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Additional file 1.

Additional file 3: Supplementary Figure 1. Comparison between two M. gallisepticum phylogenetic trees using the Ridom SeqSphere+ and chewBBACA cgMLST schemas. Neighbor joining trees were created with GrapeTree software version 1.5.0 [21]. Identical strains with similar or notably different topologies on the two dendrograms are bound with grey or black lines, respectively. A. Phylogenetic tree created based on M. gallisepticum cgMLST allelic profiles determined by Ridom SeqSphere+ software [15]. B. Phylogenetic tree created based on M. gallisepticum cgMLST allelic profiles determined by the modified chewBACCA software.

SUMMARY Background: M. iowae is a well-known pathogen in poultry industry. The main economic loss caused by this pathogen is the reduction of hatchability due to embryonic death. There are few reports that have associated M. iowae with stunting, poor feathering and leg abnormalities including chondrodystrophy in commercial turkey farms.Objectives: The aim of this report was presenting the pathological findings in a M. iowae infected commercial turkey farm and collecting data which influence the economic losses.Materials and methods: The authors dissected turkeys according to labora-tory standard method. During necropsy tissue samples were collected for his-tological examination. Bacteriological culturing was made from bone marrow, heart blood and liver. Faeces samples were examined by flotation technique. Faecal samples were also transferred to mycoplasma culture medium. The spe-cies level identification was carried out by real-time PCR. Results and discussion: After settling the day-old mortality was very high. The poults were stunted and exsiccated. Later bone deformities (mainly the abnormal development and torsion of tarsometatarsus), uneven growth and poor feathering can be observed at the end of the brooding period in the flock. The presence of M. iowae can be detected by the ninth day of brooding period (earlier it was not examined). The main economic losses were due to the day-old mortality and the uneven growth. The observed gross lesions were identical as described by other authors.

SUMMARY Background: Mycoplasma anatis, M. anseris, M. cloacale and M. sp. 1220 colonise geese and ducks, and could be associated with diseases of respiratory and nervous systems in waterfowl. The major symptoms are mild to severe inflammation of the cloaca and genital tracts, decreased egg production and embryo lethality.Objectives: The aim of this review is to summarise the recent knowledge about M. anatis, M. anseris, M. cloacale and M. sp. 1220 from aspects of veterinary interest. Materials and Methods: Review of the published literature. References for this review were identified by searches of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar using the terms “Mycoplasma”, “Mycoplasma anatis”, “Mycoplasma anseris”, “Mycoplasma cloacale”, “Mycoplasma sp. 1220”, “duck”, “goose”.Results and Discussion: The concerned Mycoplasma species co-occur in waterfowl frequently and they have a significant role in the economic losses of the goose and duck industry. However, the literature concerning epidemio-logy or pathogenesis is lacking. The examined species could be isolated from animals without any clinical signs, but the high isolation rate and experimental studies clearly confirm the pathogenicity of the bacteria. M. anatis and M. sp. 1220, along with M. anseris and M. cloacale are in close genetic relationship and their biochemical properties are undistinguishable. Therefore, cultivation is unsuitable for the exact diagnosis. Fast and cost-efficient molecular methods are available for the species level identification. Since there is no commercially available vaccine against these Mycoplasma species, adequate housing and appropriate antibiotic treatment can be applied for the control of the infections. The different antibiotic resistance profiles of the M. anseris and M. sp. 1220 iso-lates highlight the importance of the determination of the antibiotics’ minimal inhibitory concentrations in each case, in order to prevent the development of multidrug resistance.

Additional information:PCR assays designed for the circularization of the Mycoplasma anserisalpingitis contigs