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Diabetes mellitus (DM) follows a series of metabolic diseases categorized by high blood sugar levels. Owing to the increasing diabetes disease in the world, early diagnosis of this disease is critical. New methods such as nanotechnology have made significant progress in many areas of medical science and physiology. Nanobiosensors are very sensible and can identify single virus particles or even low concentrations of a material that can be inherently harmful. One of the main factors for developing glucose sensors in the body is the diagnosis of hypoglycemia in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the most up-to-date and fastest glucose detection method by nanosensors and, as a result, faster and better treatment in medical sciences. In this review, we try to explore new ways to control blood glucose levels and treat diabetes. We begin with a definition of biosensors and their classification and basis, and then we examine the latest biosensors in glucose detection and new biosensors applications, including the artificial pancreas and updating quantum graphene data.

International audience; Supporting information for this article is given via a link at the end of the document.

Graphene quantum dots (GQD) are novel fluorescent carbon nanomaterials based on a graphite structure. Thanks to extraordinary properties such as high surface area and enhanced prevalent optical properties, they have received more interest for special applications. Glucose sensing is a critical factor for the diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes plays an important role and could contribute to the monitoring of diabetes and other related parameters, which has been effectively underscoring the health society. Detecting glucose has been cultivated through different systems, for example, electrochemical or optical techniques. Novel transducers made with GQD that fluorescent coordinate methods have considered the improvement of cutting-edge glucose sensors with prevalent affectability and accommodation. Currently, detection of glucose by nitrogen-doped GQD frameworks concerning the determined objectives has been considerably considered. Here, we explored the properties of fluorescent nitrogen-doped GQD as an excellent and effective index that significantly could promote nitrogen-doped GQDs and make them an appropriate candidate for detecting glucose.

In the present study, applications of advanced nanomaterials such as graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) as leading and potential candidates toward treating the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) were investigated. In this matter, a comprehensive summary of the formation of GO, rGO, and GQDs will be reported in detail. Continuous efforts have been exerted to develop high-performance biosensors and electrochemical detection systems toward accurate detection of HPV using novel routes. This review paper showed that HPVs appeared in different types and species. These HPVs have many complications on humans, and thus, there are different ways that a person could be exposed to them. Meanwhile, several routes of transmitting the HPVs to human cells are discussed too. Indeed, sexually transmitted diseases could be easily infected by HPVs, although the human immune system can also be boosted to treat this dangerous virus effectively. Some of the HPVs such as HPV-16 and HPV-18 are so dangerous, and HPV DNA could be detected in several vertical cancers. Herein, we reported and summarized some recent progress in electrochemical detection of HPVs using graphene-based nanosensors.

The utilization of medicinal plants and their derivatives in treating illnesses is more appropriately recognized as herbal remedy than traditional medicine. For centuries, medicinal herbs have been used for the treatment of diseases in many countries. Malva sylvestris L. is a kind of mallow derived from Malvaceae species and is recognized as common mallow. This amazing plant has antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties and is considered as one of the most promising herbal medicinal species. This plant’s traditional use in treating many diseases and preparing pharmaceutical compounds can show us how to know in depth the plant origin of drugs used to produce antibiotics and other therapeutic agents.

Due to the increase in the aged population and increased life expectancy, the underlying mechanisms involved in the aging process and cell senescence and the ways for modulating these processes in age-related diseases become important. One of the main mechanisms involved in aging and cell senescence, especially in the diseases related to aging, is the oxidative stress process and the following inflammation. Hence, the effects of antioxidants are highlighted in the literature due to their beneficial impacts on inhibiting telomere shortening or DNA damage and other processes related to aging and cell senescence in age-related diseases. Dietary components, foods, and dietary patterns rich in antioxidants can modulate the aging process and delay the progression of some chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. Foods high in polyphenols, vitamin C, or carotenoids, olive oil, seeds, nuts, legumes, dietary supplements such as CoQ10, and some other dietary factors are the most important nutritional sources that have high antioxidant contents which can positively affect cell senescence and disease progression. Plant dietary patterns including Mediterranean diets can also inhibit telomere shortening following oxidative damages, and this can delay cell aging and senescence in age-related diseases. Further, olive oil can inhibit protein aggregation in Alzheimer’s disease. It can be concluded that nutrition can delay the process of cell senescence in age-related diseases via inhibiting oxidative and inflammatory pathways. However, more studies are needed to better clarify the underlying mechanisms of nutrition and dietary components on cell senescence, aging, and disease progression, especially those related to age.

Nowadays, pollution of the environment is a huge problem for humans and other organisms’ health. Conventional methods of pollutant removal like membrane filtration or ion exchange are not efficient enough to lower the number of pollutants to standard levels. Biological methods, because of their higher efficiency and biocompatibility, are preferred for the remediation of pollutants. These cost-effective and environment-friendly methods of reducing pollutants are called bioremediation. In bioremediation methods, enzymes play the most crucial role. Enzymes can remedy different types of organic and inorganic pollutants, including PAHs, azo dyes, polymers, organocyanides, lead, chromium, and mercury. Different enzymes isolated from various species have been used for the bioremediation of pollutants. Discovering new enzymes and new subtypes with specific physicochemical characteristics would be a promising way to find more efficient and cost-effective tools for the remediation of pollutants.

Additional file 1: Table S1. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of the selected isolates.

Kombucha is a valuable traditional natural tea that contains beneficial compounds like organic acids, minerals, different vitamins, proteins, polyphenols, and several anions. Kombucha possesses anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity as well as hepatoprotective effects. Considering the unique properties of Kombucha, several investigations have already been conducted on its nutritional properties. In this review, an effort has been devoted to pool recent literature on the biomedical application of Kombucha under the objectives, including the chemical composition of Kombucha and industrial production, and highlight different properties of Kombucha. Finally, we explain its adverse effects and prospect. This review is an active, in-depth, and inclusive report about Kombucha and its health benefits.

Evidences from the complex and unknown structure of the human body is evident that according to the conditions the body, it can release the necessary substances and restore the condition of the body to a balanced state. Researchers believe in a form of integrated relationship in the human body called spirito-psycho-neuro-endocrino-immune theory, in which the intention and recognition plays a key role. What is neglected is the uniqueness of human and the neglect of the difference between human and other living beings, that is result of intention and cognition. The tool of thinking is brain, and can help human beings know his deficits and try to solve them. Intention can affect neurons, neuronal systems and the production of different substances; nevertheless, endogenous compounds such as hormones, interleukins, mediators and endorphins are isolated from the body and are introduced as drugs. The production of these compounds varies from person to person and depends on factors such as lifestyle and individual's mental state. If endogenous compounds, be produced in quantities less than or greater than required amount, can cause illness and impairment of the internal organs. In the present world, chronic diseases are the main causes of mortality in humans, and modern medicine has had less success with these diseases. The common solution to these diseases is the use of drugs to resolve the complications of the disease; On the other hand, human being is now highly dependent on synthetic drugs, and the effect of increasing intention of human is neglected on healthy lifestyle and spirituality. Briefly humans play the lowest role in their health and treatment. The resemblance of the human body to pharmaceutical companies encouraged us to create an integrated view on human and determine the place of the factors affecting it, which results in creating a new look on health and treatment. This study is done to design a conceptual framework for the drug like endogenous substances, determining the position of healthy lifestyle on the production of endogenous drugs, creating a new paradigm in terms of health, and identifying the position of intention in the production of compounds in the body. This study examines the effects of the environment on the environment and their role in health through the use of library and meta-analytical methods of articles; On the other hand, the factors influencing individual differences such as lifestyle, spirituality, and morality that affect this system will be extracted. Finally, an integrated conceptual map about production of endogenous drug materials by the body and the role of various factors are presented.

The self-assembling is a spontaneous progression through which objects of nanophase/molecules materialize into prepared collections. Several biomolecules can interact and assemble into highly structured supramolecular structures, for instance, proteins and peptides, with fibrous scaffolds, helical ribbons, and many other functionalities. Various self-assembly systems have been established, from copolymers in blocks to three-dimensional (3D) cell culture scaffolds. Another advantage of self-assembly is its ability to manage a large variety of materials, including metals, oxides, inorganic salts, polymers, semiconductors, and various organic semiconductors. The most basic self-assembly of 3D nanomaterials is three primary forms of nanostructured carbon-based materials that perform a critical role in the progress of modern nanotechnologies, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and fullerene. This review summarized important information on the 3D self-assembly nanostructure, such as peptide hydrogel, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and fullerene for application in gene delivery, cancer therapy, and tissue engineering.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (SH) and calcium hypochlorite (CH) against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis and also to compare their cytocompatibility on L929 murine fibroblasts using Mossman’s tetrazolium toxicity (MTT) assay. Methods and Materials: A broth micro-dilution susceptibility test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each irrigant against E. faecalis. Then, the root canals of 50 mature extracted human mandibular premolars were contaminated with E. faecalis and were randomly divided into three groups according to the irrigant used (n=20). Canals were irrigated with SH in group I (n=20) and CH in group II (n=20) at their obtained MIC. In group III (n=10), sterile saline was used. Microbial sampling was performed before and after biomechanical preparation. Quantitative PCR was used to quantify E. faecalis in the root canal samples. For cytocompatibility assessment, L929 murine fibroblasts were exposed to various concentrations of the irrigants. Results: Irrigation with test materials resulted in significant reduction in colony forming units (CFU) in post-instrumentation samples (with the MIC values of SH and CH against E. faecalis being 0.5% and 5%, respectively). However, the reduction in the normal saline group was not significant (P=0.203). In addition, 5% CH was more effective than 0.5% SH (P=0.006) in eliminating E. faecalis. Among the different concentrations of tested irrigants, 0.5% CH and 5% SH showed the least and the most cytotoxicity, respectively (P

Statement of the Problem Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been suggested to be used in sequence or in combination with chlorhexidine (CHX) to enhance the antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, but there is no research in the literature on the safety and effectiveness of this irrigation protocol. Purpose This study aimed to assess the cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity of different concentrations of CHX combined with H2O2in comparison with the activity of 5.25 and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Materials and Method Different concentrations of H2O2 (10, 5, 3 and 1%) were exposed to the PDL cells. Then, the solution with minimal cytotoxicity was selected (3% H2O2). The cytocompatibility and antibacterial activity of 0.1, 0.2, 1 and 2% CHX combined with 3% H2O2 were evaluated and compared with 5.25 and 2.5% NaOCl. The differences in the mean viability of PDL cells were evaluated by one-way ANOVA. Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Dunn's tests were adopted to compare the antibacterial activity of the solutions against E.faecalis. Results The viability of PDL cells was lower when treated with 5.25 or 2.5% NaOCl than all combinations of CHX and H2O2.There was no significant difference in the antibacterial activity of the solutions against E.faecalis, except for the 0.1% CHX + 3% H2O2 combination, which had significantly lower efficacy than other groups. Conclusion All combinations of CHX and H2O2 (used in this study)except 0.1% CHX + 3% H2O2 were efficient irrigants against planktonic E.faecalis and had a better cytocompatibility with PDL cells than 5.25 and 2.5% NaOCl.

The adsorption of Basic Blue 9 (BB9) from aqueous solution by Fe3O4 nanoparticles loaded onto wheat straw (NP-WS) from agricultural biomass was investigated. Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were prepared by chemical precipitation of a Fe2+ and Fe3+ salts from aqueous solution by ammonia. These nanoparticles of the adsorbent were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen physisorption. The adsorption isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir, Sips, Redlich–Peterson, and Freundlich equations. The Langmuir adsorption capacity, Qmax was found to be 627.1 mg g−1. The Freunlich equation yielded the best fit to the experimental data in comparison to the other isotherm equations. It was found that the adsorption of BB9 increases by increasing the temperature from 293 to 323 K and the process is endothermic in nature. The removal of BB9 by NP-WS followed pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics based on Lagergren equations ...

For a graph $G$, the signless Laplacian Estrada index is defined as $SLEE(G)=\sum^{n}_{i=1}e^{q^{}_i}$,where $q_1, q_2, \dots, q_n$are the eigenvalues of the signless Laplacian matrix of $G$. In this paper, we first characterize the unicyclic graphs with the first two largest and smallest $SLEE$ and then determine the unique unicyclic graph with maximum $SLEE$ among the unicyclic graphs on $n$ vertices with given diameter., Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures

In order to study of hydropriming and halopriming on germination and early growth stage of wheat (Triticum aestivum) an experiment was carried out in laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Plant breeding, Shahrood University of Technology. Seed treatments consisted of T1: control (untreated seeds), T2: soaking in distilled water for 18 h (hydropriming). T3: soaking in - 1.2 MPa solution of CaSO4 for 36 h (halopriming). Germination and early seedling growth were studied using distilled water (control) and under osmotic potentials of -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa for NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), respectively. Results showed that Hydroprimed seeds achieved maximum germination seedling dry weight, especially during the higher osmotic potentials. Minimum germination was recorded at untreated seeds (control) followed by osmopriming. Under high osmotic potentials, hydroprimed seeds had higher GI (germination index) as compared to haloprimed or untreated seeds. Interaction effect of seed treatment and osmotic potential significantly affected the seedling vigour index (SVI)., {"references":["Abdual-baki, A.A., J.D. Anderson, 1973. Relationship between\ndecarboxilation of glutamic acid and vigour in soybean seed, Crop Sci.,\n13, 222-226.","Afzal, I., S.M.A. Basra, A. Iqbal, 2005. The effects of seed soaking with\nplant growth regulators on seedling vigour of wheat under salinity stress,\nJ. Stress Physiol and Biochemis. 1, 6-14.","Association of Official Seed Analysis (AOSA). 1983. Seed Vigour\nTesting Handbook. Contribution No. 32 to the handbook on Seed\nTesting, Spring field, IL.","Ashraf, M., H. Rauf, 2001. Inducing salt tolerance in maize Zea mays\n(L.) through seed priming with chloride salts: growth and ion transport at\nearly growth stages, Acta Physiol.Plant., 23, 407-414.","Ashraf, M., M.R. Foolad, 2005. Pre-sowing seed treatment-a shotgun\napproach to improve germination growth and crop yield under saline and\nnone-saline conditions, Advan. Agron., 88, 223-271.","Basra, S.M.A., I. Afzal, S. Anwar, M. Anwar-ul-haq, M. Shafq, K.\nMajeed, 2006. Alleviation of salinity stress by seed invigoration\ntechniques in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Seed Technol., 28, 36-46.","Fu, J.R., X.H. Lu, R.Z. Chen, B.Z. Zhang, Z.S. Liu, Z.S. Li, D.Y.\nCai,1988. Osmoconditioning of peanut Arachis hypogaea (L.) seeds with\nPEG to improve vigour and some biochemical activities, Seed Sci.\nTechnol., 16, 197-212.","Gao, Y.P., L. Young, P. Bonham-smith, L.V. Gusta, 1999.\nCharacterization and expression of plasma and tonoplast membrane\naquaporins in primed seed of Brassica napus during germination under\nstress conditions, Plant Mol. Biol., 40, 635-444.","Garg, B.K. and I.C. Gupta, 1997. Plant Relations to salinity. In: Saline\nwastelands environment and plant growth. Pp: 79-121. Scientific\nPublishers, Jodhpur.\n[10] Ghassemi, F., A.J. Jakeman, H.A. Nik, 1995. Salinisation of land and\nwater resources. Human causes, extent, management and case\nstudies,University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, pp 526-225 Seed\ninvigoration techniques to improve germination.\n[11] Kaya, M.D., G. Okcu, M. Atak, Y. Cikili, O. Kolsaric, 2006. Seed\ntreatments to overcome salt and drought stress during germination in\nsunfower (Helianthus annuus L.), Europ. J. Agronomy., 24, 291-295.\n[12] Khaje-hosseini, M., A.A. Powell, I.J. Bingham, 2003. The interaction\nbetween salinity stress and seed vigour during germination of soybean\nseeds, Seed Sci. Technol., 31, 715-725.\n[13] Madidi, S., B. Barudi, F.B. Ameur, 2004. Effects of salinity on\ngermination and early growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars,\nInt. J. Agri. Biol., 6, 767-770.\n[14] Mass, E.V. and G.J. Hoffman, 1977. Crop salt tolerance current\nassessment. J. Irrig. Drain., 103: 115-134.\n[15] Rafique, M., 1990. Soil resources and soil related problems in Pakistan.\nIn Ahmad, M. (ed.), Soil Physics Application under Stress\nEnvironments. BARD, PARC, Islamabad.\n[16] Roy, N.K., A.K. Srivastava, 2000. Adverse effect of salt stress\nconditions on chlorophyll content in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves\nand its amelioration through pre-soaking treatments, Indian J. Agric.\nSci., 70, 777-778.\n[17] Scott S. J., Jones R. A. and W. A. Willams. 1984. Review of data\nanalysis methods for seed germination. Crop Science. 24: 1192-1199.\n[18] SAS Institute Inc., 1988. SAS/STAT User-s Guide, Release 6.03. SAS\nInstitute Inc., Cary, NC."]}

The heterotrophic seedling growth can be defined as a product of two components: (1) the weight of mobilized seed reserve, and (2) conversion efficiency of utilized seed reserve to seedling tissue. The first component can be further divided into (1) initial seed weight, and (2) the fraction of seed reserve, which is mobilized. The objective of this study was the identification of the sensitive seedling growth component(s) in response to drought and salinity stresses. Two experiments were separately conducted using various salinity levels (osmotic pressure) of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 MPa created using NaCl as first experiment and by polyethylene glycol (drought stress) of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2 and 1.4 MPa in second experiment. Seeds of five crops species (Hordeum vulgare, Brassica napus, Zea mays, Medicago sativa and Medicago scutellata) were used in each experiment. In both experiments, seedling growth, fraction of seed reserve utilization and weight of mobilized seed reserve decreased with increasing drought and salt intensity. However, drought and salinity stresses had no effect on the conversion efficiency. It was concluded that the sensitive component of seedling growth is the weight of mobilized seed reserve., {"references":["Ashraf, M., McNeily, T., 1988. Variability in salt tolerance of nine\nspring wheat cultivars. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 160, 14-21","Beveridge, J.L., Wilise, C.P., 1959. Influence of depth of planting, seed\nsize and variety on emergence and seedling vigor in alfalfa. Agron. J. 51,\n731-734.","Bockous, W.W., Shroyer, J.P., 1996. Effect of seed size on seedling\nvigor and forage production of winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 76, 101-\n105.","Carter, T.E., Jr., P.I. DeSouza, and L.C. Purcell. 1999. Recent advances\nin breeding for drought and aluminum resistance in soybean. P. 106-125.\nIn H.E. Kauffman (ed). Proc. Of World Soybean Res. Conf., VI,\nChicago. 4-7 Aug. 1999. Superior Print., Champaign, IL.","Condon, A.G., Richards, R.A., Farquhar, G.D., 1993. Relationships\nbetween carbon isotope discrimination, water use efficiency and\ntranspiration efficiency for dry land wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 44,\n1693-1711.","Davidson, D.J., Chevalier, P.M., 1987. Influence of polyethylenglycol\ninduced water deficits on tiller production in spring wheat. Crop Sci. 27,\n1185-118.","Douglas, C.L., Wilkins, D.E., Churchill, D.B., 1994. Tillage, seed size\nand seed density effects on performance of soft white winter wheat.\nAgron. J. 86, 707-711.","Francois, L.E., Maas, E.V., Donovan, T.J., Young's, V.L., 1986. Effects\nof salinity on grain yield and quality, vegetative growth and germination\nof semi dwarf and drum wheat. Agron. J. 78, 1053-1058.","Goydani, B.M., Singh, C., 1971. Influence of seed size on growth and\nyield of wheat. Indian J. Agron. 16, 209-212.\n[10] Grieve, C.M., Francois, L.E., 1992. The importance of initial seed size\nin wheat plant response to salinity. Plant Soil 147, 197-205.\n[11] Guedira, M., Shroyer, J.P., Kirkham, M.B., Paulsen, G.M., 1997. Wheat\ncoleoptile and root growth and seedling survival after dehydration and\nrehydration. Agron. J. 89, 822-826.\n[12] Hampson, C.R., Simpson, G.M., 1990. Effects of temperature, salt and\nosmotic pressure on early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum). 1.\nGermination. Can. J. Bot. 68, 524-528.\n[13] Hegary, T.W., Ross, H.A., 1976. Effects of light and water deficit on\nradicle growth of lettuce seeds under high temperature stress. New\nPhytol. 82, 49-57.\n[14] Johnson, D.R.,Wax, L.M., 1978. Relationships of soybean germination\nand vigor tests to field performance. Agron. J. 70, 273-278.\n[15] Kiem, D.L., Krostad, W.E., 1981. Drought response of winter wheat\ncultivars grown under field stress conditions. Crop Sci. 21, 11-15.\n[16] Lafond, G.P., Backer, R.J., 1986. Effects of temperature, moisture\nstress, and seed size on germination of nine spring wheat cultivars. Crop\nSci. 26, 563-567.\n[17] Peterson, C.M., Klepper, B., Rickman,R.W., 1989. Seed reserves and\nseedling development in winter wheat. Agron. J. 81, 245-251.\n[18] Purcell, L.C., and J.E. Specht. 2003. Physiological traits for\nameliorating water-deficit stress. In H.R. Boerma and J.E. Specht (ed).\nSoybean: Improvement, production, and uses (in press). 3rd ed. Agron.\nMonogr. 16. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI.\n[19] Randhawa, A.S., Anand, S.C., Jolly, R.S., 1974. Effect of seed-size and\nseed-rate on wheat yield. J. Res. 11, 9-12.\n[20] Serraj, R., and T.R. Sinclair. 2002. Osmolyte accumulation: Can it\nreally help increase crop yield under drought conditions? Plant Cell\nEnviron. 25: 333-341.\n[21] Shroyer, J.P., Cox, T.S., 1984. Effects of cultivar, environment and their\ninteraction on seed quality of hard red winter wheat from production\nfields. J. Appl. Seed Prod. 2, 24-28.\n[22] Singh, B.P., 1970. Influence of seed size and depth of sowing on early\ngrowth and yield of dwarf wheat. Madras Agric. J. 57, 449-452."]}

In order to study of The Effect of seed inoculation with Pseudomonas putida+Bacillus lentus on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, an experiment was carried out as factorial based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in Agricultural Research Station of Shahrood University of Technology. Results showed that inoculation with Pseudomonas putida+Bacillus lentus promoted seed germination. Also, inoculation with Pseudomonas putida+Bacillus lentus significantly affected grain yield, Number of spikes per m2, Number of grain per spike and 1000-seed weight and There was not statistically significant difference between Chamran and Pishtaz cultivars . Finally, the dosages of chemical fertilizers currently applied in commercial wheat field in Iran (Shahrood region) could be reduced through proper combination of Pseudomonas putida+Bacillus lentus inoculation plus fertilization., {"references":["Amer, G.A.; Utkheda, R.S.; 2000. Development of formulation of\nbiologica agents for management of root rot of lettuce and cucumber.\nCan. J. Microbiol. 46:809-816.","Baldani, V.L.D.; Baldani, J.I.; Dobereiner, J.; 1987. Inoculation of fieldgrown\nwheat (Triticum astivum) with Azospirillum spp. In Brazil. Biol.\nFertil. Soils 4: 37-40.","Bashan, Y.; Levanony, H.; 1990. Current status of Azospirillum\ninoculation technology: Azospirillum as a challenge for agriculture. Can\nJ Microbiol 36:591-599.","Belimov, A.A.; Kojemiakov, P.A.; Chuvarliyeve, C.V.; 1995. Interation\nbetween barley and mixed cultures of nitrogen fixing and phosphatesolubilizing\nbacteria. Plant Soil. 17:29-37.","Bethlenfalvay, G.J.; Andrade, G.; Azcon-Aguilar, C.; 1997. Plant and\nsoil responses to mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobacteria in nodulated or\nnitrate-fertilize peas. Biol. Fertil.Soil. 24: 164-168.","Bhattarai, T.; Hess, D.; 1993. Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat\n(T. aestivum L.) cultivars to inoculation with Azospirillum spp. Of\nNepalese origin. Plant Soil 151, 67-76.","Biswas, J.C.; Ladha, J. K.; Dazzo, F. B.; 2000. Rhizobia inoculation\nimproves nutrient uptake and growth of lowland rice. Soil Sci. Soc\nAm.J. 64:1644-1650.","Bullied, W.J.; Buss, T.J.; Vessey, J.K. (2002). Bacillus cereus UW85\ninoculation effects on growth, nodulation and N accumulation in grain\nlegumes: Field studies. Can. J. Plant Sci., 82, 291-298.","Caballero-Mellado, J.; Carcano-Montiel, M.G.; Mascarua-Esparza,\nM.A.; 1992. Field inoculation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with\nAzospirillum brasilense under temperate climate. Symbiosis 13:243-253.\n[10] Cakmakci, R.; Kantar, F.; Sahin, F.; 2001. Effect of N-fixing bacterial\ninoculations on yield of sugar beet and barley. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.\n164:527-531.\n[11] De Silva, A.; Patterson, K.; Rothrock, C.; Moore, J. (2000). Growth\npromotion of highbush blueberry by fungal and bacterial\ninoculants.Hort. Sci., 35, 1228-1230.\n[12] De freitas, J.R,; 2000. Yield and N assimilation of winter wheat (T.\naestivum L., var. Norstar) inoculated with rhizobacteria. Pedobiologia.\n44: 97-104.\n[13] Fukui, R.; Schroth, M.N.; Hendson, M.; Hancock, J.G.; Firestone, M.K.;\n1994. Growth patterns and metabolic activity of Pseudomonas in sugar\nbeet spermospheres: Relationship to pericarp colonization by Pythium\nultimum. Phytopathol. 84:1331-1338.\n[14] Gouzou, L.; Burtin, G.; Philippy, R.; Bartoli, F.; Heulin, T.; 1993. Effect\nof inoculation with Bacillus polymyxa on soil aggregation in the wheat\nrhizosphere: preliminary examination. Geoderma 56, 479-491.\n[15] Glick, B.R.; Jacobson, C.B.; Schwarze, M.M.; Pasternak, J.J. (1994). 1-\nAminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase mutants of the plant\ngrowth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida GR12-2 do not\nstimulate canola root elongation. Can. J. Microbiol., 40,911-915.\n[16] Hoflich, G., Wiehe, W.; Hecht-Buchholz, C.H.; 1995. Rhizosphere\ncolonization of different growth- promoting Pseudomonas and\nRhizobium bacreria. Microbiol Res. 150:139-147.\n[17] Joo, G.-J.; Kim, Y.-M.; Lee, I.-J.; Song, K.-S.; Rhee, I.-K.\n(2004).Growth promotion of red pepper plug seedlings and the\nproduction of gibberellins by Bacillus cereus, Bacillus macroides, and\nBacillus pumilus. Biotechnol. Lett., 26, 487-491.\n[18] Kapulnik, Y.; Okon, Y.; Henis, Y.; 1987. Yield response of spring wheat\ncultivars (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) to inoculation with\nAzospirillum brasilense under field conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soil. 4: 27-\n35.\n[19] Kucey, R.M.N.; Janzen, H. H.; Legett, M.E.; 1989. Microbially mediated\nincreases in plant available phosphorus. Adv. Agron. 42:199-228.\n[20] Kumar, V.; Narula, N.; 1999. Solubilization of inorganic phosphates and\ngrowth emergence of wheat as affected by Azotobacter chrococcum.\nBiol. Fert. Soils. 28:301-305.\n[21] Kim, D-S.; Cook, R.J.; Weller, D.M. (1997). Bacillus sp. L324-92 for\nbiological control of three root diseases of wheat grown with reduced\ntillage. Phytopathol., 87, 551-558.\n[22] Kloepper, J.W.; Lifshitz, R.; Zablotowicz, R.M. (1989). Free-living\nbacterial inocula for enhancing crop productivity. Trends Biotechnol.,7,\n39-44.\n[23] Lifshitz, R.; Kloepper, J.W.; Kozlowsky, M.; Simonson, C.; Carlson, J.;\nTipping, E.M. et al.; 1987. Growth promotion of canola (rapeseed)\nseedlings by strain of Pseudomonas putida under gnotobiotic conditions.\nCan J Microbiol 33(5):390-395.\n[24] Lugtenberg, B.J.; Chin-A-Woeng, T.F.; loemberg, G.V. (2002).\nMicrobe-plant interactions: principles and mechanisms. Antonie van\nLeeuwenhoek, 81, 373-383.\n[25] Murty, M.G.; Ladha, J.K.; 1988. Influence of Azospirillum inoculation\non the mineral uptake and growth of rice under hydroponic conditions.\nPlant and Soil. 108: 281-285.\n[26] Nicholson, W.L. (2002). 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In this experiment the effects of three rhizobacteria named Azotobacter, Azospirillum and Pseudomonas at different rhizosphere condition on growth parameters were evaluated as a factorial experiment.10 straines of rhizobacteria include: P1=P.putida strain R-168, P2=P.flurescens strain R-93, P3=flurescens strain 50090, P4= P.putida DSM291, P5=Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, P6=Azotobacter chroococcum DSM 2286, P7=Azospirillum lipoferum strain 21, P8=Azospirillum lipoferum DSM 1691, P9=Azospirillum brasilense DSM 1690 and P10 = non- inoculation(control) were tested in both sterile and non-sterile soils. The results showed the interaction of two factors on stem and total fresh weight also on total dry weight and leaf area were significant. Results of this study revealed that soil natural condition had the higher effects on growth parameter than soil sterile condition.

Thermal stress due to losses and environment temperature causes degradation to paper/oil insulation systems in transformers, even at operating temperature. Experience indicates that thermal ageing of oil and paper in power transformers leads to the change of some insulation characteristics. In this paper, insulating papers immersed in oil have been acceleratory aged at 140, 150, and 160 °C under laboratory conditions. Some of the oil properties, such as water content, breakdown voltage, acidity, together with the aged insulating paper properties such as electric strength, dielectric dissipation factor and tensile strength were measured and analyzed. Also, insulation system conditions under thermal stress have been evaluated by electrical/distinctive techniques like recovery voltage, polarization and depolarization currents. Correlations between these parameters have been investigated. Finally, paper tensile strength has been used as a criterion to estimation of insulating paper life time.

BACKGROUND: Probiotics mainly Bacillus species can be advantageous to the host by promoting its intestinal balance. Attempts were made to isolate and identify Bacillus strains from rhizosphere environment. METHODS: The in vitro probiotic criteria were used for screening and characterizing potential Bacillus probiotics. Morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were utilized for identification of the isolates. Seven isolates were chosen based on withstanding to acidic condition (pH 2.5) and various bile salt concentrations (1-4%(w/v)). RESULTS: Isolates found to have the least antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes PTCC 1163, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 1912 and Bacillus cereus PTCC 1015; however, no activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25922 was observed. The Bacillus Isolates showed different variation in auto-aggregation features and adhesion to hydrocarbons ranging from 60% to 90% and 10% to 60%, respectively. Excluding isolate 14 that exhibited resistance to penicillin and ampicillin, all the other Bacillus strains were sensitive to the tested antibiotics. All isolates showed relatively low cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cell line except strains 12 and 14. CONCLUSION: Taking together, among the investigated Bacillus isolates, strains 17 and S10 found to be the most promising candidates to fulfill in vitro probiotic specifications.

Background. The dental pulp is a heterogeneous soft tissue that supplies nutrients and acts as a biosensor to identify pathogenic stimuli. Regeneration of the dental pulp is one of the desirable topics for researchers. Graphene oxide nanosheets (nGOs) help overexpression of the genes related to odontogenic differentiation of stem cells from dental pulps and increases attachment and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells. Despite its benefits, nGO may be considered as a threat to the environment and human health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility potential of graphene oxide (nGO), chitosan functionalized graphene oxide (nGO-CS), and carboxylated graphene (nGO-COOH) when exposed to human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Material and Methods. Some different aspects of biocompatibility of nGO, nGO-CS, and nGO-COOH were synthesized, and several intracellular effects induced by different concentrations of graphene-based nanosheets, including cell viability, intracellular oxidative damages, and various factors such as LDH, GSH, SOD, MDA, and MMP, were studied on hDPSCs. Results. According to results, IC50 was determined as 232.01, 467.81, and ≥1000 μg/mL for nGO, nGO-CS, and nGO-COOH, respectively. These results demonstrated the lower toxicity and higher cytocompatibility of nGO-CS and nGO-COOH compared to nGO. nGO-COOH not only has any adverse effect on the cell membrane and mitochondrial activity but also shows slight antioxidant activity at some concentrations. Conclusion. The findings help design safe and cytocompatible nGO derivatives for biomedical applications in dental fields.

Etoposide (Et) is an antineoplastic agent used for cancer treatment as it promotes the apoptosis of cancer cells. One of the important concerns about Et is the poor water solubility and bioavailability which lowers its cytotoxicity for pharmaceutical applications. Here, Et was loaded on a new carrier, made of carboxylated graphene oxide (GO-COOH), to improve the cytotoxicity of Et on hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) cells without any destruction on the apoptosis pathway of Et. SEM, TEM, UV–Vis, FT-IR, DLS and Raman were utilized as the characterization techniques. The cytotoxicity of Et on Hep-G2 cells was probed by MTT before and after loading on GO-COOH as well as the flow cytometry. Real-time PCR was used to find the expression of apoptotic genes in Hep-G2 cells treated with free Et and Et-loaded GO-COOH (Et-GO-COOH). From MTT results, IC50s of Et and Et-GO-COOH were measured as 6 ± 1.73 and 4 ± 0.11 μg/mL, respectively. Real-time PCR results revealed that both Et-GO-COOH and Et caused toxicity through induction of the expression of same seven apoptotic genes. However, Et-GO-COOH acted more efficiently than Et to induce apoptosis in Hep-G2 cells. The findings verified that GO-COOH improved the cytotoxicity effect of Et with no impact on the Et apoptosis pathway. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Graphene Derivatives (GDs) have captured the interest and imagination of pharmaceutical scientists. This review exclusively provides pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics information with a particular focus on biopharmaceuticals. GDs can be used as multipurpose pharmaceutical delivery systems due to their ultra-high surface area, flexibility, and fast mobility of charge carriers. Improved effects, targeted delivery to tissues, controlled release profiles, visualization of biodistribution and clearance, and overcoming drug resistance are examples of the benefits of GDs. This review focuses on the application of GDs for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Also, the pharmacokinetic properties and the advantage of using GDs in pharmaceutics will be reviewed to achieve a comprehensive understanding about the GDs in pharmaceutical sciences.