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Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) is the latest global pandemic. COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and, apart from respiratory symptoms, patients often present with gastrointestinal symptoms and liver involvement. Given the high percentage of COVID-19 patients that present with gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), in this review, we report a practical up-to-date reference for the physician in their clinical practice with patients affected by chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, chronic liver disease) at the time of COVID-19. First, we summarised data on the origin and pathogenetic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. Then, we performed a literature search up to December 2020 examining clinical manifestations of GI involvement. Next, we illustrated and summarised the most recent guidelines on how to adhere to GI procedures (endoscopy, liver biopsy, faecal transplantation), maintaining social distance and how to deal with immunosuppressive treatment. Finally, we focussed on some special conditions such as faecal–oral transmission and gut microbiota. The rapid accumulation of information relating to this condition makes it particularly essential to revise the literature to take account of the most recent publications for medical consultation and patient care. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10620-021-07158-0.

This paper aims to evaluate the environmental impact along the overall life cycle of the various components of a Hydrogen Valley with multiple end-users fed by green hydrogen. As case study, a hydrogen valley including a MW-scale electrolyser powered by different percentages of energy supplied by a wind farm and/or a photovoltaic plant, and an H2 storage section is considered. The H2 produced is used to feed a fleet of fuel cell electric vehicles and a stationary fuel cell, while the residue H2 is injected in a natural gas pipeline considering a maximum safety limit of 5%vol. When the safety limit is reached, the H2 overproduction can be used to produce biomethane through a biological hydrogen methanation process. With the aim of analysing the actual contribution of these hydrogen-based ecosystems towards more sustainable energy systems, a Life Cycle Analysis of the hydrogen valley is carried out. The results show that the final use of hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles produces the most valuable environmental benefits. Moreover, Hydrogen Valley solutions integrated with photovoltaic plants allows to maximize the use of H2 in fuel cell electric vehicles and therefore are the most valuable choice from an environmental point of view.

A Power-to-Methane system based on a Biological Hydrogen Methanation (BHM) process using the CO2 produced by a biogas upgrading process and the H2 produced by an alkaline electrolyser was analysed in this work. The electrolyser can be fed by the electrical energy produced by a dedicated PV plant or supplied by the electrical grid. The analysis of the energy production from the PV plant and the consumption of the electrolyser was carried out on an hourly basis considering different sizes for the PV plant and four different scenarios for the operating time of the electrolyser. Also, a preliminary economic analysis was carried out to estimate the levelized cost of biomethane (LCOBM) and the costs of biomethane transport with a dedicate pipeline and in form of LNG by trucks. Finally, the paper investigated the availability of biomass and biogas in Sardinia that can be converted into biomethane, and the contribution of BHM plants to supply the forecast demand of CH4. The availability of biogas in Sardinia, together with the production of biomethane through BHM systems, can supply up to 44% of the forecast demand of CH4.