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Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-irp-10.1177_26334895221112693 for Training primary health care providers in Colombia, Mexico and Peru to increase alcohol screening: Mixed-methods process evaluation of implementation strategy by Daša Kokole, Eva Jané-Llopis, Guillermina Natera Rey, Natalia Bautista Aguilar, Perla Sonia Medina Aguilar, Juliana Mejía-Trujillo, Katherine Mora, Natalia Restrepo, Ines Bustamante, Marina Piazza, Amy O’Donnell, Adriana Solovei, Liesbeth Mercken, Christiane Sybille Schmidt, Hugo Lopez-Pelayo, Silvia Matrai, Fleur Braddick, Antoni Gual, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Anderson and Hein de Vries in Implementation Research and Practice

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-irp-10.1177_26334895221112693 for Training primary health care providers in Colombia, Mexico and Peru to increase alcohol screening: Mixed-methods process evaluation of implementation strategy by Daša Kokole, Eva Jané-Llopis, Guillermina Natera Rey, Natalia Bautista Aguilar, Perla Sonia Medina Aguilar, Juliana Mejía-Trujillo, Katherine Mora, Natalia Restrepo, Ines Bustamante, Marina Piazza, Amy O’Donnell, Adriana Solovei, Liesbeth Mercken, Christiane Sybille Schmidt, Hugo Lopez-Pelayo, Silvia Matrai, Fleur Braddick, Antoni Gual, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Anderson and Hein de Vries in Implementation Research and Practice

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-irp-10.1177_26334895221112693 for Training primary health care providers in Colombia, Mexico and Peru to increase alcohol screening: Mixed-methods process evaluation of implementation strategy by Daša Kokole, Eva Jané-Llopis, Guillermina Natera Rey, Natalia Bautista Aguilar, Perla Sonia Medina Aguilar, Juliana Mejía-Trujillo, Katherine Mora, Natalia Restrepo, Ines Bustamante, Marina Piazza, Amy O’Donnell, Adriana Solovei, Liesbeth Mercken, Christiane Sybille Schmidt, Hugo Lopez-Pelayo, Silvia Matrai, Fleur Braddick, Antoni Gual, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Anderson and Hein de Vries in Implementation Research and Practice

Objective Understanding the impact of Level of Information and Communication Technology Use, computer self-efficacy and perceived product usability of healthcare professionals regarding an alcohol consumption reduction website on facilitated access defined as referring patients to the webpage. Methods 52 nurses and 41 general practitioners were assessed before patient recruitment started, using a questionnaire designed to assess socio-demographic characteristics, professional engagement to the website, Level of Information and Communication Technology Use, Computer self-efficacy (“the judgment of one’s capability to use a computer”) and Perceived product usability (“the extent to which a product can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use”). Dependent variable was the self-report of number of brochures distributed to patients. Results Professionals’ engagement with facilitated access measured by brochures handed out was not predicted by Perceived product usability, Level of Information and Communication Technology Use or Computer self-efficacy. Professionals who had actively engaged with the website (customization) provided significantly more brochures compared with those who had not (Coefficient B 15.7 CI95% 3.5–27.8). Professional’s socio-demographic characteristics did not predict engagement in facilitated access. Conclusion Professionals’ Perceived product usability, Level of Information and Communication Technology Use and Computer self-efficacy were not associated to facilitated access. Active early engagement of health professionals with the website (customization) is a key predictor of subsequent engagement with facilitated access. Practice implications Computer Self-Efficacy, Level of Information and Communication Technology Use and Perceived Product Usability are irrelevant for facilitated access and efforts should be focused on taking time to collaborate with providers and convincing them about the usefulness of the intervention (including customization). Website customization by health care professionals is a promising predictor of engagement.

Additional file 1: Appendix Table 1. Unweighted sample characteristics by country. Appendix Table 2. Reported changes for each substance for the entire survey sample. Appendix Table 3. Reported changes for each substance by country.

Dos años atrás, la madre de un paciente que padecía simultáneamente una esquizofrenia y una adicción al cannabis buscaba desesperadamente marihuana rica en Cannabidiol (CBD). Sabía que uno de los componentes del cannabis, el Tetra-hidro-cannabinol (THC), empeoraba la psicosis que afectaba a su hijo y había leído que el CBD podía tener un cierto efecto protector.

Introduction: Virtual Reality (VR) technology has shown promising results as an assessment and treatment instrument in substance use disorders, particularly in attempts to reduce craving. A common application of the VR technology in treatment is based on cue-exposure therapy (CET). Following from previous results, the present case series is part of a larger project aiming to test the efficacy of the Virtual Reality-Cue Exposure Therapy (VR-CET) versus Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Method: Eight patients between ages 40 and 55 (Mage = 49, SD = 5.54) from the Addictive Behaviors Unit at the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona participated in this study after providing written informed consent. Patients were randomly assigned to the VR-CET group (three patients) or the CBT group (five patients). The protocol of the clinical trial consisted of a pre-treatment session (the initial assessment session), six sessions of CBT or VR-CET, and a post-treatment session (post-assessment session). The VR-CET sessions consisted of exposure to alcohol-related cues and environments aiming to reduce anxiety and craving responses to alcohol-related stimuli. The CBT sessions consisted of classical standardized therapy for the treatment of addictions, as previously applied in other clinical trials. In the pre- and post-treatment sessions, patients completed several measures of alcohol craving and anxiety and visual analog scales (VAS) during VR exposure. Results: Our data indicated a significant reduction in both groups in all scores of craving and anxiety responses, as assessed by the different instruments. In addition, the VR-CET group obtained lower scores on anxiety and craving responses than the CBT group. Conclusions: In this ongoing project, the first phase of the clinical trial showed significant improvements in terms of craving and anxiety reduction in both groups, emphasizing that VR-CET can be as efficient as CBT. In addition, patients in the VR-CET group obtained slightly better scores than patients in the CBT group, suggesting the clinical potential of the VR technology in the treatment of substance use disorders. We propose that VR-based CET can be a useful complement to existing treatment methods for AUD patients.

n/a Funding Agencies|Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Neurosciences, and Mental Health and Addiction (CRISM Ontario Node grant)Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) [SMN-13950]; Swedish Research CouncilSwedish Research Council [2013-07434]

Supplemental material, Suppementary_table_1 for Digital brief interventions for risky drinkers are not the panacea: A pilot study exploring barriers for its implementation according to professionals’ perceptions by Hugo López-Pelayo, Elsa Caballeria, Estela Díaz, Ariadna Sánchez, Lidia Segura, Joan Colom, Paul Wallace and Antoni Gual in Health Informatics Journal

Introduction: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) represents a major general health concern with important consequences for individuals' psycho-social functioning. Many studies suggest that cognitive processes such as attentional bias (AB) are heavily involved in the phases of acquisition, maintenance and relapse precipitation in AUD. AB is described as an implicit selective attention when processing visual information in favor of desired cues, which may elicit craving for alcohol and facilitate drinking-related behaviors. In line with recent studies of the applications of human-computer interaction in the field of psychology, the current study aimed to assess attentional bias towards alcohol-related images using eye-tracking technology. Specifically, we explored the first gaze towards alcohol-related images versus neutral images in patients with short-term and long-term abstinence. Method: 24 outpatients (Mage = 53, SD = 11.65) from the Addictive Behavior Unit of the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona participated in the study. The inclusion criteria were diagnoses of AUD and normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity. Participants were divided according to their abstinence period, with the cut-off point being set at four months. Fourteen patients had been abstinent for less than four months (M = 1, SD = 0.96), and 10 for longer than this period (M = 14, SD = 8.17). The self-reported abstinence period was supported by the results of urine analyses performed in all patients. Participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (M = 19.75, SD = 9.34) and the Visual Attention Task (VAT). The VAT consisted of images related to alcohol consumption versus neutral images such as office objects. The EyeTribe eye-tracking technology was used to record eye movement activity during the VAT. Results: Our data indicated a statistically significant difference between patients with short-term and long-term abstinence regarding their first fixation towards alcohol-related and neutral images. Patients abstinent for less than four months had a tendency to look first at images related to alcohol consumption, whereas patients abstinent for more than four months were more likely to look first at neutral images, regardless of their AUDIT score. Conclusions: Patients with short-term abstinence had a greater AB than patients with long-term abstinence. The first gaze seems to be a sensitive parameter for differentiating between patients with low and high AB. The use of eye-tracking technology suggests that AB is important in clinical assessment and should be addressed in treatment as well as in relapse prevention. We consider that the eye- tracking technology is a promising instrument for assessing current addictive behavior.

ESPAÑOL La enfermedad hepática alcohólica (EHA) es una de las causas más frecuentes de trasplante hepático en enfermedad hepática terminal. No hay evidencia de impacto de la detección regular de sustancias en orina (DRSO) sobre la supervivencia de los pacientes con EHA. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron comparar la sensibilidad de la DRSO, evaluar su impacto en la supervivencia y en el trasplante de hígado, y evaluar el impacto de la adherencia a la DRSO. Realizamos un estudio retrospectivo (N = 84) con candidatos para trasplante de hígado por EHA. Registramos las variables demográficas, bioquímicas y clínicas al inicio del estudio. Evaluamos la adherencia a la DRSO durante el seguimiento. Calculamos la sensibilidad tanto de la DRSO como de las declaraciones de los pacientes para todas las sustancias. Realizamos análisis multivariables (regresión logística) y de supervivencia para explorar los factores asociados y el impacto de la adherencia a la DRSO, y de los resultados positivos en la DRSO sobre la supervivencia. La DRSO tuvo una alta sensibilidad para identificar bebedores activos (76,9%), fumadores (78,9%) y consumidores de cannabis (83,3%). Alta adherencia a la DRSO tuvo una asociación inversa con mortalidad durante el seguimiento. La presencia de trastornos de la personalidad tuvo un impacto negativo (RM ,29, IC 95% ,08-,97) sobre la adherencia a la DRSO. Tanto la DRSO como las declaraciones deben llevarse a cabo en este perfil de pacientes. Los profesionales que participan en programas de trasplante hepático deben promover el cumplimiento de la DRSO, principalmente en pacientes con trastornos de la personalidad. ENGLISH. Alcohol Liver Disease (ALD) is one of the most prevalent conditions leading to liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease. There is lacking evidence of regular urine screening testing (RUST) impact on survival or liver transplantation of ALD patients. The aims of this study were to compare the sensitivity of RUST, to assess its impact on survival and liver transplantation, and to evaluate factors associated with adherence to RUST. We performed a single-centered retrospective study (N = 84) with ALD candidates for liver transplantation. Demographic, biochemical and clinical variables were recorded at baseline. Adherence to RUST was evaluated during follow-up. The sensitivity of both RUST and self-reports were calculated for all drugs. Multivariable logistic and survival regression analyses were performed to explore associated factors and the impact of adherence to RUST, and positive results on survival. RUST had high sensitivity for identifying active drinkers (76.9%), smokers (78.9%) and cannabis users (83.3%). High adherence to RUST was inversely associated with mortality during follow-up. Presence of personality disorders negatively impacted (OR 0.29, CI 95% 0.08-0.97) adherence to RUST. Both RUST and self-reports should be carried out in this setting. Professionals involved in liver transplantation programs must promote adherence to RUST, primarily in patients with personality disorders.

International audience; Medication development for alcohol relapse prevention or reduction of consumption is highly challenging due to meth-odological issues of pharmacotherapy trials. Existing approved medications are only modestly effective with many patients failing to benefit from these therapies. Therefore, there is a pressing need for other effective treatments with a different mechanism of action, especially for patients with very high (VH) drinking risk levels (DRL) because this is the most severely affected population of alcohol use disorder patients. Life expectancy of alcohol-dependent patients with a VH DRL is reduced by 22 years compared with the general population and approximately 90 000 alcohol-dependent subjects with a VH DRL die prematurely each year in the EU (Rehm et al. 2018). A promising new medication for this population is sodium oxybate, a compound that acts on GABA B receptors and extrasynaptic GABA A receptors resulting in alcohol-mimetic effects. In this article, a European expert group of alcohol researchers and clini-cians summarizes data (a) from published trials, (b) from two new-as yet unpublished-large clinical trials (GATE 2 (n = 314) and SMO032 (n = 496), (c) from post hoc subgroup analyses of patients with different WHO-defined DRLs and (d) from multiple meta-analyses. These data provide convergent evidence that sodium oxybate is effective especially in a subgroup of alcohol-dependent patients with VH DRLs. Depending on the study, abstinence rates are increased up to 34 percent compared with placebo with risk ratios up to 6.8 in favor of sodium oxybate treatment. These convergent data are supported by the clinical use of sodium oxybate in Austria and Italy for more than 25 years. Sodium oxybate is the sodium salt of γ-hydroxybutyric acid that is also used as a recreational (street) drug suggestive of abuse potential. However, a pharmacovigilance database of more than 260 000 alcohol-dependent patients treated with sodium oxybate reported very few adverse side effects and only few cases of abuse. We therefore conclude that sodium oxybate is an effective, well-tolerated and safe treatment for withdrawal and relapse prevention treatment, especially in alcohol-dependent patients with VH DRL.

The Alcohol Program of the Spanish Network on Addictive Disorders-RTA requires a longitudinal study to address different research questions related to alcoholism. The cohort study (CohRTA) focuses on patients seeking treatment for alcohol use disorder, as a multicentre, collaborative research project aimed to improve secondary prevention and early diagnosis of pathological processes associated with the disorder. Methods: multicentre cohort study in adults (> 18 years) seeking their first treatment of the disorder. Patients sign an informed consent and data is collected in an online platform specifically designed for the study; patients are also requested to provide biological samples that are stored in a biobank. Baseline and prospective, socio-demographic, epidemiological, clinical and treatment data are collected. Currently there are 10 participating centres that expect to recruit more than 1,000 patients. Results: As of December 2015, 344 patients (77% men) were included. Median age at admission was 50 years (IQR: 43-55 years). Median age at the start of alcohol consumption was 15 years (IQR: 14-18 years) and 61% of cases reported antecedents of alcohol use disorder in the family. During the 30 days prior to admission, alcohol consumption amounted to 12.5 SDU/day (IQR: 7.1-20 SDU/day), 72% of the patients were tobacco smokers and 30% currently used cocaine. Organising an open cohort of patients with alcohol use disorder may be crucial to better understand the clinical consequences of alcoholism in Spain. This cohort may potentiate quantitative and qualitative research within the Spanish Network on Addictive Disorders-RTA/RETICS. Having a well-established, representative cohort of patients will increase translational research on consequences of alcoholism in our country.

Life expectancy for people with severe mental disorders is up to 25 years less in comparison to the general population, mainly due to diseases caused or worsened by smoking. However, smoking is usually a neglected issue in mental healthcare settings. The aim of this article is to describe a strategy to improve tobacco control in the hospital mental healthcare services of Catalonia (Spain). To bridge this gap, the Catalan Network of Smoke-free Hospitals launched a nationwide bottom-up strategy in Catalonia in 2007. The strategy relied on the creation of a working group of key professionals from various hospitals -the early adopters- based on Rogers' theory of the Diffusion of Innovations. In 2016, the working group is composed of professionals from 17 hospitals (70.8% of all hospitals in the region with mental health inpatient units). Since 2007, tobacco control has improved in different areas such as increasing mental health professionals' awareness of smoking, training professionals on smoking cessation interventions and achieving good compliance with the national smoking ban. The working group has produced and disseminated various materials, including clinical practice and best practice guidelines, implemented smoking cessation programmes and organised seminars and training sessions on smoking cessation measures in patients with mental illnesses. The next challenge is to ensure effective follow-up for smoking cessation after discharge. While some areas of tobacco control within these services still require significant improvement, the aforementioned initiative promotes successful tobacco control in these settings. La esperanza de vida para las personas con trastornos mentales graves se reduce hasta 25 años en comparación con la población general, principalmente debido a enfermedades causadas o agravadas por el tabaco. Sin embargo, el tabaco es un tema a menudo descuidado en el ámbito de la salud mental. El objetivo de este artículo es describir una estrategia dirigida a mejorar el control del tabaco en servicios de salud mental hospitalarios de Cataluña (España). Por este motivo, la Red Catalana de Hospitales sin Humo puso en marcha en 2007 un grupo de trabajo de profesionales clave, los early adopters, según la teoría de la difusión de las innovaciones de Rogers. En la actualidad, el Grupo de Trabajo, con un enfoque de abajo arriba, está integrado por profesionales de 17 hospitales (el 70,8% de todos los hospitales de la región con unidades de hospitalización de salud mental). Desde 2007, el control del tabaco ha mejorado en diferentes áreas, tales como el aumento de la sensibilización de los profesionales, la formación de profesionales en intervención para dejar de fumar y el cumplimiento de la prohibición de fumar en las salas de ingreso. El Grupo ha elaborado y difundido materiales como guías de práctica clínica y de buenas prácticas, ha implementado programas para dejar de fumar, y ha organizado jornadas y sesiones formativas sobre intervención en tabaquismo en personas con trastornos mentales, entre otras actividades. Los siguientes pasos se centrarán en garantizar un seguimiento eficaz de la cesación tabáquica después del alta hospitalaria. Aunque aún queda mucho trabajo en algunas áreas del control del tabaquismo dentro de estos servicios, este enfoque descrito promueve con éxito mejoras en este ámbito.

Pablo Barrio, Antoni Gual Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain Issues: Patient-centered care (PCC) is increasingly accepted as an integral component of good health care, including addiction medicine. However, its implementation has been controversial in people with alcohol use disorders. Approach: A systematic search strategy was devised to find completed randomized controlled trials enrolling adults (>18 years) with alcohol use disorders. Studies had to use a PCC approach such that they should have been individualized, respectful to the patients’ own goals, and empowering. Studies until September 2015 were searched using PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, PsychINFO, and Web of Knowledge. Key findings: In total, 40 studies enrolling 16,020 patients met the inclusion criteria. Assessment revealed two main categories of study: psychosocial (n=35 based on motivational interviewing) and pharmacological (n=5 based on an as needed dosing regimen). Psychosocial interventions were further classified according to the presence or absence of an active comparator. When no active comparator was present, studies were classified according to the number of sessions (≥1). Results from single sessions of motivational interviewing showed no clear benefit on alcohol consumption outcomes, with few studies indicating benefit of PCC versus control. Although the results for studies of multiple sessions of counseling were also mixed, many did show a significant benefit of the PCC intervention. By contrast, studies consistently demonstrated a benefit of pharmacologically supported PCC interventions, with most of the differences reaching statistical significance. Implications: PCC-based interventions may be beneficial for reducing alcohol consumption in people with alcohol use disorders. Keywords: psychosocial intervention, pharmacological intervention, motivational interviewing, as-needed

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The opioid antagonist nalmefene (selincro®) was approved for alcohol-related disorders by the European Medicines Agency in 2013. However, there have been no studies regarding the effectiveness of nalmefene when alcohol is used in combination with cocaine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Using operant alcohol self-administration in Wistar rats and qRT-PCR, we evaluated (i) the dose-response curve for s.c. and p.o. nalmefene; (ii) the effects of nalmefene with increasing concentrations of alcohol; (iii) the efficacy of nalmefene on cocaine-potentiated alcohol responding; and (iv) the gene expression profiles of histone deacetylases (Hdac1-11) in peripheral blood in vivo and in the prefrontal cortex, heart, liver and kidney post mortem. KEY RESULTS: S.c. (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg·kg(-1) ) and p.o. (10, 20, 40 mg·kg(-1) ) nalmefene dose-dependently reduced alcohol-reinforced responding by up to 50.3%. This effect of nalmefene was not dependent on alcohol concentration (10, 15, 20%). Cocaine potentiated alcohol responding by approximately 40% and nalmefene (0.05 mg·kg(-1) ) reversed this effect of cocaine. Alcohol increased Hdac gene expression in blood and nalmefene prevented the increases in Hdacs 3, 8, 5, 7, 9, 6 and 10. In the other tissues, alcohol and nalmefene either did not alter the gene expression of Hdacs, as in the prefrontal cortex, or a tissue-Hdac-specific effect was observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Nalmefene might be effective as a treatment for alcohol-dependent patients who also use cocaine. Also, the expression of Hdacs in peripheral blood might be useful as a biomarker of alcohol use and drug response. This work was supported by The European Foundation for Alcohol Research (to J.A.L.M., F.R.d.F., R.M. and R.N.), the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (Red de Trastornos Adictivos, FEDER, RD12/0028/0015 to J.A.L.M., RD12/0028/001 to F.R.d.F., RD12/0028/023 to R.M., RD12/0028/0014 to R.N.) and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2011-26818 to J.A.L.M.).

The opioid antagonist nalmefene (selincro®) was approved for alcohol-related disorders by the European Medicines Agency in 2013. However, there have been no studies regarding the effectiveness of nalmefene when alcohol is used in combination with cocaine.Using operant alcohol self-administration in Wistar rats and qRT-PCR, we evaluated (i) the dose-response curve for s.c. and p.o. nalmefene; (ii) the effects of nalmefene with increasing concentrations of alcohol; (iii) the efficacy of nalmefene on cocaine-potentiated alcohol responding; and (iv) the gene expression profiles of histone deacetylases (Hdac1-11) in peripheral blood in vivo and in the prefrontal cortex, heart, liver and kidney post mortem.S.c. (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg·kg(-1) ) and p.o. (10, 20, 40 mg·kg(-1) ) nalmefene dose-dependently reduced alcohol-reinforced responding by up to 50.3%. This effect of nalmefene was not dependent on alcohol concentration (10, 15, 20%). Cocaine potentiated alcohol responding by approximately 40% and nalmefene (0.05 mg·kg(-1) ) reversed this effect of cocaine. Alcohol increased Hdac gene expression in blood and nalmefene prevented the increases in Hdacs 3, 8, 5, 7, 9, 6 and 10. In the other tissues, alcohol and nalmefene either did not alter the gene expression of Hdacs, as in the prefrontal cortex, or a tissue-Hdac-specific effect was observed.Nalmefene might be effective as a treatment for alcohol-dependent patients who also use cocaine. Also, the expression of Hdacs in peripheral blood might be useful as a biomarker of alcohol use and drug response.

Introduction Early identification (EI) and brief interventions (BIs) for risky drinkers are effective tools in primary care. Lack of time in daily practice has been identified as one of the main barriers to implementation of BI. There is growing evidence that facilitated access by primary healthcare professionals (PHCPs) to a web-based BI can be a time-saving alternative to standard face-to-face BIs, but there is as yet no evidence about the effectiveness of this approach relative to conventional BI. The main aim of this study is to test non-inferiority of facilitation to a web-based BI for risky drinkers delivered by PHCP against face-to-face BI. Method and analysis A randomised controlled non-inferiority trial comparing both interventions will be performed in primary care health centres in Catalonia, Spain. Unselected adult patients attending participating centres will be given a leaflet inviting them to log on to a website to complete the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) alcohol screening questionnaire. Participants with positive results will be requested online to complete a trial module including consent, baseline assessment and randomisation to either face-to-face BI by the practitioner or BI via the alcohol reduction website. Follow-up assessment of risky drinking will be undertaken online at 3 months and 1 year using the full AUDIT and D5-EQD5 scale. Proportions of risky drinkers in each group will be calculated and non-inferiority assessed against a specified margin of 10%. Assuming reduction of 30% of risky drinkers receiving standard intervention, 1000 patients will be required to give 90% power to reject the null hypothesis. Ethics and dissemination The protocol was approved by the Ethics Commmittee of IDIAP Jordi Gol i Gurina P14/028. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, national and international conference presentations. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02082990.

Questionnaire. Includes the entire questionnaire implemented in the survey (DOCX 35Â kb)

Detailed description of applied implementation strategies. (PDF 971 kb)

Background: Brief interventions in primary healthcare are cost-effective in reducing drinking problems but poorly implemented in routine practice. Although evidence about implementing brief interventions is growing, knowledge is limited with regard to impact of initial role security and therapeutic commitment on brief intervention implementation. Methods: In a cluster randomised factorial trial, 120 primary healthcare units (PHCUs) were randomised to eight groups: care as usual, training and support, financial reimbursement, and the opportunity to refer patients to an internet-based brief intervention (e-BI); paired combinations of these three strategies, and all three strategies combined. To explore the impact of initial role security and therapeutic commitment on implementing brief interventions, we performed multilevel linear regression analyses adapted to the factorial design. Results: Data from 746 providers from 120 PHCUs were included in the analyses. Baseline role security and therapeutic commitment were found not to influence implementation of brief interventions. Furthermore, there were no significant interactions between these characteristics and allocated implementation groups. Conclusions: The extent to which providers changed their brief intervention delivery following experience of different implementation strategies was not determined by their initial attitudes towards alcohol problems. In future research, more attention is needed to unravel the causal relation between practitioners attitudes, their actual behaviour and care improvement strategies to enhance implementation science. Funding Agencies|European Union [259268]; Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW, Prevention Program) [200310017]; Polish science financial resources - project ODHIN [2304/7.PR-COOPERATION/11/2012/2]; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust; Kings College London; NIHR Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

To consider, briefly, science's role in informing alcohol policy, and how science could help reframe the present governance of alcohol policy.Expression of the two project coordinators' reflections based on discussions during project meetings of the Alcohol Measures for Public Health Research Alliance (AMPHORA) project.Three endeavours are considered important for science's role in informing alcohol policy: modelling studies that help predict the outcomes of differing policy approaches; studying the impact of live policy changes as a powerful set of natural experiments; and, improved study of the impact of integrated, coordinated and joined up alcohol policies, as opposed to the impact of individual alcohol policy measures. Three areas where science can contribute to strengthened alcohol policy governance include: analysis of different governance architectures that might promote joined-up actions between different sectors; the design of better metrics that measure the impact of public and private sector actions on health; and, by identifying incentives that help consumers make choices on the use of alcohol that improve health.The impact of science on better alcohol policy governance can only happen if there is more and better dialogue between scientists and those who design alcohol policy.? 2011 The Authors, Addiction ? 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and alcohol dependence (AD) in particular, are prevalent and associated with a large burden of disability and mortality. The aim of this study was to estimate prevalence of AD in the European Union (EU), Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland for the year 2010, and to investigate potential influencing factors. The 1-year prevalence of AD in the EU was estimated at 3.4% among people 18–64 years of age in Europe (women 1.7%, men 5.2%), resulting in close to 11 million affected people. Taking into account all people of all ages, AD, abuse and harmful use resulted in an estimate of 23 million affected people. Prevalence of AD varied widely between European countries, and was significantly impacted by drinking cultures and social norms. Correlations with level of drinking and other drinking variables and with major known outcomes of heavy drinking, such as liver cirrhosis or injury, were moderate. These results suggest a need to rethink the definition of AUDs.

The AMPHORA Project is a 4 years project funded by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission which aims to contribute with new evidence on scarcely explored or unexplored areas of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harm in Europe. In this introductory article we describe the background of the Project and its main features. The research areas covered by AMPHORA are wide and diverse. Some of the most relevant are: an update on European epidemiological data; the definition of standard common indicators of alcohol consumption and harm; the measurement of the strength of alcohol policies; the study of contextual determinants of alcohol consumption, the analysis of the impact of marketing on youth; the availability of treatments at a European level; and two areas of harm reduction (contamination of illegal or surrogate alcohols and the reduction of harm in drinking venues).? 2011 The Authors, Addiction ? 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.

El Grupo de Innovación Docente Orfila, en su proyecto para mejorar la calidad de la docencia, está ensayando la utilización del cine con finalidad didáctica. El material didáctico que hemos desarrollado en este proyecto son pequeñas secuencias de películas comerciales de 3 a 5 minutos, para ser utilizadas como elementos ilustrativos del proceso adictivo. Se seleccionan escenas de la filmografía y se adecuan a nuestros programas docentes. Se recoge la opinión de los profesores participantes, así como la de los alumnos, mediante una entrevista personal y una encuesta de opinión, respectivamente. De las entrevistas a los profesores y las encuestas de opinión de los alumnos, se deduce un alto grado de satisfacción., El Grup d'Innovació Docent Orfila, en el seu projecte per millorar la qualitat de la docència, està assajant la utilització del cinema amb finalitat didàctica. El material didàctic que hem desenvolupat en aquest projecte són petites seqüències de pel·lícules comercials de 3 a 5 minuts, per ser utilitzades com a elements il·lustratius del procés addictiu. Se seleccionen escenes de la filmografia i s'adeqüen als nostres programes docents. Es recull l'opinió dels professors participants, així com la dels alumnes, mitjançant una entrevista personal i una enquesta d'opinió, respectivament. De les entrevistes als professors i de les enquestes d'opinió dels alumnes, es dedueix un alt grau de satisfacció., The Orfila Teaching Innovation Group has initiated a series of actions to improve the quality of teaching with the introduction of didactic cinema. The materials that we have developed in this project are small sequences of 3 to 5 minutes of commercial films, to be used as illustrative elements of the addictive process. Scenes from the films were selected and adapted to our educational programs. The opinion of the participating teachers and the students was collected through a personal interview and an opinion poll, respectively. The results of teacher interviews and surveys of student opinion, indicate a high degree of satisfaction.

Beginning with France in the 1950s, alcohol consumption has decreased in Southern European countries with few or no preventive alcohol policy measures being implemented, while alcohol consumption has been increasing in Northern European countries where historically more restrictive alcohol control policies were in place, even though more recently they were loosened. At the same time, Central and Eastern Europe have shown an intermediate behavior. We propose that country-specific changes in alcohol consumption between 1960 and 2008 are explained by a combination of a number of factors: (1) preventive alcohol policies and (2) social, cultural, economic, and demographic determinants. This article describes the methodology of a research study designed to understand the complex interactions that have occurred throughout Europe over the past five decades. These include changes in alcohol consumption, drinking patterns and alcohol-related harm, and the actual determinants of such changes. Łukasz Wieczorek

Aims: To determine if a teaching intervention on hazardous drinking could improve the knowledge, attitudes and clinical behaviour of Health Professionals (HP) in a hospital. Methods: Changes were assessed at baseline and 1 month after the intervention through questionnaires delivered to 38 professionals and interviews with patients (N = 240). Results: Knowledge of professionals improved. No changes were observed through patients' interviews. Conclusions: A single teaching session produces modest but significant changes in the management of alcohol related issues in hospital staff.

Alcohol; Consumo de riesgo; Diagnóstico; Atención primaria Alcohol; Risk consumption; Diagnosis; Primary care Alcohol; Consum de risc; Diagnòstic; Atenció primària L'objectiu d'aquesta guia és posar en evidència, de manera resumida, els problemes que comporta el consum d'alcohol i explicar com dur a terme la identificació i les intervencions breus per als pacients amb un consum perjudicial o de risc als centres d'atenció primària de salut.

Planificació sanitària; Sistema sanitari; Línies estratègiques Planificación sanitaria; Sistema sanitario; Líneas estratégicas Health planning; Sanitary system; Strategic lines En aquest document, que inclou a la vegada els objectius per a l’any 2010 i el Pla de salut 2002-2005, es defineixen les polítiques de salut que se seguiran a Catalunya durant el primer decenni del segle XXI, els objectius generals, de salut i de disminució de risc a assolir l’any 2010 i els objectius operacionals a aconseguir l’any 2005.

INTRODUCTION: Assessing cannabis consumption remains complex due to no reliable registration systems. We tested the likelihood of establishing a Standard Joint Unit (SJU) which considers the main cannabinoids with implication on health through a naturalistic approach. Methodology. Pilot study with current cannabis users of four areas of Barcelona: universities, nightclubs, out-patient mental health service, and cannabis associations. We designed and administered a questionnaire on cannabis use-patterns and determined the willingness to donate a joint for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Forty volunteers answered the questionnaire (response rate 95%); most of them were men (72.5%) and young adults (median age 24.5 years; IQR 8.75 years) who consume daily or nearly daily (70%). Most participants consume marihuana (85%) and roll their joints with a median of 0.25 gr of marihuana. Two out of three (67.5%) stated they were willing to donate a joint. CONCLUSION: Obtaining an SJU with the planned methodology has proved to be feasible. Pre-testing resulted in an improvement of the questionnaire and retribution to incentivize donations. Establishing an SJU is essential to improve our knowledge on cannabis-related outcomes. Introducción. Explorar el consumo de cánnabis sigue siendo complejo debido a la falta de sistemas de registro. Se evaluó la factibilidad de obtener una Unidad de Porro Estándar (UPE) que considere los principales cannabinoides con implicación clínica mediante un estudio naturalístico. Metodología. Estudio piloto con consumidores actuales de cánnabis de cuatro áreas (universidades, ocio nocturno, servicio ambulatorio de salud mental y asociaciones cannábicas) en Barcelona. Se diseñó y administró un cuestionario sobre patrones de consumo y se determinó la predisposición a donar un porro para análisis. Se utilizaron estadísticos descriptivos para analizar los datos. Resultados. Cuarenta consumidores de cannabis respondieron a la encuesta (tasa de respuesta 95%), siendo la mayoría hombres (72,5%) y jóvenes adultos (mediana de edad 24,5 años; RIQ 8,75 años) que consumen a diario o casi diariamente (70%). La marihuana es el derivado más consumido (85%), habiendo de mediana 0,25 gr de marihuana por porro. Un 67,5% de los participantes se mostraron predispuestos a donar un porro para análisis. Conclusión. La obtención de la UPE con la metodología prevista es factible. Tras el piloto el cuestionario ha sido adaptado y se ha introducido un incentivo para estimular la donación de muestras. Establecer la UPE permitirá avanzar en el conocimiento de las consecuencias del consumo de cannabis.

Many alcohol-dependent patients suffer from cognitive impairment of variable severity, manifested by alterations in retrograde and anterograde memory, visuospatial processing, cognitive abilities and attention, some of which are reversible. In this context, cognitive remediation therapies could significantly improve patients' performance; therefore, these are considered a valuable alternative. The aim of this study was to implement cognitive remediation therapy in patients with alcohol dependence and cognitive impairment and evaluate its viability and effectiveness. The participants were sixteen abstinent, alcohol-dependent patients (mean age of 59 years, 63% males) from the Addictive Behaviours Unit of a tertiary hospital. Over 6 months, a nurse led 1-hour weekly sessions (24 sessions in total) during which exercises for improving functional, social and cognitive performance were completed. Patients were assessed at baseline, at the end of the study and 6 months later, using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Memory Alteration Test (M@T). Their respective scores were 26.4 (SD 3.16), 29 (SD 1.67) and 27 (SD 3.1) for the MMSE and 38.7 (SD 6.81), 45.7 (SD 5.6) and 41.1 (SD 7.86) for the M@T. Changes were assessed with both Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with mostly statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Assistance and satisfaction were high. Therefore, the therapy was viable, widely accepted and effective.

Introducció: L’impacte a nivell de salut i costos socials del consum d’alcohol és molt elevat. L’aplicació de la identificació precoç i la intervenció breu (IPIB) en el consum de risc d’alcohol en l’atenció primària de salut (APS) és una de les cinc polítiques més cost-efectives segons l’OMS. A Catalunya, portem implementant aquestes estratègies des de l’any 2001 amb el programa Beveu Menys. En l’avaluació es van constatar problemes en la IP, en el registre dels patrons de consum i en l’aplicació de la IB en APS. Objectius: (1) revisar la literatura recent en la implementació de les estratègies d’IPIB en el consum de risc d’alcohol; (2) conèixer els factors que poden incidir en la millora de la fidelitat a l’aplicació de la IPIB; (3) avaluar la validesa d’instruments ultra-curts per facilitar la IP i (4) analitzar la utilitat d’un instrument informatitzat per a la IP i la millora en la fidelitat de l’aplicació de la IB. Mètode: El primer estudi va consistir en una revisió narrativa de la literatura recent. El segon va consistir en una anàlisi secundària de dades de el projecte Optimizing delivery of health care interventions (ODHIN) per analitzar l’impacte de la formació i suport, els incentius i les eines eIB, en la millora de la fidelitat a l’aplicació de la IPIB. El tercer va analitzar la validesa i la seguretat d’instruments ultra-curts derivats de l’Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) per al cribratge del consum de risc en l’APS. L’últim va explorar mitjançant un estudi multicèntric observacional transversal la utilitat de Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) per a la millora de la fidelitat en l’aplicació de la IB. Resultats: La revisió va corroborar l’evidència sobre l’efectivitat i el cost-efectivitat de la IB i va constatar les llacunes de coneixement sobre com aconseguir que tinguin impacte a nivell poblacional. Segons l’anàlisi secundari, els professionals van utilitzar correctament l’AUDIT (errors inferiors a l’0,5%) però si van cometre errors a l’aplicar o no la IB segons el protocol. Només els grups que van rebre incentius van disminuir significativament els errors al no proveir IB als que sí que la requerien (OR = 0,56; 95% CI, 0,31-0,99; P