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Historically, bookplates were found in the front of print monographs. Transitioning them to digital allows libraries to expand their visibility to researchers and to fundraising activities within institutions. Digital bookplates offer significant opportunities to honor or memorialize individuals with gifts to libraries at varying donation levels. This article discusses digital bookplates in an academic library and provides examples of the cataloging, metadata, and web processes involved in maintaining and collaborating on this active fundraising program. A previous article on this topic was published in 2012 and this article provides an update to its procedures and workflows a decade later.

This thesis is an examination of whether the “egalitarian model” for political finance that has been established by the Supreme Court of Canada, other Canadian courts and legal scholars and commentators is actually egalitarian and has been applied consistently (in Chapter 2), and whether Canada’s political finance system measures up to the Court’s model (in Chapters 3 and 4), and how it could be changed to comply with a more egalitarian model that would also be ethical in terms of preventing even the appearance of a conflict of interest (in Chapters 6 and 7). Chapter 1 sets out a general theoretical framework for evaluating the Supreme Court’s egalitarian model, and I develop and set out a more egalitarian model in Chapter 5. In the Chapter 8 conclusion, I summarize the findings and propose structural and positive Charter rights court cases as a way forward, given that the platforms federal politicians and political parties from the past few elections, and the reports of parliamentary committees, have not called for the most of the changes I propose are needed to make the system more egalitarian. The thesis addresses political finance broadly defined as money, property, use of property, gifts, services, favours and other benefits and advantages provided to nomination contestants, election candidates and political party leadership contestants, electoral district associations, political parties, politicians and their staff during election campaign periods and also during the time period between elections, including support provided by “third-party” interest groups, lobbyists and other individuals, and by media outlets. In Chapter 3, I examine the rules that apply to each of these political actors in the areas of registration, donations and loans, spending, public subsidies and disclosure (including auditing), including a separate section on the role of media and social media. Given that political systems include providers (whether as contractors or donors) of money, property and the use of property (including gifts and other benefits and advantages), and services (including favours) to politicians, and given that providers could be lobbyists, I also examine in Chapter 4 the rules concerning gifts, favours and other benefits and relations between voters, lobbyists and politicians, and concerning the conflicts of interest that can be caused by these activities. Other than disclosure and auditing, I do not cover enforcement measures or systems in any of the areas. However, I do note at various points in the thesis that, as several studies and history have shown clearly, effective enforcement measures, policies and practices are key to ensure compliance with such rules. The main contentions that I make are: that the key principles of the Supreme Court of Canada’s egalitarian model have not been consistently upheld by the Court and other Canadian courts, that Canada’ federal political finance system does not fulfill the Court’s egalitarian model, and that several changes are needed to make the model and the system more egalitarian, only a few of which have been addressed by Canadian courts and scholars to date. These contentions counter the claim made in the Court’s rulings, and by many scholars and commentators, that Canada’s political finance system has developed and is based on an egalitarian model. In Chapters 5 through 7, I develop a more egalitarian model and set out specific proposed changes to make Canada’s systems more egalitarian, both in theory and in practice, within the framework of a democratic good government political system (meaning a system with separation of powers, elections, human rights protections, rule of law etc.) and a mixed market economy with both public sector institutions and private sector businesses, unions and other organizations (cooperatives, non-profit, religious organizations etc.). Both the model and many of the specific proposed measures should also be applicable in other jurisdictions with different political systems and economic systems. The framework of 19 standards for a more egalitarian model that I develop in Chapter 5 is based mainly on John Rawls’ theory of justice, but modified and expanded to incorporate critiques of Rawls’ theory, other legal principles and democratic good government theories, international standards, government ethics case law, behavioural psychology studies, and evidence of the public’s expectations. The 201 proposals I make in Chapters 6 and 7 for specific changes to the rules of Canada’s current federal political finance system (again, broadly defined), are based on the model, measures from various jurisdictions in Canada and elsewhere, and international standards. I am not claiming that these changes would definitely result in “better” or more “public interest” policy-making decisions, however that would be determined. I am only contending that the framework I develop is more egalitarian than the Supreme Court’s model, and that the rule changes I suggest would make the political finance, gifts, favours, conflict of interest and lobbying systems align with the more egalitarian model I propose. I primarily use the doctrinal research methodology by examining scholarly research and, given I also examine aspects of the laws of Canadian provinces and municipalities, and other countries, I also deploy some aspects of the comparative methodology (most fully when comparing Canada’s federal rules to Quebec’s rules, and somewhat when comparing Canada’s rules to the U.S. and U.K. rules). The research results from these sources inform the conclusions I set out in my thesis. The thesis advances knowledge in the following areas: 1. It is the first complete evaluation of the federal Canadian political finance, gifts-favours-benefits, conflict of interest and lobbying rules and systems in their current state as of May 2023, based on the findings of extensive new research into key parts of these systems; 2. It sets out the first comprehensive analysis of how the Supreme Court of Canada’s egalitarian model has been applied by the Court and other courts inconsistently, in ways that do not comply with the model; 3. It sets out the first analysis of how Canada’s political finance statutory rules, again defined broadly to include rules that apply to donations, loans, gifts, services, favours and other benefits, lobbying and conflicts of interest, do not comply with the Supreme Court’s egalitarian model, based in part on new statistical research set out in 28 charts, and; 4. It sets out a new theoretical framework based on 19 standards, and a comprehensive set of 201 innovative proposals for changes to make Canada’s political finance rules (again defined broadly) more egalitarian, and more ethical in terms of preventing conflicts of interest. Five comprehensive studies of key parts of the political finance, ethics and lobbying systems are also proposed to gather key information needed to inform the design of some of the 201 proposed changes. Eight structural and positive Charter rights cases are also proposed to challenge current rules that do not comply with the egalitarian model.

Economists predict transfer of wealth from one generation to the next due to increased global wealth. This transfer of wealth is predicted to widen already existing poverty gaps in some economies. Some economists have suggested the taxation of intergenerational transfers in a bid to increase government revenue and reduce the widening gaps between the poor and the rich. This study captures the key mechanisms at work in assessing the labour earnings reaction to changes in unearned income, emanating from gifts and bequests that heirs receive. Three theoretical models are developed to understand the labor earnings reaction with varying unearned income compositions. The tax effects on the transfer of intergenerational wealth are then decomposed. Further, the study uses specific parameters from the Canadian economy with other assumptions to quantitatively investigate the three theoretical models and examine the differences in utility, consumption and labour supply when gift and bequest taxes are applied to unearned income. The study concludes that heirs experience high levels of utility when gift and bequest taxes are applied by the government. Heirs tend to reduce labour hours supplied upon the receipt and taxation of transfers. An optimal combination of income and transfer taxes is necessary to maintain a productive work force in an economy.

The group assignment that serves as the term paper in this course is a realistic public relations campaign aimed at promoting an underdog candidate, Southern Utah quarterback Tyson Justice, for the Heisman Trophy. In reality, of course, there is no Tyson Justice. However, he is based on a former SUU quarterback who allowed his likeness and image to be used for the campaign. Using images and game film supplied by the sports marketing arm of the SUU Athletics Department, the instructor brought Tyson to life by creating realistic media resources, such as newspaper and magazine articles, video highlights, radio interviews, and press releases. In addition, a contrived media-guide profile provides personal information, annual and career statistics, career highlights, honors and awards, etc. Although the campaign team is aware that Tyson is a fictitious person, every effort has been made to humanize him by as a standout athlete, a superior football player, an excellent student-athlete, and the epitome of a kind, considerate, moral person.

This diploma thesis concerns itself with gifts in the noble society of fifteenth century Bohemia and Moravia. With the use of epistolary sources, the thesis tries to describe the nobles sending or receiving gifts, the items making up the gifts and the purpose of this social act. The number of uncovered letters allowed for quantitative approach; however, the sources are also analysed semantically. The thesis considers gift giving a mode of communication, used to convey information. Gift giving is theoretically approached on the basis of the works of Marcel Mauss, Pierre Bourdieu and others.

From the earliest times, the content given to the diaconate of the congregation varied greatly from denomination to denomination. Different methods and sources were used to determine the content and essence of the diaconate. This article attempts to look at the diaconate of the congregation from a new angle to determine what the diaconal task of the congregation can be. Use is made of previous exegetical work done by the author (2018) of this article. He exegeted specific texts in the New Testament in depth with the research question of what meaning possibility of the diacon words (diakoneo, diakonos, diakonia) the authors had in mind when using the words in those texts. These results are used in an attempt to establish what the diaconate can mean when it is built on the meaning contents of the deacon-words. The result is that new insights are exploited and practically applied to the diaconate. The conclusion of this article is that the deacons should work towards involving each member in the diaconate by guiding them to discover their gifts and to encourage them to use those gifts. The members undertake to do specific service work and to be held accountable for it. In this way, the congregation distributes the grace of God and the diaconate takes on a missionary character and God can work mightily through the diakonia of each member. INTRADISCIPLINARY AND/OR INTERDISCIPLINARY IMPLICATIONS: An exegetical study of the New Testament informs the discussion and opens a dialogue between Practical Theology and Hermeneutics. The results of this research have implications for church polity. The outcome of the practical implementation of the results can be a field of study for pastoral counselling, psychology and sociology.

Given the coterie of philosophers focused on everyday aesthetics, it's fascinating that gift reception has heretofore managed to escape their scrutiny. To enact a gift, recipients begin by imagining its use. On this level, gifts serve as a litmus test. In luring us, we're taken out of our normal ways of being to experience a different side of ourselves. Enacting a gift is thus a kind of performance, whose value depends on the donee’s interpretation, just as exhibitions, concerts, staged plays or books are performances of visual art, scores, scripts or texts, whose interpretations demonstrate their aesthetic value. To develop the relationship between enacting gifts and performing artworks, I begin by surveying junctures along the gift-event’s arc: reply, imagination, trust, recognition, transformation and memory. Transformations arising from agonistic gifts strike me as significant because they characterise the way gifts challenge our beliefs, eventually altering our values. That we grow to love gifts, which we originally rejected out of hand, casts doubt on self-knowledge. Enacted gifts handily challenge self-knowledge’s twin features: authority and transparency. As this paper indicates, gift reception helps both to understand ourselves better and to remove the obstacles to what Quassim Cassim calls Substantive Self-Knowledge.

This article considers the visits of the rulers of Russias Central Asian protectorates to St. Petersburg as a means for the imperial authorities to communicate with the Muslim elite. It argues out that gifts, decorations and lavish receptions were all means to exert psychological pressure on the Emir of Bukhara and the Khan of Khiva. Together with other practices, these were meant integrate the Muslim elite into Russian society. As relations with the protectorates evolved, the Russian government developed a plan to annex them. However, the ministry of foreign affairs effectively blocked the move. At the same time, St Petersburg accorded extensive powers to the protectorates rulers that even exceeded those of Turkestans governor-general, encouraging them to consider themselves to be independent rulers. At the same time, differences in outlook, faith, and ways to communicate led the protectorates to separate themselves from the Russian Empire and drove them into the arms its enemies during World War I.

The consumer behaviour of Slovenian pre-service teachers for the December holidays and their personal views about sustainable consumption were studied. A total of 130 students of the University of Ljubljana’s Faculty of Education took part in the study. The sample consisted of 11 male and 116 female students, while 3 students did not report their gender. The survey was conducted in January 2020. The results show that 95.4% of the respondents received gifts during their childhood on Saint Nicholas Day, 60.0% at Christmas and 23.1% when celebrating the New Year. Almost 13% of the respondents received gifts three times in December during their childhood. In December 2019, 54.6% of them gave gifts for Saint Nicholas Day, 65.2% at Christmas and 10.8% for the New Year. Christmas has therefore become the most common gift-giving time in December. Students most often give their loved ones sweets, clothes and shoes, and cosmetics. The majority of the respondents spend less than 50% of their monthly income on gifts for the December holidays. In terms of sustainability, the respondents described their consumer behaviour as follows: (1) giving or receiving things they really need, (2) giving or receiving gifts and wrappings made of recyclable material, (3) giving or receiving nonmaterial gifts, (4) reducing the number of gifts, (5) giving for charity, or (6) not giving gifts at all.

This chapter examines the longest and most developed road in the Maldives archipelago, a fifteen-kilometre-long link road connecting four islands of the Laamu (or Haddummati) Atoll.In the planning phase, there were tensions between those who argued that the road should connect houses to the school and the mosque and those who argued that the road should connect the harbour to the market. Such appeals, bifurcated along gender lines, reflect local mobility concerns and were tied to existing political rifts between the four islands that were intensified by the appearance of a new infrastructural asset. The built road facilitates a multitude of local encounters as people travel further and more regularly, but it is also through the road that islanders encounter the global forces of capital and construction that shape their islands. The Laamu link road was a ‘gift’ from the Chinese government,constructed by the Jiangsu Transportation Engineering Group (JTEG), and amidst local mobility concerns and inter-island politics swirl rumours and hearsay of land grabs and international power struggles between China, India, the US, and Saudi Arabia. This chapter,as well as being an ethnographic exposition of Chinese infrastructure development in a South Asian archipelago, explores the road as a social experience as it crosscuts competing visions of modernity, global connectivity, and anxiety about material change on remote coral atolls in the Indian Ocean.

This article explores the intersection that exists between the economy and intimacy through an exploration of gift exchanges between Latin American sex workers and regular clients in London. It engages with scholarship on sex work and intimacy to explore the social dimension of gift embedded in affective commodified relationships. It argues that gifts and other exchanges are used to manage the excess of intimacy or to normalize newfound relationships. More importantly it explores the ways in which gifts create socio-economic and emotional spheres that contribute to the fulfilling of women’s migration dreams. Tracing gift exchanges in sex work offers an opportunity to examine the development of relationships that emerge from intimate sexual transactions and to look at the ways in which gift exchanges in sex work constrain or enable women’s social, economic, and emotional aspirations for the future. Publisher PDF

Više od dvadeset godina, od 1. siječnja 1994. do 31. prosinca 2016., oporezivanje nasljedstva i darova bilo je uređeno Zakonom o financiranju jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave (NN 117/93-115/16). Od 1. siječnja 2017. odredbe vezane uz oporezivanje nasljedstva i darove brisane su u Zakonu o financiranju te su u dijelu koji se odnosi na porezne obveznike, predmet oporezivanja i poreznu osnovicu sadržajno neizmijenjene i preuzete novim Zakonom o lokalnim porezima (NN 115/16) koji je toga datuma stupio na snagu. Važna novina zadnje porezne reforme je i potpuno rasterećenje građana od obveze prijave nastanka porezne obveze koja se sada provodi po službenoj dužnosti. Naime, sada se porez na nasljedstva i darove smatra prijavljenim kada javni bilježnik, sud ili neko drugo tijelo koje donosi isprave ili odluke o stjecanju pokretnina, dostavi te isprave nadležnom poreznom tijelu. Iznimno, ako ispravu o sjecanju pokretnine nije ovjerio javni bilježnik odnosno nije izdao sud ili drugo javnopravno tijelo, porezni obveznik obvezan ju je dostaviti nadležnom poreznom tijelu u roku od 30 dana od dana njezina nastanka (čl. 45. Zakona o lokalnim porezima). For more than twenty years, from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2016, the taxation of inheritance and gifts was regulated by the Law on Financing Units of Local and Regional Self-Government (Official Gazette 117/93-115/16). As of January 1, 2017, the provisions related to taxation of inheritance and gifts were deleted from the Law on Financing, and in the part that refers to taxpayers, the subject of taxation and the tax base, the contents were unchanged and taken over by the new Law on Local Taxes (Official Gazette 115/16) which entered into force on that date. An important novelty of the last tax reform is the complete relief of citizens from the obligation to report the occurrence of tax liability, which is now carried out ex officio. Namely, now the tax on inheritances and gifts is considered to be reported when the notary public, court or other body that makes documents or decisions on the acquisition of movable property, submits these documents to the competent tax authority. Exceptionally, if the document on the sale of movable property has not been certified by a notary public or issued by a court or other public law body, the taxpayer is obliged to deliver it to the competent tax authority within 30 days from the date of its creation (Article 45 of the Local Taxes Act).

Friedrich Fröbel je njemački pedagog koji je posvetio svoj život razvijanju pedagoškog sustava za odgoj djece predškolske dobi. Smatra se začetnikom predškolskog odgoja i osnivačem prvog oblika institucionaliziranog predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja- dječjeg vrtića. Stoga ne čudi činjenica da se mnogi autori ne ustručavaju nazivati ga „ocem dječjeg vrtića“. Prepoznao je potrebu za formalnim obrazovanjem žena te je osnovao prvu školu za odgojitelje. Koristeći se filozofijom jedinstva s prirodom, poučavao je djecu kako istraživati, promatrati i izražavati se kroz proces igranja. Osmislio je didaktičke materijale i sredstva za odgojni rad s djecom kao poticaj razvoja kreativnosti, logičkog razmišljanja i spoznajnog razvoja. Igra ima glavnu razvojnu ulogu i kao takva potiče cjelovit razvoj djeteta. Mnogi pokretači alternativnih pedagogija poput Marie Montessori i Rudolfa Steinera, usvojili su njegove ideje i materijale te ih prilagodili vlastitim koncepcijama. Fröbelovo pedagoško djelovanje postavilo je temelj za kasnije opredjeljenje predškolske pedagogije kao zasebne pedagoške discipline a njegov utjecaj osjeća se i danas u radu svih ustanova za rani i predškolski odgoj djece., Friedrich Fröbel was a German pedagogue who dedicated his life to developing a pedagogical system for raising preschool children. He is considered to be the originator of preschool education and the founder of the first form of institutionalized preschool education - the kindergarten. Therefore, it is not surprising that many authors do not hesitate to call him the "father of the Kindergarten". He recognized the need for the formal education of women and founded the first school for educators. Using the philosophy of unity with nature, he taught children how to explore, observe and express themselves through the process of play. He designed didactic materials and tools for educational work with children as an incentive for the development of creativity, logical thinking and cognitive development. Play has a major developmental role and as such encourages the child's overall development. Many initiators of alternative pedagogy, such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner, adopted his ideas and materials and adapted them to their own conceptions. Fröbel's pedagogical activity laid the foundation for the later definition of preschool pedagogy as a separate pedagogical discipline, and his influence is still felt today in the work of all institutions for early and preschool education of children.

Thesis

Nowadays, the employee motivation is a real challenge for the employers: they need to know what their employees want, what they need and after this – they must meet the need given. This is a hard process, which requires attention and dedication, as it involves costs, their control in terms of accounting and taxation. In this article there were identified some motivational benefits for employees, their accounting record and fiscal subordination. Both monetary and non-monetary benefits were analyzed, observing the basic rules to which they are subject. Analyzing the fiscal code, the labor code and other normative acts, it was possible to delimit characteristics specific to each type of benefit agreement, as a result, it was concluded on the complexity of these forms of employee encouragement. It was found that the expenses with the employees represent some necessary, useful expenses, which contribute to the well-being and the maintenance of the harmonious relations in the entity and to its progress.

Le sujet principal de cet article porte sur les relations diverses entre la nouvelle capitale kazakhstanaise/kazakhe, Astana (auj. Nur-Sultan) et les régions. Les relations sont perçues à travers le prisme de la présence dans le corps même de la capitale de la mémoire des régions. La mémoire est présentée sous forme plastique par le biais de monuments, sculptures, ou artefacts. Les sources empiriques utilisées dans l’article ont été obtenues lors d’études sur le terrain menées entre 2017 et 2019 dans le cadre du projet de recherche suivant : « Les lieux de mémoire dans la culture moderne du Kazakhstan : les processus de commémoration dans l’espace public ». Une attention particulière a été portée à l’analyse de l’idéologie officielle « L’apogée d’Astana : L’apogée du Kazakhstan », et à la manière dont une clé de consolidation a été construite, justifiant, outre les investissements économiques dans la capitale, la formation d’un discours fort par le pouvoir. The main subject of this article is the various relations between the new Kazakhstani / Kazakh capital, Astana (now Nursultan) and the regions. The relationships are perceived through the prism of the presence in the very body of the capital of the memory of the regions. The memory is presented in plastic form through monuments, sculptures, or artifacts. The empirical sources used in the article were obtained during field studies carried out between 2017 and 2019 as part of the following research project: “Places of Remembrance in the Modern Culture of Kazakhstan: Processes of Remembrance in public space”. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the official ideology “Astana’s heyday: The heyday of Kazakhstan”, and how a key to consolidation has been built, justifying, in addition to economic investments in the capital, the formation of a strong rhetoric by the authorities. В статье рассматриваются разноплановые отношениях между новой казахстанской/казахской столицей – Астаной/Нур-Султаном и регионами. Отношения рассматриваются сквозь призму присутствия в «теле» столицы памяти из регионов. Памяти, представленной в материальном виде: памятники, скульптуры, артефакты. Эмпирический материал, используемый в статье, получен в ходе полевых исследований в период 2017-2019 гг. в рамках исследовательского проекта «Места памяти в современной культуре Казахстана: процессы коммеморации в публичных пространствах». Особый фокус сделан на анализе официальной идеологемы «Расцвет Астаны – расцвет Казахстана», на то, как она консолидировалась, оправдывая, помимо экономических инвестиций в столицу, становление дискурса сильной власти.

How can we understand the relations between economic things and different forms of exchange – commodities, assets, gifts and singularities – in the contemporary economy? The decline of industrial capitalism and the emergence of new types of intangible valuables challenge our understanding of what economic life is about. Analysing economies through one dominant form of exchange risks overlooking the interplay between different types of valuables, their materiality and interactions that form the basis of value creation and exchange. In contrast, this special issue highlights the mutability of things – their capacity to take on and abandon different forms – as a precondition for economic activity. Drawing on a variety of empirical case studies of markets for seeds, grains, fish, carbon emissions and cattle, the contributions set out to trace the social biographies of economic things in, between and beyond multiple economic forms. We argue that it is the very ability of economic things to shift in and out of particular forms of exchange that enables the complex globalised economies of our time.

Users of the National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina, for the purpose of various researches, often look for material that contains national, local heritage, history, material about politics and culture. In addition to the obligatory copy, NUBBIH replenishes its funds with exchanges and gifts. One such gift is the legacy of historian Prof. Dr. Hamdija Kapidžić. The Library got this gift in 2008. Part of this gift – correspondence, letters, postcards, old books, maps, etc., are located in the Department of Special Collections. The material has been undocumented for a long time and we decided to present to the public the archives of this famous Bosnian cultural and scientific worker through this brief overview and list. We hope that this brief review of the legacy of the historian Hamdija Kapidžić will bring new views on his life and scientific work and serve as a source for new research., Korisnici Nacionalne i univerzitetske biblioteke Bosne i Hercegovine u svrhu različitih istraživanja često traže građu koja sadrži podatke o nacionalnoj i lokalnoj historiji, politici, kulturi. Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine svoje fondove, pored obaveznog primjerka, popunjava razmjenom i poklonima. Jedan takav poklon jeste i zaostavština historičara Hamdije Kapidžića. Biblioteka je ovaj poklon zaprimila 2008. godine. Dio poklona, koji čine nekoliko predmeta, korespondencija, pisma, razglednice, stare knjige, karte, nalazi se na Odjeljenju Specijalnih zbirki. Građa već duže vrijeme stoji neobrađena pa smo odlučili kroz ovaj kratki pregled i popis javnosti predočiti arhivu ovog znamenitog bosanskohercegovačkog kulturnog i naučnog radnika. Nadamo se da će ovaj kratak osvrt na zaostavštinu historičara Hamdije Kapidžića donijeti nove poglede na njegov život i znanstveni rad i poslužiti kao izvor za nova istraživanja.

Resumo Este artigo faz um diálogo entre imagens e palavras produzidas entre 1910 e 1945 que compõem o acervo documental do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI). A metodologia baseia-se em elementos enquadrados nas fotografias nos colocando temas e questões que serão trilhadas na documentação textual e tratadas à luz dos campos da antropologia, fotografia e história. As fotografias são de uma solenidade comemorativa à Proclamação da República, no pátio do Posto Indígena Simões Lopes, que abrigava índios Bakairi e servia como lugar de atração para os “índios do Xingu”. As imagens levantam questões que perpassam as ações que envolvem a doação de brindes/presentes. E isso evoca a documentação textual para compor o contexto mais amplo, que, colocado em contraponto, contribui para trazer ao plano da visibilidade as relações produzidas da situação do contato iluminando as ações, agências indígenas e outras histórias possíveis. Abstract This article promotes a dialogue between images and words produced between 1910 and 1945 that compose the documental archive of the Brazilian Indian Protection Service (Serviço de Proteção aos Índios - SPI). The methodology is based on the observation of elements framed in the photographs, which pose themes and questions that are addressed in light of anthropological, photographic and historical considerations. The photographs register a commemorative solemnity - that of the Proclamation of the Republic - at the Simões Lopes’ Indigenous Post’s yard, which housed Bakairi Indians and served as an attraction post for the “Indians of the Xingu.” The images raise questions that traverse actions involving the donation of gifts/souvenirs. This evokes the textual documentation in composing the wider context: placed as counterpoint, it contributes to highlight the relationships produced from the context of contact, shedding light on indigenous actions and agency, as well as other possible histories.

This paper considers the ongoing burden corruption creates in the nation of Mauritania. Since gaining independence from France in 1960, the country has experienced more than ten attempted or realized military coup d’ etats. This instability created an atmosphere in which massive corruption took root and prospered within every sector of society. After more than sixty years as an independent nation, and despite enormous pressure from international governments, donors, and NGO’s, corruption does not appear to be lessening, as annual “perception of corruption” indices continue to reveal. The cost of such activities is staggering. Despite the country’s vast economic potential based on a bounty of natural resources including extensive iron ore deposits, generous natural gas reserves, large scale fishing rights and more, Mauritania remains among the world’s least advanced developing countries, ranking on the low end of human development indices. While poor governance can be blamed for a portion of this failure, the primary culprit is greed. Corruption and classism keep the upper classes wealthy and powerful, while all others remain poverty stricken, illiterate, and in poor health. Keywords: corruption, bribery, patronage, judiciary, gifts, favoritism, Mauritania. Title: Political Corruption Cripples Mauritania’s Societal and Economic Development Author: Shaul M. Gabbay International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2022 - June 2022 Page No: 205-209 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 20-May-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6566205 Paper Download Link: https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/political-corruption-cripples-mauritanias-societal-and-economic-development, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2022 - June 2022 Page No: 205-209 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com, {"references":["[1]\tCarnegie Endowment for International Peace. Can Mauritania Protect Its Political Stability? 17 September 2020. 10 March 2022.","[2]\tFreedom House. Freedom in the World 2021. 2021. 2022.","[3]\tGabbay, Shaul M. \"Hereditary Slavery Shackles Mauritania.\" Academic Paper. 2021.","[4]\tGAN Integrity: Risk & Compliance. Mauritania Corruption Report. New York, Copenhagen, London: Gain Integrity, 2020.","[5]\tGiardino, Carrie. Mauritania Vows to End Corruption. Audio. Washington, DC: Voice of America, 2009.","[6]\tJasmin Chakeri, Nicola Pontara, Manuela Francisco. Mauritania: Anti-Corruption Study. Study. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.","[7]\tMkhaitir, Mohamed Cheikh Ould. Writing was My Way of Fighting Against Untouchability Vidya Bhushan Rawat. 5 Augst 2021.","[8]\tSherpa NGO. Corruption in Mauritania: A Gigantic Evaporation System. Legal Opinion. Paris: Sherpa Org, 2013.","[9]\tSutton,John.https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html. March 2012. 2021.","[10]\tThe Economist. \"Mauritania May Be Changing for the Better.\" The Economist 10 June 10 2021.","[11]\tThurston, Alex. \"A Power Struggle in Mauritania Comes to a Head.\" World Politics Review 22 June 2021.","[12]\tTransparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index. Index. Berlin: Transparency International, 2021.","[13]\tWorld Bank. Mauritania: Anti-Corruption Study. Report. Washington DC: World Bank, 2008.","[14]\tWorldData.info. Corruption in Mauritania. 9 February 2022. 9 February 2022."]}

This article examines the role of “gifts” and “giftedness” in two recent novels about Occupy Wall Street, Barbara Browning's The Gift and Caleb Crain's Overthrow. Together these novels explore how projects designed to offset the effects of neoliberal individualism very often end up replicating, rather than disrupting, aspects of capitalist exchange: the authors temper their own utopian impulses by interrogating the factors which prevent systemic change, such as individual complacency and governmental intervention. The article considers the cycle of gift giving launched by Browning's narrator, a project which falters because her understanding of economization is inadequate, and because she refuses to take account of her own class position. Crain's group of young Brooklynites believe that mind reading draws people together and prevents social isolation. While the vagueness of their aims can be taken as an implied narrative criticism of their impractical plans, the reason they abandon the project is because it encroaches on the government's surveillance programme, which identifies them as security threats.

This article illustrates the exhibitions and the strategy to enrich the cultural heritage of the National Museum of Banat through acquisitions and gifts during the years 2019–2020, when a large number of objects were registered in the inventories of the Visual Arts Department, of extremely diverse typologies: paintings, sculptures, graphic works, ceramic, glass and metal objects, furniture, textiles and clothing accessories from different periods: portraits from the galleries of the noble families Patyánszky de Viszák, Pálik-Ucsevny de Furluk, and Vukovics de Beregsău, five paintings and one sculpture from the famous Virgil Birou collection, engineer, writer and photographer from interwar Timișoara, the testamentary donation of Marieta Pamfil with 11 art works (6 paintings, 2 graphic works, 3 sculptures) by Ştefan Szőnyi și Andrei Orgonaș, which illustrate the world of Olga Szuits (1911–1992), the mother of Marieta Pamfil and the muse of the painter Ştefan Szőnyi in the interwar period.

The relevance of this article in theological sense is due to the need for a multilateral and full service to God: to fulfill the will of God; do what God desires; believe in God; hope for God and love God. Divine service has a spiritual and mystical character and is the core of the Christian and non-Christian religions of the world - therefore, the direct practical participation of man in the process of Christian ministry is extremely relevant. It is in this religious sense that ministry to God is the relevance of this article. To serve God is the spirit and the truth (John 4:24). This is an internal ministry to God, called divinely-worshiped. However, worship must be external, because man consists of soul and body. To thank God, to give thanks to Him, to ask His person must and spiritually and bodily, because the soul and body are closely interconnected, mental movements are expressed in the body. «From the fulness of the heart speak the mouth» (Matthew 12: 34). The Word of God inspires us: «glorify God in your bodies and in your souls which are God‘s» (1 Corinthians 6:20). Therefore, because of the active ministry to God, the faithful receive the blessed novelty of peace and joy in the Holy Ghost. The article deals with the dogmatic and mysterious aspects of the Divine Liturgy The third part, «faithful», analyzes the sacrament: the mysterious entrance of the Lord to free suffering and death, the confession of the priesthood and the faithful dogmas of faith, the mysterious implementation by the High Priest through visible sacred actions of the Sacrament of the Eucharist, the Holy Spirit‘s consecration and thanksgiving to God. The dogmatic difference in the consecration of the Gifts in Orthodoxy and Catholicism is highlighted.

The aim of this study is the reconstruction of children’s toys received by them during the Christmas period in the second half of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. In its subject matter, the article refers, on the one hand, to the deliberations about Christmas toys and, on the other hand, it is part of the ever-growing trend of research on children’s toys from the historical and pedagogical perspective. The text is part of the triptych prepared by the authors on the subject of children’s Christmas toys during the period of Partitions of Poland. Selected iconographic sources – press graphics, Christmas postcards and photographs on which children’s toys can be found, comprise the source basis of this part. They are sources important for cognitive reasons, because they show the image of toys of the time, their appearance, shape, size, the way they were made, decorated, etc. They also indicate which toys were particularly popular (fashionable) and liked by children in the analysed period, and show the ways they were used.

This paper has two parts: some initial observations about how some historians mistake the nature of Ottoman diplomacy are followed by a discussion of four contemporary reports of how, in 1599, Henry Lello was received by Sultan Mehmed III to become Queen Elizabeth’s “orator” to the Ottoman court. These accounts indicate how Europeans resident in Istanbul in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries were well aware that the Ottoman court and state practiced a highly elaborated diplomatic protocol, one that followed different principles from those obtaining among the Italian city states and elsewhere in Western Europe.

After the “Ochakov crisis” of 1791, Russia and Britain were on the verge of war. In 1788 Russia had seized the Ochakov fortress from the Ottoman Empire, and the British Prime Minister, William Pitt (1759–1806), had attempted to forcibly secure its return. Pitt perceived Russian successes in the former Ottoman territories, such as Ochakov and Bender, as threats to British trade interests in the Baltic Sea, but he was quickly forced to withdraw his ultimatum when the idea of war with Russia became unpopular among the British public. Relationships between the two countries improved a few years later, due to their shared antipathy for Revolutionary France, which entered into war with Britain in 1793. The British Government hoped to persuade Catherine II (“the Great”) to join the military coalition against France and commit Russian troops to battle. In addition, the British Ambassador to St Petersburg wished to facilitate the signing of a long-term trade agreement that would give British merchants Baltic trade preferences similar to those that had been granted under the Treaty of 1766. These delicate circumstances required pressure to be applied to Russia in matters of trade and war. Consequently, during the period of 1795–1797, the British Government sent a range of diplomatic gifts to Russia: a Herschel telescope for Empress Catherine II; hundreds of exotic plants from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew for Grand Duchess Maria Fedorovna; and six horses for Emperor Paul I.

presente estudio de prefactibilidad tiene como finalidad determinar la viabilidad técnica económica y social de la implementación del servicio de ventas por internet de regalos personalizados. Esta propuesta nace para satisfacer la necesidad del mercado, ya que las personas actualmente llevan una vida agitada, y lo que se busca es optimizar su tiempo. Mediante esta plataforma web, el cliente podrá elegir que regalo enviar a sus amigos o familiares. Se estima que la demanda del proyecto para el año 2026 será de 35,223 regalos, según los criterios de segmentación de mercado del sector socioeconómico A y B de Lima Metropolitana entre los 18 y 55 años, siendo considerados cibernautas. El distrito más idóneo para que funcione el negocio es Lince, debido al análisis realizado de las alternativas de macro y micro localización. Asimismo, por ser un negocio que nace en base a la tecnología, sus limitantes se dan en función a la demanda y no en la capacidad productiva ni tecnológica. Adicionalmente se definirá la estructura jerárquica de la empresa, el número de colaboradores que son 9 y sus roles respectivos. Se detallará la viabilidad económica y financiera del proyecto para los 5 años de vida del negocio. Se obtuvo un VAN de S/ 260,258 y un TIR económico de 52.23%. Por otro lado, en la evaluación financiera se obtuvo un VAN de S/ 342,584 y un TIR financiero de 62.17% Finalmente, se analizan los principales indicadores sociales como valor agregado, densidad de capital, intensidad de capital, productividad de mano de obra y relación producto-capital. Y se obtuvo un valor agregado actual de S/ 4,438,237. The purpose of this research Project is to determine the technical, economic and social feasibility of the implementation of the internet sales service for personalized gifts. This proposal was born to satisfy the need of the market, since people currently lead hectic lives, and what is sought is to optimize their time. Through this web platform, the client will be able to choose which gift to send to their friends or family. It is estimated that the demand for the project for the year 2026 will be 35,223 gifts, according to the market segmentation criteria of the socioeconomic sector A and B of Lima Metropolitan between the ages of 18 and 55, being considered web user. The most suitable district for the business to work is Lince, due to the analysis carried out of the macro and micro location alternatives. Likewise, since it is a business that was born based on technology, its limitations are based on demand and not on productive or technological capacity. Additionally, the hierarchical structure of the company, the number of collaborators that are 9 and their respective roles will be defined. The economic and financial viability of the project for the 5-year life of the business will be detailed. A NPV of S/ 260,258 and an economic IRR of 52.23% were obtained. On the other hand, in the financial evaluation, a NPV of S/ 342,584 and a financial IRR of 62.17% were obtained. Finally, the main social indicators such as value added, capital density, capital intensity, labor productivity and product-capital ratio are analyzed. And a current added value of S/ 4,438,237 was obtained.

This thesis project is based on the area of ​​Technical Design with a focus on sustainable development and sustainable consumption. The purpose of the project is to develop a concept for a product or service that helps families with children to reduce their negative environmental impact without reducing the supply of the products they need. The goal of the project is to provide in-depth knowledge of product and service development based on human needs. At the end of the project, a well-developed prototype will be created and presented. In order to succeed in creating a concept that both meets the users needs and contributes to minimal environmental impact, literature studies have been carried out in subjects such as sustainable development, aesthetics, consumption and circular economy. The project has been implemented according to the Design Thinking process (Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford, u.å.). The process consists of the five phases Empathize, Define, Ideate, Build and Test. The sixth phase reDesign was added to set aside time for adjustments according to the user feedback collected in the test phase. Methods such as survey and interview were used early in the process to gain understanding of the users needs and motivations. The information collected in the Empathize phase was analyzed in the Define phase. With the use of methods such as Persona and Point of View, four problem areas could be identified and further defined. During sessions of How might we and brainstorming, many creative solutions were created. The idea that was considered to solve the problem in the best way was built as a prototype and then used in interactive user tests. Based on the user feedback, some adjustments were made prior to the final concept. The result of this thesis was the concept Pre-Loved Things, a new way of giving away gifts that do not increase consumption but instead make use of the resources that already exist. The end product is a sticker, designed to symbolize all the good that used products stand for. As a complement to this symbol, gift packages in different sizes are also sold, the idea is that these should be combined with an optional used product to easily create a nice gift that is ready to be given away. The hope is that the concept will change people's attitudes to used products and thus encourage more people to make a sustainable choice. Detta examensarbete har sin utgångspunkt i området Teknisk Design med inriktning mot ekologiskt hållbarhet och hållbar konsumtion. Syftet med examensarbetet är att ta fram ett koncept på en produkt eller tjänst som hjälper familjer med barn att minska sin negativa miljöpåverkan utan att för den skull minska utbudet av de produkter de behöver. Målet med projektet är att det ska ge fördjupad kunskap kring produkt- och tjänsteutveckling utifrån mänskliga behov. I slutet av projektet ska en välutvecklad prototyp tillverkas och presenteras. För att lyckas skapa ett slutkoncept som både möter användarnas behov och bidrar till minimal miljöpåverkan har litteraturstudier genomförts inom ämnen som hållbar utveckling, estetik, konsumtion och cirkulär ekonomi. Projektet har genomförts enligt Design Thinking-processen (Hasso Plattner Institute of Design at Stanford, u.å.). Denna process består av de fem faserna Empathize, Define, Ideate, Build och Test. Den sjätte fasen reDesign las till för att redan från start planera in tid för justeringar efter den användarfeedback som samlas in i Test-fasen. Metoder som enkät och intervju användes tidigt i processen för att förstå användarnas behov och motivationer. Den information som samlades in i Empathize-fasen analyserades i Define-fasen och med hjälp av metoder som Persona och Point of View kunde fyra problemområden identifieras och definieras. Under sessioner av How might we och brainstorming så skapades många kreativa lösningar. Den idé som ansågs lösa problemet på bästa sätt byggdes som prototyp och användes sedan i interaktiva användartester. Utifrån användarnas feedback så gjordes vissa justeringar inför det slutgiltiga konceptet. Resultatet av detta examensarbete blev konceptet För Älskade-saker, ett nytt sätt att ge bort gåvor som inte ökar konsumtion utan istället tar tillvara på de resurser som redan finns. Slutprodukten är ett klistermärke, som ska symbolisera allt det bra som begagnade produkter står för. Som ett komplement till denna symbol säljs även presentförpackningar i olika storlekar, tanken är att dessa ska kombineras med en valfri begagnad produkt för att enkelt skapa en fin gåva som är redo att ges vidare. Förhoppningen är att konceptet ska ändra människors inställning till begagnade produkter och på så sätt uppmuntra fler att göra ett hållbart val.

Договор дарения традиционно является одним из наиболее интересных объектов гражданско-правовых отношений. Настоящая статья посвящена правовой природе договора дарения между супругами. Проблемы правового регулирования имущественных отношений супругов и сегодня являются актуальными и вызывают небеспочвенный интерес среди ученых-цивилистов и юристов-практиков. В статье исследованы понятие договора дарения, особенности его содержания, способы отмены и признания его недействительным., The contract of gift is traditionally one of the most interesting objects of civil-law relations. This article is devoted to the legal nature of the contract of gift between spouses. Problems of legal regulation of property relations of spouses, to this day are relevant and cause unreasonable interest among civil scientists and legal practitioners. The article examines the concept of a donation contract, the specifics of its content, ways to cancel and invalidate it., Вестник научной мысли, Выпуск 5 2022, Pages 358-362

This article demonstrates how nonhuman and human infrastructural assemblages, and the brokers that operate as assemblers within them, give rise to localised Internets. With an ethnographic emphasis on the digital transformations of Solomon Islands, we examine agentive brokerage practices surrounding digital multimedia files, downloaded off the global Internet and circulated offline as gifts via MicroSDs. We show how digital brokers use their comparatively unique manoeuvrability within digital infrastructural assemblages. They extend the Internet to offline rural environments, while following and strengthening local systems of moral economic social reproduction. Recognising the interconnectedness of human and nonhuman actors, these brokers are also dependent on the broader infrastructural assemblages in which they operate, especially the cables and waves that initially allow digital bits to travel to Solomon Islands. Localised Internets such as Solomon Islands are, thus, continuously in flux, being perpetually reassembled by the agentive practices of their constituent parts.

In Hebrew scripture and the New Testament, trees play a prominent role, most obviously in the first chapters of Genesis and the last chapter of Revelations. Trees also serve as messianic heralds, as life-giving resources, as aesthetic standards of beauty, as exemplars of strength and fame, and as markers and instruments of salvation. Like the Hebrew Bible, the Book of Mormon and other Latter-day Saint scriptures feature prominent references to forests, trees, branches, roots, and seeds. What is unique about the spiritual and cultural landscape invoked by Latter-day Saint scripture? More specifically, what is said about trees and their accoutrements in restoration scripture? While numerous studies have focused on the major thematic tree scenes in the Book of Mormon, the tree of life in the visions of Lehi and Nephi, Zenos’ allegory of the olive tree, and Alma’s discourse on the seed of faith and the tree of righteousness, this paper aims at a broader look at trees in Latter-day Saint scripture. Taking cues from Robert Pogue Harrison’s Forests: The Shadow of Civilization, this paper takes a wide-ranging look at how trees in restoration scripture can help us rhetorically address the ecological dilemmas of our time. When the Gods built us a home, they did so with trees, and when God called on Their people to build a house, God told them to “bring the box tree, and the fir tree, and the pine tree, together with all the precious trees of the earth” to build it (see Abraham 4:11–12 and D&C 124:26–27). Another revelation declares bluntly: “Hurt not the earth, neither the sea, nor the trees” (D&C 77:9). As eaters of sunshine and exhalers of oxygen, trees have much to teach us about how to live, and trees in restoration scripture specifically contribute to a broader vision of ecological living.

[ES] depARTEde consiste en el diseño de una página web del mismo nombre dirigida a personas que buscan asesoramiento para hacer un regalo a alguien. Se trata de la aplicación profesional de una vieja práctica personal: hacer regalos. Con este proyecto me propongo hacerlo no solo con familiares, amig@s y conocid@s, sino también con personas totalmente ajenas a mí. La manera de conectar con ellas es ofreciendo mi ayuda a la hora de pensar y llevar a cabo el regalo perfecto. Mediante un breve análisis de los gustos, intereses y necesidades del receptor@ y de la relación que mantiene con la persona que contacta conmigo, la idea es diseñar, elaborar y enviar un detalle adecuado. Aunque las técnicas utilizadas son variadas, la confección siempre sigue un patrón artesano y personalizado que convierte los artículos en únicos y que da al proyecto un carácter multidisciplinar. Además, depARTEde incluye una colección permanente de joyería que consta de diez piezas inspiradas en diez especies de flora valenciana en peligro de extinción. Mi propuesta se incluye dentro del ámbito del ecodiseño porque cumple con todos los requisitos que hacen que se pueda considerar que un producto tenga el menor impacto ambiental posible. Asimismo, el trabajo incluye una parte conceptual extensa y fundamentada que analiza a fondo el movimiento ecosocial y sus diferentes aplicaciones en el mundo del arte y el diseño., [EN] depARTEde is the design of a website of the same name aimed at people who are looking for advice on how to give someone a present. It is the professional application of an old personal practice: making gifts. With this project I intend to do it not only with family, friends and acquaintances, but also with people totally unrelated to me. The way to connect with them is to offer my help in thinking and carrying out the perfect present. By means of a brief analysis of the tastes, interests and needs of the recipient and the relationship they have with the person who contacts me, the idea is to design, elaborate and send a suitable gift. Although the techniques used are varied, the making always follows a handmade and personalised pattern that makes the articles unique and gives the project a multidisciplinary character. In addition, depARTEde includes a permanent collection of jewellery consisting of ten pieces inspired by ten endangered species of Valencian flora. My proposal is included in the field of eco-design because it meets all the requirements that make it possible to consider a product as having the least possible environmental impact. The work also includes an extensive and well-founded conceptual part that analyses in depth the eco-social movement and its different applications in the world of art and design.

This article presents an overview of the Cistercian monasteries that were founded in Sweden in the 12th and 13th centuries. The first were Alvastra and Nydala, founded in 1143, both male monasteries. However, eventually the nunneries came to outnumber the male monasteries (7/5). The purpose of the article is also to discuss the social background of the monks and nuns who inhabited these monasteries. As for the nuns, previous studies have shown that they initially came from the society’s elite, the royal families, but also other magnates. Gradually, social recruitment broadened, and an increasing number of women from the aristocratic lower levels came to dominate the recruitment. It is also suggested that from the end of the 14th century, the women increasingly came from the burghers. The male monasteries, on the other hand, were not even from the beginning populated by men from the nobles. Their family backgrounds seem rather to be linked to the aristocratic lower layers. This difference between the sexes can most probably be explained by the fact that ideals of monastic life—obedience, equality, poverty and ban on weapons—in a decisive way broke with what in secular life was constructed as an aristocratic masculinity.

It has been observed that an organization that administers donations has problems controlling the flow of incoming and outgoing donations, as it does not have an accurate record of how many donations come in, how many go out, and who donates what, which creates difficulties for traceability, as they cannot assure any donor that what was collected is true or that everything collected has been delivered to the beneficiary. In this paper, a private Ethereum-based blockchain system is proposed to ensure the traceability of donations from the time a donor gives them until the beneficiary receives them. For this, a private blockchain was created with proof of work (PoW) consensus protocol and a smart contract to develop, obtain, and send a donation to a final user. The implementation was validated using tools and expert judgment on the blockchain and the smart contract. Finally, it was demonstrated that it is feasible to implement, both technically and procedurally, a blockchain and a smart contract for the traceability of donations, since the smart contract, through its functions in the blockchain, allows the donor to track his donation until it reaches the hands of the beneficiary.

The relevance of this article in theological sense is due to the need for a multilateral and full service to God: to fulfill the will of God; do what God desires; believe in God; hope for God and love God. Divine service has a spiritual and mystical character and is the core of the Christian and non-Christian religions of the world - therefore, the direct practical participation of man in the process of Christian ministry is extremely relevant. It is in this religious sense that ministry to God is the relevance of this article. To serve God is the spirit and the truth (John 4:24). This is an internal ministry to God, called divinely-worshiped. However, worship must be external, because man consists of soul and body. To thank God, to give thanks to Him, to ask His person must and spiritually and bodily, because the soul and body are closely interconnected, mental movements are expressed in the body. "From the fulness of the heart speak the mouth" (Matthew 12: 34). The Word of God inspires us: "glorify God in your bodies and in your souls which are God's" (1 Corinthians 6:20). Therefore, because of the active ministry to God, the faithful receive the blessed novelty of peace and joy in the Holy Ghost. The article deals with the dogmatic and mysterious aspects of the Divine Liturgy The second part, "announced", reveals the enlightening and salvific activities of Christ, the mysterious appearance of His people and the sermon. The active participation of people in the liturgy, their enlightenment, preparation for the Holy Communion is shown.

Although there are many studies addressing the purchase of souvenirs, a few provide practical insights for practitioners in the souvenir industry regarding tourist’s preferred souvenir attributes, what they purchase, and how much they spend. Furthermore, little is known about souvenir collectors’ preferences. To address these gaps, this study analyzes tourists’ souvenir purchasing behavior with both quantitative (277 responses to a questionnaire) and qualitative (85 interviews) methods. The results indicate that the quality of the souvenir, gift appropriateness, and having the name or design of the place visited were the souvenir attributes most valued by the tourists. The results also reveal the importance of souvenir collectors, since they buy more souvenirs and spend higher amounts per souvenir. Further insights are given regarding the purchase of souvenirs, providing practical implications for practitioners in the souvenir industry. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

In the contemporary world pharmaceuticals have become a go-to answer to a growing number of questions. This process of pharmaceuticalization gives rise to a concern with the increasing influence of the pharmaceutical industry on physicians’ decision-making. Critics suggest that companies’ for-profit-interests might compromise the integrity of medical practice. This article employs qualitative research methodology to explore how Russian physicians deal with the industry’s efforts to expand and shape the use of pharmaceuticals. By bridging perspectives of social studies of science and sociology of professions, we offer a contextualized account of physicians’ daily practices and interpretations related to pharmaceuticalization. The findings question conventional assumptions of physician-industry relations and allow to delineate a new form of medical professionalism that emerges in the context of pharmaceuticalization and cannot be reduced to either “resisting” industry marketing activities or “giving in” to them and thus corrupting biomedical expertise. Instead, the ways in which physicians navigate abundant sources of knowledge and use industry resources to overcome constraints of their organizational environment attest to mundane forms of agency exercised by physicians in their relations with industry.

Orientador: Marina Suely Kofes Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Resumo: Este trabalho é uma narrativa histórica em torno da trajetória de Antonio Ferreira Cesarino (1808-1892). O objetivo foi procurar apresentar o itinerário de Cesarino, observando o período histórico e os contextos em que viveu. Movendo-se dentro de uma sociedade racialmente hierarquizada, mas afeita a lógicas raciais contextuais, Cesarino, negro, era classificado sob o designativo "pardo". Numa visão dialética, verificou-se que a classificação de Cesarino na categoria parda se deu devido a uma leitura de sua cor em relação à sua condição social e ações sociais. Além disso, argumento que o designativo pardo, operando como modalidade oposicional, era um sinal diacrítico utilizado para demonstrar a diferença. O expressivo desempenho sócio-profissional e o prestígio que Cesarino alcançou ao longo da vida se fez possível também por força de sa condição social, de suas ações e pela prática de mercês e de troca de mercês. Para este trabalho, as mercês e a troca de mercês foram entendidas como préstimos, favores, dádivas, cordialidades, esforços e toda sorte de princípios e práticas úteis e proveitosas que se conectam com as capacidades de dar, receber e retribuir. O cenário escolhido para a análise é móvel, deslocando-se da Vila do Paracatu do Príncipe, noroeste mineiro, para a Vila de São Carlos, futura cidade de Campinas, interior paulista, entre a primeira década do século XIX e os primeiros anos do XX. A narrativa e a análise da trajetória de Cesarino expõem alguns traços pertinentes de sua biografia, compreendendo, em especial, as relações desse homem com a sociedade em que vivia e as disposições presentes nesse campo Abstract: The here presented work constitutes a historical narrative constructed around the life trajectory of Antonio Ferreira Cesarino (1808-1892). The aim was to present the itinerary of this man, noting the historical period and the contexts in which he lived. Moving in racially hierarchical society which had logical racial contextual, Cesarino, a black man, was classified as "pardo" (brown). In a dialectical view, I will suggest that an identification as pardo was attributed in intersection with his social conditions well as his particular social action. In parallel, I argue that the designation pardo, operating as oppositional mode, was a diacritical signal used to demonstrate the difference. For Cesarino, reaching the expressive social and professional performance and a high level of prestige was only possible, given specific social conditions, his own actions, as well as the practise and exchange of "mercês". As result of my research, I assume that the practise of mercês or its exchange can be understood as borrowings, donations, favors, efforts, altogether, as the useful and profitable practices that are bound together by the capacities of giving, receiving and returning. In terms of spacial scenary, my work choses a rather flexibel focus for analysis, switching from Vila do Paracatu do Príncipe, in the northeast of Minas Gerais to Vila São Carlos, a place later to become the city of Campinas, a country town of São Paulo state. The discussion is situated between the first decades of the 19th and the first years of the 20th century. Narrative and analysis about the life trajectory of Cesarino brings several pertinent aspects of his biography leading to a deeper understanding of this man?s relationship to the society he lived in and opportunities avaiable in that context Doutorado Antropologia Social Doutor em Antropologia Social

Resumen El trabajo argumenta que resulta legítimo castigar a los funcionarios públicos por aceptar regalos en el ejercicio de sus funciones, y a los particulares por ofrecérselos; esto es, cuando la dádiva es otorgada por mera consideración al cargo, pero no involucra un compromiso por parte del funcionario de realizar cierto acto como contraprestación –quid pro quo–. Concretamente, se sostiene que por la función expresiva que desempeñan los regalos, en la medida en que favorecen el surgimiento de relaciones estrechas entre los agentes, los regalos tienen la capacidad de interferir en las decisiones de los funcionarios y, de este modo, pueden afectar el normal funcionamiento de la Administración pública. Asimismo, a partir de ciertas herramientas desarrolladas por la teoría del delito, el trabajo propone pautas para determinar en qué casos la aceptación y el ofrecimiento de regalos deben considerarse atípicos. Por último, se plantea una serie de parámetros que pueden ser útiles en la práctica para distinguir la aceptación y el ofrecimiento de regalos de los sobornos. Abstract The paper contends that it is legitimate to punish public officers for accepting gifts in the course of their functions, and individuals for offering them to them; that is to say, when the benefit is given for mere consideration of the office, but does not involve a commitment on the part of the functionary to perform a certain act in return -quid pro quo-. Specifically, it is argued that because of the expressive function played by gifts, insofar as they favor the emergence of close relations among agents, they have the capacity to interfere with public officers’ decisions and thus can affect the normal functioning of the government. Furthermore, based on certain tools developed by the Continental theory of crime, the paper proposes guidelines for determining in which cases the acceptance and the offer of gifts fall outside the scope of the criminal offence. Finally, it poses some criteria that may be useful in practice to distinguish the acceptance and the offer of gifts from bribes. Resumo O trabalho argumenta sobre a legitimidade de punir funcionários públicos por aceitar presentes no exercício de suas funções, e aos particulares por oferecê-los, isto é, quando a dádiva é outorgada por mera consideração ao cargo, porém, não envolve um compromisso por parte do funcionário de realizar certo ato em contrapartida – quid pro quo. Especificamente, argumenta-se que, devido à função expressiva dos presentes, na medida em que favorecem o surgimento de relações estreitas entre os agentes, os presentes têm a capacidade de interferir nas decisões dos funcionários e, portanto, podem afetar o funcionamento normal da administração pública. Além disso, com base em ferramentas desenvolvidas pela teoria do crime, o artigo propõe diretrizes para determinar em quais casos a aceitação e a oferta de presentes devem ser consideradas atípicas. Por fim, apresenta-se uma série de parâmetros que podem ser úteis na prática para distinguir a aceitação e a oferta de presentes de subornos.

La implementación de un catálogo de productos y servicios los cuales incluyen toda clase de artículos personalizados como lo son (mugs, botilos, gorras, botones, mug´s encajarles, bodys para bebé, cojines, camisetas entre otros), pero esto articulado a detalles sorpresas, es decir regalarles bellos MOMENTOS a clientes, especialmente para fechas especiales a lo largo del año. The implementation of a catalog of products and services which include all kinds of personalized items such as (mugs, booties, caps, buttons, mugs to fit them, baby bodysuits, cushions, t-shirts among others), but this articulated in detail surprises, that is to say giving beautiful MOMENTS to clients, especially for special dates throughout the year. Comunicador Social http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

El Tribunal Supremo ha dictaminado que el art. 48.2 RISD -que remite al 1227 CC a efectos de la determinación del dies a quo por cuanto a los documentos privados con incidencia en la tributación de las sucesiones y de las donaciones- carece de cobertura legal. Idéntica remisión se contempla en el art. 50.2 TRITPAJD, lo que llevaría a concluir que, en adelante, el criterio a seguir habrá de ser diferente en función del carácter oneroso o gratuito del negocio subyacente. En este artículo se pasa revista a los hechos sobre los que se asienta esta relevante sentencia (epígrafe 1), para detenerse en la doctrina que contiene, desde la consideración de la gestada en las liquidaciones y resoluciones -administrativa y judicial- de las que trae causa (epígrafe 2), para terminar con un comentario crítico en torno a su incidencia sistémica y su proyección de futuro (epígrafe 3) que conduce a unas conclusiones finales (epígrafe 4).

Visuomenės apklausos įvairiose šalyse, tarp jų ir Lietuvoje, liudija, kad Kalėdos – intensyviausias dovanų teikimo metas. Šių dovanų teikimo centre atsiduria patys artimiausi šeimos nariai – tėvai apdovanoja vaikus, o šie, jau užaugę, patys perima dovanojančiojo vaidmenį. Fenomenologinėje antropologijoje atliekami kasdienių praktikų tyrimai leido į šį plačiai žinomą paprotį pažvelgti per asmeninių pasakojimų vaizdinius. Siekiant atskleisti, kaip kuriamas ypatingas dovanojančiojo ir gavėjo ryšys, buvo analizuojami individualūs patyrimai, užfiksuoti kaip nestruktūruoti interviu su pateikėjais, ir pačios autorės prisiminimai. Pastebėta, kaip, bėgant metams, pasikeičia dovaną duodančiojo ir gaunančiojo vaidmenys, tampantys ne tik inversiniai, bet ir asimetriniai – pareiga atsilyginti už gautas dovanas perkelia šio veiksmo intenciją ateinančioms kartoms. Kalėdų kontekste ypatinga svarba tenka ir dedamų pastangų intensyvumui, tarp jų – miego ir bemiegių naktų sąryšiui. Tyrimas leido pažvelgti į dar vieną aspektą – per dovaną, kaip nekalbinę komunikacijos formą, artimiesiems pavyksta susikalbėti – be žodžių, be atskiro reflektavimo, bet per patiriamą žinojimą, fenomenologijoje vadinamą gyvenama patirtimi (angl. lived experience). The article focuses on the Christmas gifts that parents give to their children and afterwards – that the grown-up children in turn give to their parents and their own kids, as remembered and described by the informants in the course of unstructured interviews. The subject of analysis comprises memories and narratives of the respondents, including a description of personal experience by the author. The choice of the Christmas is anything but accidental, since this period is characterized as the most intense gift-giving time, according to various opinion polls both in Lithuania and in other countries. Studies of everyday practices applied in the phenomenological anthropology allow viewing this popular practice through personal narratives. Analysis of the individual experience stories reveals modes of establishing special relationship between the gift giver and the receiver against the background of the season’s holidays. Sleep is noted to be an important element in the process of creating this relationship, since sleep is a form of existential death, which in a way guarantees longevity of the social bonds. In the course of years, when individual ceases to be a child in relation to people around him/her, and becomes a grown-up instead, an inversion of roles between the giver and the receiver takes place, which, however, is asymmetrical: the obligation to repay the received gifts directs the gift giving intention towards the future generations. The study reveals yet another aspect of these interactions: namely, the gift, as a nonverbal means of communication, enables mutual understanding between family members that is reached without any words, just by an experienced knowledge, which is defined as a lived experience in phenomenology.

Packaging and containers play an important role in attracting customers, since they can awaken feelings and emotions. Therefore, entrepreneurs who are dedicated to making personalized gifts strive to offer their products in attractive packaging that protects them and gives them an emotion al, ecological and reusable added value. We propose a digital marketing plan for an “Empaques el Artesano” online store, under the B2B business model, which facilitates the acquisition of packaging and containers in a variety of materi- als, without a minimum purchase, and with the option of custom izing the accessories from the web- site, according to your preference. With the appropriate strategies and tactics (social networks, email marketing, inbound market- ing, SEM, SEO), the aim is to launch the “Empaques el Artesano” online store, make it known attract customers, and promote the products and services. Los empaques y envases juegan un papel importante de atracción para el cliente, ya que estos, pueden despertar sentimientos y emociones, es así que, los emprendedores que se dedican a elaborar regalos personalizados, se esmeran por ofrecer sus productos en empaques llamativos, que lo prote-jan y le den un valor agregado emocional, ecológico y reutilizable. Se propone un plan de marketing digital para una tienda online Empaques el Artesano, bajo el modelo de negocio B2B, que facilite al artesano la adquisición de empaques y envases en variedad de materiales, sin mínimo de compra, y con opción de personalizar desde la página web, los comple-mentos, según su preferencia. Con las estrategias y tácticas adecuadas (redes sociales, email marketing, inbound marketing, SEM, SEO), se busca poner en marcha la tienda online Empaques el Artesano, dar a conocer, captar los clientes, y promocionar los productos y servicios.

The tax regime and the subsequent funding of non-governmental non-profit organizations through the institution of tax assignations in the Visegrad countries is the main topic of this paper.The issue of taxation is discussed with the aim of proposing changes and recommendations and reducing administrative costs of non-profit organizations in the Czech Republic. In the area of financing, the issue of tax assignations as one of the options of state financial support for the non-profit sector is explored.They are not introduced in the Czech Republic, however, in the other countries of the Visegrad countries this institution is already incorporated into their tax systems. The aim of the paper is to confirm or possibly refute the benefits of the concept of tax assignations for the current Czech tax system. The impacts of the introduction of tax assignations are identified on the basis of comparison of tax models. Analysis of statistical data was used to explore whether tax assignations affected the amount of transfers to non-governmental organizations and whether tax assignations could be an additional source of funding for non-profit organizations in the Czech Republic.

International audience; In a research about "MediaACES.Accountability and Journalistic Cultures in Spain. Impact and proposal of good practices in the Spanish media ", funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain, a fieldwork has been carried out between journalists and citizens on goodjournalistic practices and the accountability system. Among the questions raised has been raised how journalists could be compromised their information independence in more or less close relations with political and economic powers, as well as when they can mediate gifts that can range from a simple gesture of institutional courtesy to certain forms of compensation for a favorable information treatment. In this communication the position of professionals and citizens is analyzed.; Dentro del proyecto de I+D+I, “MediaACES. Accountability y Culturas Periodísticas en España. Impacto y propuesta de buenas prácticas en los medios de comunicación españoles”, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España, se ha llevado a cabo un trabajo de campo entre periodistas y ciudadanos sobre las buenas prácticas periodísticas y los sistemas de rendición de cuenta. Entre las cuestiones formuladas se ha planteado de qué manera los periodistas podría ver comprometida su independencia informativa ante relaciones más o menos estrechas con poderes políticos y económicos, así como cuando puedan mediar regalos que puedan ir desde un simple gesto de cortesía institucional a ciertas formas de compensación por un tratamiento informativo favorable. En esta comunicación se analiza la posición de los profesionales y de los ciudadanos.

Reciprocity and gift-giving are recurrent themes in today's social sciences. Ever since Marcel Mauss (re)invented the subject in his "Essai sur le Don," the paradigm of reciprocity has been presented as a counterpoint to the economical standard models, entirely based on rational calculation, utility maximization, and opportunistic orientation. Many go as far as claiming that the world of gifts offers clever departures from the money economy and the "sins" of the capitalist order. This type of reasoning usually forgets that Marcel Mauss himself presented his formulation of the reciprocity thesis as a mix of freedom and obligation, introducing cautionary remarks in a realm where most only see purity and perfection. Using two literary examples separated in time and space – O. Henry's "The Gift of the Magi" and Nuruddin Farah's "Gifts" – as starting points, we will claim that purity and perfection associated with gift-giving generally lead to a situation dominated by romanticism, solidarity, and love, but also by social paralysis, isolation, and autarchic communities. In turn, money-mediated exchanges may create suspicion and anticipations of distrust but pave the way to the development of sophisticated contractual arrangements that are fundamental to the constitution of cosmopolitan and decontextualized social relations. Using these two ideal types (money exchange vs. gift exchange) as working tools, we will try to develop a comprehensive theory of reciprocity, considering its multidimensional aspects and its contradictions. Reciprocity will be presented as a way of building up paroxysmic and competitive social relations among peers (its potlatchian dimension) and establishing symbiotic relations among actors with different social standings (its stabilizing element). Reciprocidade e dádiva são temas recorrentes nas ciências sociais de hoje. Desde que Marcel Mauss (re)inventou o tema no seu "Essai sur le Don", o paradigma da reciprocidade tem sido apresentado como um contraponto ao modelo padrão económico, inteiramente baseado no cálculo racional, na maximização da utilidade e na orientação oportunista. Muitos vão ao ponto de afirmar que o mundo dos dons oferece saídas inteligentes da economia monetária e dos "pecados" da ordem capitalista. Este tipo de raciocínio geralmente esquece que o próprio Marcel Mauss apresentou a sua formulação da tese de reciprocidade como uma mistura de liberdade e obrigação, introduzindo observações cautelosas num reino onde a maioria só vê pureza e perfeição. Utilizando dois exemplos literários separados no tempo e no espaço – "O Presente dos Magos" de O. Henry e "Presentes" de Nuruddin Farah – como pontos de partida, vamos afirmar que a pureza e a perfeição associadas à dádiva geralmente conduzem a uma situação dominada pelo romantismo, solidariedade e amor, mas também pela paralisia social, o isolamento e as comunidades autárquicas. Porsua vez, as trocas mediadas pelo dinheiro podem criar suspeitas e antecipações de desconfiança, mas abrir caminho ao desenvolvimento de sofisticados acordos contratuais que são fundamentais para a constituição de relações sociais cosmopolitas e descontextualizadas. Utilizando estes dois tipos ideais (troca de dinheiro vs. troca de presentes) como ferramentas de trabalho, tentaremos desenvolver uma teoria abrangente de reciprocidade, considerando os seus aspetos multidimensionais e as suas contradições. A reciprocidade será apresentada como uma forma de construir relações sociais paroxísmicas e competitivas entre os pares (a sua dimensão potlatchiana) e estabelecer relações simbióticas entre atores com diferentes posições sociais (o seu elemento estabilizador). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This article argues for a revisionist history of women through the lens of anthropological gift theory by analysing how Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova used gifts to sustain her relationships, including a tumultuous friendship with Catherine the Great, and the historical narrative of her life. In 1762, Ekaterina played a key role in the coup that overthrew Peter III and installed his wife on the throne. Catherine II made the princess president of the Russian Academy of Sciences - the first European woman to hold public office. At a time when elite Russians first encountered Western society, Ekaterina played a central role in shaping and promoting Russian intellectual and cultural life. The role that gift-giving played in the princess’s negotiation of her relationships and her construction of her own and Russia’s history has not been considered; this article argues for greater recognition of gift-giving and visual rhetoric in women’s history.