblasti, sistem zavor in ravnovesij ter ustavne pravice). Tipologijo sistema omejitve oblasti opredelimo tako na ravni omejitve oblasti kot tudi na ravni prvin sistema omejitve oblasti, pri čemer na obeh ravneh izpeljemo relacijsko in obsežnostno tipologijo. V drugem koraku z združeno oziroma kombinirano raziskovalno analizo empirično proučujemo vlogo delovanja ustavnega sistema zavor in ravnovesij v Združenih državah Amerike kot prvine sistema omejitve oblasti pri učinkovitejšem spoštovanju pravic ujetnikov v Guantánamu med letoma 2001 in 2020. Tem domnevnih mednarodnih teroristov ob premestitvi v taborišče v zalivu Guantánamo ameriška izvršilna oblast v sklopu tako imenovane vojne proti terorizmu, s katero so Združene države Amerike odgovorile na teroristični napad 11. septembra 2001, ni procesno uresničevala njihovih pravic. Ugotovimo lahko, da je imel sistem zavor in ravnovesij v proučevanem obdobju pozitivno vlogo pri obsegu formalnopravnega varstva in procesnega uresničevanja pravice ujetnikov v Guantánamu do sodnega nadzora zakonitosti odvzema prostosti in pravice do človečnega ravnanja, negativno vlogo pa pri obsegu formalnopravnega varstva in procesnega uresničevanja njihove pravice do dolžnega pravnega ravnanja in pravice do osebne svobode. Constitutional democracy is based on the doctrine of limited government, whereby the functioning of state authorities is constitutionally constrained with the aim of better effectuating human rights and freedoms. While the system of limited government is embedded in the various and numerous political systems and constitutional frameworks of states, the scientific literature seldom studies it. The present interdisciplinary dissertation closes this gap with its original contribution to the scientific disciplines of political science and legal science in two phases. The first involves the use of a qualitative research approach to devise a theoretical model of the system of limited government and its typology in light of a preceding study of the historical development of the political idea and constitutional principle of limited government. The system of limited government is defined along three dimensions (material-substantive, functional-structural, and value-substantive) and comprises five constitutional institutes (enumerated powers, federalism, separation of powers, system of checks and balances, and constitutional rights). The typology of the system of limited government is delineated both at the level of the limited government and at the level of the institutes of the system of limited power, whereby we derive a relation-based and extent-based typology at both levels. In the second phase, the dissertation employs a mixed-methods research approach to empirically examine the role of the constitutional system of checks and balances in the United States, as an element of the system of limited government in better safeguarding the rights of Guantánamo detainees between 2001 and 2020. In transferring these alleged international terrorists to the Guantánamo Bay detention camp as part of the so-called ‘War on Terror’ that the United States initiated in response to the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, the U.S. executive branch failed to respect their human rights. We may conclude that the system of checks and balances had a positive role in determining the scope of the legal protection of and procedural respect for the right of Guantánamo prisoners to habeas corpus and to humane treatment, while this same system had a negative impact on the scope of the legal protection of and procedural respect for their right to due process and to freedom.

This thesis sets out to research the phenomenon that is extraterritoriality within Americancounterterrorism, doing as such by analyzing four policy reports from four differentpresidential administrations. The purpose of this thesis is to research the evolution ofextraterritoriality within counterterrorism policy based on the knowledge that there has been achange regarding the matter, significantly following the events of the 11th of Septemberterrorist attacks in 2001. This thesis, however, researches more than merely before and afternine-eleven. By analyzing policy report from Bill Clintons, George W. Bush’s, BarackObamas and Donald Trumps administrations, the study examines the evolution ofextraterritoriality over a larger time period. The two research questions ask what the view ofextraterritoriality within American counterterrorism has been and, in what sense have changesbeen made within American counterterrorism regarding extraterritoriality.Extraterritoriality has challenged a foundational norm within the modern international worldand that is state sovereignty. Extraterritoriality can be described as one actor asserts theirjurisdiction over another actor within a specific territory of another state. In this thesis, theAmerican military base in Cuba called Guantanamo Bay will be frequently referenced to as anexample of a place where extraterritoriality is present, a so-called extraterritorial domain.In order to analyze the empirical material, a qualitative, descriptive textual analysis has beenused and dimensions have been used as an analytical tool in this thesis.The main conclusions drawn are that there has been an evolution of extraterritoriality withinAmerican counterterrorism during the time these four presidents were in office. The evolutionhas not, however, been simply linear and this study shows that extraterritoriality can bevisible in all the different policy reports. The amount of extraterritoriality noticeable andregarding which matters of extraterritoriality is the primary difference.

The study of extreme violence confronts researchers with a number of methodological challenges. This applies especially to approaches in violence research that focus on visual materials. Drawing on research on experiences of violence and resistance in the Guantánamo Bay detention camp, this article discusses two key sets of problems connected with the (in)visibility of violence. Problems of contextual (in)visibility result from various aspects of the context under study (e.g., spatial layout, access control, media technologies). An analysis of Guantánamo and its visual representations suggests that, quite generally, visually-oriented violence research needs to reflect the availability, selectivity, framing, and contested nature of its materials. In contrast, problems of epistemic (in)visibility do not result from the contexts studied but from the way they are studied. These problems become particularly relevant when examining the acts and experiences of those affected by violence. I argue that the dominant methodological approach to violence and culturally entrenched concepts of victimhood promote the neglect of the victims’ experiences, subjectivity, and agency. Therefore, research needs to search for alternative ways to approach phenomena of violence – for example, by analyzing non-visual materials, such as personal documents of victims. Referring to accounts of former Guantánamo inmates, some of the challenges of such an approach are discussed. Overall, I conclude that that questions of (in)visibility need to be considered in every study on violence – both as an important condition of analysis and as an essential aspect of the phenomena analyzed., Historical Social Research Vol. 47, No. 1 (2022): Special Issue: Visibilities of Violence: Microscopic Studies of Violent Events and Beyond. Starting Point and Frequency: Year: 1979, Issues per volume: 4, Volumes per year: 1

Introducción: en el municipio Manuel Tames, de la provincia de Guantánamo, no se han realizado estudios que caractericen los pacientes con infección por VIH/sida. Objetivo: caracterizar clínico-epidemiológicamente a los pacientes con VIH/sida, pertenecientes al municipio Manuel Tames, Guantánamo. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo que abarca el periodo comprendido entre 1988-2020. La población estudiada fue de 46 pacientes con el diagnóstico de VIH/sida. Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, estado civil, año de diagnóstico, clasificación clínica, fuente de pesquisa, esquema de tratamiento, enfermedades concomitantes. Resultados: los pacientes más afectados se encontraron entre las edades de 25 a 34 años (n=18; 31,9 %), en el sexo masculino (n=28; 60,9 %). El mayor número de los pacientes se encontró soltero (n=37; 80,4 %). La fuente de pesquisa más usual fue la categoría de captado (n=11; 23,9 %). El mayor número de pacientes se halló en la categoría A (n=33; 71,7 %), lo que respalda la cifra de que 32 pacientes (69,6 %) no tuvieran ninguna enfermedad asociada a la infección por el virus. El mayor porcentaje de los pacientes utilizó el esquema terapéutico de Dulutegravir + Trubada (n=26; 56,5 %). Conclusiones: se puede concluir que la infección por VIH/sida es una enfermedad que se observa en las edades medias de la vida, con un aumento del número de infecciones en tanto pasan los años. Cuando los pacientes mantienen un esquema de tratamiento se observan menos enfermedades concomitantes y se mantienen en las categorías clínicas que menos complicaciones presentan.

Introduction: no studies have been conducted to characterize patients with HIV/AIDS infection in Manuel Tames municipality, Guantánamo. Objective: to characterize clinically and epidemiologically the HIV/AIDS infected patients in Manuel Tames municipality, Guantanamo. Method: a descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out, covering the period 1988-2020. The studied population consisted of 46 patients with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. Variables studied were as follow: age, sex, marital status, year of the diagnosis report, clinical classification, source of information, scheme of treatment, concomitant diseases. Results: patients 25 to 35 years old were found as the most affected (n=18; 31.9%), with a predominance of males (n=28; 60.9%). Most of patients were found single (n=37; 80.4%). The most common source of information was the capitated category (n=11; 23.9%). Most patients were found in category A (n=33; 71.7%), which supports the figure that 32 patients (69.6%) had no disease associated with virus infection. The highest percentage of patients used the Dulutegravir plus Trubada treatment scheme (n=26; 56.5%). Conclusions: as an end point of the outcome it can be said that HIV/AIDS infection is a disease seen in the middle ages of life, with an increasing number of infections as the years go by. When patients maintain a correct treatment schedule, fewer concomitant diseases are observed and they remain in the clinical categories with the fewest complications.

[EN] This paper is a study of interpreting in conflict situations in which, through a comparison between the Nazi concentration camps and the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, I seek to find out the similarities and divergences between two comparable situations at different points in history. The aim of this analysis is to establish the profiles of the two parties involved in the communication and to find out who acted as interpreters and the contexts and conditions in which they worked. Thus, I first intend to answer the question of whether professional interpreters or ad hoc interpreters designated by their language combinations were used in the concentration camps, and then to do the same for the Guantanamo detention camp. In this way, I will be able to test my hypothesis that interpreting has historically been a largely invisible profession and that, neither in the last century nor today, professional interpreters are called upon when it is needed. [ESP] El presente trabajo es un estudio sobre la interpretación en situaciones de conflicto en el que, a través de una comparación entre los campos de concentración nazis y el centro de detención de Guantánamo, busco determinar las similitudes y diferencias de dos situaciones homólogas en distintos momentos históricos. El objetivo de este análisis es establecer los perfiles de las dos partes de la comunicación, averiguar quiénes ejercían de intérpretes y en qué contextos y condiciones trabajaban. Así, en primer lugar, pretendo contestar a la pregunta de si en los campos de concentración se recurría a intérpretes profesionales o a intérpretes ad hoc designados por sus combinaciones lingüísticas, para después hacer lo mismo con el centro de detención de Guantánamo. De esta manera, podré confirmar o rechazar mi hipótesis de que la profesión del intérprete ha estado históricamente muy invisibilizada y de que, ni en el siglo pasado ni actualmente, se recurre a profesionales de la interpretación cuando es necesario., Tutora: Prof.ª Icíar Alonso Araguás

This paper analyses the mediatic discourses on refuge in Uruguay between 2014/2018, with the aim to understand the argumentative and ideological operations that conduct written press discourses in Uruguay in order to influence the formation of interpretative frameworks. The editorials and readers' letters of two of the best-selling media in the country are analyzed from the perspective of critical discourse analysis. The quantitative approach is set up by building a database (927 press releases) and the qualitative approach by analyzing the corpus’ content (13 editorials and 46 readers’ letters). The paper concludes that discursive strategies were targeted to set a specific media agenda around the political consequences of receiving “muslim” refugees in Uruguay, and to intervene the poltical agenda of the left-wing goverment leaded by José Mujica. El artículo propone analizar los discursos mediáticos sobre refugio en Uruguay entre 2014/2018, con el objetivo de comprender las operaciones argumentativas e ideológicas que orientan el discurso de la prensa escrita de Uruguay para influir en la formación de los marcos interpretativos. Se analizan las editoriales y cartas de lectores de dos de los medios más vendidos en el país desde la perspectiva del análisis crítico del discurso. La metodología cuantitativa se construyó a partir de la elaboración de una base de datos (927 piezas en total) y la cualitativa en el análisis de contenido del corpus (13 piezas editoriales y 46 cartas de lectores). El artículo concluye que las estrategias discursivas apuntaron a imponer una agenda propia de los medios en torno a las consecuencias políticas de la recepción de refugiados “musulmanes” en Uruguay y a intervenir la agenda política del gobierno de izquierdas liderado por José Mujica.

El artículo propone analizar los discursos mediáticos sobre refugio en Uruguay entre 2014/2018, con el objetivo de comprender las operaciones argumentativas e ideológicas que orientan el discurso de la prensa escrita de Uruguay para influir en la formación de los marcos interpretativos. Se analizan las editoriales y cartas de lectores de dos de los medios más vendidos en el país desde la perspectiva del análisis crítico del discurso. La metodología cuantitativa se construyó a partir de la elaboración de una base de datos (927 piezas en total) y la cualitativa en el análisis de contenido del corpus (13 piezas editoriales y 46 cartas de lectores). El artículo concluye que las estrategias discursivas apuntaron a imponer una agenda propia de los medios en torno a las consecuencias políticas de la recepción de refugiados “musulmanes” en Uruguay y a intervenir la agenda política del gobierno de izquierdas liderado por José Mujica. This paper analyses the mediatic discourses on refuge in Uruguay between 2014/2018, with the aim to understand the argumentative and ideological operations that conduct written press discourses in Uruguay in order to influence the formation of interpretative frameworks. The editorials and readers' letters of two of the best-selling media in the country are analyzed from the perspective of critical discourse analysis. The quantitative approach is set up by building a database (927 press releases) and the qualitative approach by analyzing the corpus’ content (13 editorials and 46 readers’ letters). The paper concludes that discursive strategies were targeted to set a specific media agenda around the political consequences of receiving “muslim” refugees in Uruguay, and to intervene the poltical agenda of the left-wing goverment leaded by José Mujica.

Introducción: la lepra es un problema de salud con elevado impacto biopsicosocial, sin embargo, no se encuentra un estudio que la caracterice en el municipio de Guantánamo. Objetivo: caracterizar aspectos clínicos de la lepra en el municipio Guantánamo en el periodo de 2015-2019. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal de todos los pacientes (N=117) con este diagnóstico. Se precisó la frecuencia del diagnóstico por años, formas clínicas, modo de detección, momento del diagnóstico y grado de discapacidad secundaria a esta enfermedad. Resultados: fue 2017 el año durante el cual se diagnosticaron más pacientes con lepra (25,7 %), la forma clínica más frecuente fue la lepromatosa (56,4 %). De manera más común, la lepra se detectó de modo espontáneo (83,8 %), el diagnóstico de lepra fue precoz (92,3 %) y en el 93,1 % de los pacientes no generó ningún grado de discapacidad. Conclusiones: la lepra no constituye actualmente un problema de salud en el municipio Guantánamo, pero el diagnóstico no suele ser con la precocidad que se demanda pues aún se realiza tardíamente, con un pobre reconocimiento de las manifestaciones clínicas por la atención primaria de salud y la población, lo que revela la importancia de las acciones dirigidas al pesquisaje de esta enfermedad.

En el presente trabajo se analizan las normas convencionales del Derecho Internacional Humanitario y del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos (DIDH) aplicadas al caso de los prisioneros acusados de terrorismo internacional que se encuentran en la base naval estadounidense ubicada en la bahía de Guantánamo (Cuba). Sus instalaciones se utilizan como centro de detención de prisioneros capturados en diversas operaciones de las Fuerzas Armadas estadounidenses, a quienes se les señala partícipes en diversos grados de implicancia en redes globales de terrorismo. En la actualidad, una gran cantidad de prisioneros se encuentran detenidos de manera indeterminada, sin tener acceso a las garantías mínimas legales reconocidas por el DIDH, amparándose en la doctrina de la guerra preventiva o “Preemptive War” como estrategia de seguridad nacional. De allí que se presente un conflicto de normas convencionales entre las que se reconocen en el Convenio IV para los prisioneros de la base naval y las normas convencionales del DIDH. Ello conlleva a los siguientes interrogantes: uno sobre la norma aplicable el estatus jurídico que les correspondería a los prisioneros de la base naval en Guantánamo, y otro sobre la postura adoptada por Estados Unidos a una circunstancia transgresora de los derechos humanos.

Neste artigo mobilizando o pensamento de Giorgio Agamben, Judith Butler e Jacques Derrida, problematizamos os discursos que anunciam o fim da democracia. Apresentaremos as críticas à democracia, começando pelo percurso que leva Agamben a perceber que a exceção constitui a regra, mesmo nas democracias contemporâneas. Guantánamo será para nós paradigma do estado de exceção identificado por Agamben, explorado pela crítica de Butler à política de guerra dos EUA. No segundo momento, vamos visitar, na filosofia de Derrida, a ideia de democracia como um regime autoimunitário, que só existe como abertura para sua própria autodestruição, não podendo ela ser definida senão como uma democracia porvir.

Por la necesidad de perfeccionar el proceso de formación técnico profesional de los estudiantes del tercer año de la especialidad Agronomía de Montaña se propusieron acciones relacionadas con el proceso de interacción escuela politécnica – entidad laboral, para el logro de una mayor eficiencia en la formación del estudiante y su futuro desempeño profesional.

Este artículo ofrece algunos elementos básicos de la investigación histórica pedagógica “Acercamiento a la contribución de figuras representativas de la Educación Técnica y Profesional en el siglo XX en Guantánamo”, la cual responde a un Proyecto de Investigación dirigido por la Asociación de Pedagogos de Cuba, se ofrece una panorámica del fenómeno educativo, seleccionando como contexto geográfico Guantánamo, como contexto ideológico la Educación Técnica Profesional y en la relación espacio temporal, el siglo XX.

Todo resultado científico en el campo educacional tiene un incuestionable valor para la toma de decisiones políticas, por lo que la Ciencia Pedagógica ha dedicado un espacio para concretar la necesidad de su aplicación, en tal sentido a las universidades de Ciencias Pedagógicas les corresponde afianzar su credibilidad en todos los niveles de educación, por lo que este trabajo aborda los principales aspectos a tener en cuenta en el proceso de introducción de estos resultados.

The article develops a theory of the symptom and argues for a symptomal analysis of contemporary political situations, in particularly those that resonate with exception. By focusing on Guantánamo detainees and habeas corpus petitions, the article analyses the language of law and public attitude towards the closure of the facility. The article shows how the legal situation of detainees post-2010 is determined not by the binary distinctions (identity/difference, normal/exceptional) but by attempts to eliminate these binaries and bring detainees under the normal rule of law. The attempts to bring the detainees under the normal rule of law are social fantasies, that is different narratives, which determine how we understand and engage with the law in Guantanamo. Fantasies are always fragmented at their core, and Al-Adahi case with the lack of public response to it reveals this fissure in the form of ‘the return of the repressed’. In doing so, the article shows how the overcoming of the exception is a fantasy of modern politics and points to the moment the repressed truth is revealed.

This work happens by the necessity to conceive a bibliographic material about the Local History of Guantánamo that better the treatment of this matter in the classes of History of Cuba that is why is proposed a bibliographic abridgement by means of the Web Site “Mi Matria” as an alternative to elevate the professors’ preparation and knowledge that teach this subject. To carry out this research were used methods from the theoretical and empiric method that allowed to confirm the problem object of study. It is supported in the Marxist philosophy from each is took the dialectic materialism and the knowledge theory. In the elaboration of the Web Site containing the bibliographic abridgement were used the Content Manager System Joomla 3.6.5. The Web Site picks up articles, ephemeris, videos, images and a relation of bibliographies; related to the Local History of Guantánamo province. The use of the bibliographic abridgement by means of the Web Site “Mi Matria” in the professors’ preparation will favor their level of knowledge about facts, personalities and historical sites of the province making easy the treatment of them in the classes of History of Cuba.

The United States often faces two competing choices when a terrorist is captured overseas: bring the person back to the United States immediately to face trial, or hold the person in military detention, where prosecutions are difficult and slow-moving. This thesis investigates which policy best allows the United States to reduce the threat posed by a terrorist captured overseas while maintaining the country’s credibility. Recognizing the principal importance of preserving life and preventing future attacks after the detention of a suspected terrorist, this thesis used a policy options analysis method to determine which one of three approaches is best for handling terror suspects captured overseas: law of war detention, two-step intelligence and law enforcement interrogations, or arrest and extradition. The research determined that no single policy best allows the United States to reduce the threat posed by a terrorist captured overseas, takes into account the need to obtain information about looming attacks, preserves the opportunity for prosecution, and maintains the credibility of the United States. This thesis recommends the continued use of law of war detention for foreign fighters and recommends that two-step intelligence and law enforcement interrogations remain a viable option for terrorists captured overseas. http://archive.org/details/stoppingthenexta1094564156 Civilian, Federal Bureau of Investigation Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

La necesidad del estudio de la guerra de 1898 justifica el presente trabajo, en el cual se exponen las características, acondicionamiento operativo y la influencia del teatro de operaciones militares en la capitulación española. Se asumen los conceptos del arte militar, con el empleo de métodos de la investigación histórica, bajo el fundamento dialéctico materialista. Las medidas defensivas en Guantánamo y la disposición de sus fuerzas fueron contrarias a los principios del arte militar. La agrupación de las fuerzas hacia el interior de las líneas defensivas facilitaron el cerco por las tropas cubanas, agravaron el aseguramiento logístico e imposibilitaron el avance sobre Santiago de Cuba. El insuficiente aprovechamiento de las ventajas del teatro de operaciones y los errores en las acciones combativas permitieron a los mambises aplicar formas y métodos de lucha armada eficaces que contribuyeron a la victoria de las fuerzas conjuntas.

Der Artikel analysiert, welche Formen der Verletzbarkeit sich im Rahmen der Folter zeigen und warum diese für die Folter ausgenutzt werden können. An einem konkreten Gegenstand wird damit die "Verletzungsoffenheit" (Popitz) des Menschen systematisch erkundet. Empirische Grundlage sind zwei moderne Folterkomplexe: die US-amerikanischen Folterungen im Rahmen des "Krieges gegen den Terror" sowie die Folterpraktiken in chinesischen "Umerziehungslagern". Anhand dieser Fälle werden sechs Kanäle der Verletzbarkeit identifiziert: Demnach zielen Folterpraktiken auf die Untergrabung der Körperkontrolle, der Territorien des Selbst und des personalen Status; ferner greifen sie die soziale Einbettung, die identitätsstiftenden Werte und die Erwartungshorizonte der Opfer an. Abschließend werden drei gewalt- und sozialtheoretische Implikationen der Analyse umrissen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei die Verschränkungen der Verletzungsoffenheit mit den Bedingungen menschlicher Handlungsfähigkeit, das Verhältnis von Machtvollkommenheit und Widerständigkeit sowie die Humanspezifik der Folter. The article analyzes which forms of vulnerability can be identified in contexts of torture and why they can be exploited in torture. The aim is to use a concrete object to explore the human "openness to harm" (Popitz) in a systematic way. The empirical material is taken from two modern torture complexes: US torture in the context of the "War on Terror" and torture practices in Chinese "re-education camps". Based on these two cases, six channels of vulnerability are identified: Torture practices, it is argued, aim at undermining bodily control, the territories of the self, and the personal status; furthermore, they attack the social embeddedness, the identity-constitutive values, as well as the horizons of expectation of the victims. Finally, three more general implications for the sociology of violence and social theory are outlined, which pertain to the interconnections between vulnerability and the conditions of human agency, the relationship between absolute power and resistance, and the human-specificity of torture.

The article focuses the attention on the analysis of the changes that face the Cuban-American relations. On December 17, 2014 two leaders announced their decision to restore diplomatic relations after half a century of hostilities. Since then, they have achieved significant progress, but Cuba and USA still have many accounts to pay before the standardization process can be finished. These outstanding issues are the economic blockade of Cuba and the return of Guantanamo Bay under the jurisdiction of the Cuban authorities. However, it is clear that the rapprochement between the old antagonists has removed the stumbling block that for the long time was hindering the inter-American relations.Where will go Cuba-USA relations? Can we say that “restarting” proclaimed by Obama in 2009 is realy im-plemented? Will the two countries overcome the discrepancies that still exist and prevent the further development of promising dialogue? Or USA domestic politics with its sophisticated decision-making mechanism will hinder this process? These are the questions that aims to address the author in the article.

V današnjem modernem času se veliko število držav sooča s terorističnimi napadi. Države tovrstna kazniva dejanja vzamejo zelo resno, v ta namen imajo razvit državni aparat, ki služi odkrivanju in preprečevanju terorizma, po navadi so to obveščevalne službe. Terorizem kot pojav ni tako mlad, v 20. stoletju pa je prišlo do večjih terorističnih gibanj, ki so pustile svoj pečat v zgodovini (IRA, Al-Quaeda, ETA,... ), državni organi pa so razvili razne metode zasliševanja oseb, ki so osumljene teh kaznivih dejanj. V svojem delu bom na grobo predstavil terorizem in zasliševanje, podrobneje pa zasliševalske metode, ki so se uporabljale v Guantanamu, nadaljeval z modelom zasliševanja osumljencev terorizma v Izraelu, zaključil pa bom s tremi študijami primerov iz prakse. Nowadays, a large number of countries face terrorist attack and threats. States take such crimes and threats very seriously, for this purpose they have developed an apparatus that serves to detect and prevent those kind of criminalities, for example intelligence agencies. Terrorism as a phenomena is not that young, in the 20th century there were major terrorist movements that left their mark in history (IRA, ETA, Al Quaeda…). State authorities have developed various methods of interrogating those who are suspected conducting terrorists activities. In my thesis, I will roughly introduce terrorism and interrogation, a more detailed description and analysis will present interrogation methods used in Guantanamo followed by an interrogation model used in Israel and will conclude with three case studies.

Se analiza la gestión de la información y del conocimiento como factores determinantes en el logro de los objetivos organizacionales del Centro de Información y Gestión Tecnológica (CIGET) de Guantánamo, Cuba. Para el caso se abordaron ambos procesos como enfoques unificados e interdependientes. Los efectos de la aplicación de estos enfoques se traducen y se evidencian en cuatro productos y servicios informacionales generados por el CIGET.

V diplomskem delu so obravnavani mučenje, njegova zgodovina in prepoved mučenja ter primeri uporabe mučenja v tajnih zaporih, ustanovljenih po terorističnem napadu na svetovni trgovinski center v New Yorku ter na južno krilo vojaškega centra Pentagon v Washingtonu 11. septembra 2001. Opisano je, kako so se razvijale tehnike mučenja skozi zgodovino, od nastanka prvih visokih civilizacij do danes. Analizirani so tudi primeri tajnih zaporov Guantanamo na Kubi, Abu Ghraib v Iraku in nekateri tajni zapori v Evropi. Mučenje obstaja vse od nastanka prvih visokih civilizacij. Sprva se je najpogosteje uporabljalo za kaznovanje oziroma opozarjanje drugih. Bilo je javno in marsikje del pravosodnega sistema. Danes je mučenje prepovedano s Splošno deklaracijo o človekovih pravicah, ki so jo leta 1948 podpisale države članice Organizacije združenih narodov. Danes se mučenja naj ne bi uporabljalo, vendar obstajajo primeri, ki kažejo drugače. V tajne zapore so po terorističnem napadu 11. septembra 2001 zapirali ljudi, ki naj bi bili povezani s teroristično organizacijo, odgovorno za napad. V teh zaporih so vladale nečloveške razmere, pomanjkanje higiene, hrane in vode, zaporniki so bili mučeni tako med zaslišanji kot pozneje v celicah. Pri tem so imeli glavno vlogo takratni predsednik Združenih držav Amerike, George W. Bush, in njegova administracija, obveščevalna služba CIA, obveščevalne službe držav, v katerih so bili tajni zapori, kot tudi ameriška vojaška obveščevalna služba in pripadniki ameriške vojske. V diplomskem delu so proučevani razvoj tehnik mučenja, njegova uporabo za namene izvabljanja informacij na primerih tajnih zaporov v Guantanamu, Abu Ghraibu in v Evropi. Predstavljena so tudi nekatera grozovita dejanja, ki jih je sposoben človek storiti sočloveku. The main aspect of the diploma is torture, its history and tis prohibition. It also describes the cases of torture in secret prisons, established after the terrorist attack on World trade center in New York and south wing of headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Washington which occurred on September firs in 2001, commonly known as 9/11 terrorist attack. Diploma describes how torture techniques developed throughout history. It also focuses on cases of secret prisons in Guantanamo in Cuba and Abu Ghraib in Iraq and secret prisons established in European countries. Torture was used since the emergence of first civilizations. It was used as a form of punishment of as a warning for others, so they would not make the same crime as the one who was punished. Usually it was public and a part of judicial system. Today torture is forbidden. In 1948 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was signed by United nation which stated that torture is prohibited. Today torture should not be used, but there are cases that prove differently. Soon after 9/11 terrorist attack, secret prisons were established. In these prisons were held people who allegedly had a connection with terrorist group who was responsible for the attack. In these prisons were inhumane living conditions, bad hygiene, prisoners did not have enough food or water, they were tortured during the interrogations and after, when they were sent into their cells. The people who were mainly responsible for actions that happened in that prisons were then president of the United States George W. Bush, his administration, CIA, military intelligence, members of the US Armed forces, and foreign intelligence services, mainly from countries that hosted secret prisons. Diploma focuses on evolution of torture techniques and the use of torture for extracting intelligence with the help from cases of secret prisons in Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib. It also enlightens the dreadful actions people can commit.

Through tragic events of September 11, 2001, the United States has adopted unprecedented measures regarding the treatment and detention of captured terrorists. The thesis deals with international legal questions associated with operation of detention centre Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. The main aim is to find out how have these questions been answered by examining academic writings and provisions of international law, in particular provisions of International humanitarian law and International human rights law. As a historical introduction, this thesis starts with a brief overview of the history of Guantánamo Bay. The second part focuses on four topics: the definition of conflict, status of detainees, indefinite detention and torture and enhanced interrogation techniques. Each of the topics is being viewed through the lenses of international law as well as US domestic law while describing the development of the problem and current situation.

The rapidity and the competitive success s match in the context of the present-day volleyball training. In this sense it was considered necessary to elaborate a methodology for the creation of exercises aimed at the development of rapidity in Volleyball children players 11 to 12 years in the community of the downtown area of the municipality, according to the present-day requests of the game; Regarding the biological and psychological foundations examined and integrating them in updated and innovative optics. Different investigative methods, empiricist and statistical levels were used for the fulfillment of this investigation. The need to plan activities for the rapidity, such as determining the physical capacity of performance, and applying the methodology for the creation of exercises aimed at developing rapidity according to the characteristics of modern volleyball was proved, and the proposal proved to be feasible.

Oxyrrhis marina Dujardin 1841 es una morfoespecie fagotrófica con una distribución universal. Si bien se reconoce su presencia en varios ecosiste(CNEA). Universidad de mas alrededor del mundo, son pocos los reportes de floraciones y relativamente pocos los estudios explícitos sobre su distribución natural. En este trabajo se informa por primera vez la presencia de O. marina en la costa Carretera Caimanera km suroriental de Cuba, específicamente en la bahía de Guantánamo, en sep19½, Las Pailas, Caimanera, tiembre de 2013, en una floración mixta con otras especies de cianobacterias y dinoflagelados. La especie fue identificada sobre la base de características morfológicas bien establecidas mediante el uso de técnicas de microscopía óptica y tratamiento digital de imagen. ABSTRACT Oxyrrhis marina Dujardin 1841 is a fagotrophic morphospecies with a universal distribution. Meanwhile its presence is recognizing in several ecosystems all over the world, there are few reports of blooms and relatively few explicit studies of its natural distribution. This paper presents the first report of O. marina in the southeast coast of Cuba, specifically in Guantanamo Bay, during September 2013, in a mixed bloom with other species of cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates. The species were identified based on morphological features by means of a light microscopy and digital image processing.

The terrorist attacks against WTC in 2001 allowed the world to review its expectations regarding the post Cold War World of a society based on values such as market economy and liberal democracy. This paper aims to understand how domestic institutions were affected by this event. It assumes that although September 11th event does not constitute an element of disruption the established order in the domestic level, it allowed, for a brief period of time, to establish an unbalanced relation between Executive, Legislative and Judiciary Powers, in which Executive was preponderant. This balance was restored by the decisions taken by the U.S. Supreme Court, which are also object of analysis in this work.

Se exaltan las cualidades humanas, la actitud profesional y la condición revolucionaria de un médico guantanamero: el Dr. Pedro Pouymiró Dupuy, quien se inició en la medicina rural en la región de Caujerí, antiguo municipio de Guantánamo, pero luego cursó la especialidad en neumotisiología, aunque laboró también como clínico. Fue pionero en el uso de medios de diagnóstico novedosos en la época y fundador de la docencia médica en el territorio, donde alcanzó la categoría de profesor auxiliar. Obtuvo varios reconocimientos por su labor docente-asistencial y el buen desempeño de disímiles funciones administrativas, tanto locales como regionales. Constituye esta semblanza un añorado homenaje de sus descendientes, quienes han querido rendírselo desde hace más de 2 décadas.The human qualities, the professional attitude and the revolutionary condition of a doctor from Guantánamo are exalted: Dr. Pedro Pouymiró Dupuy, who began the rural medicine in the region of Caujerí, old municipality from Guantánamo, but then he studied the specialty in Pneumothisiology, although he also worked as a clinician. He was a pioneer in the use of diagnostic means which were novel by those times and founder of the medical teaching in the territory, where he became an Assistant professor. He obtained several rewards for his teaching and assisting work and the good behaviour of different managing functions, either local or regional. This paper constitutes a homage of his followers, who have wanted to dedicate it to him since 2 decades ago.

The idea of the Guantánamo detainee as a Muselmann, the lowest order of concentration camp inmates, contains within it important implications for the new understanding of sovereignty in the era of Guantánamo, in an age of exception. The purpose of this article is to explain the status of those who are detained at Guantánamo Bay. Stated broadly, in assessing that status, we will emphasize the connection between the altered meaning of sovereignty that has accompanied the placing of prisoners in an American penal colony in Cuba and the biopolitical status of the prisoners who reside there. More particularly, we will locate the points of convergence among the factors (the war on terror, sovereignty, and the media) that have produced and reconstituted the legal and ethical status of Guantánamo detainees.

Joint Task Force (JTF) Guantánamo, the high-profile US military detention and inter- rogation operation, was established in January 2002 to house the ‘worst of the worst’ of al-Qaeda and the Taliban. It nevertheless became a public spectacle that was essen- tial for constituting the reality of a Global War on Terror. Through evolving media and VIP tours of the facilities coupled with the Bush administration’s military analyst programme (a system of reverse embeds used to promote Pentagon messages within the U.S. media), Guantánamo became a simulation essential for producing the real- ity of the war. It became a key way to convince the public that the war was real and necessary, but also that its conduct was just and humane, and therefore, by exten- sion, that the United States can be understood as ‘good’. Through a triple screen of the tours, the visitors and their mediation, the telegenic spectacle of Guantánamo was transmuted into a reality of Guantánamo as ‘safe, humane, legal and transparent’. The importance of this for producing understandings of the Global War on Terrorism (GWoT) bears closer examination. Without this triple screen, Guantánamo does not exist.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal para evaluar la calidad en el "manejo" sindrómico del flujo vaginal en gestantes atendidas por especialistas en medicina general integral, pertenecientes al grupo básico de trabajo No.3 del Policlínico Universitario "Capitán Asdrúbal López Vázquez", del municipio de Guantánamo, desde enero hasta abril de 2010. Se conformó un equipo de expertos, que en unión de los autores, definieron los criterios, indicadores y estándares, así como los instrumentos utilizados en la investigación. Se aplicó un examen de competencia profesional y se revisaron las historias clínicas obstétricas. Los datos se procesaron mediante la versión 3.1 del paquete estadístico EPIDAT. Los resultados de los indicadores se compararon con los estándares establecidos, los cuales revelaron que 84,6 % fueron inadecuados, con una deficiente competencia de los profesionales para garantizar la atención médica a las embarazadas con ese síndrome.A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from January, 2010 to April, 2010 in order to assess the quality for syndromic management of pregnant women attended by specialists in general comprehensive medicine, who belong to the basic working group # 3 at ¨Capitán Asdrúbal López Vázquez¨ University Polyclinic from Guantánamo municipality. An expert group, along with the authors, who defined the criteria, indicators, and standards, as well as tools used in the investigation, was created. A professional competence test was applied and obstetrical medical records were checked. Data were processed through Version 3.1 from EPIDAT, a statistical software package. When comparing indicator results to the established standards, it was revealed that 84.6% were inappropriate, with a poor professional competence to guarantee health care to pregnant women undergoing that syndrome.

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal para evaluar la satisfacción de prestadores de salud y pacientes con el funcionamiento del Sistema Integrado de Urgencias Médicas en el municipio de Guantánamo, perteneciente a la provincia del mismo nombre, durante el primer cuatrimestre de 2010. Para ello, por medio de un muestreo intencional fueron escogidos 8 médicos, 126 paramédicos encargados del servicio y 350 pacientes, a partir del criterio de los autores. Un grupo de expertos, en unión de estos últimos, elaboró los criterios, indicadores, estándares e instrumentos que se utilizaron para la evaluación. Los resultados mostraron amplias desviaciones de los valores obtenidos en relación con los establecidos, puesto que en 70 % fueron inadecuados por insatisfacción de los que ofrecían y recibían la atención sanitaria, respectivamente.A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out during the first four-month period in the year 2010 in order to evaluate the health workers´and patients´satisfaction with the functioning of the Integrated Medical Emergency System in Guantánamo municipality, which belongs to the province under the same name. For this reason, 8 doctors, 126 paramedics in charge of that service, and 350 patients were chosen using an intentional sampling starting from the author's criterion. An expert group, along with the aforementioned group, devised the criteria, indicators, standards, and tools used for the assessment. Results showed large deviations of the obtained values in relation to those established, since 70 % of them were inadequate due to the dissatisfaction for both, those who received the health care and those who offered it, respectively.

In January 2002, images of the detention of prisoners held at US Naval Station Guantanamo Bay as part of the Global War on Terrorism were released by the US Department of Defense, a public relations move that Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld later referred to as 'probably unfortunate'. These images, widely reproduced in the media, quickly came to symbolise the facility and the practices at work there. Nine years on, the images of orange-clad 'detainees' - the 'orange series' - remain a powerful symbol of US military practices and play a significant role in the resistance to the site. However, as the site has evolved, so too has its visual representation. O! cial images of these new facilities not only document this evolution but work to constitute, through a careful (re)framing (literal and figurative), a new (re)presentation of the site, and therefore the identities of those involved. The new series of images not only (re)inscribes the identities of detainees as dangerous but, more importantly, work to constitute the US State as humane and modern. These images are part of a broader e" ort by the US administration to resituate its image, and remind us, as IR scholars, to look at the diverse set of practices (beyond simply spoken language) to understand the complexity of international politics. Elspeth Van Veeren is a Doctoral Candidate in the Department of Politics at the University of Bristol. The central focus of her work is the production of meaning in world politics through an exploration of the material and visual practices at Joint Task Force Guantanamo. Her work also extends to ethnographic studies of UK police and emergency planning procedures, as well as to the interconnections between culture and politics. The latter is explored most recently in an article in New Political Science on inter-textuality and counter-terrorism in the Global War on Terrorism.

In this article I analyse the Supreme Court’s landmark ruling in Boumediene v. Bush against the background of the discussion concerning the extraterritorial scope of the U.S. Constitution. The long-standing discussion about the scope of constitutional rights is situated within the theoretical framework elaborated by Gerald Neuman who distinguishes between membership models, universalism, ‘global due process’ and the model of ‘mutual obligations’. The last model, which is based on a limited government perspective tends towards the ideal of judicial cosmopolitanism. I argue that Justice Kennedy’s opinion for the Court does not live up to the cosmopolitan ideal of the model of mutual obligations as it was elaborated in Justice Brennan’s dissent in Verdugo and that Kennedy’s casuistic and flexible approach lends itself to possible manipulation. I argue that this danger can be reduced by adopting the minimum standards of international law as a second order framework for constitutional interpretation and I show that the ethical nexus between effective control and responsibility is common to the normative model of mutual obligations, on the one hand, and to the framework adopted in European human rights law and international humanitarian law, on the other.

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir elementos de análises sobre a natureza, o significado e o alcance do campo de concentração de Guantánamo. Com esta finalidade, descreve-se a trajetória do fenômeno, inserindo-o na dinâmica mais ampla da globalização militarizada em curso, cujo vetor e forma dominante passam pela estratégia imperial dos EUA pós-11 de setembro. Esta estratégia implica, entre outros traços distintivos, a legitimação de crescentes espaços de exceção, a guerra preventiva sem ameaça de ataque iminente e a ascensão do "inimigo absoluto" encarnado na figura desterritorializada do novo terrorista teológico-político.The aim of this paper is to advance in the analysis about the nature, the meaning and the reach of the Guantánamo base. In order to do so, we describe the route of the phenomenon, integrating it in the broader dynamics of the current militarized globalization whose vector and dominating shape go through the imperial strategy of the USA post-September 11. Deep articulated with the enlarging logic and consequences of global capitalism, this strategy implies, among other distinctive traces, the legitimation of growing spaces of exceptions, the preventive war without imminent attack threat and the ascension of the "absolute enemy" embodied in the deterritorialized image of the new theological political terrorist.

La investigadora Suray Olivares Perez ha defendido una Tesis de grado, cuyo titulo es “Significacion Sociocultural de la Masoneria en la ciudad de Guantanamo. 1900-1958”. En la Universidad de Guantanamo, en Cuba, el 4 de julio de 2014, bajo la direccion de la Dra. C Migdalia Tamayo Tellez.

Tras los atentados del once de septiembre, el gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América emprendió una lucha contra el terrorismo prevalido de sus propios métodos; por ello, con la colaboración de diversas naciones, sobre todo europeas, llevó a cabo un programa de entregas extraordinarias de sospechosos a quienes, en secreto y sin orden judicial alguna, se privó de la libertad, desapareció, torturó y recluyó en cárceles e instalaciones destinadas a tales efectos, como la base de Guantánamo. En el artículo se examinan estos hechos a la luz del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos.

U radu autor pokušava na temelju presuda Vrhovnog suda SAD u predmetima Rasul v. Bush, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld i Rumsfeld v. Padilla utvrditi kako u praksi izgleda i dokle seže sudska kontrola izvršne vlasti u stanju nužde u SAD, na području ljudskih prava, i kakvi su pravni učinci i dosezi tih odluka sudbene vlasti na daljnje postupanje titulara stanja nužde glede osoba koje su lišene slobode u protuterorističkim operacijama van prostora SAD i zatočene u američkim vojnim bazama., The control of the Executive in emergency, that is of their actions and measures undertaken in such a case represents one of the most important constitutional and legal problems, primariry as in such a case the main values of the rale of law are challenged as well as the fundamental constitutional guarantees to the human rights. The majority of the contemporary constitutional democratic states, due to possible risks and perils to democracy and to the rale of law in the state of emergency, has established some controlling mechanisms in order to prevent or to diminish significantly anticonstitutional violants as well as illegal encroachments by the state of emergency titulars particularly referring to fundamental human rights. Since the terrorist attack on USA in 2001. the American Executive, after Congress having proclaimed the state of emergency, have undertaken in their struggle against international terrorism a series of measures and actions, in particular those referring to the treatment of the prisoners, suspected of terrorism and arrested in Afganistan that have aroused the attention of the democratic public opinion. The author in his essay to establish, based upon an analysis of the USA Suprema Court decisions in cases of Rasul v. Bush, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Rumsfeldv. Padilla, how in practice functions and how far goes the judiciary control of the executive in USA in emergency in the field of protection of human rights as well as to detect and describe the legal effects and range of such judiciary decisions upon further behaviour of the state of emergency titular to persons arrested in antiterrorism operations outside the USA territory, but held in captivitv in American militarv bases.

Vrhovno sodišče Združenih držav Amerike je 28. junija 2004 razglasilo sodbe v treh zadevah o pravicah ujetnikov, povezanih z ameriško »vojno« proti terorizmu, predvsem tistih, ki so zaprti v Guantánamu. V zadevah Rasul v. Bush, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld inRumsfeld v. Padilla je sodišče odločalo o pravici teh ujetnikov do tega, da o zakonitosti odvzema njihove prostosti odloči sodišče. V zadevi Rasul v. Bush je sodišče odločilo, da imajo pritožniki, od katerih noben ni državljan ZDA in ki so vsi zaprti v ameriškem oporišču Guantánamo na Kubi, pravico do spodbijanja zakonitosti odvzema prostosti. Ta pravica temelji na zveznih pravilih o habeas corpus. V zadevi Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, kjer je pritožnik državljan ZDA, je sodišče enako odločilo, le da je poudarilo, da pritožnikova pravica temelji na ustavi. V zadevi Rumsfeld v. Padilla je sodišče menilo, da pritožnik, ki je zaprt v Južni Karolini, ne more spodbijati zakonitosti odvzema prostosti pred sodiščem v New Yorku, temveč pred forumom, ki je krajevno pristojen za Južno Karolino. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on 28 June 2004 in three cases regarding detainees in connection with American “war” on terrorism, especially those detained in Guantánamo. In cases Rasul v. Bush, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld and Rumsfled v. Padilla, the Court ruled on their right to habeas corpus. In the case of Rasul v. Bush the Court ruled that the petitioners who are not citizens of the US and are detained in the American Naval Base in Guantánamo, Cuba, have right to habeas corpus and that federal habeas corpus statute applies in their case. In the case of Hamdi v. Rumsfeld in which the petitioner is citizen of the US the Court ruled the same, but at the same time it emphasized that the petitioner’s right is based on the Constitution. In the case of Rumsfeld v. Padilla the Court ruled that the petitioner who is detained in South Carolina cannot bring his habeas corpus petition in court in New York, but in the forum which holds territorial jurisdiction over South Carolina.

As Obama rounds out his second term, Guantanamo remains open and running. The article explains why and what this means for detainees.

Conocer cuáles son los actos realizados por Estados que permiten analizar si ha violado o no el debido proceso y los Derechos Humanos en el caso Guantámo. Para lo cual se busca, primero conocer los orígenes de este campo de concentración, realizar un análisis de la incidencia de actos que atentan contra la dignidad humana, y por último intentar buscar una respuesta argumentativa que permita en lo posible responder a la pregunta de si realmente Estados Unidos puede considerarse como un actor violador del debido proceso en el caso Guantánamo. Recognize which actions made by the United States based on case of Guantánamo considered as a violations of due process and Human Rights. First will see the origins of this concentration camp, then will do an analysis of the incidence of acts against human dignity, and finally will try to find an argumentative response allowing as possible to answer the question of whether United States really be considered an actor of violations due process in Guantánamo case. Pregrado