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Nanorobotics is the technology of creating machines or robots at or close to the scale of a nanometre (10-9 metres), machines Constructed at the molecular level (nanomachines) may be used to cure the human body of its various ills.Traditionally nanotechnology dealt with design, synthesis and Application of materials along with devices at the nanometer scale. The application of nanotechnology in the field of health care and drug Delivery has come under great attention in recent times.Nanomaterials have a large surface area to Volume ratio and their physicochemical properties, such as Friction and interaction with other molecules, are distinct From equivalent materials at a larger scale. The most com-Mon use of nanotechnology in medicine has been in the Areas of developing novel therapeutic and imaging modal-Ities that have the potential to outperform the current state of The art in these areas. We will focus on the application of Nanotechnology to the development of smart drug deliv-Ery vehicles for cancer therapeutic applications. The most Common examples of these nanoscale delivery vehicles include polymeric nan Particles, dendrimers, nanoshells, liposomes, nucleic acid-Based nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and virus Nanoparticles. The following four types of nanorobotic systems have been developed and studied so far (a) large size nanomanipulators with nanoscale manipulation capability; (b) proicin- and DNA- hused bionanorobotic systems;c) Magnetically guided nano robotic system and d) bacterial based Nanorobotic etc.It can be used in many other applications.

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), deals with controlling of different assistance devices by utilising brain waves. The application of BCI is not simply limited to medical applications, and therefore its research has gained significant attention. It was noticed that huge amount of research papers had been published based on BCI in the last decade through which new challenges are constantly discovered. BCI uses many medical techniques such as EEG, ECG, ultrasound scans etc. Here in this paper we many deal with EEG and a detail comparsion of two commonly used classifiers used in classification and regressions are been done and output were obtained.

Conceptualised at the conference organised in January 2020 titled “Contextualising Migration: Perspectives from Literature, Culture and Translation” by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at GITAM, Hyderabad in collaboration with CIIL, the present volume aims to engage the emergent tendencies within the long histories of migration motivated by a renewed understanding of translated ideas and identities in the present order of world affairs. The volume also aims to trace the literary metamorphosis under the influence of the emerging transnational, transmedial world of literary exchange that has documented the complex negotiation of loss and recovery and methods of searching for one’s identity on one hand and on the other, made literature increasingly difficult to be tied down to one nation, one language. Consequently, the volume is divided into three interconnected sections. The first two sections are dedicated to account for the challenges thrown by the latest discourse and dynamics of migration and to document the theoretical as well as literary responses provided to such developments. These sections also attempt to bring out the significant role of translation in the life of immigrant communities. The final section is designed to substantiate the understanding of the emerging fictional and non-fictional worlds further by looking comparatively into the recent literary output coming from the diaspora and discussing its shifts and extensions with respect to the early writings.

Background/Aims Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a disastrous pandemic since its first outbreak in December 2019. Until 8th of October, 2021, more than 239 million people were infected by COVID-19 leading to over 4.8 million deaths. While vaccines and drugs are two arms in controlling the pandemic, safe and effective vaccines are one of the most reliable interventions to suppress viral transmission. Patients with specific immunological deficits, such as patients with autoimmune diseases or those receiving immunosuppressive need special attention. Besides, vaccination in these patients is problematic due to the probable suppression or over-activation of the immune system. However, there still remain questions about the efficacy and safety of vaccination in immunocompromised patients. Studies are ongoing into the safety and immunogenicity of approved of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, with regards to immuno-deficient individuals. The aim of this audit was to check the uptake and side effects of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines. Methods We collected data on 352 patients from routine clinics which included diagnosis, type of vaccine, number of doses, side effects of the vaccines and flare up of arthritis or underlying autoimmune condition. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Results Of the 352,174 (49%) were Males and 178 (51%) Females. Most common diagnosis was Rheumatoid Arthritis 181 (51%), Axial spondyloarthropathy, 80(23%), Psoriatic Arthritis 65 (18%), GCA 10 (3%), Non-Radiographic Axial Spondyloarthropathy 5 (1.4%), JIA 3 (0.9%), Sarcoidosis 1 (0.3%), and overlap 6 (2%). Medications: 227(65%) patients were on Biosimilars, 26 (7%) on Biologics, 28 (8%) Certolizumab pegol, 21 (6%) Secukinumab, 2 (0.6%) Baricitinib, 3 (0.8%) Abatacept, 29 (8%) Tocilizumab and 16 (4.5%) on Tofacitinib. Vaccination uptake: 329 patients received double dose and 8 received single dose. 15 (4.3%) patients didn’t take vaccine. Reasons for not taking vaccine were severe reactions to Arthritis medication and biologics, concerned they may have severe reaction with the vaccine. Some were worried that vaccine may trigger flares, COVID-19 vaccine potentially has tracking chips, didn’t trust the vaccine as not gone through enough clinical trialling, lack of any statistics on side effects of the vaccines in immunocompromised patients. Side effects: 146 patients experienced mild side effects based on CTAE5 criteria. Only 3 (2.1%) had severe side effects Grade 3 or above, this included Pulmonary embolism, Stroke, and symptomatic pleural effusion. 15(10%) reported Arthritis flare. Most common side effects were Headache 50(34%), Fatigue 32(22%, Myalgia 32(22%), Fever 30(21%), Chills 30(21%), Injection site pain 28(19%), Rhinorrhoea 11(7.5%), Lethargy 11(7.5%) and maculopapular rash 5(3.4%). Conclusion This audit highlights both the ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 are safe for use in immune-deficient patients. Immunocompromised patients should be encouraged to take vaccines as benefits of the COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks and might reduce the risk of developing severe complications due to COVID-19. Disclosure G.M. Koduri: None.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the leading non-communicable disorders, leading to various complications viz. cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and peripheral vascular disorders. Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) patients further develop into End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and they have to undergo the repeated blood transfusions, increasing the social and economic burden. The number of risk factors are known for causation of diabetic nephropathy including the environmental, biochemical as well as genetic factors. The association of nephropathy with various genes has been proved. Aim and Objectives: In the present study we attempted to check the association of Insertion/Deletion (I/D) polymorphism of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) in diabetic patients with and without nephropathy and also with the biochemical markers. Material and Methods: Each group consisted of 110 individuals viz. diabetics with and without nephropathy and age and gender matched healthy controls. Results: The determination of I/D polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction revealed the significant increased 'D' allele frequencies in patients of diabetes with and without nephropathy than the controls, while no significant difference was noted in genotype frequencies. The odds ratios for this polymorphism were calculated to be 1.84 and 2.41 for DM and DN respectively in comparison with the healthy controls. The regression analysis indicated I/D polymorphism is associated positively with all the lipid parameters, except High Density Lipoprotein- Cholesterol (HDL-C) which was negatively associated with the polymorphism. The levels of lipid parameters were also significantly increased in patients of diabetes with and without nephropathy carriers for 'D' allele than the patients having 'I' allele, while the level of HDL-C was significantly decreased. Conclusion: The conclusion can be made from these results that, the presence of I/D polymorphism of ACE may increase the risk of development of nephropathy in general population, with the role of 'D' allele in its causation, along with its effect on the biochemical markers.

India being a developing country; it has vast economic potential. It the world's largest market for manufactured goods & services & ranks no 3 out of 141 economies. According to WEFS's Global Competitive index. But doing business is a troublesendevour because of corruption, fraud and unethical practices. Ethical business is the important organ of society which creates and ads revenue to the country's economy. This paper explains the need and importance of business Ethics over the unethical practices which is responsible to the development of our country &nbsp

Elevated plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations may cause insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a rate-determining enzyme in lipid metabolism. A variant in the LPL gene has been identified which alters the penultimate amino acid Serine at 447 to a stop codon (S447X), and results in a truncated LPL molecule lacking the C-terminal dipeptide Ser–Gly. The present study was designed to evaluate the frequency of S447X variant in the LPL gene and its effect on the lipid and lipoprotein levels in type 2 diabetic subjects. The genotype frequency distributions of type 2 diabetes patients and controls were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Comparison of the genotype and allelic frequencies of S447X in subjects with type 2 diabetics compared to controls demonstrated no significant difference. In subjects with type 2 diabetics having hypertriglyceridemia (TG ≥ 150 mg/dl) compared to diabetics with TG level

In this study the anticorrosion performance of a clear epoxy coating was enhanced by the incorporation of modified zinc into the polymer matrix. The structural macroscopy by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Corrosion performance of the coated copper specimens was investigated employing polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 3% NaCl solution. Incorporation of 5 wt% zinc possessed the best corrosion performance. The electrochemical results are completely in agreement with the morphological results of the surface obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For the theoretical study, complete geometry optimization of 4, 4′- Ethylene bis (N, N diglycidylaniline) was performed using the Density Functional Theory (DFT). The Gaussian 03W software package was used in the calculations., Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, Vol 5, No 1 (2017)

Amyloidosis is a group of disease that is characterized by the deposition of extracellular abnormal proteinaceous material (amyloid), in various organs. Amyloidosis involving the liver is common, and the radiological findings are often nonspecific. We present the case of a 40-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain. Ultrasound abdomen was reported as massive hepatomegaly with diffuse liver parenchymal disease. Bone marrow aspiration showed normomegaloblastic erythroid hyperplasia and plasma cells were within normal limits (5%). Also, amorphous, eosinophilic fragmented to smudgy material within the interstitium of cell trails was seen. Bone marrow biopsy and liver biopsy also showed similar kind of homogenous eosinophilic material. Both liver biopsy and bone marrow biopsy were subjected to special stains which confirmed the presence of amyloid. The patient did not have clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of any other organ involvement. Thus, we conclude that clinical and imaging presentations of amyloidosis are often nonspecific, hence biopsy is always required to confirm the diagnosis. Amyloid deposits on bone marrow aspiration are a rare occurrence and are often missed. It is an unusual sighting with very few studies mentioning its occurrence.

Insulin resistance has a central role, not only to predict the future development of type 2 diabetes and incident cardiovascular diseases; as well as can be used as a therapeutic target after hyperglycemia is diagnosed. The use of surrogate markers therefore be useful to know the status of insulin resistance. The HOMA IR can perform same function, and the ratios calculated from the lipids and lipoprotein may also be useful to know the status of the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. In the present study 150 type 2 diabetic subjects and 150 age & sex matched healthy controls were included, to find the cut off value of HOMA IR as well as lipid & lipoprotein ratios to predict insulin resistance. The ROC curve analysis gave the cut off value of >2.41 for HOMA IR with highest sensitivity and specificity, further type 2 diabetics were divided on the basis of cut off value of HOMA IR from present study. Significant increases in TG, VLDL-C, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were found in patients with HOMA IR cut off value of >2.41 than with HOMA IR cut off value of ≤ 2.41. Also the ROC curve analysis for lipids and lipoproteins indicated that, TC, TG, TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, CRF and Non HDL-C serves the better discriminator for insulin resistance. Therefore, the lipoprotein ratios along with the lipid and lipoprotein levels may be used as markers for insulin resistance.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a genetically heterogeneous condition, characterized by insulin deficiency and/or insulin resistance. The etiology of type 2 diabetes is complex, with involvement of genetic and environmental factors. The adipose tissue protein ‘adiponectin’ is known to increase insulin sensitivity with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The gene for adiponectin is present on chromosome 3q27, the association of number of single nucleotide polymorphisms of adiponectin gene with type 2 diabetes and its complications have been reported. In the present study the two most common SNPs +45T/G & +276G/T, and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular markers were studied. The significant difference in genotype frequencies of +45T/G & +276G/T was found in type 2 diabetic patients and controls, with odds ratio of 1.13 & 1.26 respectively. BMI, Fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA IR, triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol levels were increased, and HDL cholesterol level was decreased in patients carrier for +45T/G SNP than the wild type. While only decrease in the HDL cholesterol was reported in carriers for SNP +276G/T than the wild type. The logistic regression analysis revealed the positive association of SNP +45T/G with total cholesterol & LDL cholesterol. And negative association of HDL cholesterol was found with SNPs +45T/G and +276G/T. The haplotype analysis shows the alterations in means of biochemical markers in the patients having haplotype (GG) for mutant allele of SNP +45T/G and wild allele for SNP +276G/T.

In 2009, an outbreak of hepatitis B with high mortality was observed in Sabarkantha district, Gujarat state, India with 456 cases and 89 deaths. Hospitalized patients with self-limiting disease (152, AVH)) and fulminant hepatic failure (39, FHF including 27 fatal and 12 survivals) were investigated. These were screened for diagnostic markers for hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotyping and mutant analysis. Complete HBV genomes from 22 FHF and 17 AVH cases were sequenced. Serosurveys were carried out in the most and least affected blocks for the prevalence of HBV and identification of mutants. History of injection from a physician was associated with FHF and AVH cases. Co-infection with other hepatitis viruses or higher HBV DNA load was not responsible for mortality. Four blocks contributed to 85.7% (391/456) of the cases and 95.5% (85/89) mortality while two adjacent blocks had negligible mortality. Sequence analysis showed the presence of pre-core and basal core promoter mutants and 4 amino acid substitutions exclusively among FHF cases. None of the self-limiting patients exhibited these dual mutations. Genotype D was predominant, D1 being present in all FHF cases while D2 was most prevalent in AVH cases. Probably due to violation of accepted infection control procedures by the qualified medical practitioners, HBV prevalence was higher in the affected blocks before the outbreak. Gross and continued use of HBV contaminated (mutant and wild viruses) injection devices led to an explosive outbreak with high mortality with a striking association with pre-C/BCP mutants and D1 genotype.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major causative agent of chronic hepatitis, is classified into six major genotypes. Genotype 3 HCV infection is more sensitive to interferon therapy. In India, genotype 3, particularly subtype 3a, HCV infections are common. Three novel HCV subtypes i.e., 3g, 3j, and 3i were identified from India based on partial genomic sequences. This report provides full genome sequences of one isolate each of subtypes 3i and 3a. Serum samples positive for subtype 3i and 3a HCV RNA based on core region genomic sequences were studied. Complete HCV genomes were amplified as 11 overlapping PCR fragments and sequenced. The complete genomic sequence of Indian HCV 3i isolate clustered with other genotype 3 sequences, and was closer to subtypes 3b and 3a (80.5% and 79.1% [SD 0.4%] nucleotide identity). Nucleotide similarities were the highest in the core region (86.1–88.7%), and the least in the E2 region (69.4–70.7%). Phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed the existence of a separate subtype 3i. The Indian HCV 3a isolate’s complete genomic sequences clustered with previously known genotype 3a sequences with a nucleotide similarity of 91.1% (SD 0.2%). Neither isolates showed evidence of recombination of different HCV genotypes. The information on complete genomic sequences of the genotype 3 HCV isolates should be helpful in future studies on HCV evolution and classification, and for development of newer therapeutic and preventive strategies against this infection.

Background Hepatitis C virus displays a high rate of mutation and exists as a quasispecies in infected patients. In the absence of an effective universal vaccine, genotype-specific vaccine development represents an alternative. We have attempted to develop a genotype 3 based, liposome encapsulated HCV vaccine with hypervariable region-1 (HVR1) and non-structural region-3 (NS3) components. Results HCV RNA extracted from serum samples of 49 chronically infected patients was PCR amplified to obtain HVR1 region. These amplified products were cloned to obtain 20 clones per sample in order to identify the quasispecies pattern. The HVR1 consensus sequence, along with three variants was reverse transcribed to obtain peptides. The peptides were checked for immunoreactivity individually, as a pool or as a single peptide tetramer interspersed with four glycine residues. Anti-HCV positivity varied from 42.6% (tetramer) to 92.2% (variant-4) when 115 anti-HCV positive sera representing genotypes 1, 3, 4 and 6 were screened. All the 95 anti-HCV negatives were scored negative by all antigens. Mice were immunized with different liposome encapsulated or Al(OH)3 adjuvanted formulations of HVR1 variants and recombinant NS3 protein, and monitored for anti-HVR1 and anti-NS3 antibody titres, IgG isotypes and antigen specific cytokine levels. A balanced Th1/Th2 isotyping response with high antibody titres was observed in most of the liposome encapsulated antigen groups. The effect of liposomes and aluminium hydroxide on the expression of immune response genes was studied using Taqman Low Density Array. Both Th1 (IFN-gamma, Il18) and Th2 (Il4) genes were up regulated in the liposome encapsulated HVR1 variant pool-NS3 combination group. In-vitro binding of the virus to anti-HVR1 antibodies was demonstrated. Conclusion The optimum immunogen was identified to be combination of peptides of HVR1 consensus sequence and its variants along with pNS3 encapsulated in liposomes, which could generate both cellular and humoral immune responses in mice deserving further evaluation in a suitable cell culture system/non-human primate model.