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BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible, and usually fatal lung disease of unknown reasons, generally affecting the elderly population. Early diagnosis of IPF is crucial for triaging patients' treatment planning into anti-fibrotic treatment or treatments for other causes of pulmonary fibrosis. However, current IPF diagnosis workflow is complicated and time-consuming, which involves collaborative efforts from radiologists, pathologists, and clinicians and it is largely subject to inter-observer variability.PurposeThe purpose of this work is to develop a deep learning-based automated system that can diagnose subjects with IPF among subjects with interstitial lung disease (ILD) using an axial chest computed tomography (CT) scan. This work can potentially enable timely diagnosis decisions and reduce inter-observer variability.MethodsOur dataset contains CT scans from 349 IPF patients and 529 non-IPF ILD patients. We used 80% of the dataset for training and validation purposes and 20% as the holdout test set. We proposed a two-stage model: at stage one, we built a multi-scale, domain knowledge-guided attention model (MSGA) that encouraged the model to focus on specific areas of interest to enhance model explainability, including both high- and medium-resolution attentions; at stage two, we collected the output from MSGA and constructed a random forest (RF) classifier for patient-level diagnosis, to further boost model accuracy. RF classifier is utilized as a final decision stage since it is interpretable, computationally fast, and can handle correlated variables. Model utility was examined by (1) accuracy, represented by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with standard deviation (SD), and (2) explainability, illustrated by the visual examination of the estimated attention maps which showed the important areas for model diagnostics.ResultsDuring the training and validation stage, we observe that when we provide no guidance from domain knowledge, the IPF diagnosis model reaches acceptable performance (AUC±SD=0.93±0.07), but lacks explainability; when including only guided high- or medium-resolution attention, the learned attention maps are not satisfactory; when including both high- and medium-resolution attention, under certain hyperparameter settings, the model reaches the highest AUC among all experiments (AUC±SD=0.99±0.01) and the estimated attention maps concentrate on the regions of interests for this task. Three best-performing hyperparameter selections according to MSGA were applied to the holdout test set and reached comparable model performance to that of the validation set.ConclusionsOur results suggest that, for a task with only scan-level labels available, MSGA+RF can utilize the population-level domain knowledge to guide the training of the network, which increases both model accuracy and explainability.

The solute carrier 26 family member A9 (SLC26A9) is an epithelial anion transporter that is assumed to contribute to airway chloride secretion and surface hydration. Whether SLC26A9 or CFTR is responsible for airway Cl− transport under basal conditions is still unclear, due to the lack of a specific inhibitor for SLC26A9. In the present study, we report a novel potent and specific inhibitor for SLC26A9, identified by screening of a drug-like molecule library and subsequent chemical modifications. The most potent compound S9-A13 inhibited SLC26A9 with an IC50 of 90.9 ± 13.4 nM. S9-A13 did not inhibit other members of the SLC26 family and had no effects on Cl− channels such as CFTR, TMEM16A, or VRAC. S9-A13 inhibited SLC26A9 Cl− currents in cells that lack expression of CFTR. It also inhibited proton secretion by HGT-1 human gastric cells. In contrast, S9-A13 had minimal effects on ion transport in human airway epithelia and mouse trachea, despite clear expression of SLC26A9 in the apical membrane of ciliated cells. In both tissues, basal and stimulated Cl− secretion was due to CFTR, while acidification of airway surface liquid by S9-A13 suggests a role of SLC26A9 for airway bicarbonate secretion.

The genus Labahitha has hitherto comprised two species from peninsular Malaysia and Christmas Island (Australia). We here demonstrate that the genus is widespread in islands and territories across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, including the following species that have been previously assigned to other filistatid genera: Labahitha marginata (Kishida, 1936) comb. nov. (= Filistata bakeri Berland, 1938 syn. nov.), Labahitha garciai (Simon, 1892) comb. nov. (= Pritha heikkii Saaristo, 1978 syn. nov., = Pritha sechellana Benoit, 1978 syn. nov.), Labahitha nicobarensis (Tikader, 1977) comb. nov., Labahitha littoralis (Roewer, 1938) comb. nov., Labahitha insularis (Thorell, 1891) comb. nov., Labahitha sundaica (Kulczyński, 1908) comb. nov. (all transferred from Pritha, the latter three provisionally, pending re-examination of the type material); Labahitha fuscata (Nakatsudi, 1943) comb. nov. and Labahitha ryukyuensis (Ono, 2013) comb. nov. (both transferred from Tricalamus). Many of these species have been collected in synanthropic settings and from disparate islands thousands of kilometers apart. This suggests either high dispersal capabilities or, more likely, human-mediated introductions. At least L. marginata has been introduced to continental America. Two new species of Labahitha are described: Labahitha platnicki sp. nov. from New Caledonia and the Bismarck Islands and Labahitha incerta sp. nov. from Queensland, Australia. The male of Labahitha gibsonhilli (Savory, 1943) is reported for the first time. Wandella loloata sp. nov. is described from Papua New Guinea, representing the first record of this genus outside Australia. Pritha hasselti (Simon, 1906) from Indonesia is shown to be a Filistatinae, and thus the species is provisionally transferred back to Filistata.

Filistata hasselti Simon, 1906 comb. rest. Fig. 31 Filistata hasselti Simon, 1906: 308. Female holotype from Indonesia, locality uncertain (��� Java, Sum., ver. Celebes ���), deposited in MNHN AR 5438, examined by photos. Pritha hasselti ��� Lehtinen 1967: 260. Notes Lehtinen (1967) claims to have examined a type specimen of F. hasselti deposited in the Zo��logische Museum der Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands. This is unusual since type specimens of Simon are usually deposited in the MNHN. The specimen we examined is correctly labelled and fits with the description given by Simon (1906) and we have no reason to believe it is not the holotype. We examined photos of this specimen as its distribution suggested it might belong to Labahitha, but it clearly belongs in the Filistatinae, not in the Prithinae, due to the tarsal macrosetae, calamistrum in a crest and with a median gap, and the deep thoracic fovea (Fig. 31). We did not perform a dissection to examine and illustrate its genitalia. The subfamily Filistatinae is otherwise not represented in the Oriental region, and thus the generic affinity of Filistata hasselti is unclear. The only other filistatine specimen known to us from the Oriental region is a juvenile from Malaysia, Selangor, Kepong, Aug. 1947, R. Traub leg. deposited in the AMNH, whose generic affinity is also unclear. We allocate F. hasselti in Filistata to restore the original combination, and because it shares a calamistral gap with Filistata and Zaitunia Lehtinen, 1967. Examined type material Holotype INDONESIA ��� 1 ♀; ��� Java, Sum., ver. Celebes���; 17484; MNHN AR 5438., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Simon E. 1906. Etude sur les araignees de la section des cribellates. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 50: 284 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 19947","Lehtinen P. T. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4: 199 - 468."]}

Labahitha garciai (Simon, 1892) comb. nov. Figs 2C–E, 7–12, 28A, 29A–B Filistata garciai Simon, 1892: 37. Two males and one female syntypes from Philippines, Grotte de San- Mateo, Mar.–Apr. 1890, E. Simon leg. (MNHN AR 5414), examined through photos. Filistata pulchella Simon, 1893: 66. Male and female syntypes from Philippines, Antipolo, Mar.–Apr. 1890, E. Simon leg., deposited in the MNHN, not examined. Male syntype illustrated by Lehtinen (1967: fig. 23). First synonymized with Filistata garciai by Lehtinen (1967). Pritha heikkii Saaristo, 1978: 99, figs 1–10. Holotype female from Seychelles, Mahé, 30 Oct. 1975, M. Saaristo leg., deposited in the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, not examined. Syn. nov. Pritha sechellana Benoit, 1978: 677, figs A–B. Holotype male from Seychelles, Curieuse, 17 Aug. 1972, (MRAC 143165), examined. First synonymized with Pritha heikkii by Saaristo (2010). Syn. nov. Pritha garciai – Lehtinen 1967: 260, fig. 23. Pritha heikkii – Saaristo 2010: 69, fig. 10.1–6. Labahitha sp. – Zonstein et al. 2017: fig. 4. Notes The original description of Simon (1892) mentions at least two females, but the vial with the syntypes contains one female, a male with both palps attached, and a loose male palp. We did not examine the holotype of F. pulchella, but Lehtinen (1967: fig. 23) provided an excellent illustration of the palp of the holotype and the type localities of both species are nearby (Simon 1892, 1893). This indicates that the synonymy is correct. We did not examine the type material of Pritha heikkii, but the illustrations in the original description and the proximity between type localities indicate that the synonymy proposed by Saaristo (2010) is correct. Diagnosis Males are similar to those of L. oonopiformis, L. ryukyuensis and L. nicobarensis by the teardrop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina. They differ from L. oonopiformis by the shorter embolus (vs longer), from L. ryukyuensis by the more globose base of the bulb (vs base of the bulb more tubular) and from L. nicobarensis by the longer, more curved embolus (vs embolus short and straight) (Fig. 10). Females are more similar to those of L. oonopiformis and L. gibsonhilli by the large membranous base of the receptacles and well-developed median receptacle; they differ from L. oonopiformis by the median receptacles subequal in size to the laterals (vs median receptacles notably enlarged) and from L. gibsonhilli by the globose median receptacles with evenly scattered pores (vs median receptacles with pores restricted to medial face) (Fig. 11). Examined type material Syntypes of Filistata garciai PHILIPPINES • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Manila, Cueva de San Mateo; Mar.–Apr. 1890; E. Simon leg.; MNHN AR 5414. Pritha sechellana Holotype SEYCHELLES • ♂; Curieuse centre, degraded forest; [4.28159° S, 55.72172° E]; 17 Aug. 1972; P.L.G. Benoit and J.J. Van Mol leg.; MRAC 143165. Allotype SEYCHELLES • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; MRAC 143165. Paratypes SEYCHELLES • 3 ♀♀, 2 imm.; Praslin, Vallée de Mai; [4.33° S, 55.73839° E]; 25 Jul. 1972; P.L.G. Benoit and J.J. Van Mol leg.; in the humus; MRAC 143106. Other material examined MALAYSIA • 1 ♂; Sarawak, Kapit, Sut-Gaat Felling Area; Nanga Suau; [1.9949° N, 112.9331° E]; 20 Apr. 1978; T. Lau leg.; AMNH IFM-0936. PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 5 ♀♀; Morobe Province, E of Wau, Boston ranch; [7.33714° S, 146.71594° E]; 6 Mar. 1979; H.W. Levi, Y.D. Lubin and M.H. Robinson leg.; MCZ 40221. PHILIPPINES • 8 ♂♂, 6 imm.; Mindoro, San Jose; [12.34714° N, 121.06605° E]; Mar. 1945; E.S. Ross leg.; CAS 9060572 • 2 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; CAS 9060573 • 3 ♀♀, 4 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; CAS 9060574 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CAS 9060575 • 6 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Rizal, Montalban; [14.60375° N, 121.30841° E]; 16 Feb. 1951; J.F. Bergseng leg.; MCZ 39060 • 2 ♀♀; Rizal, Montalban, Umber; [14.60375° N, 121.30841° E]; 21 Dec. 1950; MCZ 40197. SINGAPORE • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Upper Selatar Reservoir Park; 1.4° N, 103.80667° E; 15 Feb. 2015; B.A. Huber and D. Court leg.; ZFMK 12710 • 1 ♀; Dairy Farm Nature Park; 1.36611° N, 103.78056° E; 23 Aug. 2013; J.K.H. Koh leg.; wall of abandoned hut; JK 130823.0003 • 1 ♂; Pulau Ubin, Camp Resilience, National Police Cadet Corps; 1.41861° N, 103.96833° E; 10 Mar. 2015; J.K.H. Koh leg.; old building wall; JK 150310.0001 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; JK 150310.0002. Description Male (from Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia, AMNH IFM-0936) COLOURATION. Carapace light brown, with brown median pattern and lateral borders and faint submarginal bands. Chelicerae orange brown. Labium, endites and sternum cream. Legs cream, except for orange brown femur I and light brown tarsus I, without rings. Abdomen light brown; dorsum with two patches of white setae, one large and anterior and one smaller and posterior; venter cream. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace subrounded, with unsclerotized clypeus. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded, sigilla not visible. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.16. Carapace length 1.32, width 1.03. Clypeus length 0.24. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.08, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.02, PME–PME 0.09. Sternum length 0.82, width 0.69. Palp: femur length 0.68, height 0.23, tibia length 0.38, height 0.20. Leg I: 5.76 (1.49, 0.38, 1.67, 1.45, 0.77). II: 4.18 (1.14, 0.39, 1.07, 1.06, 0.52). III: 3.64 (1.05, 0.32, 0.83, 0.97, 0.47). IV: 4.77 (1.23, 0.47, 1.27, 1.28, 0.52). Abdomen: length 1.81, width 0.97. LEG MACROSETAE. Mt I 1a.vr. PALP (Fig. 10). Cymbium horseshoe shaped, bulb piriform, narrowing rapidly towards embolus, sperm duct N-shaped, with a single coil, proximally enlarged, prolateral excavation small, just beneath paraembolic lamina, paraembolic lamina small, spoon-shaped, with fimbriated margin, embolus long and gently curved. State of the specimen: lost many abdomen setae, many legs, and abdomen separated from the cephalothorax; left palp dissected. Female (from Dairy Farm Nature Park, Singapore, JK 1308230003) COLOURATION. As in male, except where noted. Carapace cream, sparsely stippled with brown. Legs yellow, except for white coxae. Abdomen cream, dorsum with sparse white setae on the abdomen. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace unmodified. Eye apodemes present. Sternum suboval, with a well-marked pair of posterior sigilla. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 4.22. Carapace length 1.61, width 1.25. Clypeus length 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.08, ALE 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.02, PME–PME 0.12. Sternum length 0.93, width 0.73. Palp: femur length 0.74, height 0.32, tibia length 0.46, height 0.27. Leg I: 4.49 (1.18, 0.41, 1.17, 0.99, 0.74). II: 3.78 (1.08, 0.42, 0.83, 0.88, 0.57). III: 3.14 (0.86, 0.39, 0.66, 0.76, 0.47). IV: 4.46 (1.31, 0.44, 1.17, 1.05, 0.49). Abdomen: length 2.69, width 1.79. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows with 7-4-6 setae. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Adorned with thick setae. ENDOGYNE (Fig. 11). Median receptacles large, with pores clustered in large groups set apart from each other; lateral receptacles on a short stalk, large, oval, with more pores in the ectal face. Variation This species has two colour morphs (yellow and brown; Figs 7H–I, 8A–B). This had been noted by Simon (1892: 37: “ ♀. Long. 5 mill. — Cephalothorax, pedes-maxillares pedesque pallide testaceo-lurida […] Var. ♀. Cephalothorax et femora infuscata.”) and Benoit (1978: 678: “ P. sechellana se présente sous deux colorations differéntes, à savoir une forme jaune pâle et une forme mélanique”). The shape of the female receptacles varies: they may bulge distally (Fig. 11A), be slightly sinuous (Fig. 11C) or collapse (Fig. 11B, D). Males (N = 5): total length 2.63–3.16 (2.92), carapace length 1.22–1.35 (1.29), femur I length 1.49–1.69 (1.61), tibia I length 1.67–1.87 (1.76), femur/carapace ratio 1.13–1.34 (1.25). Females (N = 5): total length 4.11–4.75 (4.41), carapace length 1.4–1.79 (1.54), femur I length 1.18–1.78 (1.41), tibia I length 1.17–1.81 (1.44), femur/carapace ratio 0.73–0.99 (0.91). Natural history The species has been collected in synanthropic settings in Singapore and in the Seychelles (“very common in minute crevices of the walls of the Reef Hotel”; Saaristo 1978: 100). Distribution Known from Malaysia (Sarawak), Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Seychelles and Singapore (Fig. 1C).

Labahitha oonopiformis (Bristowe, 1938) Fig. 25 Mystes oonopiformis Bristowe, 1938: 319, figs 10���13. Female holotype from Malaysia, Parit Buntar, H.T. Pagden leg., lost (see Zonstein et al. 2017), not examined; male neotype from Malaysia, Pahang, Genting, J. Murphy & F. Murphy leg., deposited in the Manchester Museum (MMUE G7572.1100), examined by photos. Labahitha oonopiformis ��� Zonstein et al. 2017: 307, figs 1A���E, 2A���F, 3A���D, 5A���C. ��� Marusik et al. 2019: 258, figs 6���7. Notes This is the type species of the genus. The holotype from Parit Buntar is lost, and a neotype was designated by Zonstein et al. (2017) based on specimens from ca 240 km to the southeast of Parit Buntar. We have now examined specimens from Penang, ca 50 km to the northwest of Parit Buntar, providing additional evidence that Zonstein et al. (2017) interpreted Bristowe���s description correctly. We provide the first SEM images of the male of this species (Fig. 25A���B). Diagnosis Males are similar to those of L. garciai, L. ryukyuensis and L. nicobarensis by the teardrop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina. They differ from L. garciai by the longer embolus (vs shorter), from L. ryukyuensis by the more globose base of the bulb (vs base of the bulb more tubular) and from L. nicobarensis by the longer, more curved embolus (vs embolus short and straight) (Fig. 25A). Females are more similar to those of L. garciai and L. gibsonhilli by the large membranous base of the receptacles and well-developed median receptacle; they differ from L. garciai by the median receptacles larger in size than the laterals (vs median and lateral receptacles subequal in size) and from L. gibsonhilli by the globose median receptacles with evenly scattered pores (vs median receptacles with pores restricted to medial face) (Fig. 25C). Material examined MALAYSIA ��� 1 ♂, 1♀; Penang, Telok Bahang, Muka Head, USM Field Sta.; [5.45968�� N, 100.21067�� E]; 22 Dec. 1984; J.A. Beatty leg.; on buildings; JBJB. Description See Zonstein et al. (2017). Variation The shape and size of the median receptacles of females varies (Fig. 25C; Zonstein et al. 2017: fig. 5). Distribution Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 1B)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 36-38, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Bristowe W. S. 1938. The classification of spiders. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London B 108: 285 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00028. x","Zonstein S. L., Marusik Y. M. & Magalhaes I. L. F. 2017. Labahitha nom. n., a replacement name for Mystes Bristowe, 1938, with a redescription of the type species (Aranei: Filistatidae). Arthropoda Selecta 26 (4): 303 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / arthsel. 26.4.04","Marusik Y. M., Zonstein S. & Koponen S. 2019. Redescription of a poorly known insular spider Labahitha gibsonhilli (Araneae: Filistatidae). Arachnology 18 (3): 258 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.13156 / arac. 2019.18.3.258"]}

Genus Wandella Gray, 1994 Wandella Gray, 1994: 41. Type species Wandella barbarella Gray, 1994. Diagnosis, relationships, and description See Gray (1994) and Magalhaes (2016). Composition Thirteen species previously described (see WSC 2021) and Wandella loloata sp. nov. Distribution Australia, here newly recorded in Papua New Guinea., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Gray M. R. 1994. A review of the filistatid spiders (Araneae: Filistatidae) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 46 (1): 39 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.46.1994.17","Magalhaes I. L. F. 2016. On new or poorly known Australian Filistatidae spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae), including a study on the fine morphology of Wandella. Journal of Natural History 50 (29 - 30): 1815 - 1858. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2016.1181805","WSC. 2021. World Spider Catalog. Version 22.0. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from http: // wsc. nmbe. ch [accessed 20 Mar. 2021]. https: // doi. org / 10.24436 / 2"]}

Wandella loloata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 52F3E4F9-34AB-4070-B386-BEDD57647812 Fig. 30 Diagnosis This species is most similar to Wandella grayi Magalhaes, 2016 due to the tapering, long palpal bulb with erect paraembolic lamina in the male, and the female with columnar median receptacles attached to the rounded lateral receptacles via a stalk. Males can be diagnosed by the shorter, less curved embolus and the larger paraembolic lamina with an acute tip (Fig. 30A–B) (vs embolus longer and more curved, and smaller, curved paraembolic lamina in W. grayi). Females can be diagnosed by the digitiform median receptacles, widest at the base, and by the stalk of the lateral receptacles connecting apically (Fig. 30E–F) (vs median receptacles with even width throughout, and stalks of the lateral receptacles connecting basally). Etymology The name is a noun in apposition and is taken from the type locality. Type material Holotype PAPUA NEW GUINEA • ♂; Central Province, Loloata Island; 10 Nov. 1985; D.J. Court leg.; AM KS32718. Paratype PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 1 ♀; same collecting data as for holotype; AM KS32717. Description Male holotype (AM KS32718) COLOURATION. Carapace mostly pale brownish-cream, lateral margins translucent; postocular area with a middorsal grey patterned triangular patch that narrows toward the foveal area around which it divides; lateral carapace with three grey pigment patches forming incomplete lateral bands; a pair of larger anterolateral grey patches flank the mostly cream-coloured clypeus. Chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum cream; abdomen pale creamy brown. Legs pale creamy brown, with dark grey partial ringlike patches restricted to proximal and distal femora and tibiae. Abdomen with well-defined brownish patterning on a cream ground. Frontal abdomen dark brown connecting dorsally to a broad middorsal brown patch with a paler central area; from this arise 5–6 pairs of brownish-grey dorsal chevrons reducing in size posteriorly; these are flanked below by a set of 4–5 smaller lateral chevrons on each side. Venter pale brown. HABITUS. Anterior margin of carapace subrounded but anterolateral margins with concave (‘pinched’) curvature, clypeus unsclerotized and unpigmented. Sternum subrounded, bluntly pointed posteriorly, sigilla not seen. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.43. Carapace length 1.02, width 0.79. Clypeus length 0.24. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PLE 0.08; AME–AME 0.03, PME–PME 0.082. Sternum length 0.71, width 0.57. Palp: femur length 0.59, height 0.20; tibia length 0.33, height 0.14. Legs 1423. Leg I: 5.99 (1.50, 0.40, 1.78, 1.41, 0.90). II: 4.26 (1.07, 0.31, 1.31, 1.02, 0.55). III: 3.87 (1.02, 0.33, 1.02, 1.05, 0.45). IV: 4.99 (1.31, 0.32, 1.67, 1.12, 0.57). Abdomen length 1.51, width 0.92. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. PALP. Cymbium horseshoe shaped; tegulum with a shallow prolateral excavation; presence or absence of microspine surface structures could not be verified; sperm duct N-shaped with a single coil; crest-like paraembolic process present; embolus slender, slightly curved. Female paratype (AM KS32717) COLOURATION. As in male. HABITUS. Sternal sigilla not seen. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.57. Carapace length 1.57, width 1.31. Clypeus length 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.09, ALE 0.20, PLE 0.11; AME–AME 0.06, PME–PME 0.15. Sternum length 1.06, width 0.95. Palp: femur length 0.86 width 0.36; tibia length 0.50, width 0.26. Legs I: 6.9 (1.79, 0.43, 1.90, 1.64, 1.14). II: 4.44 (0.83, 0.37, 1.19, 1.05, 1.00). III: 3.88 (0.95, 0.40, 0.95, 0.75, 0.83). IV: 5.9 (1.59, 0.50, 1.52, 1.31, 0.98). Abdomen length 2.14, width 1.48. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows of setae. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Unmodified. ENDOGYNE. Lateral receptacle large and rounded with scattered pores and a curved stalk-like basal attachment; median receptacles smaller with many pores clustered apically. Distribution Known only from the type locality (Loloata Island, Papua New Guinea).

Labahitha ryukyuensis (Ono, 2013) comb. nov. Tricalamus ryukyuensis Ono, 2013: 16, figs 1���11. Holotype male (NSMT-Ar 9930) and paratype males and females (NSMT-Ar 9931���9935) from Kamara, Okinawa-shi, Okinawa Prefecture (Okinawajima Island), Japan, 22 May 2011, T. Naka leg., deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, not examined. Notes The structure of the male palp (drop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina; Ono 2013: figs 1���3) and somatic morphology indicate this species belongs in Labahitha and is a close relative of L. oonopiformis, L. garciai and L. nicobarensis, thus we propose the new combination. Diagnosis Males are similar to those of L. oonopiformis, L. garciai and L. nicobarensis by the teardrop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina. They differ by the more slender palpal tibia, the less globose base of the bulb (Ono 2013: figs 1���3) (vs palpal tibia shorter and stouter, bulb base globose). Females are more similar to those of L. oonopiformis, L. garciai and L. gibsonhilli by the large membranous base of the receptacles and well-developed median receptacle; they differ in having the median receptacles smaller than the laterals (Ono 2013: fig. 9) (vs median receptacles subequal in size or larger than the laterals). Description See Ono (2013). Natural history Ono (2013) reports that specimens were collected in delicate webs with a central tubular retreat in inclined ground in the edge of a forest. One egg-sac had approximately 40 eggs. Distribution Known only from the type locality (Okinawajima Island, Japan) (Ono 2013) (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 41-43, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Ono H. 2013. Spiders of the genus Tricalamus (Araneae, Filistatidae) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 39 (1): 15 - 20.","Simon E. 1892. Etudes cavernicoles de l'ile Luzon. Voyage de M. E. Simon aux l'iles Phillipines (mars et avril 1890). 4 e Memoire. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 61: 35 - 52.","Berland L. 1938. Araignees des Nouvelles Hebrides. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 107: 121 - 190.","Benoit P. L. G. 1978. Contributions a l'etude de la faune terrestre des iles granitiques de l'archipel des Sechelles (Mission P. L. G. Benoit - J. J. Van Mol 1972). Araneae Cribellatae. Revue de Zoologie africaine 92: 675 - 679.","Nakatsudi K. 1943. Some Arachnida from Micronesia. Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku 2: 147 - 180."]}

Labahitha platnicki sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8B05E5F0-36E9-4340-83CC-64DC3F80D908 Figs 26–27, 29F Diagnosis The male is unknown. Females can be diagnosed from congeners by the colouration pattern (carapace deep brown with lighter margins and abdomen dark with light grey transversal markings; Fig. 26A) (vs colouration usually uniform, especially in the abdomen) and by the genitalia: the median receptacles are sclerotized, with many pores packed together, and have a median constriction (Fig. 27) (vs median receptacles without a median constriction). Etymology The species is named after the eminent arachnologist Norman Platnick, who collected part of the type series and has recently passed away in an untimely manner, in memory of his innumerable contributions to arachnology and systematics. Type material Holotype NEW CALEDONIA • ♀; Nord, Foué, W of Koné; 21.1° S, 164.81667° E; 15 Feb. 1993; N.I. Platnick, R.J. Raven and M.S. Harvey leg.; under bark of trees along beach; AMNH IFM-0890. Paratypes NEW CALEDONIA • 3 ♀♀, 1 imm. (together with the holotype); same collection data as for holotype; AMNH • 14 ♀♀; Nord, Roche Percée nr. Plage de Poè, W of Bourail; 21.6° S, 165.43333° E; 18 Feb. 1993; N.I. Platnick, R.J. Raven and M.S. Harvey leg.; coastal cliffs; AMNH IFM-1747. PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 5 ♀♀, 3 imm.; Bismarck Islands; [5.55234° S, 150.13883° E]; 16 Aug. 1894; ZMB IFM-0720 • 1 ♀; Bismarck Islands, “Rala” [Rabaul?]; [5.55234° S, 150.13883° E]; 27 Jan. 1897; under bark of Alstonia; ZMB. Other material examined None. Description Male Unknown. Female (holotype from Koné, Foué, Nord, New Caledonia, AMNH IFM-0890) COLOURATION. Carapace reddish brown on median area, lateral borders yellow, with dark brown V-shaped median pattern, submarginal bands and clypeal markings. Chelicerae, labium and endites orange brown. Sternum orange brown stippled with dark brown. Legs yellowish cream, becoming orange brown distally, with longitudinal brown bands on femora, tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen dark brown, dorsum with five grayish cream chevron-like markings posteriorly, venter greyish cream with brown pigment around spinnerets. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace unmodified. Eye apodemes present. Sternum suboval, with one pair of posterior sigilla. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.63. Carapace length 1.09, width 0.85. Clypeus length 0.22. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.04, PME 0.06, ALE 0.06, PLE 0.06, AME–AME 0.02, PME–PME 0.08. Sternum length 0.66, width 0.49. Palp: femur length 0.62, height 0.24, tibia length 0.33, height 0.21. Leg I: 3.30 (0.90, 0.32, 0.83, 0.73, 0.52). II: 2.69 (0.77, 0.28, 0.64, 0.58, 0.42). III: 2.29 (0.69, 0.24, 0.49, 0.53, 0.34). IV: 3.08 (0.93, 0.31, 0.74, 0.70, 0.40). Abdomen: length 1.71, width 1.18. PALP AND LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Unsclerotized, with two lateral patches of thicker setae. ENDOGYNE (Fig. 27). Two pairs of receptacles, median receptacle globular, sclerotized, with a constricted base, bearing many glandular pores; lateral receptacle globular, unsclerotized, bearing few glandular pores. Interpulmonary fold large, pentagonal, covering the seminal receptacles. STATE OF THE SPECIMEN. Genitalia dissected, right legs I–II and left legs III–IV missing from patella. Variation The median receptacles of specimens from the Bismarck Islands are more clearly bilobate (Fig. 27B), while they are merely constricted in females from New Caledonia (Fig. 27C). The discovery of males would be desirable to ascertain their co-specificity. Females (N = 4): total length 2.09–2.63 (2.35), carapace length 0.86–1.16 (1.01), femur I length 0.73–0.99 (0.85). Natural history Label data indicate specimens have been collected under bark of Alstonia R.Br. trees in the Bismarck Islands, and in coastal cliffs and under bark in coastal trees in New Caledonia. Distribution New Caledonia and Bismarck Islands, Papua New Guinea (Fig. 1B).

Labahitha ryukyuensis (Ono, 2013) comb. nov. Tricalamus ryukyuensis Ono, 2013: 16, figs 1–11. Holotype male (NSMT-Ar 9930) and paratype males and females (NSMT-Ar 9931–9935) from Kamara, Okinawa-shi, Okinawa Prefecture (Okinawajima Island), Japan, 22 May 2011, T. Naka leg., deposited in the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, not examined. Notes The structure of the male palp (drop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina; Ono 2013: figs 1–3) and somatic morphology indicate this species belongs in Labahitha and is a close relative of L. oonopiformis, L. garciai and L. nicobarensis, thus we propose the new combination. Diagnosis Males are similar to those of L. oonopiformis, L. garciai and L. nicobarensis by the teardrop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina. They differ by the more slender palpal tibia, the less globose base of the bulb (Ono 2013: figs 1–3) (vs palpal tibia shorter and stouter, bulb base globose). Females are more similar to those of L. oonopiformis, L. garciai and L. gibsonhilli by the large membranous base of the receptacles and well-developed median receptacle; they differ in having the median receptacles smaller than the laterals (Ono 2013: fig. 9) (vs median receptacles subequal in size or larger than the laterals). Description See Ono (2013). Natural history Ono (2013) reports that specimens were collected in delicate webs with a central tubular retreat in inclined ground in the edge of a forest. One egg-sac had approximately 40 eggs. Distribution Known only from the type locality (Okinawajima Island, Japan) (Ono 2013) (Fig. 1).

Labahitha incerta sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CD799953-33EF-401B-AF6F-05DFB1F07354 Figs 14���15, 28D Notes This hitherto undescribed species, known from a single male, shares some characters with Wandella, such as a contrasting colouration (Fig. 14A) and the lack of a true macroseta in metatarsus I (Fig. 14D). On the other hand it presents characters typical of Labahitha, such as a subrounded clypeus (Fig. 14E) (vs straight or sharp in Wandella), and the paraembolic lamina divided in two parts and apparently with a ragged margin (Fig. 15B, D). We decided to allocate this species in Labahitha provisionally until more data is collected, but the possibility that it belongs in the mainly Australian genus Wandella cannot be excluded. Diagnosis The male is most similar to L. marginata in the paraembolic lamina divided in two parts, with a rounded apex near the embolus; it differs by the less obvious fimbriations in the paraembolic lamina and the bulb without a median constriction (Fig. 15) (vs fimbriations more prominent, bulb with a clear median constriction). Etymology The name is an adjective meaning ���uncertain��� and refers to the tentative placement of this species in this genus. Type material Holotype AUSTRALIA ��� ♂; Queensland, Nipping Gully, site 5; 25.7�� S, 151.43333�� E; 240 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 1999; G.B. Monteith leg.; vine scrub; pyrethrum; QM S.78659. Additional material examined None. Description Male holotype (from Nipping Gully, Queensland, Australia, QM S.78659) COLOURATION. Carapace cream with dark brown median pattern and clypeal markings, light brown median area, and slightly dark submarginal bands. Chelicerae, labium and endites cream, with a small light brown patch. Sternum cream with diffuse light brown patches along the border. Legs cream, with incomplete light brown rings in the base and apex of the femora, tibiae and metatarsi (except for leg I, with barely visible markings in femur and tibia only). Abdomen light brown, clothed with whitish setae, with a cream, oval, elongate patch in the first half and four transverse cream patches posteriorly; venter cream. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace subrounded, with unsclerotized tip. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.91. Carapace length 1.22, width 1.02. Clypeus length 0.20. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.08, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.08, AME���AME 0.01, PME���PME 0.09. Palp: femur length 0.61, height 0.17, tibia length 0.43, height 0.15. Leg I: 6.27 (1.54, 0.37, 1.86, 1.53, 0.97). II: ��� (1.08, 0.32, 1.09, x, x). III: ��� (0.95, 0.35, 0.92, x, x). IV: 4.59 (1.24, 0.33, 1.23, 1.21, 0.58). Abdomen: length 1.63, width 1.08. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent, but a ventral stronger seta in the apex of metatarsus I is present. PALP (Fig. 15). Cymbium horseshoe shaped, bulb suddenly narrowing towards embolus, sperm duct N-shaped, with a single coil, prolateral excavation very large and high, apparently with comb-like arrays of micro-teeth, paraembolic lamina free, prolaterally curved, with rounded apex, ending close to embolus apex, embolus short. State of the specimen: has lost some setae from the legs and abdomen, left palp dissected, right legs I and II separated from the body at the patella-tibia joint. Female Unknown. Distribution Known only from the type locality in Australia, Queensland (Fig. 1B)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 22-24, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826

Labahitha gibsonhilli (Savory, 1943) Fig. 13 Filistata gibsonhilli Savory, 1943: 355. Female lectotype and paralectotype (designated and illustrated by Marusik et al. 2019) from Australia, Christmas Island, 1939, C.A. Gibson-Hill leg., deposited in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, not examined. Labahitha gibsonhilli ��� Zonstein & Marusik 2019: 86. ��� Marusik et al. 2019: 258, figs 1���4. Notes Marusik et al. (2019) examined and figured the holotype of this species. We here illustrate the male for the first time (Fig. 13). Diagnosis The male is similar to that of Labahitha fuscata in the sharp, triangular apex of the paraembolic lamina and the gently curved distal portion of the sperm duct. It differs by the longer and slender palpal bulb and the relatively smaller paraembolic lamina (Fig. 13B) (vs palpal bulb shorter and stouter, with larger paraembolic lamina in L. fuscata). Females are more similar to those of L. oonopiformis and L. garciai by the large membranous base of the receptacles and well-developed median receptacle; they differ from these species by the curved median receptacles with pores restricted to medial face (Marusik et al. 2019: fig. 4) (vs median receptacles globose with pores distributed evenly). Material examined AUSTRALIA ��� 1 ♂; Christmas Island; AM. Distribution Known only from Christmas Island, Australia (Fig. 1B)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Savory T. H. 1943. On a collection of Arachnida from Christmas Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11 10 (65): 355 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745481.1943.9728022","Marusik Y. M., Zonstein S. & Koponen S. 2019. Redescription of a poorly known insular spider Labahitha gibsonhilli (Araneae: Filistatidae). Arachnology 18 (3): 258 - 259. https: // doi. org / 10.13156 / arac. 2019.18.3.258","Zonstein S. & Marusik Y. M. 2019. A revision of the spider genus Filistata (Araneae: Filistatidae). Arachnology 18 (2): 53 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.13156 / arac. 2018.18.2.53"]}

Labahitha fuscata (Nakatsudi, 1943) comb. nov. Figs 2A���B, 4���6, 29C Filistata fuscata Nakatsudi, 1943: 148, fig. 1a���c. Female holotype from Palau, Koror Island, Aug.1941, T. Ogata leg., presumably deposited in the Tokyo University of Agriculture (Ono 2011), not examined. Filistata fuscata Kishida, 1947: 999, fig. 2839. Syntypes from Japanese Micronesia, currently untraceable (Ono 2011), not examined. First considered a junior synonym and homonym of Filistata fuscata Nakatsudi, 1943 by Ono (2011). Nr. Wandella sp. ��� Gray 1995: 84, figs 15, 19. Tricalamus fuscatus ��� Ono 2011: 185, figs 1���11; 2013: 19. Notes Although neither Ono (2011) nor we have examined the type specimens, we have seen plenty of specimens from the type locality and neighbouring islands that tally with the original descriptions of this species. Ono (2013) recorded this species in the Ogasawara Islands in Japan. Gray (1995: fig. 15) was the first to figure the male of this species. See Ono (2011) for a discussion regarding the correct authorship of this species and the priority of Nakatsudi���s (1943) name over Kishida���s (1947). Diagnosis The male is similar to that of Labahitha gibsonhilli in the sharp, triangular apex of the paraembolic lamina and the gently curved distal portion of the sperm duct. It differs by the shorter, more stout palpal bulb and the relatively larger paraembolic lamina (Fig. 5B, J���L) (vs palpal bulb longer and slender, with smaller paraembolic lamina in L. gibsonhilli). Females can be distinguished from all congeners by the very small median receptacles, which are reduced to a bump with pores, placed posteriorly to the larger, oval lateral receptacles (Fig. 6). The deep brown and uniform colouration is also characteristic (Fig. 4), although also present in L. ryukyuensis (Ono 2013). Material examined AUSTRALIA ��� 1 ♂; Queensland, Torres Strait, Darnley Island; [9.59747�� S, 143.76142�� E]; AM. BRUNEI ��� 1 ♀; Tutong, Tasek Merimbun Park HQ; [4.59444�� N, 114.67083�� E]; 13 Feb. 2013; J.K.H. Koh leg.; wooden wall crevices; JK 130213.1101 ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 16 Apr. 2011; JK 110416.1907. FIJI ��� 1 ♀; Vanua Levu, Lasema; [16.62682�� S, 179.01793�� E]; W.M. Mann leg.; MCZ 40200. MARSHALL ISLANDS ��� 1 ♀; Kwajalein Atoll, Ennugarret Island; [9.38452�� N, 167.4881�� E]; 9 Jul. 1968; J.W. Berry leg.; beating trees in Pandanus forest; JBJB ��� 1 ♂; Majuro Atoll, Woja; [7.09171�� N, 171.38268�� E]; 26 Jul. 1968; J.W. Berry leg.; in coconut litter; JBJB. MICRONESIA ��� 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, ��� Truk Islands ��� [Chuuk Island], ��� Moen Island ��� [Weno Island]; [7.45575�� N, 151.84985�� E]; 12 Jun. 1978; J. Berry and Beatty leg.; in crevices on buildings; JBJB ��� 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Yap Island, Yap District, Fedor; [9.45056�� N, 138.06269�� E]; 1 Feb. 1980; J.W. Berry leg.; in banana leaves; JBJB ��� 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Yap Island, Yap District, Fedor; [9.45056�� N, 138.06269�� E]; 13 Apr. 1980; J.A. Beatty leg.; in web on tree trunk; JBJB ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Yap Island, Yap, near Gilman Point; [9.45056�� N, 138.06269�� E]; 15 Apr. 1980; webs in crevices on mango tree bark; JBJB. NEW CALEDONIA ��� 2 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Nord, Poum; [20.23333�� S, 164.01667�� E]; 13 Feb. 1993; N.I. Platnick, R.J. Raven and M.S. Harvey leg.; coastal cliffs; AMNH IFM-0917, IFM-0918. PALAU ��� 1 ♂; Caroline Islands, Koror Island; [7.34068�� N, 134.4792�� E]; 17 Mar. 1973; J. Berry and Beatty leg.; in cave entrance rock cracks; JBJB ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; JBJB ��� 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Koror Island; [7.34068�� N, 134.4792�� E]; 17 Mar. 1973; J. Berry and J. Beatty leg.; in crevices of tree trunk bark; JBJB ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Koror Island, on Entomology Lab building; [7.34068�� N, 134.4792�� E]; 7 Mar. 1973; J.A. Beatty leg.; JBJB ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 6 Mar. 1973; J. Berry and J. Beatty leg.; JBJB. PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� 2 ♀♀; Bismarck Islands; [5.55234�� S, 150.13883�� E]; 18 Nov. 1896; ZMB. Description Male (from Palau, Koror Island, Entomology Laboratory, JBJB) COLOURATION (in ethanol). Carapace grey-brown, with darker irregular patterning in the median postocular area and the weakly defined mid-lateral and lateral marginal bands. Chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum brown. Legs with dark grey-brown pigmentation on femora, paler on tibiae and reduced to absent on remaining segments. Abdomen colour brownish grey with and several indistinct chevrons, but patterning poorly preserved. HABITUS. Anterior margin of carapace subrounded, sclerotized but apical part with an unsclerotized curved edge. Sternum subrounded, posteriorly bluntly pointed, a pair of posterior sigilla present. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.23. Carapace length 1.37, width 1.13. Clypeus length 0.33. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.05, PME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PLE 0.09, AME���AME 0.05, PME���PME 0.09. Sternum length 0.95, width 0.71. Palp: femur length 0.77, height 0.23; tibia length 0.49, height 0.22. Legs 1423. Leg I: 6.33 (1.63, 0.49, 1.80, 1.42, 0.99). II: 4.63 (1.24, 0.43, 1.14, 1.18, 0.64). III: 4.26 (1.10, 0.39, 0.95, 1.07, 0.75). IV: 5.41 (1.41, 0.49, 1.43, 1.44, 0.64). Abdomen length 1.86, width 0.86. LEG MACROSETAE. Metatarsus (Mt) I 1 a.vr. PALP (Fig. 5). Cymbium horseshoe shaped; bulb enlarged with a median constriction, sperm duct Nshaped with a single coil; tegulum with a large prolateral excavation, its surface adorned with strongly spined short ridges (each typically bispinate); large crest-like paraembolic process with a fimbriated dorsal margin bent more or less prolaterally, and narrowing distally to end in an extension above the embolus; comb-like microtooth arrays present on paraembolic process; embolus slender, slightly curved. Female (from Palau, Koror Island, Entomology Laboratory, JBJB) COLOURATION. Carapace similar to male, but anterior margin of carapace pigmented. Abdomen greyish brown with a longitudinal pale patch mid-dorsally and several indistinct pale chevrons laterally. One pair of posterior sternal sigilla present. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 4.75. Carapace length 1.69, width 1.33. Clypeus length 0.29. Sternum length 0.95, width 0.71. Palp: femur length 0.91, height 0.3; tibia length 0.42, height 0.3. Leg I: 5.71 (1.45, 0.52, 1.49, 1.32, 0.93). II: 4.22 (1.16, 0.49, 0.95, 0.95, 0.67). III: 3.7 (1.05, 0.48, 0.78, 0.85, 0.54). IV: 4.92 (1.41, 0.60, 1.25, 1.05, 0.61). Abdomen length 3.06, width 2.07. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Unmodified. ENDOGYNE (Fig. 6). Median lobes very small with a few clustered pores; lateral lobes large, ovoid in side view, with scattered pores. Variation Male genitalia is similar across islands (Fig. 5). The shape of the lateral receptacles varies from rounded to oval, and the pores in the lateral receptacles may be concentrated in the ectal side or dispersed throughout the receptacle (Fig. 6). Natural history Specimens have been collected in habitats as diverse as wooden wall crevices, in coconut litter, in crevices on buildings, by beating trees in Pandanus forest, in banana leaves, in web on tree trunk, in webs in crevices on tree bark, in coastal cliffs and in cave entrance rock cracks. Distribution Widespread in Micronesia and Melanesia, extending into Borneo and Japan (Fig. 1)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 6-12, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Nakatsudi K. 1943. Some Arachnida from Micronesia. Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku 2: 147 - 180.","Ono H. 2011. Three interesting spiders of the families Filistatidae, Clubionidae and Salticidae (Araneae) from Palau. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 37 (4): 185 - 194.","Kishida K. 1947. Filistata fuscata. In: Uchida S. et al. (ed.) Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Fauna of Japan (Exclusive of Insects). Revised edition: 999. Hokuryukan, Tokyo.","Gray M. R. 1995. Morphology and relationships within the spider family Filistatidae (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 52 (52): 79 - 89.","Ono H. 2013. Spiders of the genus Tricalamus (Araneae, Filistatidae) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 39 (1): 15 - 20.","Zonstein S. L., Marusik Y. M. & Magalhaes I. L. F. 2017. Labahitha nom. n., a replacement name for Mystes Bristowe, 1938, with a redescription of the type species (Aranei: Filistatidae). Arthropoda Selecta 26 (4): 303 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / arthsel. 26.4.04","Simon E. 1892. Etudes cavernicoles de l'ile Luzon. Voyage de M. E. Simon aux l'iles Phillipines (mars et avril 1890). 4 e Memoire. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 61: 35 - 52.","Komatsu T. 1936. Iconographia colorata vivida Aranearum Japonicarum. Vol. I. Ranzan-kai, Tokyo."]}

Labahitha nicobarensis (Tikader, 1977) comb. nov. Filistata nicobarensis Tikader, 1977: 160, fig. 1A���C. Holotype female and paratype male and females from India, Car Nicobar, 8 Mar. 1970, B.K. Tikader leg., deposited in the National Collection, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta or in the Zoological Survey of India, Poona, not examined. Pritha nicobarensis ��� Patel 1978: 186. Notes We have not examined the type specimens, but the teardrop-shaped bulb with a keel-like paraembolic lamina figured in the original description (Tikader 1977: fig. 1C) clearly indicates this species belongs to Labahitha. We provided a tentative diagnosis and consider this species as valid, but re-examination of the type material would be desirable to confirm its validity. It should be noted that there is an older available name based on specimens also from the Nicobar islands, Filistata insularis Thorell, 1891, which we were unable to examine; it is not unlikely that they could be synonyms. Diagnosis Males are similar to those of L. oonopiformis, L. ryukyuensis and L. garciai by the teardrop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina. They differ from all these species by the shorter, more straight and robust embolus (Tikader 1977: fig. 1c). The female genitalia has never been illustrated and thus we are unable to provide a diagnosis for the female at this time. Description See Tikader (1977). Distribution India, Andaman and Nicobar islands (Fig. 1B)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on page 36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Tikader B. K. 1977. Studies on spider fauna of Andaman and Nicobar islands, Indian Ocean. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 72: 153 - 212.","Patel B. H. 1978. Studies on Indian filistatid spiders (Araneae: Arachnida). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 75: 183 - 189.","Thorell T. 1891. Spindlar fran Nikobarerna och andra delar af sodra Asien. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar 24: 1 - 149. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 78009 [accessed 14 Feb. 2022]."]}

Genus Labahitha Zonstein, Marusik & Magalhaes, 2017 Mystes Bristowe, 1938: 319 (preoccupied in Coleoptera; see Zonstein et al. 2017). Labahitha Zonstein, Marusik & Magalhaes, 2017: 305. Type species Mystes oonopiformis Bristowe, 1938, by monotypy. Emended diagnosis Labahitha is closely related to Wandella Gray, 1994 and Yardiella Gray, 1994, with whom it shares a dorsal paraembolic lamina on the palp of males (Fig. 5), excavated tegulum, microteeth combs on the tegulum (Fig. 5H), and complete absence of the macrosetae on the legs of females. Males can be distinguished from Wandella and Yardiella by: (1) the rounded clypeus, similar to that of the female (Figs 7, 17) (vs anterior margin of the carapace straight, with acute clypeus in males), (2) paraembolic lamina, which has a ragged margin (Figs 5, 12A���D) (vs entire margin), and may be divided into two parts (Figs 5, 15, 20) or reduced to a small proximal keel almost completely fused to the tegulum (Figs 12A���D, 25) (vs a single free-ending, unfused part); in addition, they usually have an apical macroseta on the ventro-retrolateral face of metatarsal I (vs macroseta usually absent; present in at least W. murrayensis Gray, 1994). Females are distinguished from Wandella and Yardiella by the less contrasting colouration pattern, with weak or absent submarginal bands, leg rings and chevron pattern on the abdomen (Figs 2���3) (vs submarginal bands, chevron and leg rings well-marked). The female genitalia is variable, with paired (Figs 6, 12) or unpaired (Fig. 19) receptacles; the median receptacles may be well-developed (Fig. 12) or reduced (Fig. 6). Relationships Labahitha forms a clade with Wandella and Yardiella on the basis of shared possession of a paraembolic lamina with micro-teeth (Figs 5, 12A���D) and micro-teeth in the male clypeus (Fig. 23F) (see also Gray 1994; Magalhaes 2016; Zonstein et al. 2017). Tentative transfers The following three species are known only from the females mentioned in the original descriptions, which include poor figures, if any at all. Based on the textual description and their distribution, they are here provisionally transferred to Labahitha, taking into account that their current placement in the mainly Eurasian genus Pritha (proposed by Lehtinen 1967: 260) is poorly justified. Examination of their type material should be carried out to confirm the generic placement and clarify their identities, as it is not unlikely that they are synonyms of the other species treated here. This is especially important in the case of Filistata insularis Thorell, 1891, which has nomenclatorial priority over any of the names treated in this paper. (1) Labahitha littoralis (Roewer, 1938) comb. nov. (Filistata littoralis Roewer, 1938: 8, fig. 3. Female holotype from Indonesia, New Guinea, Kamana, 19 Mar. 1929, deposited in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Belgium, not examined). Roewer (1938) describes the colouration of the carapace as yellowish brown, without spots or markings; the abdomen as dark grey; the legs as pale yellow and uniform, except for the darker femora. This is similar to pattern in other species of Labahitha (Fig. 2C). (2) Labahitha insularis (Thorell, 1891) comb. nov. (F. insularis Thorell, 1891: 17. Female (subadult?) from India, Car Nicobar, repository unknown, not examined). Lehtinen (1967) mentions that the types are deposited in Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria, but the only specimens identified as Filistata insularis in this collection come from Sumatra and were collected in 1938 (C. H��rweg, pers. com.), and thus cannot possibly be the types. The description mentions a dark spider, consistent with some species of this genus; the type locality is the same as that of L. nicobarensis (Tikader, 1977) comb. nov. and it is not unlikely the two species are synonyms (Fig. 2A). (3) Labahitha sundaica (Kulczyński, 1908) comb. nov. (Filistata sundaica Kulczyński, 1908: 579. Female holotype from Indonesia, Java, deposited in Instytut Zoologiczny, Polska Akademia Nauk, Poland, labelled Filistata biroi according to Lehtinen 1967, not examined). Kulczyński (1908) states that the carapace, the sternum, palps and legs are pale yellow, the abdomen is hazelnut brown, and that the mouth parts and distal portion of the legs are suffused with rusty red. This is similar to pattern in other species of Labahitha (Fig. 2C). Composition Eight species surely belong in the genus: Labahitha fuscata (Nakatsudi, 1943) comb. nov., Labahitha garciai (Simon, 1892) comb. nov., Labahitha gibsonhilli (Savory, 1943), Labahitha marginata (Kishida, 1936) comb. nov., Labahitha nicobarensis (Tikader, 1977) comb. nov., Labahitha oonopiformis (Bristowe, 1938), Labahitha platnicki sp. nov. and Labahitha ryukyuensis (Ono, 2013) comb. nov. Four other species are tentatively allocated here: Labahitha incerta sp. nov., Labahitha littoralis (Roewer, 1938) comb. nov., Labahitha insularis (Thorell, 1891) comb. nov. and Labahitha sundaica (Kulczyński, 1908) comb. nov. Distribution The genus is mainly distributed in Oceania and adjacent areas (Fig. 1). Species occur in a wide range spanning the Seychelles, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea and several islands in the Pacific Ocean; records from the American continent likely represent human-mediated introduction. Material examined by us from India, Sri Lanka, China, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand belongs to other Prithinae genera, thus we suspect that Labahitha is not diverse in continental Asia., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 3-6, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Zonstein S. L., Marusik Y. M. & Magalhaes I. L. F. 2017. Labahitha nom. n., a replacement name for Mystes Bristowe, 1938, with a redescription of the type species (Aranei: Filistatidae). Arthropoda Selecta 26 (4): 303 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / arthsel. 26.4.04","Bristowe W. S. 1938. The classification of spiders. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London B 108: 285 - 322. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00028. x","Gray M. R. 1994. A review of the filistatid spiders (Araneae: Filistatidae) of Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 46 (1): 39 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.46.1994.17","Magalhaes I. L. F. 2016. On new or poorly known Australian Filistatidae spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae), including a study on the fine morphology of Wandella. Journal of Natural History 50 (29 - 30): 1815 - 1858. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2016.1181805","Lehtinen P. T. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4: 199 - 468.","Thorell T. 1891. Spindlar fran Nikobarerna och andra delar af sodra Asien. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps- Akademiens Handlingar 24: 1 - 149. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / part / 78009 [accessed 14 Feb. 2022].","Roewer C. F. 1938. Araneae. In: Resultats scientifiques du Voyage aux indes orientales neerlandaises de la LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Leopold de Belgique. Memoires du Musee royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique 3 (19): 1 - 94.","Tikader B. K. 1977. Studies on spider fauna of Andaman and Nicobar islands, Indian Ocean. Records of the Zoological Survey of India 72: 153 - 212.","Kulczynski W. 1908. Symbola ad faunamAranearum Javae et Sumatrae cognoscendam. I. Mygalomorphae et Cribellatae. Bulletin International de l'Academie des Sciences de Cracovie 1908: 527 - 581.","Nakatsudi K. 1943. Some Arachnida from Micronesia. Journal of Agricultural Science Tokyo Nogyo Daigaku 2: 147 - 180.","Simon E. 1892. Etudes cavernicoles de l'ile Luzon. Voyage de M. E. Simon aux l'iles Phillipines (mars et avril 1890). 4 e Memoire. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 61: 35 - 52.","Savory T. H. 1943. On a collection of Arachnida from Christmas Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 11 10 (65): 355 - 360. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745481.1943.9728022","Ono H. 2013. Spiders of the genus Tricalamus (Araneae, Filistatidae) from Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science. Series A, Zoology 39 (1): 15 - 20."]}

Labahitha garciai (Simon, 1892) comb. nov. Figs 2C���E, 7���12, 28A, 29A���B Filistata garciai Simon, 1892: 37. Two males and one female syntypes from Philippines, Grotte de San- Mateo, Mar.���Apr. 1890, E. Simon leg. (MNHN AR 5414), examined through photos. Filistata pulchella Simon, 1893: 66. Male and female syntypes from Philippines, Antipolo, Mar.���Apr. 1890, E. Simon leg., deposited in the MNHN, not examined. Male syntype illustrated by Lehtinen (1967: fig. 23). First synonymized with Filistata garciai by Lehtinen (1967). Pritha heikkii Saaristo, 1978: 99, figs 1���10. Holotype female from Seychelles, Mah��, 30 Oct. 1975, M. Saaristo leg., deposited in the Zoological Museum of the University of Turku, not examined. Syn. nov. Pritha sechellana Benoit, 1978: 677, figs A���B. Holotype male from Seychelles, Curieuse, 17 Aug. 1972, (MRAC 143165), examined. First synonymized with Pritha heikkii by Saaristo (2010). Syn. nov. Pritha garciai ��� Lehtinen 1967: 260, fig. 23. Pritha heikkii ��� Saaristo 2010: 69, fig. 10.1���6. Labahitha sp. ��� Zonstein et al. 2017: fig. 4. Notes The original description of Simon (1892) mentions at least two females, but the vial with the syntypes contains one female, a male with both palps attached, and a loose male palp. We did not examine the holotype of F. pulchella, but Lehtinen (1967: fig. 23) provided an excellent illustration of the palp of the holotype and the type localities of both species are nearby (Simon 1892, 1893). This indicates that the synonymy is correct. We did not examine the type material of Pritha heikkii, but the illustrations in the original description and the proximity between type localities indicate that the synonymy proposed by Saaristo (2010) is correct. Diagnosis Males are similar to those of L. oonopiformis, L. ryukyuensis and L. nicobarensis by the teardrop-shaped bulb with a keel-shaped paraembolic lamina. They differ from L. oonopiformis by the shorter embolus (vs longer), from L. ryukyuensis by the more globose base of the bulb (vs base of the bulb more tubular) and from L. nicobarensis by the longer, more curved embolus (vs embolus short and straight) (Fig. 10). Females are more similar to those of L. oonopiformis and L. gibsonhilli by the large membranous base of the receptacles and well-developed median receptacle; they differ from L. oonopiformis by the median receptacles subequal in size to the laterals (vs median receptacles notably enlarged) and from L. gibsonhilli by the globose median receptacles with evenly scattered pores (vs median receptacles with pores restricted to medial face) (Fig. 11). Examined type material Syntypes of Filistata garciai PHILIPPINES ��� 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Manila, Cueva de San Mateo; Mar.���Apr. 1890; E. Simon leg.; MNHN AR 5414. Pritha sechellana Holotype SEYCHELLES ��� ♂; Curieuse centre, degraded forest; [4.28159�� S, 55.72172�� E]; 17 Aug. 1972; P.L.G. Benoit and J.J. Van Mol leg.; MRAC 143165. Allotype SEYCHELLES ��� ♀; same collection data as for holotype; MRAC 143165. Paratypes SEYCHELLES ��� 3 ♀♀, 2 imm.; Praslin, Vall��e de Mai; [4.33�� S, 55.73839�� E]; 25 Jul. 1972; P.L.G. Benoit and J.J. Van Mol leg.; in the humus; MRAC 143106. Other material examined MALAYSIA ��� 1 ♂; Sarawak, Kapit, Sut-Gaat Felling Area; Nanga Suau; [1.9949�� N, 112.9331�� E]; 20 Apr. 1978; T. Lau leg.; AMNH IFM-0936. PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� 5 ♀♀; Morobe Province, E of Wau, Boston ranch; [7.33714�� S, 146.71594�� E]; 6 Mar. 1979; H.W. Levi, Y.D. Lubin and M.H. Robinson leg.; MCZ 40221. PHILIPPINES ��� 8 ♂♂, 6 imm.; Mindoro, San Jose; [12.34714�� N, 121.06605�� E]; Mar. 1945; E.S. Ross leg.; CAS 9060572 ��� 2 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; CAS 9060573 ��� 3 ♀♀, 4 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; CAS 9060574 ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CAS 9060575 ��� 6 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Rizal, Montalban; [14.60375�� N, 121.30841�� E]; 16 Feb. 1951; J.F. Bergseng leg.; MCZ 39060 ��� 2 ♀♀; Rizal, Montalban, Umber; [14.60375�� N, 121.30841�� E]; 21 Dec. 1950; MCZ 40197. SINGAPORE ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Upper Selatar Reservoir Park; 1.4�� N, 103.80667�� E; 15 Feb. 2015; B.A. Huber and D. Court leg.; ZFMK 12710 ��� 1 ♀; Dairy Farm Nature Park; 1.36611�� N, 103.78056�� E; 23 Aug. 2013; J.K.H. Koh leg.; wall of abandoned hut; JK 130823.0003 ��� 1 ♂; Pulau Ubin, Camp Resilience, National Police Cadet Corps; 1.41861�� N, 103.96833�� E; 10 Mar. 2015; J.K.H. Koh leg.; old building wall; JK 150310.0001 ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; JK 150310.0002. Description Male (from Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia, AMNH IFM-0936) COLOURATION. Carapace light brown, with brown median pattern and lateral borders and faint submarginal bands. Chelicerae orange brown. Labium, endites and sternum cream. Legs cream, except for orange brown femur I and light brown tarsus I, without rings. Abdomen light brown; dorsum with two patches of white setae, one large and anterior and one smaller and posterior; venter cream. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace subrounded, with unsclerotized clypeus. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded, sigilla not visible. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.16. Carapace length 1.32, width 1.03. Clypeus length 0.24. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.08, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.09, AME���AME 0.02, PME���PME 0.09. Sternum length 0.82, width 0.69. Palp: femur length 0.68, height 0.23, tibia length 0.38, height 0.20. Leg I: 5.76 (1.49, 0.38, 1.67, 1.45, 0.77). II: 4.18 (1.14, 0.39, 1.07, 1.06, 0.52). III: 3.64 (1.05, 0.32, 0.83, 0.97, 0.47). IV: 4.77 (1.23, 0.47, 1.27, 1.28, 0.52). Abdomen: length 1.81, width 0.97. LEG MACROSETAE. Mt I 1a.vr. PALP (Fig. 10). Cymbium horseshoe shaped, bulb piriform, narrowing rapidly towards embolus, sperm duct N-shaped, with a single coil, proximally enlarged, prolateral excavation small, just beneath paraembolic lamina, paraembolic lamina small, spoon-shaped, with fimbriated margin, embolus long and gently curved. State of the specimen: lost many abdomen setae, many legs, and abdomen separated from the cephalothorax; left palp dissected. Female (from Dairy Farm Nature Park, Singapore, JK 1308230003) COLOURATION. As in male, except where noted. Carapace cream, sparsely stippled with brown. Legs yellow, except for white coxae. Abdomen cream, dorsum with sparse white setae on the abdomen. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace unmodified. Eye apodemes present. Sternum suboval, with a well-marked pair of posterior sigilla. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 4.22. Carapace length 1.61, width 1.25. Clypeus length 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.08, ALE 0.10, PLE 0.08, AME���AME 0.02, PME���PME 0.12. Sternum length 0.93, width 0.73. Palp: femur length 0.74, height 0.32, tibia length 0.46, height 0.27. Leg I: 4.49 (1.18, 0.41, 1.17, 0.99, 0.74). II: 3.78 (1.08, 0.42, 0.83, 0.88, 0.57). III: 3.14 (0.86, 0.39, 0.66, 0.76, 0.47). IV: 4.46 (1.31, 0.44, 1.17, 1.05, 0.49). Abdomen: length 2.69, width 1.79. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows with 7-4-6 setae. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Adorned with thick setae. ENDOGYNE (Fig. 11). Median receptacles large, with pores clustered in large groups set apart from each other; lateral receptacles on a short stalk, large, oval, with more pores in the ectal face. Variation This species has two colour morphs (yellow and brown; Figs 7H���I, 8A���B). This had been noted by Simon (1892: 37: ��� ♀. Long. 5 mill. ��� Cephalothorax, pedes-maxillares pedesque pallide testaceo-lurida [���] Var. ♀. Cephalothorax et femora infuscata.���) and Benoit (1978: 678: ��� P. sechellana se pr��sente sous deux colorations differ��ntes, �� savoir une forme jaune p��le et une forme m��lanique���). The shape of the female receptacles varies: they may bulge distally (Fig. 11A), be slightly sinuous (Fig. 11C) or collapse (Fig. 11B, D). Males (N = 5): total length 2.63���3.16 (2.92), carapace length 1.22���1.35 (1.29), femur I length 1.49���1.69 (1.61), tibia I length 1.67���1.87 (1.76), femur/carapace ratio 1.13���1.34 (1.25). Females (N = 5): total length 4.11���4.75 (4.41), carapace length 1.4���1.79 (1.54), femur I length 1.18���1.78 (1.41), tibia I length 1.17���1.81 (1.44), femur/carapace ratio 0.73���0.99 (0.91). Natural history The species has been collected in synanthropic settings in Singapore and in the Seychelles (���very common in minute crevices of the walls of the Reef Hotel���; Saaristo 1978: 100). Distribution Known from Malaysia (Sarawak), Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Seychelles and Singapore (Fig. 1C)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 12-20, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Simon E. 1892. Etudes cavernicoles de l'ile Luzon. Voyage de M. E. Simon aux l'iles Phillipines (mars et avril 1890). 4 e Memoire. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 61: 35 - 52.","Simon E. 1893. Voyage de M. E. Simon aux iles Philippines (mars et avril 1890). 6 e Memoire. Arachnides. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 62: 65 - 80.","Lehtinen P. T. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4: 199 - 468.","Saaristo M. I. 1978. Spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) from the Seychelle islands, with notes on taxonomy. Annales Zoologici Fennici 15: 99 - 126.","Benoit P. L. G. 1978. Contributions a l'etude de la faune terrestre des iles granitiques de l'archipel des Sechelles (Mission P. L. G. Benoit - J. J. Van Mol 1972). Araneae Cribellatae. Revue de Zoologie africaine 92: 675 - 679.","Saaristo M. I. 2010. Araneae. In: Gerlach J. & Marusik Y. M. (eds) Arachnida and Myriapoda of the Seychelles Islands: 8 - 306. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester.","Zonstein S. L., Marusik Y. M. & Magalhaes I. L. F. 2017. Labahitha nom. n., a replacement name for Mystes Bristowe, 1938, with a redescription of the type species (Aranei: Filistatidae). Arthropoda Selecta 26 (4): 303 - 309. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / arthsel. 26.4.04"]}

Labahitha platnicki sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8B05E5F0-36E9-4340-83CC-64DC3F80D908 Figs 26���27, 29F Diagnosis The male is unknown. Females can be diagnosed from congeners by the colouration pattern (carapace deep brown with lighter margins and abdomen dark with light grey transversal markings; Fig. 26A) (vs colouration usually uniform, especially in the abdomen) and by the genitalia: the median receptacles are sclerotized, with many pores packed together, and have a median constriction (Fig. 27) (vs median receptacles without a median constriction). Etymology The species is named after the eminent arachnologist Norman Platnick, who collected part of the type series and has recently passed away in an untimely manner, in memory of his innumerable contributions to arachnology and systematics. Type material Holotype NEW CALEDONIA ��� ♀; Nord, Fou��, W of Kon��; 21.1�� S, 164.81667�� E; 15 Feb. 1993; N.I. Platnick, R.J. Raven and M.S. Harvey leg.; under bark of trees along beach; AMNH IFM-0890. Paratypes NEW CALEDONIA ��� 3 ♀♀, 1 imm. (together with the holotype); same collection data as for holotype; AMNH ��� 14 ♀♀; Nord, Roche Perc��e nr. Plage de Po��, W of Bourail; 21.6�� S, 165.43333�� E; 18 Feb. 1993; N.I. Platnick, R.J. Raven and M.S. Harvey leg.; coastal cliffs; AMNH IFM-1747. PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� 5 ♀♀, 3 imm.; Bismarck Islands; [5.55234�� S, 150.13883�� E]; 16 Aug. 1894; ZMB IFM-0720 ��� 1 ♀; Bismarck Islands, ���Rala��� [Rabaul?]; [5.55234�� S, 150.13883�� E]; 27 Jan. 1897; under bark of Alstonia; ZMB. Other material examined None. Description Male Unknown. Female (holotype from Kon��, Fou��, Nord, New Caledonia, AMNH IFM-0890) COLOURATION. Carapace reddish brown on median area, lateral borders yellow, with dark brown V-shaped median pattern, submarginal bands and clypeal markings. Chelicerae, labium and endites orange brown. Sternum orange brown stippled with dark brown. Legs yellowish cream, becoming orange brown distally, with longitudinal brown bands on femora, tibiae and metatarsi. Abdomen dark brown, dorsum with five grayish cream chevron-like markings posteriorly, venter greyish cream with brown pigment around spinnerets. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace unmodified. Eye apodemes present. Sternum suboval, with one pair of posterior sigilla. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.63. Carapace length 1.09, width 0.85. Clypeus length 0.22. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.04, PME 0.06, ALE 0.06, PLE 0.06, AME���AME 0.02, PME���PME 0.08. Sternum length 0.66, width 0.49. Palp: femur length 0.62, height 0.24, tibia length 0.33, height 0.21. Leg I: 3.30 (0.90, 0.32, 0.83, 0.73, 0.52). II: 2.69 (0.77, 0.28, 0.64, 0.58, 0.42). III: 2.29 (0.69, 0.24, 0.49, 0.53, 0.34). IV: 3.08 (0.93, 0.31, 0.74, 0.70, 0.40). Abdomen: length 1.71, width 1.18. PALP AND LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Unsclerotized, with two lateral patches of thicker setae. ENDOGYNE (Fig. 27). Two pairs of receptacles, median receptacle globular, sclerotized, with a constricted base, bearing many glandular pores; lateral receptacle globular, unsclerotized, bearing few glandular pores. Interpulmonary fold large, pentagonal, covering the seminal receptacles. STATE OF THE SPECIMEN. Genitalia dissected, right legs I���II and left legs III���IV missing from patella. Variation The median receptacles of specimens from the Bismarck Islands are more clearly bilobate (Fig. 27B), while they are merely constricted in females from New Caledonia (Fig. 27C). The discovery of males would be desirable to ascertain their co-specificity. Females (N = 4): total length 2.09���2.63 (2.35), carapace length 0.86���1.16 (1.01), femur I length 0.73���0.99 (0.85). Natural history Label data indicate specimens have been collected under bark of Alstonia R.Br. trees in the Bismarck Islands, and in coastal cliffs and under bark in coastal trees in New Caledonia. Distribution New Caledonia and Bismarck Islands, Papua New Guinea (Fig. 1B)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 38-41, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826

Labahitha marginata (Kishida, 1936) comb. nov. Figs 3, 16–24, 28B–C, 29D–E Filistata marginata Kishida in Komatsu, 1936: 151, pl. 22. Syntypes from Taiwan, Tainan, Aug. 1935, K. Kishida leg., lost or untraceable, not examined. Filistata bakeri Berland, 1938: 187, figs 159–162. Male holotype and female allotype from Vanuatu, Santo, Jun.–Jul. 1927, Baker leg., deposited in MNHN AR 3436, examined. Syn. nov. Filistata bakeri – Berland 1942: 24. Pritha bakeri – Lehtinen 1967: 260. — Ramírez et al. 2021: 17. Filistata marginata – Kayashima 1943: 11, pl. 7 fig. 1. — Lee 1966: 15, fig. 2d. — Wang 1987: 252, fig. 1H–K. — Song et al. 1999: 46, fig. 17u. Prithinae sp. Costa Rica MR11 – Wheeler et al. 2017: 583. Prithinae IFMsp22 – Magalhaes & Ramírez 2017: 668. Pritha marginata – Zonstein & Marusik 2019: 88. Notes Zonstein & Marusik (2019: 88) considered the type locality of Filistata marginata as “ Japan, Honshu, Akita Prefecture, Senboku”. This was apparently a mistake: H. Ono (in litt.) informed us that the original text in Komatsu (1936) reads “Distribution: Taiwan. In August of 1935, Mr. Kyukichi Kishida found this spider in a hotel at Tainan where he stayed. […] Afterwards, Mr. Izumi Kayashima announced that this spider is very common in houses in Taihoku.” Taihoku was an administrative region of the island while it was under Japanese rule, and corresponds to modern-day Taipei. Apparently, the old Japanese kanji ‘tai’ was misread by Zonstein & Marusik as ‘sen’, causing the confusion. Thus, the correct type locality of this species is Taiwan, Tainan. This species is cited in books on Taiwanese spiders (Kayashima 1943; Lee 1966), supporting this view. H. Ono (in litt.) kindly informed us that “after the death of Dr. Kishida in 1968, no specimen has been found, which he presumably held”, and thus we may consider that the type specimens of F. marginata have been lost. We have examined specimens from Taiwan, Pingtung (50 km to the south of Tainan) whose habitus morphology fits well with Komatsu’s (1936) illustration, thus ascertaining the identity of this species. Since this is the only filistatid known to occur in Taiwan and the original illustrations match our specimens, this name can be objectively applied to this species, precluding the need for a neotype (see International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, article 75.1). Wang (1987: fig. 1i) was the first to illustrate the female genitalia of this species, showing the single pair of receptacles with a trilobulate structure; however, the locality of the illustrated specimens is unclear. The types of Filistata bakeri are in a bad state of preservation, and apparently have dried at some point. The palp of the holotype is deformed, especially the sperm duct; the colours are faded, but Berland’s illustration match the colour pattern of fresh specimens examined by us. Berland (1938) mentions a male paratype, but the two vials we saw contain only one male, six females and one immature. Records of this species by Berland (1942) from Austral Islands could not be checked and are not included in the map; his report of this species for Christmas Island probably refers to L. gibsonhilli. Lehtinen (1967) included two species in his Pritha bakeri group: Filistata bakeri from Vanuatu and a species from Taiwan he thought to be new (his revision did not account for F. marginata). We here show that specimens from both islands are conspecific; specimens from Taiwan (Fig. 19F) and Vanuatu (Fig. 19C) show similar female genitalia, and the differences observed in males (Fig. 18D, G) are due to the bad preservation of the holotype of Filistata bakeri. Diagnosis The male is most similar to L. incerta sp. nov. in the paraembolic lamina divided in two parts, with a rounded apex near the embolus; it differs by strong fimbriations in the paraembolic lamina and the bulb with a median constriction (Fig. 18) (vs smaller fimbriations, bulb without clear median constriction). Females are unique among all filistatids by the genitalia with a single pair of stalked, trilobate receptacles (Fig. 19). Examined type material Holotype of Filistata bakeri VANUATU • ♂; Espiritu Santo; [15.30036° S, 166.91821° E]; Jun.–Jul. 1927; Baker leg.; MNHN AR 3436. Allotype of Filistata bakeri VANUATU • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; MNHN AR 3436. Paratypes of Filistata bakeri VANUATU • 5 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for holotype; MNHN AR 3437. Additional material examined BRAZIL – Alagoas • 3 ♀♀; Maceió; [9.64986° S, 35.70892° W]; 11 Sep. 2003; N. Lo-Man-Hung leg.; IBSP 41004. – Pernambuco • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Tamandaré, Reserva Biológica de Saltinho; 8.72986° S, 35.17614° W; 44 m a.s.l.; 26 May 2015; L.S. Carvalho leg.; in house; CHNUFPI 1590 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 1591 • 2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 1595. COOK ISLANDS • 1 ♀; Aitutaki Island, Ubelia District, main village; [18.86629° S, 159.80005° W]; 27 Mar. 1987; J A. Beatty leg.; in crevices on buildings; JBJB • 4 ♀♀, 4 imm.; Mitriaro coral island; [19.87742° S, 157.70186° W]; 19–21 Jan. 1996; J. Boutin leg.; CAS 9062893 • 1 ♀; Rarotonga; 21.20525° S, 159.80218° W; 15–25 Jan. 1996; J. Boutin leg.; mixed forest; CAS 9062894. COSTA RICA – Alajuela • 5 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Upala, San Gerardo; [10.89778° N, 85.01306° W]; 600 m a.s.l.; Jun. 2009; C. Víquez and J. Mata leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 108899. – Guanacaste • 3 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; Bagaces, Sendero Cantera; [10.52516° N, 85.25414° W]; 100 m a.s.l.; 19–22 Nov. 2008; C. Víquez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 104619 • 3 ♀♀; Liberia, Estación Maritza; [10.6346° N, 85.44068° W]; 600 m a.s.l.; 21 Apr. 2004; C. Víquez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 104556 • 4 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Santa Rosa; [10.83793° N, 85.70511° W]; 21 Jun. 2006; C. Víquez leg.; INBIO. – Heredia • 1 imm.; 4 km SE of Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva; [10.45399° N, 84.01939° W]; 27– 30 Sep. 1981; C.E. Griswold leg.; CAS 9058484 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; Oct. 1981; C.E. Griswold leg.; CAS 9058483 • 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; Sep.–Oct. 1981; C.E. Griswold leg.; CAS 9062895. – Limón • 8 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Moín; [9.99243° N, 83.09519° W]; 17– 18 May 1987; D. Ubick leg.; CAS 9060445. – Puntarenas • 1 ♂; Altamira, Sendero Proyecto Agricultura Orgánica; [8.37826° N, 83.11195° W]; 1065 m a.s.l.; 6 Aug. 2003; C. Víquez and R. Gutiérrez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 74353 • 1 ♂, 11 ♀♀; Coto Brus., Jardín Botánico Las Cruces; [8.95402° N, 83.07042° W]; 7–8 Nov. 2001; C. Víquez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 77891 • 4 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; Osa, Finca Mora Maroto; [8.94631° N, 83.53346° W]; 100 m a.s.l.; 21 May 2006; C. Víquez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 108901 • 1 ♀; Osa Peninsula, 2.5 mi SW of Rincon; 8.70758° N, 83.48703° W; 1–7 Mar. 1967; OTS Adv. Zoo. Course leg.; MCZ 145046 • 1 ♀; Parrita; [9.51864° N, 84.33054° W]; 20 m a.s.l.; 13 Jan. 1989; W. Eberhard leg.; MCZ 145044 • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; Jan. 1989; W. Eberhard leg.; MCZ 145045 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 13 Jan. 1989; W. Eberhard leg.; near oil palm plantation; MCZ 145043. – San José • 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Puriscal, Parque Nacional La Cangreja, estación de funcionarios; [9.83214° N, 84.33317° W]; 324 m a.s.l.; 25 Jan. 2005; C. Víquez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 79582. GUATEMALA • 4 ♀♀; Tijax; [15.37521° N, 89.26903° W]; 11 Jul. 2006; C. Víquez leg.; INBIO. KIRIBATI • 1 ♀; Phoenix Islands, Kanton; [2.80427° S, 171.64329° W]; 1956; N.L.H. Krauss leg.; AMNH • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; Sep. 1950; N.L.H. Krauss leg.; AMNH. MARQUESAS ISLANDS • 1 ♀; Nuku Hiva Island, Taiohae; [8.90895° S, 140.10112° W]; 20 Jan. 1987; J.W. Berry leg.; on building; JBJB. MEXICO – Chiapas • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Palenque; [17.51098° N, 91.99305° W]; 24–25 Aug. 1977; C.E. Griswold and T.C. Meikle leg.; AMNH. – Nayarit • 4 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀, 1 imm.; 1 mile S of Acaponeta; [22.49611° N, 105.36281° W]; 15 Aug. 1963; W.J. Gertsch and W. Ivie leg.; AMNH • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; bridge at Río Caponeta; [22.49611° N, 105.36281° W]; 1 Aug. 1964; W.J. Gertsch leg.; AMNH • 1 ♂; San Blas, 50 yards from ocean; [21.5413° N, 105.28472° W]; 16 Mar. 1961; D. and H. Campbell leg.; CAS 9062900. – Veracruz • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Catemaco, Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas; 18.58644° N, 95.07514° W; 31 Jul. 2014; L.S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 1191 • 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 1197. NICARAGUA – Chinandega • 1♂, 3♀♀; El Viejo, Sto. Thomas, Villa Argentina; 12.75° N, 87.396° W; 38 m a.s.l.; 26 Nov. 2007; C. Víquez and J. Mata leg.; INBIO NIC4 • 4 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, 5 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; in house; AMNH • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; AMNH. PANAMA • 3 ♀♀; Chiriquí, Hornitos; 8.71524° N, 82.23548° W; 6 Jun. 2006; M.J. Ramírez leg.; in houses along highway; MACN-Ar 33845 • 1 ♀; Veraguas, Santiago, El Manguito; 8.09572° N, 80.98373° W; 10 Jun. 2008; M. Ramírez leg.; MACN-Ar 33854 • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 6 Jun. 2007; CRBA, ex-MACN-Ar 33857 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 9 Jun. 2007; MACN-Ar 33846 • 1 ♀, 2 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 33847. PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 1 ♀; Makeke Highlands; 6.48727° S, 145.59442° E; Feb. 1973; D. Kirkness leg.; AM KS.59201. PHILIPPINES • 1 ♀; Laguna, Los Baños, Mount Makiling; 14.13639° N, 121.19444° E; Luzon and Baker leg.; SMF 3501. SAMOA • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Upolu; [13.83333° S, 171.75° W]; AMNH IFM-0885, IFM-0886. TAIWAN • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 18 imm.; Ping-Tung, Chao-Chow; [22.52937° N, 120.56242° E]; 6 Jun. 1956; D.E. Beck leg.; AMNH IFM-0871, IFM-0872. USA • 1 ♀; Hawai’i; [19.89677° N, 155.58278° W]; AM. Description Male (from Parque Nacional La Cangreja, San Jose, Costa Rica, INBIO 79582) COLOURATION. Carapace light brown, with brown median pattern, and cream lateral margins. Chelicerae, labium and endites light brown. Sternum light cream. Legs cream, with very faint light brown markings on the proximal and distal ends of tibiae III–IV. Abdomen brown, with faint light brown chevron posteriorly, and a large patch of white setae anteriorly on dorsum. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace subrounded, with unsclerotized tip. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded, sigilla not visible. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.49. Carapace length 1.19, width 0.93. Clypeus length 0.23. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.09, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.10, AME–AME 0.02, PME–PME 0.10. Sternum length 0.73, width 0.65. Palp: femur length 0.56, height 0.17, tibia length 0.32, height 0.19. Leg I: 6.20 (1.59, 0.40, 1.80, 1.55, 0.86). II: 4.21 (1.21, 0.35, 1.14, 0.99, 0.52). III: — (0.99, 0.30, 0.87, x, x). IV: 4.85 (1.32, 0.35, 1.26, 1.31, 0.61). Abdomen: length 1.58, width 0.82. LEG MACROSETAE. Mt I 1a.vr. PALP (Figs 18, 20–21). Cymbium horseshoe shaped, bulb enlarged, with a median constriction, sperm duct N-shaped with a single coil, prolateral excavation very large occupying most of the tegulum, paraembolic lamina large, in two parts, with fimbriations proximally and digitiform distally, ending close to the apex of the embolus, embolus short and slightly curved. State of the specimen: good, lacking some setae; left palp and right leg I dissected. Female (from Parque Nacional La Cangreja, San Jose, Costa Rica, INBIO 79582) COLOURATION. As in male, except for lack of brown markings on carapace and chevron in the abdomen. HABITUS. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.86. Carapace length 1.25, width 1.02. Clypeus length 0.28. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.08, ALE 0.12, PLE 0.11, AME–AME 0.02, PME–PME 0.09. Sternum length 0.86, width 0.67. Palp: femur length 0.72, height 0.30, tibia length 0.39, height 0.23. Leg I: 4.89 (1.28, 0.37, 1.31, 1.13, 0.80). II: — (1.08, 0.35, 0.88, x, x). III: — (0.92, 0.35, 0.70, x, x). IV: 4.32 (1.27, 0.39, 1.11, 0.97, 0.58). Abdomen: length 2.56, width 1.63. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows with 5-5-6 setae. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Adorned with thick setae. ENDOGYNE (Figs 19, 22). Median receptacles absent, lateral receptacles on a short stalk, trilobulate, sclerotized, with several glandular pores restricted to the proximal lobe. State of the specimen: good, genitalia dissected. Variation Female seminal receptacles may be fully sclerotized or hyaline (Fig. 19); perhaps this may depend on the maturity or reproductive status of the females. Males (N = 5): total length 2.19–2.79 (2.55), carapace length 0.99–1.2 (1.15), femur I length 1.31–1.59 (1.49), tibia I length 1.57–1.8 (1.72), femur/carapace ratio 1.18–1.34 (1.29). Females (N = 5): total length 2.73–4.96 (3.79), carapace length 1.17–1.8 (1.42), femur I length 1.1–1.58 (1.36), tibia I length 1.13–1.72 (1.4), femur/carapace ratio 0.88–1.02 (0.96). Distribution Widely distributed in tropical Polynesia, with other records in Taiwan, Philippines, New Guinea, Vanuatu, and in continental America from Mexico to Brazil (Fig. 1D).

Wandella loloata sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 52F3E4F9-34AB-4070-B386-BEDD57647812 Fig. 30 Diagnosis This species is most similar to Wandella grayi Magalhaes, 2016 due to the tapering, long palpal bulb with erect paraembolic lamina in the male, and the female with columnar median receptacles attached to the rounded lateral receptacles via a stalk. Males can be diagnosed by the shorter, less curved embolus and the larger paraembolic lamina with an acute tip (Fig. 30A���B) (vs embolus longer and more curved, and smaller, curved paraembolic lamina in W. grayi). Females can be diagnosed by the digitiform median receptacles, widest at the base, and by the stalk of the lateral receptacles connecting apically (Fig. 30E���F) (vs median receptacles with even width throughout, and stalks of the lateral receptacles connecting basally). Etymology The name is a noun in apposition and is taken from the type locality. Type material Holotype PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� ♂; Central Province, Loloata Island; 10 Nov. 1985; D.J. Court leg.; AM KS32718. Paratype PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� 1 ♀; same collecting data as for holotype; AM KS32717. Description Male holotype (AM KS32718) COLOURATION. Carapace mostly pale brownish-cream, lateral margins translucent; postocular area with a middorsal grey patterned triangular patch that narrows toward the foveal area around which it divides; lateral carapace with three grey pigment patches forming incomplete lateral bands; a pair of larger anterolateral grey patches flank the mostly cream-coloured clypeus. Chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum cream; abdomen pale creamy brown. Legs pale creamy brown, with dark grey partial ringlike patches restricted to proximal and distal femora and tibiae. Abdomen with well-defined brownish patterning on a cream ground. Frontal abdomen dark brown connecting dorsally to a broad middorsal brown patch with a paler central area; from this arise 5���6 pairs of brownish-grey dorsal chevrons reducing in size posteriorly; these are flanked below by a set of 4���5 smaller lateral chevrons on each side. Venter pale brown. HABITUS. Anterior margin of carapace subrounded but anterolateral margins with concave (���pinched���) curvature, clypeus unsclerotized and unpigmented. Sternum subrounded, bluntly pointed posteriorly, sigilla not seen. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.43. Carapace length 1.02, width 0.79. Clypeus length 0.24. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PLE 0.08; AME���AME 0.03, PME���PME 0.082. Sternum length 0.71, width 0.57. Palp: femur length 0.59, height 0.20; tibia length 0.33, height 0.14. Legs 1423. Leg I: 5.99 (1.50, 0.40, 1.78, 1.41, 0.90). II: 4.26 (1.07, 0.31, 1.31, 1.02, 0.55). III: 3.87 (1.02, 0.33, 1.02, 1.05, 0.45). IV: 4.99 (1.31, 0.32, 1.67, 1.12, 0.57). Abdomen length 1.51, width 0.92. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. PALP. Cymbium horseshoe shaped; tegulum with a shallow prolateral excavation; presence or absence of microspine surface structures could not be verified; sperm duct N-shaped with a single coil; crest-like paraembolic process present; embolus slender, slightly curved. Female paratype (AM KS32717) COLOURATION. As in male. HABITUS. Sternal sigilla not seen. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.57. Carapace length 1.57, width 1.31. Clypeus length 0.31. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.09, ALE 0.20, PLE 0.11; AME���AME 0.06, PME���PME 0.15. Sternum length 1.06, width 0.95. Palp: femur length 0.86 width 0.36; tibia length 0.50, width 0.26. Legs I: 6.9 (1.79, 0.43, 1.90, 1.64, 1.14). II: 4.44 (0.83, 0.37, 1.19, 1.05, 1.00). III: 3.88 (0.95, 0.40, 0.95, 0.75, 0.83). IV: 5.9 (1.59, 0.50, 1.52, 1.31, 0.98). Abdomen length 2.14, width 1.48. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows of setae. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Unmodified. ENDOGYNE. Lateral receptacle large and rounded with scattered pores and a curved stalk-like basal attachment; median receptacles smaller with many pores clustered apically. Distribution Known only from the type locality (Loloata Island, Papua New Guinea)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 43-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Magalhaes I. L. F. 2016. On new or poorly known Australian Filistatidae spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae), including a study on the fine morphology of Wandella. Journal of Natural History 50 (29 - 30): 1815 - 1858. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2016.1181805"]}

Labahitha marginata (Kishida, 1936) comb. nov. Figs 3, 16���24, 28B���C, 29D���E Filistata marginata Kishida in Komatsu, 1936: 151, pl. 22. Syntypes from Taiwan, Tainan, Aug. 1935, K. Kishida leg., lost or untraceable, not examined. Filistata bakeri Berland, 1938: 187, figs 159���162. Male holotype and female allotype from Vanuatu, Santo, Jun.���Jul. 1927, Baker leg., deposited in MNHN AR 3436, examined. Syn. nov. Filistata bakeri ��� Berland 1942: 24. Pritha bakeri ��� Lehtinen 1967: 260. ��� Ram��rez et al. 2021: 17. Filistata marginata ��� Kayashima 1943: 11, pl. 7 fig. 1. ��� Lee 1966: 15, fig. 2d. ��� Wang 1987: 252, fig. 1H���K. ��� Song et al. 1999: 46, fig. 17u. Prithinae sp. Costa Rica MR11 ��� Wheeler et al. 2017: 583. Prithinae IFMsp22 ��� Magalhaes & Ram��rez 2017: 668. Pritha marginata ��� Zonstein & Marusik 2019: 88. Notes Zonstein & Marusik (2019: 88) considered the type locality of Filistata marginata as ��� Japan, Honshu, Akita Prefecture, Senboku���. This was apparently a mistake: H. Ono (in litt.) informed us that the original text in Komatsu (1936) reads ���Distribution: Taiwan. In August of 1935, Mr. Kyukichi Kishida found this spider in a hotel at Tainan where he stayed. [���] Afterwards, Mr. Izumi Kayashima announced that this spider is very common in houses in Taihoku.��� Taihoku was an administrative region of the island while it was under Japanese rule, and corresponds to modern-day Taipei. Apparently, the old Japanese kanji ���tai��� was misread by Zonstein & Marusik as ���sen���, causing the confusion. Thus, the correct type locality of this species is Taiwan, Tainan. This species is cited in books on Taiwanese spiders (Kayashima 1943; Lee 1966), supporting this view. H. Ono (in litt.) kindly informed us that ���after the death of Dr. Kishida in 1968, no specimen has been found, which he presumably held���, and thus we may consider that the type specimens of F. marginata have been lost. We have examined specimens from Taiwan, Pingtung (50 km to the south of Tainan) whose habitus morphology fits well with Komatsu���s (1936) illustration, thus ascertaining the identity of this species. Since this is the only filistatid known to occur in Taiwan and the original illustrations match our specimens, this name can be objectively applied to this species, precluding the need for a neotype (see International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, article 75.1). Wang (1987: fig. 1i) was the first to illustrate the female genitalia of this species, showing the single pair of receptacles with a trilobulate structure; however, the locality of the illustrated specimens is unclear. The types of Filistata bakeri are in a bad state of preservation, and apparently have dried at some point. The palp of the holotype is deformed, especially the sperm duct; the colours are faded, but Berland���s illustration match the colour pattern of fresh specimens examined by us. Berland (1938) mentions a male paratype, but the two vials we saw contain only one male, six females and one immature. Records of this species by Berland (1942) from Austral Islands could not be checked and are not included in the map; his report of this species for Christmas Island probably refers to L. gibsonhilli. Lehtinen (1967) included two species in his Pritha bakeri group: Filistata bakeri from Vanuatu and a species from Taiwan he thought to be new (his revision did not account for F. marginata). We here show that specimens from both islands are conspecific; specimens from Taiwan (Fig. 19F) and Vanuatu (Fig. 19C) show similar female genitalia, and the differences observed in males (Fig. 18D, G) are due to the bad preservation of the holotype of Filistata bakeri. Diagnosis The male is most similar to L. incerta sp. nov. in the paraembolic lamina divided in two parts, with a rounded apex near the embolus; it differs by strong fimbriations in the paraembolic lamina and the bulb with a median constriction (Fig. 18) (vs smaller fimbriations, bulb without clear median constriction). Females are unique among all filistatids by the genitalia with a single pair of stalked, trilobate receptacles (Fig. 19). Examined type material Holotype of Filistata bakeri VANUATU ��� ♂; Espiritu Santo; [15.30036�� S, 166.91821�� E]; Jun.���Jul. 1927; Baker leg.; MNHN AR 3436. Allotype of Filistata bakeri VANUATU ��� ♀; same collection data as for holotype; MNHN AR 3436. Paratypes of Filistata bakeri VANUATU ��� 5 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for holotype; MNHN AR 3437. Additional material examined BRAZIL ��� Alagoas ��� 3 ♀♀; Macei��; [9.64986�� S, 35.70892�� W]; 11 Sep. 2003; N. Lo-Man-Hung leg.; IBSP 41004. ��� Pernambuco ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Tamandar��, Reserva Biol��gica de Saltinho; 8.72986�� S, 35.17614�� W; 44 m a.s.l.; 26 May 2015; L.S. Carvalho leg.; in house; CHNUFPI 1590 ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 1591 ��� 2 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 1595. COOK ISLANDS ��� 1 ♀; Aitutaki Island, Ubelia District, main village; [18.86629�� S, 159.80005�� W]; 27 Mar. 1987; J A. Beatty leg.; in crevices on buildings; JBJB ��� 4 ♀♀, 4 imm.; Mitriaro coral island; [19.87742�� S, 157.70186�� W]; 19���21 Jan. 1996; J. Boutin leg.; CAS 9062893 ��� 1 ♀; Rarotonga; 21.20525�� S, 159.80218�� W; 15���25 Jan. 1996; J. Boutin leg.; mixed forest; CAS 9062894. COSTA RICA ��� Alajuela ��� 5 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Upala, San Gerardo; [10.89778�� N, 85.01306�� W]; 600 m a.s.l.; Jun. 2009; C. V��quez and J. Mata leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 108899. ��� Guanacaste ��� 3 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; Bagaces, Sendero Cantera; [10.52516�� N, 85.25414�� W]; 100 m a.s.l.; 19���22 Nov. 2008; C. V��quez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 104619 ��� 3 ♀♀; Liberia, Estaci��n Maritza; [10.6346�� N, 85.44068�� W]; 600 m a.s.l.; 21 Apr. 2004; C. V��quez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 104556 ��� 4 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Santa Rosa; [10.83793�� N, 85.70511�� W]; 21 Jun. 2006; C. V��quez leg.; INBIO. ��� Heredia ��� 1 imm.; 4 km SE of Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Finca La Selva; [10.45399�� N, 84.01939�� W]; 27��� 30 Sep. 1981; C.E. Griswold leg.; CAS 9058484 ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; Oct. 1981; C.E. Griswold leg.; CAS 9058483 ��� 1 ♂, 5 ♀♀, 1 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; Sep.���Oct. 1981; C.E. Griswold leg.; CAS 9062895. ��� Lim��n ��� 8 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Mo��n; [9.99243�� N, 83.09519�� W]; 17��� 18 May 1987; D. Ubick leg.; CAS 9060445. ��� Puntarenas ��� 1 ♂; Altamira, Sendero Proyecto Agricultura Org��nica; [8.37826�� N, 83.11195�� W]; 1065 m a.s.l.; 6 Aug. 2003; C. V��quez and R. Guti��rrez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 74353 ��� 1 ♂, 11 ♀♀; Coto Brus., Jard��n Bot��nico Las Cruces; [8.95402�� N, 83.07042�� W]; 7���8 Nov. 2001; C. V��quez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 77891 ��� 4 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; Osa, Finca Mora Maroto; [8.94631�� N, 83.53346�� W]; 100 m a.s.l.; 21 May 2006; C. V��quez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 108901 ��� 1 ♀; Osa Peninsula, 2.5 mi SW of Rincon; 8.70758�� N, 83.48703�� W; 1���7 Mar. 1967; OTS Adv. Zoo. Course leg.; MCZ 145046 ��� 1 ♀; Parrita; [9.51864�� N, 84.33054�� W]; 20 m a.s.l.; 13 Jan. 1989; W. Eberhard leg.; MCZ 145044 ��� 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; Jan. 1989; W. Eberhard leg.; MCZ 145045 ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 13 Jan. 1989; W. Eberhard leg.; near oil palm plantation; MCZ 145043. ��� San Jos�� ��� 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Puriscal, Parque Nacional La Cangreja, estaci��n de funcionarios; [9.83214�� N, 84.33317�� W]; 324 m a.s.l.; 25 Jan. 2005; C. V��quez leg.; manual collecting; INBIO 79582. GUATEMALA ��� 4 ♀♀; Tijax; [15.37521�� N, 89.26903�� W]; 11 Jul. 2006; C. V��quez leg.; INBIO. KIRIBATI ��� 1 ♀; Phoenix Islands, Kanton; [2.80427�� S, 171.64329�� W]; 1956; N.L.H. Krauss leg.; AMNH ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; Sep. 1950; N.L.H. Krauss leg.; AMNH. MARQUESAS ISLANDS ��� 1 ♀; Nuku Hiva Island, Taiohae; [8.90895�� S, 140.10112�� W]; 20 Jan. 1987; J.W. Berry leg.; on building; JBJB. MEXICO ��� Chiapas ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Palenque; [17.51098�� N, 91.99305�� W]; 24���25 Aug. 1977; C.E. Griswold and T.C. Meikle leg.; AMNH. ��� Nayarit ��� 4 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀, 1 imm.; 1 mile S of Acaponeta; [22.49611�� N, 105.36281�� W]; 15 Aug. 1963; W.J. Gertsch and W. Ivie leg.; AMNH ��� 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; bridge at R��o Caponeta; [22.49611�� N, 105.36281�� W]; 1 Aug. 1964; W.J. Gertsch leg.; AMNH ��� 1 ♂; San Blas, 50 yards from ocean; [21.5413�� N, 105.28472�� W]; 16 Mar. 1961; D. and H. Campbell leg.; CAS 9062900. ��� Veracruz ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Catemaco, Estaci��n de Biolog��a Tropical Los Tuxtlas; 18.58644�� N, 95.07514�� W; 31 Jul. 2014; L.S. Carvalho leg.; CHNUFPI 1191 ��� 3 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CHNUFPI 1197. NICARAGUA ��� Chinandega ��� 1♂, 3♀♀; El Viejo, Sto. Thomas, Villa Argentina; 12.75�� N, 87.396�� W; 38 m a.s.l.; 26 Nov. 2007; C. V��quez and J. Mata leg.; INBIO NIC4 ��� 4 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀, 5 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; in house; AMNH ��� 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; AMNH. PANAMA ��� 3 ♀♀; Chiriqu��, Hornitos; 8.71524�� N, 82.23548�� W; 6 Jun. 2006; M.J. Ram��rez leg.; in houses along highway; MACN-Ar 33845 ��� 1 ♀; Veraguas, Santiago, El Manguito; 8.09572�� N, 80.98373�� W; 10 Jun. 2008; M. Ram��rez leg.; MACN-Ar 33854 ��� 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 6 Jun. 2007; CRBA, ex-MACN-Ar 33857 ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 9 Jun. 2007; MACN-Ar 33846 ��� 1 ♀, 2 imm.; same collection data as for preceding; MACN-Ar 33847. PAPUA NEW GUINEA ��� 1 ♀; Makeke Highlands; 6.48727�� S, 145.59442�� E; Feb. 1973; D. Kirkness leg.; AM KS.59201. PHILIPPINES ��� 1 ♀; Laguna, Los Ba��os, Mount Makiling; 14.13639�� N, 121.19444�� E; Luzon and Baker leg.; SMF 3501. SAMOA ��� 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Upolu; [13.83333�� S, 171.75�� W]; AMNH IFM-0885, IFM-0886. TAIWAN ��� 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, 18 imm.; Ping-Tung, Chao-Chow; [22.52937�� N, 120.56242�� E]; 6 Jun. 1956; D.E. Beck leg.; AMNH IFM-0871, IFM-0872. USA ��� 1 ♀; Hawai���i; [19.89677�� N, 155.58278�� W]; AM. Description Male (from Parque Nacional La Cangreja, San Jose, Costa Rica, INBIO 79582) COLOURATION. Carapace light brown, with brown median pattern, and cream lateral margins. Chelicerae, labium and endites light brown. Sternum light cream. Legs cream, with very faint light brown markings on the proximal and distal ends of tibiae III���IV. Abdomen brown, with faint light brown chevron posteriorly, and a large patch of white setae anteriorly on dorsum. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace subrounded, with unsclerotized tip. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded, sigilla not visible. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.49. Carapace length 1.19, width 0.93. Clypeus length 0.23. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.07, PME 0.09, ALE 0.13, PLE 0.10, AME���AME 0.02, PME���PME 0.10. Sternum length 0.73, width 0.65. Palp: femur length 0.56, height 0.17, tibia length 0.32, height 0.19. Leg I: 6.20 (1.59, 0.40, 1.80, 1.55, 0.86). II: 4.21 (1.21, 0.35, 1.14, 0.99, 0.52). III: ��� (0.99, 0.30, 0.87, x, x). IV: 4.85 (1.32, 0.35, 1.26, 1.31, 0.61). Abdomen: length 1.58, width 0.82. LEG MACROSETAE. Mt I 1a.vr. PALP (Figs 18, 20���21). Cymbium horseshoe shaped, bulb enlarged, with a median constriction, sperm duct N-shaped with a single coil, prolateral excavation very large occupying most of the tegulum, paraembolic lamina large, in two parts, with fimbriations proximally and digitiform distally, ending close to the apex of the embolus, embolus short and slightly curved. State of the specimen: good, lacking some setae; left palp and right leg I dissected. Female (from Parque Nacional La Cangreja, San Jose, Costa Rica, INBIO 79582) COLOURATION. As in male, except for lack of brown markings on carapace and chevron in the abdomen. HABITUS. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.86. Carapace length 1.25, width 1.02. Clypeus length 0.28. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.06, PME 0.08, ALE 0.12, PLE 0.11, AME���AME 0.02, PME���PME 0.09. Sternum length 0.86, width 0.67. Palp: femur length 0.72, height 0.30, tibia length 0.39, height 0.23. Leg I: 4.89 (1.28, 0.37, 1.31, 1.13, 0.80). II: ��� (1.08, 0.35, 0.88, x, x). III: ��� (0.92, 0.35, 0.70, x, x). IV: 4.32 (1.27, 0.39, 1.11, 0.97, 0.58). Abdomen: length 2.56, width 1.63. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows with 5-5-6 setae. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Adorned with thick setae. ENDOGYNE (Figs 19, 22). Median receptacles absent, lateral receptacles on a short stalk, trilobulate, sclerotized, with several glandular pores restricted to the proximal lobe. State of the specimen: good, genitalia dissected. Variation Female seminal receptacles may be fully sclerotized or hyaline (Fig. 19); perhaps this may depend on the maturity or reproductive status of the females. Males (N = 5): total length 2.19���2.79 (2.55), carapace length 0.99���1.2 (1.15), femur I length 1.31���1.59 (1.49), tibia I length 1.57���1.8 (1.72), femur/carapace ratio 1.18���1.34 (1.29). Females (N = 5): total length 2.73���4.96 (3.79), carapace length 1.17���1.8 (1.42), femur I length 1.1���1.58 (1.36), tibia I length 1.13���1.72 (1.4), femur/carapace ratio 0.88���1.02 (0.96). Distribution Widely distributed in tropical Polynesia, with other records in Taiwan, Philippines, New Guinea, Vanuatu, and in continental America from Mexico to Brazil (Fig. 1D)., Published as part of Magalhaes, Ivan L. F., Berry, James W., Koh, Joseph K. H. & Gray, Michael R., 2022, Labahitha spiders (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae) from islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, pp. 1-51 in European Journal of Taxonomy 805 (1) on pages 24-34, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.805.1693, http://zenodo.org/record/6373826, {"references":["Komatsu T. 1936. Iconographia colorata vivida Aranearum Japonicarum. Vol. I. Ranzan-kai, Tokyo.","Berland L. 1938. Araignees des Nouvelles Hebrides. Annales de la Societe entomologique de France 107: 121 - 190.","Berland L. 1942. Polynesian spiders. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 17 (1): 1 - 24.","Lehtinen P. T. 1967. Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici 4: 199 - 468.","Ramirez M. J., Magalhaes I. L. F., Derkarabetian S., Ledford J., Griswold C. E., Wood H. M. & Hedin M. 2021. Sequence capture phylogenomics of true spiders reveals convergent evolution of respiratory systems. Systematic Biology 70 (1): 14 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / syaa 043","Kayashima I. 1943. Spiders of Formosa. Tokyo.","Lee C. L. 1966. Spiders of Formosa (Taiwan). Taichung Junior Teachers College Publisher, Taichung.","Wang J. F. 1987. Study on the spiders of Filistatidae in south China II. Gen. Pritha. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 12 (3): 251 - 255.","Song D. X., Zhu M. S. & Chen J. 1999. The Spiders of China. Hebei Science and Technology Publishing House, Shijiazhuang.","Wheeler W. C., Coddington J. A., Crowley L. M., Dimitrov D., Goloboff P. A., Griswold C. E., Hormiga G., Prendini L., Ramirez M. J., Sierwald P., Almeida-Silva L., Alvarez-Padilla F., Arnedo M. A., Benavides Silva L. R., Benjamin S. P., Bond J. E., Grismado C. J., Hasan E., Hedin M., Izquierdo M. A., Labarque F. M., Ledford J., Lopardo L., Maddison W. P., Miller J. A., Piacentini L. N., Platnick N. I., Polotow D., Silva- Davila D., Scharff N., Szuts T., Ubick D., Vink C. J., Wood H. M. & Zhang J. 2017. The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics 33 (6): 574 - 616. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12182","Magalhaes I. L. F. & Ramirez M. J. 2017. Relationships and phylogenetic revision of Filistatinella spiders (Araneae: Filistatidae). Invertebrate Systematics 31 (6): 665 - 712. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 16083","Zonstein S. & Marusik Y. M. 2019. A revision of the spider genus Filistata (Araneae: Filistatidae). Arachnology 18 (2): 53 - 93. https: // doi. org / 10.13156 / arac. 2018.18.2.53"]}

Labahitha fuscata (Nakatsudi, 1943) comb. nov. Figs 2A–B, 4–6, 29C Filistata fuscata Nakatsudi, 1943: 148, fig. 1a–c. Female holotype from Palau, Koror Island, Aug.1941, T. Ogata leg., presumably deposited in the Tokyo University of Agriculture (Ono 2011), not examined. Filistata fuscata Kishida, 1947: 999, fig. 2839. Syntypes from Japanese Micronesia, currently untraceable (Ono 2011), not examined. First considered a junior synonym and homonym of Filistata fuscata Nakatsudi, 1943 by Ono (2011). Nr. Wandella sp. – Gray 1995: 84, figs 15, 19. Tricalamus fuscatus – Ono 2011: 185, figs 1–11; 2013: 19. Notes Although neither Ono (2011) nor we have examined the type specimens, we have seen plenty of specimens from the type locality and neighbouring islands that tally with the original descriptions of this species. Ono (2013) recorded this species in the Ogasawara Islands in Japan. Gray (1995: fig. 15) was the first to figure the male of this species. See Ono (2011) for a discussion regarding the correct authorship of this species and the priority of Nakatsudi’s (1943) name over Kishida’s (1947). Diagnosis The male is similar to that of Labahitha gibsonhilli in the sharp, triangular apex of the paraembolic lamina and the gently curved distal portion of the sperm duct. It differs by the shorter, more stout palpal bulb and the relatively larger paraembolic lamina (Fig. 5B, J–L) (vs palpal bulb longer and slender, with smaller paraembolic lamina in L. gibsonhilli). Females can be distinguished from all congeners by the very small median receptacles, which are reduced to a bump with pores, placed posteriorly to the larger, oval lateral receptacles (Fig. 6). The deep brown and uniform colouration is also characteristic (Fig. 4), although also present in L. ryukyuensis (Ono 2013). Material examined AUSTRALIA • 1 ♂; Queensland, Torres Strait, Darnley Island; [9.59747° S, 143.76142° E]; AM. BRUNEI • 1 ♀; Tutong, Tasek Merimbun Park HQ; [4.59444° N, 114.67083° E]; 13 Feb. 2013; J.K.H. Koh leg.; wooden wall crevices; JK 130213.1101 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 16 Apr. 2011; JK 110416.1907. FIJI • 1 ♀; Vanua Levu, Lasema; [16.62682° S, 179.01793° E]; W.M. Mann leg.; MCZ 40200. MARSHALL ISLANDS • 1 ♀; Kwajalein Atoll, Ennugarret Island; [9.38452° N, 167.4881° E]; 9 Jul. 1968; J.W. Berry leg.; beating trees in Pandanus forest; JBJB • 1 ♂; Majuro Atoll, Woja; [7.09171° N, 171.38268° E]; 26 Jul. 1968; J.W. Berry leg.; in coconut litter; JBJB. MICRONESIA • 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, “ Truk Islands ” [Chuuk Island], “ Moen Island ” [Weno Island]; [7.45575° N, 151.84985° E]; 12 Jun. 1978; J. Berry and Beatty leg.; in crevices on buildings; JBJB • 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Yap Island, Yap District, Fedor; [9.45056° N, 138.06269° E]; 1 Feb. 1980; J.W. Berry leg.; in banana leaves; JBJB • 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Yap Island, Yap District, Fedor; [9.45056° N, 138.06269° E]; 13 Apr. 1980; J.A. Beatty leg.; in web on tree trunk; JBJB • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Yap Island, Yap, near Gilman Point; [9.45056° N, 138.06269° E]; 15 Apr. 1980; webs in crevices on mango tree bark; JBJB. NEW CALEDONIA • 2 ♀♀, 1 imm.; Nord, Poum; [20.23333° S, 164.01667° E]; 13 Feb. 1993; N.I. Platnick, R.J. Raven and M.S. Harvey leg.; coastal cliffs; AMNH IFM-0917, IFM-0918. PALAU • 1 ♂; Caroline Islands, Koror Island; [7.34068° N, 134.4792° E]; 17 Mar. 1973; J. Berry and Beatty leg.; in cave entrance rock cracks; JBJB • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; JBJB • 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Koror Island; [7.34068° N, 134.4792° E]; 17 Mar. 1973; J. Berry and J. Beatty leg.; in crevices of tree trunk bark; JBJB • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Caroline Islands, Koror Island, on Entomology Lab building; [7.34068° N, 134.4792° E]; 7 Mar. 1973; J.A. Beatty leg.; JBJB • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 6 Mar. 1973; J. Berry and J. Beatty leg.; JBJB. PAPUA NEW GUINEA • 2 ♀♀; Bismarck Islands; [5.55234° S, 150.13883° E]; 18 Nov. 1896; ZMB. Description Male (from Palau, Koror Island, Entomology Laboratory, JBJB) COLOURATION (in ethanol). Carapace grey-brown, with darker irregular patterning in the median postocular area and the weakly defined mid-lateral and lateral marginal bands. Chelicerae, labium, endites and sternum brown. Legs with dark grey-brown pigmentation on femora, paler on tibiae and reduced to absent on remaining segments. Abdomen colour brownish grey with and several indistinct chevrons, but patterning poorly preserved. HABITUS. Anterior margin of carapace subrounded, sclerotized but apical part with an unsclerotized curved edge. Sternum subrounded, posteriorly bluntly pointed, a pair of posterior sigilla present. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 3.23. Carapace length 1.37, width 1.13. Clypeus length 0.33. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.05, PME 0.08, ALE 0.09, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.05, PME–PME 0.09. Sternum length 0.95, width 0.71. Palp: femur length 0.77, height 0.23; tibia length 0.49, height 0.22. Legs 1423. Leg I: 6.33 (1.63, 0.49, 1.80, 1.42, 0.99). II: 4.63 (1.24, 0.43, 1.14, 1.18, 0.64). III: 4.26 (1.10, 0.39, 0.95, 1.07, 0.75). IV: 5.41 (1.41, 0.49, 1.43, 1.44, 0.64). Abdomen length 1.86, width 0.86. LEG MACROSETAE. Metatarsus (Mt) I 1 a.vr. PALP (Fig. 5). Cymbium horseshoe shaped; bulb enlarged with a median constriction, sperm duct Nshaped with a single coil; tegulum with a large prolateral excavation, its surface adorned with strongly spined short ridges (each typically bispinate); large crest-like paraembolic process with a fimbriated dorsal margin bent more or less prolaterally, and narrowing distally to end in an extension above the embolus; comb-like microtooth arrays present on paraembolic process; embolus slender, slightly curved. Female (from Palau, Koror Island, Entomology Laboratory, JBJB) COLOURATION. Carapace similar to male, but anterior margin of carapace pigmented. Abdomen greyish brown with a longitudinal pale patch mid-dorsally and several indistinct pale chevrons laterally. One pair of posterior sternal sigilla present. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 4.75. Carapace length 1.69, width 1.33. Clypeus length 0.29. Sternum length 0.95, width 0.71. Palp: femur length 0.91, height 0.3; tibia length 0.42, height 0.3. Leg I: 5.71 (1.45, 0.52, 1.49, 1.32, 0.93). II: 4.22 (1.16, 0.49, 0.95, 0.95, 0.67). III: 3.7 (1.05, 0.48, 0.78, 0.85, 0.54). IV: 4.92 (1.41, 0.60, 1.25, 1.05, 0.61). Abdomen length 3.06, width 2.07. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent. Calamistrum with three rows. EPIGASTRIC FURROW. Unmodified. ENDOGYNE (Fig. 6). Median lobes very small with a few clustered pores; lateral lobes large, ovoid in side view, with scattered pores. Variation Male genitalia is similar across islands (Fig. 5). The shape of the lateral receptacles varies from rounded to oval, and the pores in the lateral receptacles may be concentrated in the ectal side or dispersed throughout the receptacle (Fig. 6). Natural history Specimens have been collected in habitats as diverse as wooden wall crevices, in coconut litter, in crevices on buildings, by beating trees in Pandanus forest, in banana leaves, in web on tree trunk, in webs in crevices on tree bark, in coastal cliffs and in cave entrance rock cracks. Distribution Widespread in Micronesia and Melanesia, extending into Borneo and Japan (Fig. 1).

Genus Labahitha Zonstein, Marusik & Magalhaes, 2017 Mystes Bristowe, 1938: 319 (preoccupied in Coleoptera; see Zonstein et al. 2017). Labahitha Zonstein, Marusik & Magalhaes, 2017: 305. Type species Mystes oonopiformis Bristowe, 1938, by monotypy. Emended diagnosis Labahitha is closely related to Wandella Gray, 1994 and Yardiella Gray, 1994, with whom it shares a dorsal paraembolic lamina on the palp of males (Fig. 5), excavated tegulum, microteeth combs on the tegulum (Fig. 5H), and complete absence of the macrosetae on the legs of females. Males can be distinguished from Wandella and Yardiella by: (1) the rounded clypeus, similar to that of the female (Figs 7, 17) (vs anterior margin of the carapace straight, with acute clypeus in males), (2) paraembolic lamina, which has a ragged margin (Figs 5, 12A–D) (vs entire margin), and may be divided into two parts (Figs 5, 15, 20) or reduced to a small proximal keel almost completely fused to the tegulum (Figs 12A–D, 25) (vs a single free-ending, unfused part); in addition, they usually have an apical macroseta on the ventro-retrolateral face of metatarsal I (vs macroseta usually absent; present in at least W. murrayensis Gray, 1994). Females are distinguished from Wandella and Yardiella by the less contrasting colouration pattern, with weak or absent submarginal bands, leg rings and chevron pattern on the abdomen (Figs 2–3) (vs submarginal bands, chevron and leg rings well-marked). The female genitalia is variable, with paired (Figs 6, 12) or unpaired (Fig. 19) receptacles; the median receptacles may be well-developed (Fig. 12) or reduced (Fig. 6). Relationships Labahitha forms a clade with Wandella and Yardiella on the basis of shared possession of a paraembolic lamina with micro-teeth (Figs 5, 12A–D) and micro-teeth in the male clypeus (Fig. 23F) (see also Gray 1994; Magalhaes 2016; Zonstein et al. 2017). Tentative transfers The following three species are known only from the females mentioned in the original descriptions, which include poor figures, if any at all. Based on the textual description and their distribution, they are here provisionally transferred to Labahitha, taking into account that their current placement in the mainly Eurasian genus Pritha (proposed by Lehtinen 1967: 260) is poorly justified. Examination of their type material should be carried out to confirm the generic placement and clarify their identities, as it is not unlikely that they are synonyms of the other species treated here. This is especially important in the case of Filistata insularis Thorell, 1891, which has nomenclatorial priority over any of the names treated in this paper. (1) Labahitha littoralis (Roewer, 1938) comb. nov. (Filistata littoralis Roewer, 1938: 8, fig. 3. Female holotype from Indonesia, New Guinea, Kamana, 19 Mar. 1929, deposited in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Belgium, not examined). Roewer (1938) describes the colouration of the carapace as yellowish brown, without spots or markings; the abdomen as dark grey; the legs as pale yellow and uniform, except for the darker femora. This is similar to pattern in other species of Labahitha (Fig. 2C). (2) Labahitha insularis (Thorell, 1891) comb. nov. (F. insularis Thorell, 1891: 17. Female (subadult?) from India, Car Nicobar, repository unknown, not examined). Lehtinen (1967) mentions that the types are deposited in Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria, but the only specimens identified as Filistata insularis in this collection come from Sumatra and were collected in 1938 (C. Hörweg, pers. com.), and thus cannot possibly be the types. The description mentions a dark spider, consistent with some species of this genus; the type locality is the same as that of L. nicobarensis (Tikader, 1977) comb. nov. and it is not unlikely the two species are synonyms (Fig. 2A). (3) Labahitha sundaica (Kulczyński, 1908) comb. nov. (Filistata sundaica Kulczyński, 1908: 579. Female holotype from Indonesia, Java, deposited in Instytut Zoologiczny, Polska Akademia Nauk, Poland, labelled Filistata biroi according to Lehtinen 1967, not examined). Kulczyński (1908) states that the carapace, the sternum, palps and legs are pale yellow, the abdomen is hazelnut brown, and that the mouth parts and distal portion of the legs are suffused with rusty red. This is similar to pattern in other species of Labahitha (Fig. 2C). Composition Eight species surely belong in the genus: Labahitha fuscata (Nakatsudi, 1943) comb. nov., Labahitha garciai (Simon, 1892) comb. nov., Labahitha gibsonhilli (Savory, 1943), Labahitha marginata (Kishida, 1936) comb. nov., Labahitha nicobarensis (Tikader, 1977) comb. nov., Labahitha oonopiformis (Bristowe, 1938), Labahitha platnicki sp. nov. and Labahitha ryukyuensis (Ono, 2013) comb. nov. Four other species are tentatively allocated here: Labahitha incerta sp. nov., Labahitha littoralis (Roewer, 1938) comb. nov., Labahitha insularis (Thorell, 1891) comb. nov. and Labahitha sundaica (Kulczyński, 1908) comb. nov. Distribution The genus is mainly distributed in Oceania and adjacent areas (Fig. 1). Species occur in a wide range spanning the Seychelles, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea and several islands in the Pacific Ocean; records from the American continent likely represent human-mediated introduction. Material examined by us from India, Sri Lanka, China, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand belongs to other Prithinae genera, thus we suspect that Labahitha is not diverse in continental Asia.

Labahitha incerta sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CD799953-33EF-401B-AF6F-05DFB1F07354 Figs 14–15, 28D Notes This hitherto undescribed species, known from a single male, shares some characters with Wandella, such as a contrasting colouration (Fig. 14A) and the lack of a true macroseta in metatarsus I (Fig. 14D). On the other hand it presents characters typical of Labahitha, such as a subrounded clypeus (Fig. 14E) (vs straight or sharp in Wandella), and the paraembolic lamina divided in two parts and apparently with a ragged margin (Fig. 15B, D). We decided to allocate this species in Labahitha provisionally until more data is collected, but the possibility that it belongs in the mainly Australian genus Wandella cannot be excluded. Diagnosis The male is most similar to L. marginata in the paraembolic lamina divided in two parts, with a rounded apex near the embolus; it differs by the less obvious fimbriations in the paraembolic lamina and the bulb without a median constriction (Fig. 15) (vs fimbriations more prominent, bulb with a clear median constriction). Etymology The name is an adjective meaning ‘uncertain’ and refers to the tentative placement of this species in this genus. Type material Holotype AUSTRALIA • ♂; Queensland, Nipping Gully, site 5; 25.7° S, 151.43333° E; 240 m a.s.l.; 7 Jul. 1999; G.B. Monteith leg.; vine scrub; pyrethrum; QM S.78659. Additional material examined None. Description Male holotype (from Nipping Gully, Queensland, Australia, QM S.78659) COLOURATION. Carapace cream with dark brown median pattern and clypeal markings, light brown median area, and slightly dark submarginal bands. Chelicerae, labium and endites cream, with a small light brown patch. Sternum cream with diffuse light brown patches along the border. Legs cream, with incomplete light brown rings in the base and apex of the femora, tibiae and metatarsi (except for leg I, with barely visible markings in femur and tibia only). Abdomen light brown, clothed with whitish setae, with a cream, oval, elongate patch in the first half and four transverse cream patches posteriorly; venter cream. HABITUS. Anterior margin of the carapace subrounded, with unsclerotized tip. Eye apodemes present. Sternum subrounded. MEASUREMENTS. Total length 2.91. Carapace length 1.22, width 1.02. Clypeus length 0.20. Eye diameters and interdistances: AME 0.08, PME 0.08, ALE 0.11, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.01, PME–PME 0.09. Palp: femur length 0.61, height 0.17, tibia length 0.43, height 0.15. Leg I: 6.27 (1.54, 0.37, 1.86, 1.53, 0.97). II: — (1.08, 0.32, 1.09, x, x). III: — (0.95, 0.35, 0.92, x, x). IV: 4.59 (1.24, 0.33, 1.23, 1.21, 0.58). Abdomen: length 1.63, width 1.08. LEG MACROSETAE. Absent, but a ventral stronger seta in the apex of metatarsus I is present. PALP (Fig. 15). Cymbium horseshoe shaped, bulb suddenly narrowing towards embolus, sperm duct N-shaped, with a single coil, prolateral excavation very large and high, apparently with comb-like arrays of micro-teeth, paraembolic lamina free, prolaterally curved, with rounded apex, ending close to embolus apex, embolus short. State of the specimen: has lost some setae from the legs and abdomen, left palp dissected, right legs I and II separated from the body at the patella-tibia joint. Female Unknown. Distribution Known only from the type locality in Australia, Queensland (Fig. 1B).

This study provides a corpus-­‐based description of aspect marking by means of verb modification in Australian Sign Language (Auslan). Signed languages are widely reported to make use of a process of verb modification to express aspectual information. These modifications have been analysed as inflectional morphology by many researchers (Klima & Bellugi, 1979; Rathmann, 2005), while some have suggested they are derivational (Maroney, 2004) or even ideophonic morphology (Bergman & Dahl, 1994). In this dissertation, I describe the categories of aspectual verb modification (AVM) found in Auslan. I also suggest that AVM does not form a morphological system, but is more consistently understood as a system of gestural modification. This analysis makes AVM congruent with the other major verbal modification systems in signed languages, depicting and indicating verbs, and also points, all of which I consider partially-­‐lexical structures (Johnston & Schembri, 2007; Liddell, 2003; Schembri, 2001). The gestural nature of these systems provides evidence that signed languages make extensive use of gestural representation to convey core grammatical information. This finding is consistent with a model of language that integrates both the linguistic and gestural elements in human communication (Enfield, 2009).

According to the World Health Organization, more than 70 million disabled people in the world need a wheelchair to aid their daily mobility needs. Providing access to low cost wheelchairs that covers the users basic needs is therefore a societal challenge that not only contribute to their well-being but also their dignity. Manual wheelchairs are widespread due to their low cost and high maneuverability. In order to mitigate the physical effects of the repeated efforts on the push rims, the company Autonomad Mobility developed an electrification kit. Among the available features, the so-called gyroscopic mode allows operating the wheelchair in an upright position with the caster wheels lifted off the ground. In this thesis, different control laws are proposed to swing-up the wheelchair from the grounded position to the unstable equilibrium position (gyroscopic mode). The specificity of the control problem is that the user is part of the system to be controlled. A mathematical model of the wheel chair and the user is built from the mechanical equations motion and its parameters are identified through adequate experiments. The wheelchair swingup is first casted as a reference tracking problem where the control associated with the trajectory is known. The system is modeled as a continuous Takagi-Sugeno descriptor model and the closed loop Lyapunov stability is formulated as a set on Linear Matrix Inequalities to be solved. The reference control and state trajectories are computed as a solution to an optimal control problem. The tuning of the criterion allows to tune the compromise between the control amplitude and the deviation from the wheelchair target position. Simulation and experimental results are provided and analyzed. Experimental results are globally similar to the simulations, thus demonstrating the validity of the model and the effectiveness of the control approach. Even though the trajectory is actually followed by the wheelchair, the quantification of some sensor readings combined with the numerical implementation of the continuous control law on a discrete system leads to some degradation of the control performances. To make improvements on the above control strategy, a second control approach, using a discrete time controller, is suggested. The wheelchair dynamics is formulated as an uncertain discrete time Takagi-Sugeno discrete descriptor model that accounts for different users' characteristics. The tracking problem is formulated and again, the control approach consists in tracking a given state trajectory but now it is generated by an a priori chosen model stabilized by an appropriate state feedback. The robust stabilization conditions are provided as a set of Linear Matrix Inequalities. Finally, simulation and experimental results are provided. Videos of the experiments are provided to illustrate the robustness of the control law to different users and the closed loop behavior when the user voluntary rocks its upper body.; D'après l'Organisation Mondiale de la santé, plus de 70 millions de personnes à mobilité réduite ont besoin d'un fauteuil roulant pour assurer leurs déplacements quotidiens. Garantir l'accès à des fauteuil abordables et capable de couvrir les déplacements de base est un challenge sociétal qui contribue non seulement au bien-être des personnes mais également à leur dignité. Les fauteuils manuels sont les plus rependus en raison de leur cout modeste et leur grande manœuvrabilité. Pour limiter les troubles musculaires liés aux appuis répétés sur les roues, la société Autonomad Mobility propose un kit d'électrification. Parmi les différentes fonctionnalités proposées, le mode gyroscopique permet à l'utilisateur de se déplacer en équilibre sur deux roues, les petites roues avant étant levées. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs lois de commande sont proposées pour assurer le passage du mode stable (avec les 4 roues posées sur le sol) à la position en équilibre instable du mode gyroscopique. Une des spécificités des lois de commandes proposées, est que l'utilisateur fait partie du système piloté. Un modèle mathématique du fauteuil et de l'utilisateur est construit en utilisant les lois de la mécanique, et ses paramètres sont identifiés grâce à des expérimentations spécifiques. Le passage à la position d'équilibre instable est formulé comme un problème de suivi de trajectoire où la commande utilisée pour générer la trajectoire est connue. Le système est écrit sous la fomre d'un descripteur flou de type Takagi Sugeno et la stabilité de la boucle fermée, au sens de Lyapunov, est formulée comme un ensemble d'inégalités linéaires matricielles. La trajectoire de référence est calculée comme la solution d'un problème de commande optimale. Les pondérations entre les différents termes du critère permettent de choisir le compromis entre l'amplitude de commande et le déplacement longitudinal du fauteuil. Les résultats de simulation et des expérimentations sont présentés et discutés. Globalement, les résultats expérimentaux sont similaires à ceux obtenus en simulation, démontrant ainsi la validité du modèle et la pertinence de l'approche utilisée. Même si la trajectoire de référence est bien suivie par le fauteuil, la quantification des mesures des capteurs et la mise en œuvre sur un calculateur numérique de la loi de commande formulée en temps continue, amène une dégradation des performances de la loi de commande. Afin d'améliorer les résultats obtenus, une deuxième approche, formulée en temps discret, est envisagée. La dynamique du fauteuil roulant est tout d'abord écrite sous la forme d'un descripteur flou de type Takagi-Sugeno. Des incertitudes sur les paramètres permettent de prendre en compte la morphologie de différents utilisateurs. Un problème de suivi de trajectoire est formulée de sorte à suivre une trajectoire d'état donné, mais cette fois ci, la trajectoire est généré en utilisant un modèle fixé a priori et stabilisé via un retour d'état approprié. L'écriture de la stabilisation robuste de la boucle fermée se résume à un ensemble d'inégalité matricielles linéaires. Finalement, des résultats de simulation et expérimentaux sont discutées. Des vidéos des expérimentations sont mises à dispositions. Différents utilisateurs ont testé la loi de commande proposée qui a été en mesure de réguler correctement le fauteuil en équilibre instable en dépit des brusques mouvement volontaires des utilisateurs.

The type 2 secretion system (T2SS) is present in some Gram-negative eubacteria and used to secrete proteins across the outer membrane. Here we report that certain representative heteroloboseans, jakobids, malawimonads and hemimastigotes unexpectedly possess homologues of core T2SS components. We show that at least some of them are present in mitochondria, and their behaviour in biochemical assays is consistent with the presence of a mitochondrial T2SS-derived system (miT2SS). We additionally identified 23 protein families co-occurring with miT2SS in eukaryotes. Seven of these proteins could be directly linked to the core miT2SS by functional data and/or sequence features, whereas others may represent different parts of a broader functional pathway, possibly also involving the peroxisome. Its distribution in eukaryotes and phylogenetic evidence together indicate that the miT2SS-centred pathway is an ancestral eukaryotic trait. Our findings thus have direct implications for the functional properties of the early mitochondrion.

Patients with systemic sclerosis are at high risk of developing systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease. Symptoms and outcomes of systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease range from subclinical lung involvement to respiratory failure and death. Early and accurate diagnosis of systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease is therefore important to enable appropriate intervention. The most sensitive and specific way to diagnose systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease is by high-resolution computed tomography, and experts recommend that high-resolution computed tomography should be performed in all patients with systemic sclerosis at the time of initial diagnosis. In addition to being an important screening and diagnostic tool, high-resolution computed tomography can be used to evaluate disease extent in systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease and may be helpful in assessing prognosis in some patients. Currently, there is no consensus with regards to frequency and scanning intervals in patients at risk of interstitial lung disease development and/or progression. However, expert guidance does suggest that frequency of screening using high-resolution computed tomography should be guided by risk of developing interstitial lung disease. Most experienced clinicians would not repeat high-resolution computed tomography more than once a year or every other year for the first few years unless symptoms arose. Several computed tomography techniques have been developed in recent years that are suitable for regular monitoring, including low-radiation protocols, which, together with other technologies, such as lung ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, may further assist in the evaluation and monitoring of patients with systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease. A video abstract to accompany this article is available at: https://www.globalmedcomms.com/respiratory/Khanna/HRCTinSScILD

The type 2 secretion system (T2SS) is present in some Gram-negative eubacteria and used to secrete proteins across the outer membrane. Here we report that certain representative heteroloboseans, jakobids, malawimonads and hemimastigotes unexpectedly possess homologues of core T2SS components. We show that at least some of them are present in mitochondria, and their behaviour in biochemical assays is consistent with the presence of a mitochondrial T2SS-derived system (miT2SS). We additionally identified 23 protein families co-occurring with miT2SS in eukaryotes. Seven of these proteins could be directly linked to the core miT2SS by functional data and/or sequence features, whereas others may represent different parts of a broader functional pathway, possibly also involving the peroxisome. Its distribution in eukaryotes and phylogenetic evidence together indicate that the miT2SS-centred pathway is an ancestral eukaryotic trait. Our findings thus have direct implications for the functional properties of the early mitochondrion.

Bacteria synthesize inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) in response to a variety of different stress conditions. PolyP protects bacteria by acting as a protein-stabilizing chaperone, metal chelator, or regulator of protein function, among other mechanisms. However, little is known about how stress signals are transmitted in the cell to lead to increased polyP accumulation. Previous work in the model enterobacteriumEscherichia colihas indicated that the RNA polymerase-binding regulatory protein DksA is required for polyP synthesis in response to nutrient limitation stress. In this work, I set out to characterize the role of DksA in polyP regulation in more detail. I found that overexpression of DksA increases cellular polyP content (explaining the long-mysterious phenotype ofdksAoverexpression rescuing growth of adnaKmutant at high temperature) and characterized the roles of known functional residues of DksA in this process, finding that binding to RNA polymerase is required, but none of the other functions of DksA appear to be necessary. Transcriptomics revealed genome-wide transcriptional changes upon nutrient limitation, many of which were affected by DksA, and follow-up experiments identified complex interactions between DksA and the stress-sensing alternative sigma factors FliA, RpoN, and RpoE that impact polyP production, indicating that regulation of polyP synthesis is deeply entwined in the multifactorial stress response network ofE. coli.IMPORTANCEInorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionarily ancient, widely conserved biopolymer required for stress resistance and pathogenesis in diverse bacteria, but we do not understand how its synthesis is regulated. In this work, I gained new insights into this process by characterizing the role of the transcriptional regulator DksA in polyP regulation inEscherichia coliand identifying previously unknown links between polyP synthesis and the stress-responsive alternative sigma factors FliA, RpoN, and RpoE.

Additional file 5: Figure S2. A novel patchily distributed mitochondrial protein of the DegT/DnrJ/EryC1/StrS aminotransferase family. (A) Phylogenetic analysis of a selection of protein sequences of the DegT/DnrJ/EryC1/StrS aminotransferase family including the Andalucia godoyi protein ANDGO_00275.mRNA.1 and its relatives from other eukaryotes (identified by a near-exhaustive searching of available eukaryotic genomic and transcriptomic data). The tree was inferred using FastTree (default parameters) from an alignment of 372 amino acid positions. Black dots denote bootstrap support ≥91%. Branches in black correspond to sequences from prokaryotes, those in red are eukaryotic (a detailed view of the eukaryotic clade is provided at the top). (B) ANDGO_00275.mRNA.1 and its three eukaryotic relatives exhibit an N-terminal extension compared to their prokaryotic homologs (top) and the four proteins are predicted as mitochondrial by most tools employed (bottom; scores of four prediction tools are provided, with only PSORT II prediction for the T. trahens protein favouring cytosolic localization over the mitochondrial one). (PDF 439 kb)

Additional file 7: Figure S3. Phylogenetic analysis of (A) RFO and (B) DUF3501 proteins. ML trees (RAxML, PROTGAMMALG) are shown, with branch support values (rapid bootstraps) indicated when ≥51%. The root is placed arbitrarily. The RFO tree (A) is based on an alignment of 365 amino acid positions. The sequence from Ancoracysta twista is only partial, possibly explaining why it does not cluster together with sequences from other eukaryotes. Note the sequence from the gammaproteobacterium Arhodomonas aquaeolei nested among alphaproteobacterial sequences, suggesting a possible HGT event. The DUF3501 tree (B) is based on an alignment of 128 amino acid positions. (PDF 864 kb)

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Modern mitochondria have preserved few traits of the original bacterial endosymbiont. Unexpectedly, we find that certain representatives of heteroloboseans, jakobids and malawimonads possess homologues of four core components of the type 2 secretion system (T2SS) so far restricted to eubacteria. We show that these components are localized to the mitochondrion, and their behaviour in functional assays is consistent with the formation of a mitochondrial T2SS-derived protein secretion system. We additionally identified 23 protein families exactly co-occurring in eukaryotes with the T2SS. Seven of these proteins could be directly linked to the core T2SS by functional data and/or sequence features, whereas others may represent different parts of a broader functional pathway, possibly linking the mitochondrion with the peroxisome. Its distribution in eukaryotes and phylogenetic evidence indicate that the whole mitochondrial T2SS-centred pathway is an ancestral eukaryotic trait. Our findings thus have direct implications for the functional properties of the early mitochondrion.

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PurposeThe purpose of this work was to estimate scanner-independent CTDIvol -to-fetal-dose coefficients for tube current-modulated (TCM) and fixed tube current (FTC) computed tomography (CT) examinations of pregnant patients of various gestational ages undergoing abdominal/pelvic CT examinations.MethodsFor 24 pregnant patients of gestational age from

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In recent years, the importance of mucosal surface pH in the airways has been highlighted by its ability to regulate airway surface liquid (ASL) hydration, mucus viscosity and activity of antimicrobial peptides, key parameters involved in innate defense of the lungs. This is of primary relevance in the field of chronic respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) where these parameters are dysregulated. While different groups have studied ASL pH both in vivo and in vitro, their methods report a relatively wide range of ASL pH values and even contradictory findings regarding any pH differences between non-CF and CF cells. Furthermore, their protocols do not always provide enough details in order to ensure reproducibility, most are low throughput and require expensive equipment or specialized knowledge to implement, making them difficult to establish in most labs. Here we describe a semi-automated fluorescent plate reader assay that enables the real-time measurement of ASL pH under thin film conditions that more closely resemble the in vivo situation. This technique allows for stable measurements for many hours from multiple airway cultures simultaneously and, importantly, dynamic changes in ASL pH in response to agonists and inhibitors can be monitored. To achieve this, the ASL of fully differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells (hAECs) are stained overnight with a pH-sensitive dye in order to allow for the reabsorption of the excess fluid to ensure thin film conditions. After fluorescence is monitored in the presence or absence of agonists, pH calibration is performed in situ to correct for volume and dye concentration. The method described provides the required controls to make stable and reproducible ASL pH measurements, which ultimately could be used as a drug discovery platform for personalized medicine, as well as adapted to other epithelial tissues and experimental conditions, such as inflammatory and/or host-pathogen models.

Respiratory failure, driven by airways mucus obstruction, chronic inflammation and bacterial infections, is the main cause of mortality and morbidity in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) due to defects in the Cl- and HCO3− transport activity of the CF Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR). Most recent pre-clinical and clinical studies have focused on restoring CFTR function by enhancing its trafficking or transport activity and show promising results. However, there are a significant number of patients that will not benefit from these CFTR-targeted therapies and it is therefore important to identify new non-CFTR targets that will restore lung function, by-passing CFTR dysfunction. The H+/K+-ATPase, ATP12A, has recently been identified as a potential novel target for CF therapies, since its acute inhibition by ouabain was shown to help restore mucus viscosity, mucociliary transport, and antimicrobial activity using in vitro CF airway models, and this effect was linked to an increase in the pH of the airway surface liquid (ASL). Here, we have evaluated the potential therapeutic use of ouabain by investigating the effect of chronically treating fully differentiated CF primary human airway epithelial cells (hAECs) with ouabain, under thin film conditions, resembling the in vivo situation. Our results show that although chronic treatment increased ASL pH, this correlated with a deleterious effect on epithelial integrity as assessed by LDH release, transepithelial electrical resistance, fluorescein flux, and ion transport. Since ATP12A shares approximately 65% identity with the gastric H+/K+-ATPase (ATP4A), we investigated the potential of using clinically approved ATP4A proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for their ability to restore ASL pH in CF hAECs. We show that, despite not expressing ATP4A transcripts, acute exposure to the PPI esomeprezole, produced changes in intracellular pH that were consistent with the inhibition of H+ secretion, but this response was independent of ATP12A. More importantly, chronic exposure of CF hAECs to esomeprazole alkalinized the ASL without disrupting the epithelial barrier integrity, but this increase in ASL pH was consistent with a decrease in mRNA expression of ATP12A. We conclude that PPIs may offer a new approach to restore ASL pH in CF airways, which is independent of CFTR.

Key points Raised arterial blood CO2 (hypercapnia) is a feature of many lung diseases.CO2 has been shown to act as a cell signalling molecule in human cells, notably by influencing the levels of cell signalling second messengers: cAMP and Ca2+.Hypercapnia reduced cAMP‐stimulated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐dependent anion and fluid transport in Calu‐3 cells and primary human airway epithelia but did not affect cAMP‐regulated HCO3 − transport via pendrin or Na+/HCO3 − cotransporters.These results further support the role of CO2 as a cell signalling molecule and suggests CO2‐induced reductions in airway anion and fluid transport may impair innate defence mechanisms of the lungs. Abstract Hypercapnia is clinically defined as an arterial blood partial pressure of CO2 of above 40 mmHg and is a feature of chronic lung disease. In previous studies we have demonstrated that hypercapnia modulates agonist‐stimulated cAMP levels through effects on transmembrane adenylyl cyclase activity. In the airways, cAMP is known to regulate cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)‐mediated anion and fluid secretion, which contributes to airway surface liquid homeostasis. The aim of the current work was to investigate if hypercapnia could modulate cAMP‐regulated ion and fluid transport in human airway epithelial cells. We found that acute exposure to hypercapnia significantly reduced forskolin‐stimulated elevations in intracellular cAMP as well as both adenosine‐ and forskolin‐stimulated increases in CFTR‐dependent transepithelial short‐circuit current, in polarised cultures of Calu‐3 human airway cells. This CO2‐induced reduction in anion secretion was not due to a decrease in HCO3 − transport given that neither a change in CFTR‐dependent HCO3 − efflux nor Na+/HCO3 − cotransporter‐dependent HCO3 − influx were CO2‐sensitive. Hypercapnia also reduced the volume of forskolin‐stimulated fluid secretion over 24 h, yet had no effect on the HCO3 − content of the secreted fluid. Our data reveal that hypercapnia reduces CFTR‐dependent, electrogenic Cl− and fluid secretion, but not CFTR‐dependent HCO3 − secretion, which highlights a differential sensitivity of Cl− and HCO3 − transporters to raised CO2 in Calu‐3 cells. Hypercapnia also reduced forskolin‐stimulated CFTR‐dependent anion secretion in primary human airway epithelia. Based on current models of airways biology, a reduction in fluid secretion, associated with hypercapnia, would be predicted to have important consequences for airways hydration and the innate defence mechanisms of the lungs., Key points Raised arterial blood CO2 (hypercapnia) is a feature of many lung diseases.CO2 has been shown to act as a cell signalling molecule in human cells, notably by influencing the levels of cell signalling second messengers: cAMP and Ca2+.Hypercapnia reduced cAMP‐stimulated cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator‐dependent anion and fluid transport in Calu‐3 cells and primary human airway epithelia but did not affect cAMP‐regulated HCO3 − transport via pendrin or Na+/HCO3 − cotransporters.These results further support the role of CO2 as a cell signalling molecule and suggests CO2‐induced reductions in airway anion and fluid transport may impair innate defence mechanisms of the lungs.

PurposeCT Perfusion (CTP) is a widely used clinical imaging modality. However, CTP typically involves the use of substantial radiation dose (CTDIvol ≥~200mGy). The purpose of this study is to present a low-dose CTP technique using a projection view-sharing reconstruction algorithm originally developed for dynamic MRI - "K-space Weighted Image Contrast" (KWIC).MethodsThe KWIC reconstruction is based on an angle-bisection scheme. In KWIC, a Fourier transform was performed along each projection to form a "k-space"-like CT data space, based on the central-slice theorem. As a projection view-sharing technique, KWIC preserves the spatiotemporal resolution of undersampled CTP data by progressively increasing the number of projection views shared for more distant regions of "k-space". KWIC reconstruction was evaluated on a digital FORBILD head phantom with numerically simulated time-varying objects. The numerically simulated scans were undersampled using the angle-bisection scheme to achieve 50%, 25%, and 12.5% of the original dose (288, 144, and 72 projections, respectively). The area-under-the-curve (AUC), time-to-peak (TTP), and full width half maximum (FWHM) were measured in KWIC recons and compared to fully sampled filtered back projection (FBP) reconstructions. KWIC reconstruction and dose reduction was also implemented for three clinical CTP cases (45s, 1156 projections per turn, 1s/turn, CTDIvol 217mGy). Quantitative perfusion metrics were computed and compared between KWIC reconstructed CTP data and those of standard FBP reconstruction.ResultsThe AUC, TTP, and FWHM in the numerical simzulations were unaffected by the undersampling/dose reduction (down to 12.5% dose) with KWIC reconstruction compared to the fully sampled FBP reconstruction. The normalized root-mean-square-error (NRMSE) of the AUC in the FORBILD head phantom is 0.04, 0.05, and 0.07 for 50%, 25%, and 12.5% KWIC, respectively, as compared to FBP reconstruction. The cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood volume had no significant difference between FBP and 50%, 25%, and 12.5% KWIC reconstructions (P>0.05).ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that KWIC preserves perfusion metrics for CTP with substantially reduced dose. Clinical implementation will require further investigation into methods of rapid switching of a CT x-ray source.

PURPOSE: To determine the variability of lesion size measurements in computed tomography data sets of patients imaged under a “no change” (“coffee break”) condition and to determine the impact of two reading paradigms on measurement variability. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Using data sets from 32 non-small cell lung cancer patients scanned twice within 15 minutes (“no change”), measurements were performed by five radiologists in two phases: (1) independent reading of each computed tomography dataset (timepoint): (2) a locked, sequential reading of datasets. Readers performed measurements using several sizing methods, including one-dimensional (1D) longest in-slice dimension and 3D semi-automated segmented volume. Change in size was estimated by comparing measurements performed on both timepoints for the same lesion, for each reader and each measurement method. For each reading paradigm, results were pooled across lesions, across readers, and across both readers and lesions, for each measurement method. RESULTS: The mean percent difference (± SD) when pooled across both readers and lesions for 1D and 3D measurements extracted from contours was 2.8 ± 22.2% and 23.4 ± 105.0%, respectively, for the independent reads. For the locked, sequential reads, the mean percent differences (± SD) reduced to 2.52 ± 14.2% and 7.4 ± 44.2% for the 1D and 3D measurements, respectively. CONCLUSION: Even under a “no change” condition between scans, there is variation in lesion size measurements due to repeat scans and variations in reader, lesion, and measurement method. This variation is reduced when using a locked, sequential reading paradigm compared to an independent reading paradigm.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a Cl(-) channel that governs the quantity and composition of epithelial secretions. CFTR function is normally tightly controlled as dysregulation can lead to life-threatening diseases such as secretory diarrhoea and cystic fibrosis. CFTR activity is regulated by phosphorylation of its cytosolic regulatory (R) domain, and ATP binding and hydrolysis at two nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs). Here, we report that CFTR activity is also controlled by extracellular Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-)]o). Patch clamp current recordings show that a rise in [Cl(-)]o stimulates CFTR channel activity, an effect conferred by a single arginine residue, R899, in extracellular loop 4 of the protein. Using NBD mutants and ATP dose response studies in WT channels, we determined that [Cl(-)]o sensing was linked to changes in ATP binding energy at NBD1, which likely impacts NBD dimer stability. Biochemical measurements showed that increasing [Cl(-)]o decreased the intrinsic ATPase activity of CFTR mainly through a reduction in maximal ATP turnover. Our studies indicate that sensing [Cl(-)]o is a novel mechanism for regulating CFTR activity and suggest that the luminal ionic environment is an important physiological arbiter of CFTR function, which has significant implications for salt and fluid homeostasis in epithelial tissues.

The neuromodulatory inward current (IMI) generated by crab Cancer borealis stomatogastric ganglion neurons is an inward current whose voltage dependence has been shown to be crucial in the activation of oscillatory activity of the pyloric network of this system. It has been previously shown that IMI loses its voltage dependence in conditions of low extracellular calcium, but that this effect appears to be regulated by intracellular calmodulin. Voltage dependence is only rarely regulated by intracellular signaling mechanisms. Here we address the hypothesis that the voltage dependence of IMI is mediated by intracellular signaling pathways activated by extracellular calcium. We demonstrate that calmodulin inhibitors and a ryanodine antagonist can reduce IMI voltage dependence in normal Ca2+, but that, in conditions of low Ca2+, calmodulin activators do not restore IMI voltage dependence. Further, we show evidence that CaMKII alters IMI voltage dependence. These results suggest that calmodulin is necessary but not sufficient for IMI voltage dependence. We therefore hypothesize that the Ca2+/calmodulin requirement for IMI voltage dependence is due to an active sensing of extracellular calcium by a GPCR family calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and that the reduction in IMI voltage dependence by a calmodulin inhibitor is due to CaSR endocytosis. Supporting this, preincubation with an endocytosis inhibitor prevented W7 (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride)-induced loss of IMI voltage dependence, and a CaSR antagonist reduced IMI voltage dependence. Additionally, myosin light chain kinase, which is known to act downstream of the CaSR, seems to play a role in regulating IMI voltage dependence. Finally, a Gβγ-subunit inhibitor also affects IMI voltage dependence, in support of the hypothesis that this process is regulated by a G-protein-coupled CaSR.

PurposeWith growing interest in quantitative imaging, radiomics, and CAD using CT imaging, the need to explore the impacts of acquisition and reconstruction parameters has grown. This usually requires extensive access to the scanner on which the data were acquired and its workflow is not designed for large-scale reconstruction projects. Therefore, the authors have developed a freely available, open-source software package implementing a common reconstruction method, weighted filtered backprojection (wFBP), for helical fan-beam CT applications.MethodsFreeCT_wFBP is a low-dependency, GPU-based reconstruction program utilizing c for the host code and Nvidia CUDA C for GPU code. The software is capable of reconstructing helical scans acquired with arbitrary pitch-values, and sampling techniques such as flying focal spots and a quarter-detector offset. In this work, the software has been described and evaluated for reconstruction speed, image quality, and accuracy. Speed was evaluated based on acquisitions of the ACR CT accreditation phantom under four different flying focal spot configurations. Image quality was assessed using the same phantom by evaluating CT number accuracy, uniformity, and contrast to noise ratio (CNR). Finally, reconstructed mass-attenuation coefficient accuracy was evaluated using a simulated scan of a FORBILD thorax phantom and comparing reconstructed values to the known phantom values.ResultsThe average reconstruction time evaluated under all flying focal spot configurations was found to be 17.4 ± 1.0 s for a 512 row × 512 column × 32 slice volume. Reconstructions of the ACR phantom were found to meet all CT Accreditation Program criteria including CT number, CNR, and uniformity tests. Finally, reconstructed mass-attenuation coefficient values of water within the FORBILD thorax phantom agreed with original phantom values to within 0.0001 mm(2)/g (0.01%).ConclusionsFreeCT_wFBP is a fast, highly configurable reconstruction package for third-generation CT available under the GNU GPL. It shows good performance with both clinical and simulated data.

The use of Monte Carlo simulations in diagnostic medical imaging research is widespread due to its flexibility and ability to estimate quantities that are challenging to measure empirically. However, any new Monte Carlo simulation code needs to be validated before it can be used reliably. The type and degree of validation required depends on the goals of the research project, but, typically, such validation involves either comparison of simulation results to physical measurements or to previously published results obtained with established Monte Carlo codes. The former is complicated due to nuances of experimental conditions and uncertainty, while the latter is challenging due to typical graphical presentation and lack of simulation details in previous publications. In addition, entering the field of Monte Carlo simulations in general involves a steep learning curve. It is not a simple task to learn how to program and interpret a Monte Carlo simulation, even when using one of the publicly available code packages. This Task Group report provides a common reference for benchmarking Monte Carlo simulations across a range of Monte Carlo codes and simulation scenarios. In the report, all simulation conditions are provided for six different Monte Carlo simulation cases that involve common x-ray based imaging research areas. The results obtained for the six cases using four publicly available Monte Carlo software packages are included in tabular form. In addition to a full description of all simulation conditions and results, a discussion and comparison of results among the Monte Carlo packages and the lessons learned during the compilation of these results are included. This abridged version of the report includes only an introductory description of the six cases and a brief example of the results of one of the cases. This work provides an investigator the necessary information to benchmark his/her Monte Carlo simulation software against the reference cases included here before performing his/her own novel research. In addition, an investigator entering the field of Monte Carlo simulations can use these descriptions and results as a self-teaching tool to ensure that he/she is able to perform a specific simulation correctly. Finally, educators can assign these cases as learning projects as part of course objectives or training programs.