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The aim of the project is to develop a driver software for UJA1076A SBC in embedded C using IAR Embedded Workbench and integrate the driver software with application software of Trailer module. Currently MC33903 system basis chip from Freescale is used in Trailer Module. As an initiative to reduce the material cost for the Trailer module product, a lower price SBC NXP UJA1076A has been used. Also due to the fact that the newly proposed SBC has less number of operating modes and registers to configure, it helps in making the driver software much more simpler, thus reducing the risk of hidden issues in the otherwise complex design and code of the current SBC driver software.

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes TB, is an infectious disease that affects the lungs (pulmonary tuberculosis) and other organs (extra pulmonary tuberculosis). Therefore, it is important to pay attention to the risk factor and the treatment of tuberculosis. Aim: Studying the risk factors and treatment options for tuberculosis is the goal. Objectives: Finding out the risk factors for pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis, identifying the many types of extra pulmonary tuberculosis, and researching the various treatment options for pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis are among the objectives of this study. Materials and methods: Over the course of six months, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the district tuberculosis centre, Nagapattinam. Result: In our study, 178 (69.53%) were male and 78 (30.47%) were female. Males outnumber females in percentage terms. Pulmonary tuberculosis affects more people on a gender-based tuberculosis distribution scale. 62.11% of patients with 217 instances of pulmonary tuberculosis were men. In our research on extrapulmonary tuberculosis, lymph nodes were shown to be the most frequent location of infection in 17 (43.5%) of the patients, followed by the pleura in 7 (17.94%), and the abdomen in 6 (15.38%). When addressing risk factors, tobacco use was a risk factor in the diagnosis of 5 (1.95%) patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis and 44 (17.18%) patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Patient, along with diabetes mellitus (DM), was also a risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis 43 (16.79%) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis 5 (1.95%). Conclusion: Patients with PTB and EPTB were more likely to have risk factors such DM and tobacco use. Avoiding tobacco use and managing diabetes properly can boost our immune systems and lower our risk of contracting PTB and EPTB. &nbsp

Actinomycetes that may have good potential of producing novel antibiotics against coal mine soil MMKK2 gram positive bacteria most of the isolates (46%) also showed antimicrobial activity Streptomyces rochei. These bacteria are known capable of producing secondary and primary metabolites isolation and characterization of actinomycetes were conducted by serial dilution, pour plate method on GAAM, SCA Medias while characterization was by determining morphological, physiological, ecological and genetic analysis of colonies, cell structure and biochemical tests. The results solved by 16SrDNA sequence analysis showing Antibiotic activity related to the genus Streptomyces followed by Microbacterium, Agromyces, Bacillus megaterium, rare antibacterial genera accounted for minor proportions Keywords: Actinomycetes, coal mine soil samples, human pathogens primary and secondary screening. References Waksman, S.A and Henrici, A (1943). The nomenclature and classification of the actinomycetes. J. Bacterial. 46:337-341. Waksman, S.A (Eds), (1959) . The Actinomycets, isolation, identification PP.17-28, Vol I, willians and wikins company Baltimore, USA. Beijerinck, M.W (1900), Ueber chinonbildung durch streptothrix chromogena and In proceding of the Naitonal Academy of the united states and America:25th Novermber, volume 100. Suppl 2, PP.14555-14561. Moustafa A.A. J.M Klopatek, 1995 vegetation and land form of saint Catherine area, southern sinai, Egypt. J. Arid Environ. Academic press limited U.S.A PP.385-395 Teske, A.P sigalevich, Y.Cohen and G.Muyzer 1996. Molecular identification of bacteria from coculture by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16Sr DNA presents as a tool for isolation in pure colures Appl, ENV, Microbial 62: 4210-4215 Williams ST, Good yellow, A probability matrix for identification of some streptomycetes J.Gen.mictrobial, 129:1815-1830, 1983 Williams ST and Good yellow In; Begery’s manual of systematic Bacteriology, Edited by williams ST, sharpe, M.E, Holt.JG Vol.4 Williams and wikins, Baltimore: PP,2452-2492, 1989. Madigan, M.T Mastiko, J.M. parker, J. Antibiotics: Isolation and Characterization, In: Brock Biology of microorganisms. 8th edition, prentice. Hall international Inc. New Jersey; PP: 440-442, 1997 Williams (1983) numerical classification of Streptomyces and related geveta J. Gener microbial 129:1743-1813 Shirling EB, Gottlieb (1969) cooperative desctiption of type cultures of Streptomyces IV. Int. J.Syst, Bacterial 19: 391-512. Shirling EB, Gottlieb (1972) cooperative description of type cultures of Streptomyces V. Int. J.Syst, Bacterial 22: 265-394. Labeda DP, Lyons AJ (1991) Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedeness among species of Streptomyces. Syst, Appl, microbial 14:158-164 Sembring L,ward AC, Goodyellow M (2000) selective and characterization of members of the Streptomyces sp. Clade associated. Antony van Leeu wenhoek 78: 353-366. Chun.J (1995) computer-assisted classification and Actinomycetes, PhD thesis, university of New castle, New castle upon, Tync, UK. OKIT (1997). New anthracycline antibiotics. Japanese J Antibiot 30:70-84. Antibiotics currently in Global Clinical Development (accessed on) 1st Feb, 2018. Gurrapu, S., & Mamidala, E. (2016). Medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners in the management of HIV/AIDS-related diseases in tribal areas of Adilabad district, Telangana region. The Ame J Sci & Med Res, 2(1), 239-245.

Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains arise upon infection and integration of the lysogenic cholera toxin phage, the CTX phage, into bacterial chromosomes. The V. cholerae serogroup O1 strains identified to date can be broadly categorized into three main groups: the classical biotype strains, which harbor CTX-cla; the prototype El Tor strains (Wave 1 strains), which harbor CTX-1; and the atypical El Tor strains, which harbor CTX-2 (Wave 2 strains) or CTX-3~6 (Wave 3 strains). The efficiencies of replication and transmission of CTX phages are similar, suggesting the possibility of existence of more diverse bacterial strains harboring various CTX phages and their arrays in nature. In this study, a set of V. cholerae strains was constructed by the chromosomal integration of CTX phages into strains that already harbored CTX phages or those that did not harbor any CTX phage or RS1 element. Strains containing repeats of the same kind of CTX phage, strains containing the same kind of CTX phage in each chromosome, strains containing alternative CTX phages in one chromosome, or containing different CTX phages in each chromosome have been constructed. Thus, strains with any CTX array can be designed and constructed. Moreover, the strains described in this study contained the toxT-139F allele, which enhances the expression of TcpA and cholera toxin. These characteristics are considered to be important for cholera vaccine development. Once their capacity to provoke immunity in human against V. cholerae infection is evaluated, some of the generated strains could be developed further to yield cholera vaccine strains.

Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae strains arise upon infection and integration of the lysogenic cholera toxin phage, the CTX phage, into bacterial chromosomes. The V. cholerae serogroup O1 strains identified to date can be broadly categorized into three main groups: the classical biotype strains, which harbor CTX-cla; the prototype El Tor strains (Wave 1 strains), which harbor CTX-1; and the atypical El Tor strains, which harbor CTX-2 (Wave 2 strains) or CTX-3~6 (Wave 3 strains). The efficiencies of replication and transmission of CTX phages are similar, suggesting the possibility of existence of more diverse bacterial strains harboring various CTX phages and their arrays in nature. In this study, a set of V. cholerae strains was constructed by the chromosomal integration of CTX phages into strains that already harbored CTX phages or those that did not harbor any CTX phage or RS1 element. Strains containing repeats of the same kind of CTX phage, strains containing the same kind of CTX phage in each chromosome, strains containing alternative CTX phages in one chromosome, or containing different CTX phages in each chromosome have been constructed. Thus, strains with any CTX array can be designed and constructed. Moreover, the strains described in this study contained the toxT-139F allele, which enhances the expression of TcpA and cholera toxin. These characteristics are considered to be important for cholera vaccine development. Once their capacity to provoke immunity in human against V. cholerae infection is evaluated, some of the generated strains could be developed further to yield cholera vaccine strains.

Background Even though cholera has existed for centuries and many parts of the country have sporadic, endemic and epidemic cholera, it is still an under-recognized health problem in India. A Cholera Expert Group in the country was established to gather evidence and to prepare a road map for control of cholera in India. This paper identifies cholera burden hotspots and factors associated with an increased risk of the disease. Methodology/Principle findings We acquired district level data on cholera case reports of 2010–2015 from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program. Socioeconomic characteristics and coverage of water and sanitation was obtained from the 2011 census. Spatial analysis was performed to identify cholera hotspots, and a zero-inflated Poisson regression was employed to identify the factors associated with cholera and predicted case count in the district. 27,615 cholera cases were reported during the 6-year period. Twenty-four of 36 states of India reported cholera during these years, and 13 states were classified as endemic. Of 641 districts, 78 districts in 15 states were identified as “hotspots” based on the reported cases. On the other hand, 111 districts in nine states were identified as “hotspots” from model-based predicted number of cases. The risk for cholera in a district was negatively associated with the coverage of literate persons, households using treated water source and owning mobile telephone, and positively associated with the coverage of poor sanitation and drainage conditions and urbanization level in the district. Conclusions/Significance The study reaffirms that cholera continues to occur throughout a large part of India and identifies the burden hotspots and risk factors. Policymakers may use the findings of the article to develop a roadmap for prevention and control of cholera in India.

Analysis of diversity of phosphate solubilizers in agricultural soil is essential to understand their ecological role and their utilization in sustainable agriculture. One of the factors contributing to the success of weeds, even in nutrient limiting conditions, is the microbial community they select in their vicinity. Phosphate solubilizers from the rhizosphere of a widely growing weed, Parthenium hysterophorus, were enumerated on Pikovskaya’s medium, with an aim to screen for their plant growth promoting abilities for crops. The isolates were further assayed for multi-trait plant growth promoting properties. Two potential isolates, P1 and P2, were employed in seed germination and pot experiments with crop species. While bacterization led to an increase of 70 and 200% in shoot length in both seedling germination and pot experiments with Cajanus cajan (red gram), Vigna radiata (green gram) displayed an increase in shoot length by about 20% in pot assay using isolates P1 and P2, respectively. The present study reveals the presence of phosphate solubilizers in the rhizosphere of P. hysterophorus with plant growth promoting effect on other crop species. Due to their potential in exhibiting plant growth promoting properties, these phosphate solubilizing isolates provide a new dimension to the significance of weeds in agricultural ecosystems. The study opens up possibilities of utilization of this property of weeds in plant growth promotion, disease suppression and subsequent enhancement of yield in agriculture.

Tom McCorquodale,1 Hooshang Lahooti,1 Bamini Gopinath,2 Jack R Wall11Department of Medicine, Nepean Clinical School, the University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia; 2Centre for Vision Research, the University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, AustraliaBackground: Ophthalmopathy is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves' disease. However, in approximately 5% of cases this autoimmune eye disorder occurs in the apparent absence of Graves' hyperthyroidism: the so-called euthyroid Graves' disease (EGD).Methods: Seven patients with EGD were followed for evidence of thyroid and orbital autoimmunity, for up to 10 years. Calsequestrin and collagen XIII antibodies were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and TSH-receptor (TSH-r) antibodies were measured as TSH-r-binding antibody (TRAb) and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI). Eye signs were characterized and quantified as clinical activity score (CAS), NOSPECS classes, Nunery types 1 and 2, and margin-reflex distance (MRD).Results: Calsequestrin antibodies were detected on at least one occasion in three of the seven patients and collagen XIII antibodies were detected one or more times in five patients. In one patient with isolated congestive ophthalmopathy who was studied intensely, collagen XIII antibodies were initially positive and then became negative as the eye disease stabilized, while antibodies targeting calsequestrin were always negative. TRAb was not detected in any patient, but TSI was detected in three patients on one occasion each. Ultrasound abnormalities were found in four of the six patients for whom this was carried out, but there was no clear evidence for thyroiditis in any of these patients. For comparison, 13 patients were studied with typical Graves' ophthalmopathy. There were no significant differences compared to EGD in respect to the prevalence of positive calsequestrin or collagen XIII antibodies, but these patients included more smokers (eight out of 13 versus none out of seven).Conclusions: Earlier studies suggesting that patients with EGD eventually develop thyroid dysfunction have not been confirmed here, although follow-up continues, and the possibility that such patients have had thyroid autoimmunity in the past, or that they will develop it in the future cannot be excluded. Overall, it is likely that the ophthalmopathy associated with Graves' hyperthyroidism is the same disease as that observed in patients – such as those reported here – in whom thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity are not present during the period of follow-up. The role of autoimmunity against the TSH-r in euthyroid patients with ophthalmopathy has not been proven and the significance of the orbital antibodies is unclear.Keywords: ophthalmopathy, thyroid eye disease, collagen XIII, calsequestrin, euthyroid Graves' disease

Summary Heart disease is a leading cause of maternal death. The aim of this review is to consider the most common causes of cardiac disease in pregnancy, highlight factors that should be recognized by the clinician, and address recent advances in the anaesthetic management of these patients.

Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) are an autosomal dominant disorder, consisting of multiple cartilage capped bone tumour arising from the metaphysis of long tubular bones. Mutations are seen in Exostosin-1 and Exostosin-2 genes. We present a family of MHE for three generations. The index case was a 10-year-old male presented with multiple exostoses in hand, forearm, leg, right knee and chest. Family history revealed similar complaints in younger brother, father, paternal uncle, paternal aunt & her daughter and grandfather.

Diabetes mellitus is the most common chronic diseases among adults. By 2030, number will increase to 439 million with prevalence of 7.7 %. Number of deaths in adult due to diabetes is estimated to be 3.96 million per year and mortality rate of diabetes in all ages is 6.8 %, at global level. In India, 40 million have diabetes. By 2025 it is estimated to rise to 70 million. In spite of well-defined treatment for type 2 diabetes, in majority of the people, disease is poorly controlled with existing therapies. Studies like UKPDS and DCCT have proven that poor glycemic control(HbA1C>7%) is associated with increased risk for micro vascular complications. An Indian study showed that the prevalence of diabetes is high in urban India. There is a large pool of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance at a high risk of conversion to diabetes. Hence it would be interesting to identify the factors associated with poor control of diabetes.

Seasonal plankton blooms correlate with occurrence of cholera in Bangladesh, although the mechanism of how dormant Vibrio cholerae, enduring interepidemic period in biofilms and plankton, initiates seasonal cholera is not fully understood. In this study, laboratory microcosms prepared with estuarine Mathbaria water (MW) samples supported active growth of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 up to 7 weeks as opposed to 6 months when microcosms were supplemented with dehydrated shrimp chitin chips (CC) as the single source of nutrient. Bacterial counting and detection of wbe and ctxA genes were done employing culture, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay, and multiplex-polymerase chain reaction methods. In MW microcosm, the aqueous phase became clear as the non-culturable cells settled, whereas the aqueous phase of the MW-CC microcosm became turbid from bacterial growth stimulated by chitin. Bacterial chitin degradation and biofilm formation proceeded from an initial steady state to a gradually declining bacterial culturable count. V. cholerae within the microenvironments of chitin and chitin-associated biofilms remained metabolically active even in a high acidic environment without losing either viability or virulence. It is concluded that the abundance of chitin that occurs during blooms plays an important role in the aquatic life cycle of V. cholerae and, ultimately, in the seasonal transmission of cholera.

Background & objectives: Bacillus cereus is one of the pathogens responsible for human diarrhoea, mainly due to consumption of contaminated food. The present study was undertaken to determine the occurrence of B. cereus among diarrhoeal patients and its phenotypic and genetic characteristics that determine the virulence and clonal features. Methods: Stool specimens were collected for two years from acute diarrhoeal patients attending the two referral hospitals in Kolkata. Presence of virulence genes in B. cereus was determined by PCR. Clonality was assessed by pulsed-field gel analysis (PFGE) by restriction digestion with SmaI and NotI enzymes. Enterotoxins were detected by haemolysin assay and using BCET-RPLA kit. Invasion assay was done on Hep-2 cell line. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by disc diffusion method. Results: B. cereus was identified in 54 (3.5%) of the 1536 diarrhoeal cases studied. Majority of the isolates were susceptible to many antibiotics but showed resistant to amoxyclav and cephalosporins. Six genes covering the two different enterotoxic complexes determining the pathogenicity of B. cereus have been characterized by PCR. The nhe genes were detected in a higher proportion than hbl. Except in two, clonal diversity was noticed among 21 B. cereus isolates. Haemolytic enterotoxin was detected in 76 per cent of the isolates. Majority of the isolates (67%) produced in vitro enterotoxin (BCET) confirming its involvement in the infection. Interpretation & conclusions: Though the presence of B. cereus was not high in patients with diarrhoea, several virulence factors confirm their association with diarrhoea. Distinct clonality was identified in majority of the isolates indicating their origin from different sources.

Cholera is a public health threat in all developing countries. Kolkata, a city in eastern India, is an endemic zone for cholera. During the course of a comprehensive investigation on the distribution of phages of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in freshwater bodies in Kolkata, we were able to isolate the phages of V. cholerae O1 and O139. Vibrio cholerae O1 phages were found at all the sites and exhibited a distinct seasonal cycle, with a primary peak (13.6-17.2 PFU mL(-1)) during monsoon (June to August) in both 2006 and 2007. Vibrio cholerae O139 phages were present in the environment and were predominant during monsoon in the year 2006, except for late winter and early summer from February to April. In contrast, in the year 2007, the O139 phages could be isolated only during July to December, with the highest counts of 12.0 PFU mL(-1) determined in August. The multiplex PCR results showed that 90 samples were positive for wbe of V. cholerae O1, 32 samples for O139 (wbf) and 18 samples for both. This study shows that surveillance of vibriophages indicates the presence of V. cholerae O1 and O139 in water bodies in and around Kolkata and could therefore serve as a powerful biomonitoring agent.

Background Bariatric surgery can influence the presentation, diagnosis, and management of gastrointestinal cancers. Oesophago-Gastric (OG) malignancies in patients who have had a prior bariatric procedure have not been fully characterised. Objective To characterise OG malignancies after bariatric procedures. Setting University Hospital, United Kingdom. Methods We performed a retrospective, multi-centre observational study of patients with OG malignancies after bariatric surgery to characterise this condition. Results This study includes 170 patients from 75 centres in 25 countries who underwent bariatric procedures between 1985 and 2020. At the time of the bariatric procedure, the mean age was 50.2 ± 10 years and the mean weight 128.8 ± 28.9 kg. Females comprised 57.3% (n=98) of the population. Most (n=64) patients underwent a Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) followed by Adjustable Gastric Band (AGB) (n = 46) and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) (n = 43). Time to cancer diagnosis after bariatric surgery was 9.5 ± 7.4 years and mean weight at diagnosis was 87.4 ± 21.9 kg. The time lag was 5.9 ± 4.1 years after SG compared to 9.4 ± 7.1 years after RYGB and 10.5 ± 5.7 years after AGB. One-third of patients presented with metastatic disease. The majority of tumours were adenocarcinoma (82.9%). Approximately 1 in 5 patients underwent palliative treatment from the outset. Time from diagnosis to mortality was under one year for most patients who died over the intervening period. Conclusions The OGMOS (Oesophago-Gastric Malignancies after Obesity/ Bariatric Surgery) study presents the largest series to date of patients developing OG malignancies after bariatric surgery and attempts to characterise this condition.