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Purpose ─ This article explores the relationship between government revenue, government expenditure, and economic growth for nine emerging market economies using annual data from 1991-92 to 2019-20. Method ─ This paper distinguishes itself from the existing literature through the application of co-integration tests, vector error correction, DOLS and FMOLS for an empirical investigation of a unique panel data set of select emerging economies across Asia, Africa, Europe and Latin America. A bi-directional causal long-run relationship between economic growth and government expenditure, as well as between government expenditure and government revenue, was found using standard panel co-integration tests. Findings ─ The long-run elasticities computed using VECM were confirmed from DOLS as well as FMOLS estimates. A one per cent increase in expenditure and revenue, in the long run, would result in an increase in GDP by 0.94 and 0.90 per cent, respectively. Similarly, an increase in GDP by one per cent would lead to an increase in government expenditure by 1.1 per cent. On the other hand, an increase in government revenue by one per cent would cause a corresponding increase in government expenditure by nearly one per cent. The findings of this research point to a positive association between government revenue, expenditure, and economic growth, which will be valuable to policymakers. Contribution ─ Our combination of country selection covering economies from different continents is a first of its kind to the best of our knowledge. Another contribution is the application of panel cointegration and panel error correction techniques to fully use the panel data set, while most previous studies utilised the typical time series modelling with individual time series data.

The aim of this research is to examine the dependence of economic growth on government spending by function in the Baltic countries – Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The author has used total expenditure and composition approaches to explore the relationship between the variables. The investigation covers the period from 1996 to 2020. The author has employed descriptive statistics and econometric techniques, including automatic linear modelling (ALM). The study's insights reveal that the growth of the Latvian and Estonian economies depends on general government spending. This dependence is similar in both countries, that is, 62.8% in Latvia and 66.5% in Estonia. In Lithuania, 57.7% of fluctuations in economic growth are explained by spending on social protection. In Latvia, the influence of spending on social protection and economic affairs amounts to 63.4% of economic growth. In Estonia, spending on social protection and health explains 78.1% of the fluctuations in economic growth. The findings of the study may be useful in ensuring a more efficient allocation of government finances in the Baltic states.

This study aims to: (1) To analyze the long-term and short-term relationship between economic growth, government spending and human development index in districts/cities in Jambi Province. (2) To analyze the causal relationship between economic growth, government spending and human development index in regencies/cities in Jambi Province. The data used is panel data from 11 districts/cities in Jambi Province during the period 2010-2020. Analysis of the data used is the Panel Vector Error Correction Model (PVECM) and the Granger panel causality test. The results of the study conclude that: (1) There is a positive long-term relationship between the human development index, government spending on education and health on economic growth. In the short term, there is a negative relationship between economic growth, spending on education and health on the human development index. Then there is a positive relationship between government education and health and economic growth. (2) Causality test Granger's results state that there is a two-way causality between economic growth and the human development index, then between government competition and HDI. Furthermore, there is a one-way causality (unidirectional causality) between the government contest and economic growth.

We use three analytic steps to examine public investment in short-cycle tertiary education. First, reviewing the historical development, the literature reveals that national and regional policies on educational development emphasized bachelor’s programs in vocational education in the early twenty-first century, especially in the EU. This historical background informs the longitudinal trend analysis in the second step of the educational and public investment variables (2000–2018) in our econometric analysis. The combined descriptive studies illuminate competitive advantages for EU and ASEAN nations in networks emphasizing open economic and academic exchange. Third, the fixed-effects analysis indicates a higher level of investment in general tertiary education per student, associated with a lower enrollment level in short-cycle vocational and technical tertiary programs. Using insights from this three-step process, we explore the implications of a nation’s capacity to invest in short-cycle tertiary programs as part of economic development and the pursuit of social equity within and across countries. Specifically, we conclude that short-cycle programs are a step toward integrating vocational education into programs in polytechnics and other higher education institutions.

Purpose – This study aims to identify the contribution of Islamic social finance (Zakat, Infaq, and Shadaqah or ZIS) to economic growth in Indonesia, both in the long-term and short-term models. Based on previous studies, government expenditure; investment; and trade openness are also included in the model as control variables.Methodology – Annual time series data for 21 years from 2002 to 2022 were analyzed using the Error Correction Model (ECM) approach to determine the long-term and short-term effects of independent variables on economic growth.Findings – The main findings of this study confirm that Islamic social finance (ZIS) is a financial instrument that benefits the economy. ZIS can be an alternative fund for overcoming various problems of the Muslim Ummah and revitalizing the economy, even more so in a country with a majority Muslim population like Indonesia where ZIS instruments such as Zakat are obligatory to be issued to able-bodied Muslims. The study results show that the effect of ZIS on economic growth in Indonesia is felt in the long term, while in the short term, it has no significant impact.Implication – This research provides insight for related parties (especially National Board of Zakat/Badan Amil Zakat Nasional, BAZNAS) further to optimize the potential of ZIS into productive sectors to improve the economy.Originality – Most previous studies used panel data with a limited period to estimate the effect of Islamic social finance on economic growth, while this research utilized time series data with the ECM approach for a longer period.

This study investigates the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth with a primary concern of focusing on the long-run effects. It uses the panel ARDL-PMG approach as an econometric methodology for 11 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) economies from 1995 to 2019. The findings from the empirical analysis indicate a significant long-run relationship between the two macroeconomic variables; however, the relevant relationship is estimated negatively. The findings for the short-run effects for the whole panel and country-specific estimations also confirm that higher government expenditure results in a statistically significant decline in real GDP per capita. Thus, the findings of this study do not empirically validate the Keynesian theory for 11 CEE economies covered in the research over the 1995-2019 period. Bu çalışma, kamu harcamaları ile iktisadi büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi, uzun dönem analizini ön planda tutarak incelemektedir. Çalışmada ekonometrik yöntem olarak panel ARDL-PMG yaklaşımı kullanılmakta olup Orta ve Doğu Avrupa (ODA) ekonomileri için 1995-2019 arası dönem araştırılmaktadır. Ampirik bulgulara göre iki makroekonomik değişken arasında uzun dönemli ve anlamlı bir ilişki mevcut olmakla birlikte, bu ilişkinin negatif olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kısa döneme ilişkin hem tüm panel hem de ülke bazlı ulaşılan bulgular da kamu harcamalarında meydana gelen artışın kişi başına düşen reel GSYİH’de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı azalmaya neden olduğunu desteklemektedir. Böylelikle bu çalışma ile 11 ODA ülkesinde, 1995-2019 yılları arası dönemde Keynesyen teorinin ampirik olarak geçerli olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Publisher's Version

We explore the fiscal sustainability in the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries over the period 1990–2017. Panel unit root tests in presence of cross-sectional dependence for government revenues, expenditures, the primary balance, and debt reach mixed results. However, cointegration tests reveal that a long-run relationship exists between government revenues and expenditures, while the relationship between government primary deficit and debt is controversial. Panel estimates of the cointegrating relationship indicate that Saudi Arabia is in a condition of risk, having to keep the debt under control. Yet, Bahrain and Qatar seem to face the toughest challenges. The results of causality tests support the hypothesis of fiscal synchronization, implying that the GCC governments take decisions on their revenues and expenditures simultaneously.

Fiscal policy and net capital inflows in developing countries are procyclical. A large amount of literature has examined this phenomenon and explored its consequences for aggregate fluctuations. Multilateral development banks (MDBs) are an important source of external finance for governments and play a key role in financing the execution of fiscal policy. Hence, understanding the behavior of MDB flows is key to gauge their contribution to macroeconomic volatility. This paper investigates the co-movement of sovereign lending from MDBs and private creditors with government expenditure, and finds that multilateral sovereign lending follows government expenditure, and that this correlation does not change if the government is running a surplus or a deficit. This finding raises doubts on the feasibility of MDBs to be counter-cyclical, unless the governments themselves implement counter-cyclical fiscal policies.

This study is an empirical investigation of the effect of government expenditure on gross domestic product in Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to ascertain the effect of government real total capital expenditure on gross domestic product of Nigeria and to examine the effect of government recurrent expenditure on gross domestic product of Nigeria. This study which covered 11 years time scope spans from 2012 to 2022. It adopted ex-post facto research design and used secondary data of annual time series. The materials and information were obtained from the CBN Annual Report and Statistical Bulletin for various years. The study was theoretically underpinned on Keynesian Theory. The method used in analyzing the data was the ordinary least square regression model. The study found that real total capital expenditure (RTCAP) had positive and significant effect on gross domestic product. Only real total recurrent expenditure (RTRE) had negative effects on gross domestic product in the period under consideration. The study among others recommends that the government should ensure that both capital and recurrent expenditures are properly managed in a manner that it will raise the nation's production capacity and accelerate gross domestic product (GDP).

Background: South Africa has high healthcare expenses. Improving cost-consciousness could decrease government expenditure on healthcare. Objectives: To determine cost awareness of radiological studies among doctors at a tertiary hospital. The objective was met by assessing the accuracy of cost estimation according to the level of training and speciality, whether participants had received prior education/training related to cost awareness and if they had a desire to learn more about the cost of radiological imaging. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in six clinical departments at Universitas Academic Hospital using an anonymous questionnaire that determined doctors’ cost awareness of five radiological studies. Each radiological study was answered using six different cost ranges, with one correct option. Costs were based on the Department of Health’s 2019 Uniform Patients Fee Schedule (UPFS). Results: In total, 131 (67.2%) of 195 questionnaires distributed to registrars and consultants were returned. Overall, low accuracy of cost estimation was observed, with 45.2% of the participants choosing only incorrect options. No participant estimated all five costs correctly. Only the Internal Medicine clinicians demonstrated a significant difference between registrars and consultants for the number of correct answers (median 0 and 1, respectively) ( p = 0.04). No significant differences were found between specialities stratified by registrars/consultants. Most participants (88.6%) would like to learn about imaging costs. Only 2.3% of the participants had received prior education/training related to cost awareness of radiological studies. Conclusion: Doctors were consistently inaccurate in estimating the cost of radiological studies. Educating doctors about the cost of radiological imaging could have a positive effect on healthcare expenditure.

This study aims to analyze the determinants of economic growth Regency/City in Jambi Province. The factors considered to be the determinants of economic growth are lagged economic growth, government expenditure, household consumption, labor, and infrastructure. This study used time series data from 2011-2020 and cross-section 11 regencies/cities in Jambi province. The analysis tool used in this study is dynamic panel data regression. The results of the dynamic panel data regression show the generalized system method of the moment model as the best model. Based on the analysis results, lagged economic growth had a significant positive effect. In the short term, labor had a significant negative effect, and infrastructure had a significant positive effect. In contrast, government expenditure and household consumption did not significantly affect economic growth. In the long run, infrastructure has a significant positive effect, while government expenditure, labor, and home consumption have no significant effect on economic growth.

The object of the study is the Japan's economy, which has an upward trend after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are still several challenges to ensure sustainable growth and economic development. Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) as an economic indicator measures the value of a country's total goods and services. There is controversy and different beliefs in economics as to whether or not a country's GRDP is positively affected. The objective of this research is to find out the most important variable which is responsible for economic progress (GRDP). The main problem which this paper will analyze is that sometimes it is difficult to understand about which factor is more important for economic growth in national and regional basis, gross domestic product, and gross regional domestic product, such as investment, government expenditure, employment, and wages. This paper analyzes investment; government expenditure and wage influence on gross regional domestic product (GRDP) for Japan in 2005 and find out the possible outcomes that are more responsible for the GRDP in the Japanese economy. The results show all three factors have the dominant influences during this time; however, investment is the most powerful indicator among the 47 prefectures. It means that government should give more focused-on investment rather than government expenditure, employment, and wages. In analyzing the data, a comprehensive empirical analysis is conducted using Stata to calculate the statistics on central tendency and the distribution shapes such as minimum and maximum quantiles, standard deviation, sleekness, test for mean difference, and graphical presentation.

This paper constructs an overlapping generations model, including health human capital, to investigate the impact of transportation investment on public health with population mobility. The theoretical analysis shows that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between transportation infrastructure and population flow, which also exists between transportation and health. Health is affected by transportation from three aspects: positive output effect, negative substitution effect on public health investment, and an indirect effect through population flow. In the empirical part, considered with the infectious diseases, we found that the more intensive the traffic facilities, the greater the population flow, and therefore, the traffic facilities will have a negative impact on health. When population mortality is used to measure the level of public health, transportation improvement will significantly enhance public health with an inverted U-shaped relationship, which is consistent with the theoretical portion.

The object of the study is the Japan's economy, which has an upward trend after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there are still several challenges to ensure sustainable growth and economic development. Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) as an economic indicator measures the value of a country's total goods and services. There is controversy and different beliefs in economics as to whether or not a country's GRDP is positively affected. The objective of this research is to find out the most important variable which is responsible for economic progress (GRDP). The main problem which this paper will analyze is that sometimes it is difficult to understand about which factor is more important for economic growth in national and regional basis, gross domestic product, and gross regional domestic product, such as investment, government expenditure, employment, and wages. This paper analyzes investment; government expenditure and wage influence on gross regional domestic product (GRDP) for Japan in 2005 and find out the possible outcomes that are more responsible for the GRDP in the Japanese economy. The results show all three factors have the dominant influences during this time; however, investment is the most powerful indicator among the 47 prefectures. It means that government should give more focused-on investment rather than government expenditure, employment, and wages. In analyzing the data, a comprehensive empirical analysis is conducted using Stata to calculate the statistics on central tendency and the distribution shapes such as minimum and maximum quantiles, standard deviation, sleekness, test for mean difference, and graphical presentation., Об’єктом дослідження є економіка Японії, яка має тенденцію до зростання після пандемії COVID-19. Однак існує ще кілька викликів для забезпечення сталого зростання та економічного розвитку. Валовий регіональний продукт (ВРП) як економічний показник вимірює вартість загальних товарів і послуг країни. Існують суперечки та різні погляди в економіці щодо того, чи це позитивно впливає на внутрішній валовий продукт (ВВП) країни. Це дослідження направлене на виявлення найважливішої змінної, яка відповідає за економічний прогрес (ВРП). Основна проблема, яку буде проаналізовано в цій роботі, полягає в тому, що іноді важко зрозуміти, який фактор є більш важливим для економічного зростання на національному та регіональному рівнях, на внутрішній валовий продукт та валовий регіональний продукт, наприклад, інвестиції, державні видатки, зайнятість та заробітна плата. У цій роботі проаналізовано вплив інвестицій, державних видатків та заробітної плати на валовий регіональний продукт (ВРП) Японії у 2005 році та з'ясовано можливі результати, які є більш відповідальними за ВРП в японській економіці. Результати показують, що всі три фактори мали домінуючий вплив протягом цього часу; однак інвестиції є найпотужнішим показником серед 47 префектур. Це означає, що уряд має більше зосереджуватися на інвестиціях, а не на державних витратах, зайнятості та заробітній платі. При аналізі даних проводиться комплексний емпіричний аналіз з використанням програми Stata для розрахунку статистичних показників центральної тенденції та форм розподілу, таких як мінімальний та максимальний квантилі, стандартне відхилення, гладкість, тест на різницю середніх, а також графічне представлення.

This study analyses the impact of fiscal policy on the South African economy during the period 1972Q1-2020Q2. The study adopted quarterly time series data to estimate a Bayesian Vector Autoregression (BVAR) model with the selection of hierarchical priors. The variables employed for empirical investigation included GDP, government expenditure, public debt, and gross fixed-capital formation. The results of the study show that an unexpected shock in government expenditure and public debt has a significant negative and persistent impact on economic growth in South Africa, while an unexpected shock in investment has a significant positive effect on economic growth. The findings suggest that escalating public expenditure and public debt lead to economic contraction. This implies that policy-makers ought to be cautious of excessive government expenditure and public debt to achieve fiscal consolidation. Policy-makers ought to focus on addressing structural challenges through the implementation of sound structural reform policies that aim to attract investment consistent with job creation, development and growth in South Africa’s economy.

The relationship between government expenditure and its revenue is generating serious debate among researchers. Similarly, their has been a controversy between the classical and the bayesian modelling. Therfore, this study examined the relationship between the government expenditure and its revenue in Nigeria using the bayesian approach. The finance data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin from 1989 to 2018 were considered for the study. Bayesian linear regression was used to fit the model. Normal distribution was fit for the likelihood. Thus, normal-gamma prior was elicited for the bayesian regression parameters. The result showed that the Bayesian estimates with elicited normal-gamma prior produced a better posterior mean of 0.536 for the Total Revenue with a smaller posterior standard deviation of 0.00001 when compared with the OLS standard deviation of 0.05256. Similarly, the total revenue explained 78% variations in the Total expenditure. The constructed model fit was: Total Expenditure = 98.57128 + 0.53630* Total Revenue. This showed that a naira unit of the total expenditure will always be increased by 0.54 of the total revenue. Forecast of 30 years for the total expenditure using both OLS and Bayesian (normal gamma prior) were increasing as the years were progressing. Government should look for a way to increase its revenue in order to sustain the future expenses of the government since expenditure increases yearly.

The aim of the study is to analyze the ways women are empowered through information and communication technology (ICT) and fostering the process of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Women in developing countries are facing economic and social hardships and have limited access to ICT, which in turn translate into their lack of skills, lower literacy rate and restricted social engagement. Therefore, present study explores the role of ICT on women empowerment in 51 developing countries by conducting panel data modeling over the period of 2000-17. The study finds that ICT has significant and positive contribution on female labor force participation rate by Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). Control variables like GDP growth and government expenditure on education have positive and statistically significant role to enhance women empowerment. Findings of the study imply that the ICT has an impact on women empowerment and which helps in fostering the process of achieving SDGs 2030.

We examine the impact of public debt changes as well as the effects of the business cycle on the expenditure multipliers. We adopt the structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) methodology on quarter...

Governments will want to achieve their highest priority goal according to their economic circumstances. Governments use many tools to achieve these goals. Economic growth and price stability are among the main objectives which fall within the scope of governments. One of the most important tools that governments will deploy to achieve these goals government expenditures, which is a fiscal policy tool. In this study, the relationship between government expenditures, economic growth and inflation in 9 randomly selected OECD countries (France, Germany, Italy, UK, Portugal, Hungary, Spain, Finland and Poland) was analyzed by panel causality method using annual data for the period 2010-2019. As a result of the analysis, a bidirectional causality relationship was found between economic growth and inflation in the period analyzed. It was also found that there was a unidirectional causality relationship from inflation to government expenditures and from government expenditures to economic growth.

This paper examined the impact of fiscal policy on non-oil GDP in Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest oil exporter, over the annual period 1989–2018. We employed various cointegration methods within ...

Human development index (HDI) is one of the benchmarks used to see the quality of human life as measured by looking at the level of human life quality of education, health and economy. This study aims to determine the effect of government spending from the education, health and capital expenditure sectors as well as income on the human development index. The data used is a secondary data in 7 districts in Lampung Province period of 2013-2018 which was obtained from the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance (DGFB Ministry of Finance) and the Central Statistics Agency (CSA) in Lampung province. The results of the analysis show that the government spending in the education sector and capital expenditure have a positive and significant effect on the human development index while the health sector spending as well as income have a negative and significant effect on the human development index.

The study analysed the relationship between government expenditure on primary welfare sector and economic growth of Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are to ascertain the relationship between Government Expenditure on Education (GEE), Government Expenditure on agriculture (GEA) and Government Expenditure on Road Construction (GERC) with Gross Domestic Products (GDP) in Nigeria. Time series data from 2010 to 2021 were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins and also Nigeria Budget Office. The data were analysed using Pearson’s Correlation Analysis. Findings from the study suggest that GEE significant of 0.000 and correlation coefficient of 0.924 showed that GEE positively and very strongly relates with GDP of Nigeria; GEA positively and strongly relates with GDP in Nigeria with a significant value of 0.002 and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.791 while the relationship between GERC and GDP is positive, but weak having a significant value of 0.051 and correlation coefficient of 0.574. The implication of these findings is that GDP of the country grows with increase in primary welfare sector expenditure. The study recommends that the Federal Government of Nigeria should improve educational and agricultural sector of the economy and grow the country’s GDP by allocating more funds to the sectors during its annual budgets for quality education, improve food supply, food security and promote the nation’s export. It was finally recommended that the government should vote more funds for road construction and monitor the effective and efficient use of the fund. Good road network will ease transportation and bring down cost of production per unit and ultimately grow the country’s gross domestic products.

The natural resources owned by each Regency/City in Jambi Province are different, this has an impact on regional progress, especially the level of human development. The important role of local governments in improving human development through spending in the field of education and health in particular. This study aims to analyze; (1) How natural resource revenue-sharing funds contribute maximally to Regency/City capital expenditures in Jambi Province (2) The effect of general mining revenue-sharing and oil-gas revenue-sharing funds on capital expenditures in Jambi Province, (3) Effect of mining revenue-sharing funds general and oil and gas revenue-sharing funds to the Human Development Index through capital expenditures in Jambi Province. This study uses quantitative descriptive analysis methods and path analysis,(2) The results of the multiple linear regression equation are general mining revenue sharing (X1) and shared funds. The results of oil and gas (X2) on capital expenditure show that the independent variable has a simultaneous effect with an R-Squared value of 0.7521 or 75.21% while the remaining 24.79% is influenced by other variables, (3) General mining revenue sharing directly had a significant effect on HDI was 2.92% and had an indirect effect of 0.29%, meanwhile the oil and gas profit sharing funds had no significant effect on HDI.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of household groups on the structure of household expenditures. The data used in this study is the March 2020 Susenas raw data, namely Susenas data on household scores in 11 districts and cities of Jambi Province. The data analysis method used is descriptive method. The analytical tool used is Multiple Linear Regression (multiple regression). The results showed that in the upper urban household group, the independent variables were: household income, number of household members, age of the head of the household, education level of the head of the household, gender of the head of the household, the status of the head of the household in the main occupation, and the status of the household head. marriage of the head of the household can explain household non-food competition by 94.3 percent and together the independent variables can have an influence on household non-food expenditure. In the lower urban household group, the independent variables cannot explain expenditures other than household food because they only have an R2 value of 2.7 and together the independent variables also cannot have an effect on expenditures other than household food. As well as in the upper rural household group, the independent variable can explain household non-food competition by 65.5 percent and the independent variable can have an influence on household non-food expenditure.

Many studies in recent years have focused on the relationship between the government's ability to manage and economic performance indicators. There is ample empirical evidence that factors such as the presence of corruption, violence, and terrorism in a country, and the quality of institutions controlling the market affect the success of economic policies. Similarly, the issue of how the public debt stock affects economic growth has been the central question of many studies. Especially in recent years, the violence, terrorism, and separatist wars that have emerged in Africa have led to the intensification of studies on the continent. In addition, there are many studies supporting that the climate of insecurity created by the violence and terrorist incidents in the continent is the cause of the failure of governance in Africa. Governance failure is also an indicator of ineffectiveness in the formulation and implementation of public policies. This study focuses on investigating the effects of fiscal performance and governance quality on economic growth in Sub-Saharan African countries. In the study, data from 25 sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2002-2019 were used. According to the results of the analysis, as public expenditures increase in the mentioned countries, economic growth decreases. In terms of the focus of the study, it has been found that as fiscal performance and governance quality increase, economic growth also increases. As a fiscal performance indicator, the arithmetic average of the public's domestic and external debt stock was calculated and included in the analysis. An increase in the fiscal performance value means an increase in the country's debt stock.

The study specifically examined the short and long run impact government expenditure on substance abuse prevalence and rehabilitated drug addicts on the real growth rate on the Nigeria economy. Real Growth rate was made the dependent variable while government capital expenditure, government recurrent expenditure and number of rehabilitated drug addicts stood as explanatory variables. Analysis was carried using the ARDL technique. Findings revealed that there existed, in the short run, a significant impact of government recurrent, capital expenditure and rehabilitated drug individuals on real economic growth. However, in the long run, only capital expenditure on substance abuse has significant impact on the real growth rate in the Nigeria economy. It is therefore suggested that, combating the menace of drug abuse prevalence and trafficking needs the co-operation of all. To that extent government and non-government organization at both local and international level must network to ensure effective control. Therefore, adequate funds should be made available to government organization involved in drug demand reduction activities. Employment opportunities should also be created by the government to get user/ traffickers out of the illegal business. Massive preventive drug abuse education and enlightenment that emphasize healthy life style should be embarked upon frequently.

Ensuring housing affordability while controlling government expenditure is a concern in many countries. In the UK support for private renters is delivered via an income-related housing benefit calc...

This paper addresses the impact of productive government expenditure on income inequality using a dataset of 80 countries over the period of 1980–2015. It incorporates the conflicting predictions implied by alternative growth models on this issue. While the neoclassical model suggests that productive government expenditure will reduce long-run income inequality, the corresponding endogenous growth model suggests the opposite. We examine this proposition, by considering both the aggregate Gini coefficient, and the income shares of quintiles. The results obtained using the Gini coefficients provide compelling support for the contrasting impacts of government investment on income inequality, suggested by the underlying theoretical models. These findings are supported, albeit somewhat more weakly by the regressions employing the quintile data. Our general conclusion is that government investment has a mixed effect on income inequality, a conclusion consistent with previous studies.

The study's goal is to look into the state, long-run relationship, and casual link of government spending, commercial bank lending, and foreign aid to Nepal's industrial sector output. The research design for this study is descriptive and analytical. The secondary data are processed using Excel and EViews10 software from 1989/90 to 2018/19. The Johnsen Co-integration test and Granger Causality test describe and analyze the relation and causal impact of variables. The credit of commercial banks highly influences industrial output. The industrial sector output, government expenditure, loans, and foreign aid were Co-integrated or had long-run association ship. This paper contributes to the policy debate on whether government expenditure and foreign support to the industrial sector are justified or not. The author is unaware of another study, finding, and location related to industrial output and its affecting factors like government expenditure, loans, and foreign aid.

This study examines the relationship between renewable energy consumption, poverty alleviation and economic growth in South Africa. The paper applies the Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to examine the long run relationship and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to determine the direction of causality between the variables. Quarterly data is used for the period 1990 – 2018. The findings of the paper established a presence of a long run relationship between renewable energy consumption, poverty, economic growth, financial development and government expenditure. Specifically, renewable energy consumption and economic growth have a negative and significant impact on poverty in both long run and short run. The VECM suggest that renewable energy consumption Granger-causes both economic growth and poverty in the long. Moreover, there is a bidirectional causality flowing between poverty and economic growth. The results have important implication for renewable energy policy makers as it can be realised that policies that promote adoption of clean technology will alleviate poverty in South Africa.Keywords: Renewable energy consumption, poverty alleviation, economic growth, South AfricaJEL Classifications: C32, D04, Q47, Q42, Q01DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7215

This study investigates the impact of Nigerian government expenditure (disaggregated into capital and recurrent) on economic growth using time series data for the period 1970-2019. The paper employs Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. To ensure robustness of results, the study accounts for structural breaks in the unit root test and the co-integration analysis. The key findings of the study are that capital expenditure has positive and significant impact on economic growth both in the short run and long run while recurrent expenditure does not have significant impact on economic growth both in the short run and long run. The study recommends that government should increase the share of the capital expenditure especially on meaningful projects that have direct bearing on the citizen’s welfare. Government should also improve the spending patterns of recurrent expenditure through careful reallocation of resources toward productive activities that would enhance human development in the country.

Research represented in this article is aimed to evaluate potential multiplier effect of expenditure on digitalization of Russian economy stated by the special National Program “Digital economy Russian Federation” for 2018 – 2024 as the planned indicators. In order to calculate multiplier effect authors have used potential autonomous expenditure multiplier coefficient which is directly related to the average propensity to consume domestically produced goods and services. Authors, using data of Russian statistics and own calculation, have measured the average size of multiplier coefficient in Russian economy over 2014 – 2019 and the size of potential multiplier effect that can be generated by National Program of digitalization. The position is substantiated that the development of own digital technologies can enhance the multiplier effect, contributing to economic growth.

This study employs the vector autoregressive model (VAR), impulse response function and variance decomposition to study the impact of oil price shocks on components of government spending on both oil-exporting and oil importing countries over the period from 1980 to 2018. While the vast majority of previous studies focused on the impact of oil price shocks on government spending, this study emphasized the impact of these shocks on the current and capital government expenditure. It was found that oil price shocks affect government current expenditure positively in the two groups of countries. While it affects government capital expenditure positively in oil-exporting countries and negatively in oil-importing countries.Keywords: Oil-exporting countries, Oil-importing countries, Oil price, VAR model, government expenditures.JEL Classifications: H5, O13, Q43DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11172

In Kenya, government expenditure has been changing tremendously in its composition and size. Noticeably, since Kenya’s independence, government expenditure has witnessed great expansion. However, the country has not achieved consistent economic growth for a long duration of time. Despite the increase in allocation of resources through increasing public spending, economic growth has not grown at the same rate. As such, economic growth did not consummate with the increase in allocation of resources through government expenditure. The study sought to determine the effect of education expenditure, defense expenditure, health expenditure and infrastructure expenditure on economic growth. It used an explanatory research design and secondary time-series data for the period between 1985 and 2018. Data on education expenditure, defense expenditure, health expenditure as well as infrastructure expenditure and economic growth was acquired from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. The quantitative data was collected, edited and coded into Statistical software known as STATA version 14. Analysis of the quantitative data was based on descriptive as well as inferential statistics. Correlation analysis was employed to assess the strength of correlation between independent and dependent variables whereas regression analysis determined the weight of association between independent and dependent variables. Diagnostic test was performed to test for the regression model assumptions before carrying out regression analysis. The research focused on autocorrelation test, stationarity test, autocorrelation test, normality as well as heteroscedasticity test. The study revealed that education expenditure had a positive effect on economic growth in Kenya. The study found that defense expenditure had a positive effect on economic growth in Kenya. The results revealed that health expenditure had a positive effect on economic growth in Kenya. In addition, the study found that infrastructure expenditure had a positive effect on economic growth. The study concludes that government expenditure has a significant effect on economic growth in Kenya. The study policy implication of the study is that Kenyan government as well as policy makers should formulate policies and guidelines geared towards increasing education expenditure. This will help in ensuring adequacy in a trained, qualified and productive labor that is important in ensuring an improvement in economic growth. In addition, the government of Kenya should allocate at least 15 percent of their total expenditure to the healthcare so as to ensure a productive and healthy workforce. The government also needs to increase infrastructure funding as recommended by the World Bank to between 7 and 9 percent.

This study researched the effect of government spending and investment on Gross Regional Domestic Product in East Java in 2015-2019. This research uses quantitative research. The data analysis method used was panel data regression with 30 research objects in districts/cities in East Java. This method is a combination of cross-section and time-series sourced from East Java BPS 2015-2019. The results of this study indicate that government spending variables have a significant positive effect on the Gross Regional Domestic Product. The investment variable has a significant negative effect both individually and simultaneously on the Gross Regional Domestic Product. Meanwhile, government expenditure and investment variables together have a significant effect on the Gross Regional Domestic Product in East Java.

Human development is one of the factors in increasing the implementation of national development. Human development that is carried out can be calculated with the level of human health and standard of living. Then the level of the human development index can also affect the value of increasing per capita income and economic growth. The use of the model in this article was processed with the multiple linear regression program and classical assumptions test data using SPSS 22.The results of the analysis produce farmer value added (X1) which can significantly affect the human development index (Y) in North Sumatra Province, government spending in the education sector (X2) can significantly affect the Human Development Index (Y) in North Sumatra Province and government spending on health sector expenditures (X3) has no significant effect on the Human Development Index (Y) in North Sumatra Province. It shows that government spending in the health sector (X3) has not been properly realized so that it is not strong enough to increase the Human Development index in North Sumatra Province. The results of the research on government spending in the education sector (X1) have a dominant effect in increasing the human development index in the province of North Sumatera.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of unemployment, economic growth, education and health sector government spending on the Human Development Index in Aceh. The data used in this study is secondary data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), the data used is the 20082019 period. The method of analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis using statistical tests to determine the 95% degree of confidence. (𝛼 = 0.05) on the t test. The results of this study indicate that partially the unemployment variable has a positive and insignificant effect, the Economic Growth variable has a positive and significant effect, the Education Sector Government Expenditure variable has a positive and insignificant effect and the Education Sector Government Expenditure has a negative and significant effect on the Human Development Index in Aceh. Then simultaneously it has a positive and insignificant effect on the Human Development Index in Aceh.

The study used time series data from 1980 to 2018 and the Nonlinear ARDL approach to analyse the asymmetric impacts of fiscal policy on economic growth in Nigeria. The bounds test findings indicate...

This study examined the effect of government expenditure on the growth of the industrial sector in Nigeria. A regression analysis was applied in the analysis of the data. The study found that government capital expenditure has positive and significant effect on the industrial sector; tax has positive and significant effect on the industrial sector; monetary policy rate has positive and significant effect on the growth of the industrial sector, while real interest rate has a negative and no significant effect on the growth of the industrial sector. From the findings, we conclude that government policy has significant effect on the growth of the Nigerian industrial sector. It recommends that government fiscal policies such as public expending should be directed toward improving the quality of infrastructures in the country, especially the power sector, so that the cost of production can reduce. Government should examine should create an enabling environment with the right infrastructure, improve the security situation and reduce the epileptic power supply related issues. Also, government should examine its monetary policy variables such as interest rate and monetary policy rate. Furthermore, to promote growth, government should develop the industrial sectors of the economy through its capital expenditure.

Regardless of theoretical backgrounds that assumed a positive association between public expenditure and economic development, the present study on this linkage is inconclusive. This empirical work re-investigates the effect of government expenditure on GDP growth employing more recent dataset spanning the period 1991-2019 in the region of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Considering the issues of cross sectional dependence, the estimated findings show long run relationship between government size, inflation, human capital, employment, unemployment, export, and economic growth. The fully modified OLS estimates reveal that government spending has a positive influence on economic development. Further, the analysis indicates that human capital, employment, and export increases economic growth. However, unemployment and inflation have a detrimental effect on economic development. Our result confirms the unidirectional causality between public spending and economic growth, suggesting Keynesian view of public spending in stimulating economic development. The sensitivity of the results have been checked with the help of dynamic OLS estimator.

Research background: Health outcome such as infant mortality rate is an important measure of the standard of living. It is a part of Millennium Development Goals, which all countries of the World strive to achieve, by allocating enormous economic resources to the health sector respectively. Purpose: The study assessed the impact of government expenditure on health and on health outcome (infant mortality rate) in the West Africa Sub-region. Research methodology: Secondary data were collected from 2000 to 2015 on thirteen countries in the Sub-region. Owing to the fact that the nature of the data involved is macro-panel data, the study performed the pre-estimation test (such as panel unit-root test and co-integration test) to ascertain the time series properties of the series. Based on the results of the pre-estimation tests, the work employed the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS). Results: It is found in the study that public health spending has an indirect impact on infant mortality rate in the West Africa Sub-region. Novelty: No extant study examined the impact of public expenditure on health and on maternal mortality rate using the West Africa Sub-region as an area of coverage. This study employed a fully modified OLS (FMOLS) to assess the impact of public expenditure on health and on infant mortality rate in the West Africa Sub-region.

We study the interactions between institutional quality, government expenditure, tax revenue, and economic growth in low-income countries (LICs) and lower middle-income countries (LMICs) over 2005–2019. The primary distinguishing factor of the paper is the simultaneous inclusion of all these four variables in a single temporal causal model. A second distinguishing feature of the paper is its focus on LICs and LMICs and a clear distinction between short-run and long-run results. Tax revenue is considered as general revenue as well as revenue from taxes on international trade, and customs and other import duties. Our results show that institutional quality, government expenditure, tax revenue, and economic growth often have endogenous links among each other in the short run. These results are not always uniform across our samples. On the other hand, a robust and uniform result across all samples is that the three covariates are important drivers of long-term economic growth. Thus, the co-development of stronger institutions and more effective fiscal policies (relating to taxes and government expenditure) appear to be key in procuring sustained long-term economic growth of countries.

The controversial debate on whether high population translates to weak or better economic growth has been a topical discussion in the area of development economics. This study therefore uses the data of the Nigerian economy to investigate the links among population growth, growth in output and income per capita growth for the periods of 1981–2018. The study employs both ARDL bound testing approach to cointegration and fully modified least square methods to evaluate the parameter estimates. We found that there exists a long-run relationship between population growth and economic growth in Nigeria. Further, the study found that the statistical and significant effect of population growth is more on long-run income growth than long-run income per capita growth. Meanwhile, in the short-run, an adverse effect is reported from population growth to economic growth, implying that the former has a detrimental effect on the latter. The reason for the adverse effects of population growth in the short-run results from the high number of dependents, whereas, in the long-run, there is a chance of demographic dividend that makes the young people becomes productive in their adulthood. Our findings, therefore, support the league of many studies that population growth is an asset to the long-run economic growth of Nigeria. In contrast, it has a poor impact on economic performance in the short-run. Thus, there is a need for proper and adequate utilization of the country’s rising population in appropriate areas of the economy where their efforts would be fully utilized towards improving the overall growth of Nigeria.

Government expenditures and household expenditures appear to act as complements rather than substitutes for each other: an increase in government expenditure tends to increase household expenditures and vice-versa. Public investment can provide educational facilities, quality, and other institutional measures, but only household investment will enable its utilization.