43 results on '"Germain Esquivel‐Hernández"'
Search Results
2. Minimum requirements for publishing hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur stable-isotope delta results (IUPAC Technical Report)
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Grzegorz Skrzypek, Colin E. Allison, John K. Böhlke, Luana Bontempo, Paul Brewer, Federica Camin, James F. Carter, Michelle M. G. Chartrand, Tyler B. Coplen, Manfred Gröning, Jean-François Hélie, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Rebecca A. Kraft, Dana A. Magdas, Jacqueline L. Mann, Juris Meija, Harro A. J. Meijer, Heiko Moossen, Nives Ogrinc, Matteo Perini, Antonio Possolo, Karyne M. Rogers, Arndt Schimmelmann, Aldo Shemesh, David X. Soto, Freddy Thomas, Robert Wielgosz, Michael R. Winchester, Zhao Yan, Philip J. H. Dunn, and Isotope Research
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Settore CHIM/01 - CHIMICA ANALITICA ,Stable Isotopes ,General Chemical Engineering ,Isotope ratio ,General Chemistry ,Publication requirements ,Isotope delta - Abstract
Stable hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur (HCNOS) isotope compositions expressed as isotope-delta values are typically reported relative to international standards such as Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW), Vienna Peedee belemnite (VPDB) or Vienna Cañon Diablo Troilite (VCDT). These international standards are chosen by convention and the calibration methods used to realise them in practice undergo occasional changes. To ensure longevity and reusability of published data, a comprehensive description of (1) analytical procedure, (2) traceability, (3) data processing, and (4) uncertainty evaluation is required. Following earlier International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry documents on terminology and notations, this paper proposes minimum requirements for publishing HCNOS stable-isotope delta results. Each of the requirements are presented with illustrative examples.
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- 2022
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3. Ecohydrological dynamics in the Central American and Andean Páramo: Insights from a modelling analysis using a Budyko-type model for non-stationary conditions
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Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Giovanny M. Mosquera, Patricio Crespo, Rolando Célleri, Juan Pesantez, Braulio Lahuatte, and Enzo Vargas-Salazar
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The Páramo is a high‐elevation tropical grassland ecosystem that plays an important role in the regional water cycle of Central America and the northern Andes. However, refined information about the ecohydrological partitioning in these mountainous biomes is scarce. This work aimed to assess sub-annual or monthly variations in the ecohydrological conditions along a N-S transect with three Páramo sites: Chirripó (Costa Rica) and El Carmen and Cajas (north and south Ecuador, respectively). A Budyko-type model for conditions under which evapotranspiration surpasses precipitation using monthly meteorological observations and evapotranspiration products (May 2016-April 2019) was applied to evaluate short-term ecohydrological dynamics based on the aridity index and precipitation partitioning in the Páramo sites. Stronger hydroclimatic variations were found in Chirripó than in the Andean Páramos, related with significant increments in the evaporative index (AET/P) during the dry season. We also found a clear separation between Chirripó and the Ecuadorian Páramos owing to a higher ecohydrological resilience (i.e., similar trajectories in the energy excess or 1- AET/PET and the water excess or Q/P) in Chirripó during dry season and a more effective regulation by the additional water available to evapotranspiration besides direct precipitation (y0, range: 37 – 90 %). Our results reveal the complex ecohydrological functional properties of the Páramo and its sensitivity to future moisture changes (e.g., ENSO cycles) that could alter its water yield synchronicity.
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- 2023
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4. Dry season plant water sourcing in contrasting tropical ecosystems of Costa Rica
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Ricardo Sánchez‐Murillo, Diego Todini‐Zicavo, María Poca, Christian Birkel, Germain Esquivel‐Hernández, María Marta Chavarría, Giulia Zuecco, and Daniele Penna
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Ecology ,Aquatic Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Earth-Surface Processes - Published
- 2023
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5. Stable isotopic characterization of nitrate wet deposition in the tropical urban atmosphere of Costa Rica
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Rolando Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Ioannis Matiatos, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Mario Villalobos-Forbes
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Costa Rica ,ISOTOPOS ,WET DEPOSITION ,Reactive nitrogen ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,chemistry.chemical_element ,AGUA ,Oxygen Isotopes ,Atmosphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,Environmental Chemistry ,COSTA RICA ,Hydrometeorology ,Precipitation ,Ecosystem ,PRECIPITACIÓN ,Nitrates ,Nitrogen Isotopes ,Stable isotope ratio ,Bayes Theorem ,General Medicine ,ÁREAS URBANAS ,Pollution ,Nitrogen ,chemistry ,NITRATO ,Atmospheric chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,ISOTOPES ,Environmental science ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Increasing energy consumption and food production worldwide results in anthropogenic emissions of reactive nitrogen into the atmosphere. To date, however, little information is available on tropical urban environments where inorganic nitrogen is vastly transported and deposited through precipitation on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To fill this gap, we present compositions of water stable isotopes in precipitation and atmospheric nitrate (δ18O-H2O, δ2H-H2O, δ15N-NO3-, and δ18O-NO3-) collected daily between August 2018 and November 2019 in a tropical urban atmosphere of central Costa Rica. Rainfall generation processes (convective and stratiform rainfall fractions) were identified using stable isotopes in precipitation coupled with air mass back trajectory analysis. A Bayesian isotope mixing model using δ15N-NO3- compositions and corrected for potential 15N fractionation effects revealed the contribution of lightning (25.9 ± 7.1%), biomass burning (21.8 ± 6.6%), gasoline (19.1 ± 6.4%), diesel (18.4 ± 6.0%), and soil biogenic emissions (15.0 ± 2.6%) to nitrate wet deposition. δ18O-NO3- values reflect the oxidation of NOx sources via the ·OH + RO2 pathways. These findings provide necessary baseline information about the combination of water and nitrogen stable isotopes with atmospheric chemistry and hydrometeorological techniques to better understand wet deposition processes and to characterize the origin and magnitude of inorganic nitrogen loadings in tropical regions. El aumento del consumo de energía y la producción de alimentos en todo el mundo da como resultado emisiones antropogénicas de nitrógeno reactivo a la atmósfera. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, se dispone de poca información sobre los entornos urbanos tropicales donde el nitrógeno inorgánico se transporta y se deposita en gran medida a través de la precipitación en los ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos. Para llenar este vacío, presentamos composiciones de isótopos estables en agua en precipitación y nitrato atmosférico (δ18O-H2O, δ2H-H2O, δ15N-NO3- y δ18O-NO3-) recolectados diariamente entre agosto de 2018 y noviembre de 2019 en una atmósfera urbana tropical. del centro de Costa Rica. Los procesos de generación de lluvia (fracciones de lluvia convectiva y estratiforme) se identificaron utilizando isótopos estables en la precipitación junto con el análisis de la trayectoria inversa de la masa de aire. Un modelo de mezcla de isótopos bayesianos utilizando composiciones de δ15N-NO3- y corregido por los posibles efectos de fraccionamiento de 15N reveló la contribución de los rayos (25,9 ± 7,1%), la quema de biomasa (21,8 ± 6,6%), la gasolina (19,1 ± 6,4%), el diésel (18,4%). ± 6,0%) y emisiones biogénicas del suelo (15,0 ± 2,6%) a la deposición húmeda de nitrato. Los valores de δ18O-NO3- reflejan la oxidación de las fuentes de NOx a través de las vías · OH + RO2. Estos hallazgos proporcionan la información de referencia necesaria sobre la combinación de isótopos estables de nitrógeno y agua con la química atmosférica y las técnicas hidrometeorológicas para comprender mejor los procesos de deposición húmeda y caracterizar el origen y la magnitud de las cargas de nitrógeno inorgánico en las regiones tropicales. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
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- 2021
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6. Frontiers in páramo water resources research: A multidisciplinary assessment
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Giovanny M. Mosquera, Robert Hofstede, Leah L. Bremer, Heidi Asbjornsen, Aldemar Carabajo-Hidalgo, Rolando Célleri, Patricio Crespo, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Jan Feyen, Rossana Manosalvas, Franklin Marín, Patricio Mena-Vásconez, Paola Montenegro-Díaz, Ana Ochoa-Sánchez, Juan Pesántez, Diego A. Riveros-Iregui, and Esteban Suárez
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Environmental Engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Pollution ,Waste Management and Disposal - Published
- 2023
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7. Hydrometeorological factors controlling the stable isotopic composition of precipitation in the highlands of south Ecuador
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Darío X. Zhiña, Giovanny M. Mosquera, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Mario Córdova, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Johanna Orellana-Alvear, and Patricio Crespo
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Atmospheric Science - Abstract
Knowledge about precipitation generation remains limited in the tropical Andes due to the lack of water stable isotope (WSI) data. Therefore, we investigated the key factors controlling the isotopic composition of precipitation in the Páramo highlands of southern Ecuador using event-based (high frequency) WSI data collected between November 2017 and October 2018. Our results show that air masses reach the study site preferentially from the eastern flank of the Andes through the Amazon basin (73.2%), the Orinoco plains (11.2%), and the Mato Grosso Massif (2.7%), whereas only a small proportion stems from the Pacific Ocean (12.9%). A combination of local and regional factors influences the δ18O isotopic composition of precipitation. Regional atmospheric features (Atlantic moisture, evapotranspiration over the Amazon Forest, continental rain-out, and altitudinal lapse rates) are what largely control the meteoric δ18O composition. Local precipitation, temperature, and the fraction of precipitation corresponding to moderate to heavy rainfalls are also key features influencing isotopic ratios, highlighting the importance of localized convective precipitation at the study site. Contrary to δ18O, d-excess values showed little temporal variation and could not be statistically linked to regional or local hydrometeorological features. The latter reveals that large amounts of recycled moisture from the Amazon basin contributes to local precipitation regardless of season and predominant trajectories from the east. Our findings will help to improve the isotope-based climatic models and enhance paleoclimate reconstructions in the southern Ecuador highlands.
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- 2022
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8. Deciphering complex groundwater age distributions and recharge processes in a tropical and fractured volcanic multi‐aquifer system
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Ricardo Sánchez‐Murillo, Irene Montero‐Rodríguez, José Corrales‐Salazar, Germain Esquivel‐Hernández, Laura Castro‐Chacón, Luis D. Rojas‐Jiménez, José Vargas‐Víquez, Juan Pérez‐Quezadas, Esteban Gazel, and Jan Boll
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Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2022
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9. Water stable isotopes reveal the hydrological response of Costa Rican glacial lakes to climate variability
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Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Enzo Vargas-Salazar, and Adolfo Quesada-Román
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Geology ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Earth-Surface Processes - Published
- 2022
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10. Deciphering complex groundwater age distributions and recharge processes in a tropical and fractured volcanic aquifer system
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Ricardo Sanchez-Murillo, Irene Montero-Rodríguez, José Corrales-Salazar, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Laura Castro-Chacón, Luis Rojas-Jiménez, José Vargas-Víquez, Juan Perez Quezadas, Esteban Gazel, and Jan Boll
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Groundwater recharge in highly-fractured volcanic aquifers remains poorly understood in the humid tropics, whereby rapid demographic growth and unregulated land use change are resulting in extensive surface water pollution and a large dependency on groundwater extraction. Here we present a multi-tracer approach including δO-δH, H/He, and noble gases within the most prominent multi-aquifer system of central Costa Rica, with the objective to assess dominant groundwater recharge characteristics and age distributions. We sampled wells and large springs across an elevation gradient from 868 to 2,421 m asl. Our results suggest relatively young apparent ages ranging from 0.0±3.2 up to 76.6±9.9 years. Helium isotopes R/RA (0.99 to 5.4) indicate a dominant signal from the upper mantle across the aquifer. Potential recharge elevations ranged from ~1,400 to 2,650 m asl, with recharge temperatures varying from ~11°C to 19°C with a mean value of 14.5±1.9°C. Recharge estimates ranged from 129±78 to 1,605±196 mm/yr with a mean value of 642±117 mm/yr, representing 20.1±4.0% of the total mean annual rainfall as effective recharge. The shallow unconfined aquifer is characterised by young and rapidly infiltrating waters, whereas the deeper aquifer units have relatively older waters. These results are intended to guide the delineation and mapping of critical recharge areas in mountain headwaters to enhance water security and sustainability in the most important headwater dependent systems of Costa Rica.
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- 2021
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11. Deciphering key processes controlling rainfall isotopic variability during extreme tropical cyclones
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Kristen Welsh, Carlos M. Alonso-Hernández, Chris Soulsby, Ana María Durán-Quesada, Naoyuki Kurita, Kim M. Cobb, Christian Birkel, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Daniela Rojas-Cantillano, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Minerva Sánchez-Llull, Jan Boll, and Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
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Atmospheric chemistry ,CATÁSTROFES NATURALES ,ISOTOPOS ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Range (biology) ,Science ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Mesoamerica ,02 engineering and technology ,IMPACTO AMBIENTAL ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,Natural hazard ,HURACANES ,COSTA RICA ,Precipitation ,lcsh:Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,PRECIPITACIÓN ,Multidisciplinary ,551.6 Climatología y estado atmosférico ,Natural hazards ,Tropics ,General Chemistry ,020801 environmental engineering ,Ciclón ,PRECIPITATION ,ISOTOPES ,Environmental science ,Caribe ,lcsh:Q ,Hydrology ,Tropical cyclone ,Climate sciences - Abstract
The Mesoamerican and Caribbean (MAC) region is characterized by tropical cyclones (TCs), strong El Niño-Southern Oscillation events, and climate variability that bring unique hazards to socio-ecological systems. Here we report the first characterization of the isotopic evolution of a TC (Hurricane Otto, 2016) in the MAC region. We use long-term daily rainfall isotopes from Costa Rica and event-based sampling of Hurricanes Irma and Maria (2017), to underpin the dynamical drivers of TC isotope ratios. During Hurricane Otto, rainfall exhibited a large isotopic range, comparable to the annual isotopic cycle. As Hurricane Otto organized into a Category 3, rapid isotopic depletion coupled with a decrease in d-excess indicates efficient isotopic fractionation within ~200 km SW of the warm core. Our results shed light on key processes governing rainfall isotope ratios in the MAC region during continental and maritime TC tracks, with applications to the interpretation of paleo-hydroclimate across the tropics., “Reconstruction of precipitation variability from oxygen isotopes in the Mesoamerican and Caribbean region is made difficult by the occurrence of tropical cyclones. Here, the isotopic evolution of a tropical cyclone is studied in detail which helps disentangle the key processes governing rainfall isotope variability in the region.”
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- 2019
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12. DOC Transport and Export in a Dynamic Tropical Catchment
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N. Gutiérrez‐Sibaja, O. Vargas‐Gutiérrez, M. Martínez‐Arroyo, Joaquín Jiménez-Antillón, S. Álvarez‐McInerney, J. Salgado‐Lobo, Christian Birkel, E. Ortiz‐Apuy, Q. Jiménez‐Madrigal, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, D. Bonilla‐Barrantes, C. Gómez‐Castro, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Luis Daniel Rojas-Jiménez, L. Corrales‐Salazar, J. Álvarez‐Carvajal, Luis G. Romero-Esquivel, J. Villalobos‐Morales, and J. Salas‐Navarro
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Atmospheric Science ,Biogeochemical cycle ,Soil Science ,Aquatic Science ,DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) ,TRATAMIENTO DE RESIDUOS ,AGUA DULCE ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,ECOSYSTEMS ,Dissolved organic carbon ,LLUVIA ,Water Science and Technology ,Total organic carbon ,Hydrology ,Baseflow ,Ecology ,Discharge ,ECOSISTEMAS ,RAIN ,Paleontology ,Biogeochemistry ,Forestry ,Catchment hydrology ,CARBONO ,Environmental science ,BOSQUES - Abstract
Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) transport and export from headwater forests into freshwaters in highly dynamic tropical catchments are still understudied. Here we present a DOC analysis (2017) in a pristine and small (~2.6 km2) tropical catchment of Costa Rica. Storm flows governed a rapid surface and lateral allochthonous DOC transport (62.2% of the annual DOC export). Cross‐correlation analysis of rainfall and stream discharge indicated that DOC transport occurred on average ~1.25 hr after the rainfall maxima, with large contributions of event water, ranging from 42.4±0.3% up to 98.2±0.3% of the total discharge. Carbon export flux (annual mean=6.7±0.1 g C · m‐2 · year‐1) was greater than values reported in subtropical and temperate catchments. Specific ultraviolet absorbance indicated a mixture of hydrophobic humic and hydrophilic nonhumic matter during both baseflow and storm events. Our results highlight the rapid storm‐driven DOC transport and export as well as low biogeochemical attenuation during baseflow episodes in a climate sensitive hot spot. By understanding the key factors controlling the amount of organic carbon transported to streams in dynamic tropical landscapes, better global‐ and catchment‐scale model assessments, conservation practices, and water treatment innovations can be identified. Plain Language Summary Humid tropical forests represent ~20% of the global soil organic matter reservoirs. Nutrient availability coupled with transport and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from forests into freshwater ecosystems is still poorly understood in the tropics. Here we present a study of DOC dynamics in a humid tropical catchment of central Costa Rica. Overall, DOC was transported from the forest to the stream on average within ~1.25 hr after large rainfall events. Storm flows were dominated by event water (recent rainfall) in the catchment. Fluvial carbon flux exported from the catchment was estimated at 6.7±0.1 g C · m‐2 · year‐1. Our results highlight the rapid DOC transport and export during storm flows as well as low biodegradation during baseflow episodes. These findings may contribute to improve model calibration and validation considering the limited high‐resolution DOC data in dynamic tropical landscapes. Resumen El transporte y la exportación de carbono orgánico disuelto (COD) desde los bosques de cabecera hacia aguas dulces en cuencas tropicales altamente dinámicas todavía están poco estudiados. Aquí presentamos un análisis DOC (2017) en una cuenca de captación tropical prístina y pequeña (~ 2.6 km2) de Costa Rica. Los flujos de tormenta gobernaron un rápido transporte de DOC alóctono lateral y superficial (62,2% de la exportación anual de DOC). El análisis de correlación cruzada de la precipitación y la descarga de arroyos indicó que el transporte de DOC ocurrió en promedio ~ 1,25 horas después de los máximos de lluvia, con grandes contribuciones de agua del evento, que van desde 42,4 ± 0,3% hasta 98,2 ± 0,3% de la descarga total. El flujo de exportación de carbono (media anual = 6,7 ± 0,1 g C · m ‐ 2 · año ‐ 1) fue mayor que los valores informados en las cuencas subtropicales y templadas. La absorbancia ultravioleta específica indicó una mezcla de materia húmica hidrófoba y no húmica hidrófila durante los eventos de flujo base y tormenta. Nuestros resultados destacan el rápido transporte y exportación de DOC impulsado por tormentas, así como la baja atenuación biogeoquímica durante los episodios de flujo base en un punto caliente sensible al clima. Al comprender los factores clave que controlan la cantidad de carbono orgánico transportado a los arroyos en paisajes tropicales dinámicos, se pueden identificar mejores evaluaciones de modelos a escala global y de captación, prácticas de conservación e innovaciones en el tratamiento del agua. Resumen en lenguaje sencillo Los bosques tropicales húmedos representan ~ 20% de las reservas mundiales de materia orgánica del suelo. La disponibilidad de nutrientes junto con el transporte y la exportación de carbono orgánico disuelto (COD) de los bosques a los ecosistemas de agua dulce aún no se conoce bien en los trópicos. Aquí presentamos un estudio de la dinámica del DOC en una cuenca de captación tropical húmeda del centro de Costa Rica. En general, el DOC fue transportado desde el bosque al arroyo en promedio dentro de ~ 1.25 horas después de grandes eventos de lluvia. Los flujos de tormenta estuvieron dominados por eventos de agua (lluvias recientes) en la cuenca. El flujo de carbono fluvial exportado desde la cuenca se estimó en 6,7 ± 0,1 g C · m ‐ 2 · año ‐ 1. Nuestros resultados destacan el rápido transporte y exportación de DOC durante los flujos de tormenta, así como la baja biodegradación durante los episodios de flujo base. Estos hallazgos pueden contribuir a mejorar la calibración y validación del modelo considerando los limitados datos DOC de alta resolución en paisajes tropicales dinámicos. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
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- 2019
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13. Isotopic composition and major ion concentrations of national and international bottled waters in Costa Rica
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Lucía Ortega, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Christian Birkel
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Imported and national-based bottled waters ,Chemical compositions ,Science (General) ,Multidisciplinary ,Isoscapes ,δ18O ,Stable isotope ratio ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,Water source ,R858-859.7 ,Water stable isotopes ,Traceability ,Bottled water ,Purified water ,Water sources ,Recharge elevations ,Q1-390 ,Environmental chemistry ,Environmental science ,Chemical composition ,Groundwater ,Data Article - Abstract
Global bottled water consumption has largely increased (14.35 billion gallons in 2020) [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] during the last decade since consumers are demanding healthier and safer forms of rehydration. Bottled water sources are normally labeled as mountainous and pristine mineral springs (fed by rainfall and snow/glacier melting processes), deep groundwater wells or industrial purified water. The advent of numerous international and national-based bottled water brands has simultaneously raised a worldwide awareness related to the water source and chemical content traceability [6] . Here, we present the first database of stable isotope compositions and reported chemical concentrations from imported and national-based bottled waters in Costa Rica. In total, 45 bottled waters produced in Costa Rica and 31 imported from USA, Europe, Oceania, and other countries of Central America were analyzed for δ18O, δ2H, and d-excess. Chemical compositions were obtained from available bottle labels. National-based bottle waters ranged from -2.47‰ to -10.65‰ in δ18O and from -10.4‰ to -78.0‰ in δ2H, while d-excess varied from +4.2‰ up to +17.0‰. International bottle waters ranged between -2.21‰ and -11.03‰ in δ18O and from -11.3‰ up to -76.0‰ in δ2H, while d-excess varied from +5.0‰ up to +19.1‰. In Costa Rica, only 19% of the brands reported chemical parameters such as Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO4−2, CO3−2, SiO2, dry residue, and pH; whereas 27% of the international products reported similar parameters. The absence of specific geographic coordinates or water source origin limited a spatial analysis to validate bottled water isotope compositions versus available isoscapes in Costa Rica [7] . This database highlights the potential and relevance of the use of water stable isotope compositions to improve the traceability of bottled water sources and the urgent need of more robust legislation in order to provide detailed information (i.e., water source, chemical composition, purification processes) to the final consumers.
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- 2021
14. Tracing Water Sources and Fluxes in a Dynamic Tropical Environment: From Observations to Modeling
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Rolando Sánchez-Gutiérrez, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Alicia Correa, Kristen Welsh, María Poca, Christian Birkel, and Ana María Durán-Quesada
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Costa Rica ,ISOTOPOS ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,MOISTURE SOURCES ,Water source ,water stable isotopes ,Climate change ,Tracing ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,hydrological modeling ,tropics ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https] ,TROPICS ,COSTA RICA ,lcsh:Science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,RECURSOS HÍDRICOS ,moisture sources ,Tropics ,El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ,ISOTOPES ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,HIDROLOGÍA ,lcsh:Q - Abstract
Tropical regions cover approximately 36% of the Earth’s landmass. These regions are home to 40% of the world’s population, which is projected to increase to over 50% by 2030 under a remarkable climate variability scenario often exacerbated by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate teleconnections. In the tropics,ecohydrological conditions are typically under the influence of complex land-oceanatmosphere interactions that produce a dynamic cycling of mass and energy reflected in a clear partition of water fluxes. Here, we present a review of 7 years of a concerted and continuous water stable isotope monitoring across Costa Rica, including key insights learned, main methodological advances and limitations (both in experimental designs and data analysis), potential data gaps, and future research opportunities with a humid tropical perspective. The uniqueness of the geographic location of Costa Rica within the mountainous Central America Isthmus, receiving moisture inputs from the Caribbean Sea (windward) and the Pacific Ocean (complex leeward topography), and experiencing strong ENSO events, poses a clear advantage for the use of isotopic variations to underpin key driver in ecohydrological responses. In a sequential approach, isotopic variations are analyzed from moisture transport, rainfall generation, and groundwater/surface connectivity to Bayesian and rainfall-runoff modeling. The overarching goal of this review is to provide a robust humid tropical example with a progressive escalation from common water isotope observations to more complex modeling outputs and applications to enhance water resource management in the tropics. Las regiones tropicales cubren aproximadamente el 36% de la masa terrestre de la Tierra. Estas regiones albergan al 40% de la población mundial, que se prevé que aumente a más del 50% para 2030 en un escenario de variabilidad climática notable, a menudo exacerbada por El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENSO) y otras teleconexiones climáticas. En los trópicos, las condiciones ecohidrológicas están típicamente bajo la influencia de complejas interacciones tierra-océano-atmósfera que producen un ciclo dinámico de masa y energía reflejado en una clara partición de los flujos de agua. Aquí, presentamos una revisión de 7 años de un monitoreo de isótopos estables de agua concertado y continuo en todo Costa Rica, que incluye conocimientos clave aprendidos, principales avances metodológicos y limitaciones (tanto en diseños experimentales como en análisis de datos), posibles brechas de datos y oportunidades de investigación futuras. con una perspectiva tropical húmeda. La singularidad de la ubicación geográfica de Costa Rica dentro del Istmo montañoso de Centroamérica, que recibe aportes de humedad del Mar Caribe (barlovento) y del Océano Pacífico (topografía compleja a sotavento), y experimenta fuertes eventos ENOS, plantea una clara ventaja para el uso de variaciones isotópicas para sustentar el factor clave en las respuestas ecohidrológicas. En un enfoque secuencial, las variaciones isotópicas se analizan desde el transporte de humedad, la generación de lluvia y la conectividad de agua subterránea / superficie hasta modelos bayesianos y de lluvia-escorrentía. El objetivo general de esta revisión es proporcionar un sólido ejemplo tropical húmedo con una escalada progresiva de observaciones de isótopos de agua comunes a resultados y aplicaciones de modelos más complejos para mejorar la gestión de los recursos hídricos en los trópicos. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
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- 2020
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15. From mountains to cities: a novel isotope hydrological assessment of a tropical water distribution system
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Luis Daniel Rojas-Jiménez, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Michael Sánchez-Guerrero, Laura Castro-Chacón, Christian Birkel, José A Vargas-Víquez, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Lucía Ortega
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Costa Rica ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Climate Change ,Rain ,0207 environmental engineering ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,Oxygen Isotopes ,01 natural sciences ,Tropical waters ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Distribution system ,Water Cycle ,Rivers ,Environmental Chemistry ,Cities ,020701 environmental engineering ,Groundwater ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Bayes Theorem ,Models, Theoretical ,Deuterium ,Urban Hydrology ,Caribbean Region ,Isotope hydrology ,Water Resources ,Environmental science ,Physical geography ,Seasons ,Urban water ,Bayesian mixing model ,Water use ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Water use by anthropogenic activities in the face of climate change invokes a better understanding of headwater sources and lowland urban water allocations. Here, we constrained a Bayesian mixing model with stable isotope data (2018-2019) in rainfall (
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- 2020
16. Isotope composition of carbon dioxide and methane in a tropical urban atmosphere
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Mario Villalobos-Forbes, and Kevin Carballo-Chaves
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Costa Rica ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0207 environmental engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,Methane ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Atmosphere ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Environmental Chemistry ,020701 environmental engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Air Pollutants ,Carbon Isotopes ,δ13C ,Isotope ,Carbon-13 ,Carbon Dioxide ,chemistry ,Greenhouse gas ,Environmental chemistry ,Carbon dioxide ,Environmental science ,Composition (visual arts) ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
This work presents a weekly carbon isotope composition analysis (June 2017–January 2018) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in a tropical urban atmosphere (Central Valley, Costa Rica). δ13C values of CO2 and CH4 ranged from –12.2 to –5.9 ‰, and from –51.6 to –46.3 ‰, respectively. Mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4 varied from 384.2 to 528.5 ppmv, and from 1.860 to 2.613 ppmv, respectively. δ13C spatial variation and mixing ratios of CO2 and CH4 were influenced by the atmospheric stability and air circulation patterns in the metropolitan area. Low δ13C values and large mixing ratios were observed in the southwestern area of the valley during the rainiest period (September–November). Preliminary linear relationships between reciprocal CO2 mixing ratios and δ13C values indicate that CO2 emissions in the Central Valley are probably related to respiration processes and fossil fuel combustion, although CO2 enriched in 13C from volcanic degassing was also detected. Under stable atmospheric conditions, CH4 data seems to reflect the influence of emissions near the sampling sites. These preliminary results based on the carbon isotope technique demonstrate potential for carrying out atmospheric studies at tropical urban locations with different terrain characteristics and atmospheric mixing conditions.
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- 2020
17. Tracer hydrology of the data‐scarce and heterogeneous Central American Isthmus
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Antonio Hernández‐Antonio, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Javier Barberena, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Yaneth Alvarado-Callejas, José Leonardo Corrales-Salazar, Valeria Delgado, Marcela Matamoros-Ortega, Lucía Ortega, Katia Montenegro-Rayo, Carlos Chevez, Tania Peña-Paz, Pedro Ortiz-Roque, Ana María Durán-Quesada, Manuel Guerrero-Hernández, Laura Castro-Chacón, Laura Benegas, Stefan Terzer-Wassmuth, Heyddy Calderon, and Saúl García-Santos
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El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Oceanography ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,TRACER ,Water resources management ,Water stable isotopes ,Environmental science ,Central American isthmus ,Central american ,Groundwater recharge processes ,ENSO ,Dry corridor ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Numerous socio-economic activities depend on the seasonal rainfall and groundwater recharge cycle across the Central American Isthmus. Population growth and unregulated land use changes resulted in extensive surface water pollution and a large dependency on groundwater resources. This work combines stable isotope variations in rainfall, surface water, and groundwater of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras to develop a regionalized rainfall isoscape, isotopic lapse rates, spatial–temporal isotopic variations, and air mass back trajectories determining potential mean recharge elevations, moisture circulation patterns, and surface water–groundwater interactions. Intra-seasonal rainfall modes resulted in two isotopically depleted incursions (W-shaped isotopic pattern) during the wet season and two enriched pulses during the mid-summer drought and the months of the strongest trade winds. Notable isotopic sub-cloud fractionation and near-surface secondary evaporation were identified as common denominators within the Central American Dry Corridor. Groundwater and surface water isotope ratios depicted the strong orographic separation into the Caribbean and Pacific domains, mainly induced by the governing moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea, complex rainfall producing systems across the N-S mountain range, and the subsequent mixing with local evapotranspiration, and, to a lesser degree, the eastern Pacific Ocean fluxes. Groundwater recharge was characterized by (a) depleted recharge in highland areas (72.3%), (b) rapid recharge via preferential flow paths (13.1%), and enriched recharge due to near-surface secondary fractionation (14.6%). Median recharge elevation ranged from 1,104 to 1,979 m a.s.l. These results are intended to enhance forest conservation practices, inform water protection regulations, and facilitate water security and sustainability planning in the Central American Isthmus. Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica/[SIA-0482-13]/UNA/Costa Rica Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica/[SIA-0101-14]/UNA/Costa Rica Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica/[SIA-0236-16]/UNA/Costa Rica Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica/[SIA-411-17]/UNA/Costa Rica Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica/[SIA-414-17]/UNA/Costa Rica Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica/[SIA-0378-14]/UNA/Costa Rica Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia/[]/ESPH S.A./Costa Rica International Atomic Energy Agency/[COS/7/005]/IAEA/Austria International Atomic Energy Agency/[RC-19747]/IAEA/Austria International Atomic Energy Agency/[RLA/7/024]/IAEA/Austria International Atomic Energy Agency/[NIC/5/009]/IAEA/Austria European Union/[DCIENV 2014/350-470]/EU/Países Bajos Nature Conservancy/[Coca Cola FEMSA-TNC]/TNC/Estados Unidos Universidad de Costa Rica/[University of Costa Rica Research Council]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Física
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- 2020
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18. Chirripó Hydrological Research Site database
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Enzo Vargas-Salazar
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ISOTOPOS ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0207 environmental engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,STREAMS ,HYDROLOGICAL RESEARCH SITE ,01 natural sciences ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,INVESTIGACIÓN ,Glacial period ,Precipitation ,020701 environmental engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,STABLE ISOTOPES ,PARQUE NACIONAL CHIRRIPÓ (COSTA RICA) ,National park ,Intertropical Convergence Zone ,ECOSISTEMAS ,PASTIZALES ,GLACIAL LAKES ,Vegetation ,AMÉRICA CENTRAL ,PRECIPITATION ,Environmental science ,Physical geography ,Surface water - Abstract
The Chirripó Hydrological Research Site (CHRS) is located within the Chirripó National Park, Costa Rica (between 3,100-3,820 m asl) whereby ~100 km2 are covered by Páramo, a high‐elevation tropical grassland ecosystem. A lake district with approximately 30 lakes of glacial origin is also protected in this area. The CHRS has been monitored since April 2015 with the aim of establishing the first water isotope baseline for the Central American Páramo. At a regional scale, the water isotope ratios (δ2H and δ18O) in precipitation and surface water at CHRS are useful to describe the governing moisture transport from the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean and the complex rainfall producing systems across the N-S mountain range of Central America. These data are also providing unique information about the evaporation and water balance conditions of tropical glacial lakes and the formation of orographic and convective precipitation in high‐elevation tropical ecosystems. Current data sets from CHRS include continuous lake water temperature and meteorological conditions (i.e., precipitation amount, air temperature and relative humidity), as well as water stable isotopes in precipitation, stream water, and lake water (daily to biweekly sampling frequency). Stream water is collected at several locations across the topographic gradient whereas lake water is sampled in the three main lake systems of CHRS. CHRS serves as a reference site for conducting pilot isotopic research in high-elevation ecosystems to advance the atmospheric, hydrogeological and ecohydrological studies in these understudied biomes. All data from April 2015 to November 2020 are publicly available El Sitio de Investigación Hidrológica de Chirripó (CHRS) está ubicado dentro del Parque Nacional Chirripó, Costa Rica (entre 3,100-3,820 m snm), donde ~ 100 km2 están cubiertos por Páramo, un ecosistema de pastizales tropicales de gran altitud. En esta zona también se protege un distrito lacustre con aproximadamente 30 lagos de origen glaciar. El CHRS ha sido monitoreado desde abril de 2015 con el objetivo de establecer la primera línea base de isótopos de agua para el páramo centroamericano. A escala regional, las proporciones de isótopos de agua (δ2H y δ18O) en la precipitación y el agua superficial en CHRS son útiles para describir el transporte de humedad que gobierna el mar Caribe y el Océano Pacífico y los complejos sistemas de producción de lluvia en la cordillera NS de América Central. . Estos datos también brindan información única sobre las condiciones de evaporación y equilibrio hídrico de los lagos glaciares tropicales y la formación de precipitaciones orográficas y convectivas en ecosistemas tropicales de gran altitud. Los conjuntos de datos actuales de CHRS incluyen la temperatura continua del agua del lago y las condiciones meteorológicas (es decir, la cantidad de precipitación, la temperatura del aire y la humedad relativa), así como los isótopos estables en el agua en la precipitación, el agua de los arroyos y el agua del lago (frecuencia de muestreo diaria o quincenal). El agua de los arroyos se recolecta en varios lugares a lo largo del gradiente topográfico, mientras que el agua del lago se muestrea en los tres sistemas lacustres principales de CHRS. CHRS sirve como un sitio de referencia para realizar investigaciones isotópicas piloto en ecosistemas de gran altitud para avanzar en los estudios atmosféricos, hidrogeológicos y ecohidrológicos en estos biomas poco estudiados. Todos los datos desde abril de 2015 hasta noviembre de 2020 están disponibles públicamente Vicerrectoría de Investigación, Universidad Nacional: SIA‐0482‐13 and SIA‐0101‐14 International Atomic Energy Agency Grant CRP‐19747: “Stable isotopes in precipitation and paleoclimatic archives in tropical areas to improve regional hydrological and climatic impact models”. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química Parque Nacional Chrripó, SINAC
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- 2020
19. A methane sink in the Central American high elevation páramo: Topographic, soil moisture and vegetation effects
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Isabel C. Barrio, Cristina Chinchilla Soto, Carol M. Frost, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Guillermo Hernandez-Ramirez, David S. Hik, and Leanne L. Chai
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Chusquea ,Soil Science ,010501 environmental sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Sink (geography) ,Methane ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,ESPECTROSCOPÍA ,Ecosystem ,Páramo ,Water content ,Greenhouse gas flux ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,2. Zero hunger ,METANO ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,biology ,Moisture ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,15. Life on land ,EFECTO INVERNADERO ,biology.organism_classification ,Alpine ,chemistry ,13. Climate action ,Carbon dioxide ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Soil horizon - Abstract
Methane (CH4) is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 23 times larger than that of carbon dioxide. Characterizing ecosystems as either sources or sinks for methane and their magnitudes informs on biosphere contributions to the global CH4 budget and to warming of the atmosphere. We quantified methane fluxes for the first time in a neotropical alpine páramo (Valle de Los Conejos, Chirripó Massif, Costa Rica) and examined the relationships of these fluxes with topography, soil moisture and vegetation, during the transition from dry to rainy season. Using closed chambers and laser spectroscopy, we measured soil CH4 and CO2 fluxes across a field site encompassing: a grassy plain as well as a plain, a gentle slope and a plateau dominated by a dwarf bamboo (Chusquea subtessellata Hitchcock). We found that the páramo landscape acts as a sink for CH4 [−53.1 ± 29.6 (mean ± SE) µg C m−2 hr−1]. Of the four field areas, the grassy plain was on average the strongest CH4 sink, likely because this soil profile had no drainage restrictions and was well aerated. By contrast, in the slope and plateau, a heavily-consolidated subsurface layer was shown to perch water, increasing surface soil moisture and limiting CH4 uptake. Conversely, in certain parts of the plain, where Chusquea grew vigorously in discrete, tall patches, we found intense CH4 uptake beneath these patches. Within the Chusquea plain, these hot spots of CH4 uptake localized under the tall Chusquea had double the uptake rates than outside these patches, with even greater uptake than the average in the grassy plain. Our results show that CH4 uptake in the páramo is driven by moisture interacting with impeding soil layers, vegetation and topography. El metano (CH4) es un gas de efecto invernadero fuerte con un potencial de calentamiento global 23 veces mayor que el del dióxido de carbono. Caracterizar los ecosistemas como fuentes o sumideros de metano y sus magnitudes informa sobre las contribuciones de la biosfera al presupuesto global de CH4 y al calentamiento de la atmósfera. Cuantificamos los flujos de metano por primera vez en un páramo alpino neotropical (Valle de Los Conejos, Macizo Chirripó, Costa Rica) y examinamos las relaciones de estos flujos con la topografía, la humedad del suelo y la vegetación, durante la transición de la estación seca a la lluviosa. Usando cámaras cerradas y espectroscopía láser, medimos los flujos de CH4 y CO2 del suelo a través de un sitio de campo que abarca: una llanura cubierta de hierba, así como una llanura, una pendiente suave y una meseta dominada por un bambú enano (Chusquea subtessellata Hitchcock). Encontramos que el paisaje de páramo actúa como sumidero de CH4 [−53,1 ± 29,6 (media ± SE) µg C m − 2 hr − 1]. De las cuatro áreas de campo, la llanura cubierta de hierba fue en promedio el sumidero de CH4 más fuerte, probablemente porque este perfil de suelo no tenía restricciones de drenaje y estaba bien aireado. Por el contrario, en la ladera y la meseta, se demostró que una capa subterránea muy consolidada se posa en el agua, lo que aumenta la humedad del suelo en la superficie y limita la absorción de CH4. Por el contrario, en ciertas partes de la llanura, donde Chusquea creció vigorosamente en parches altos y discretos, encontramos una absorción intensa de CH4 debajo de estos parches. Dentro de la llanura de Chusquea, estos puntos calientes de absorción de CH4 localizados debajo de la alta Chusquea tenían el doble de tasas de absorción que fuera de estos parches, con una absorción aún mayor que el promedio en la llanura cubierta de hierba. Nuestros resultados muestran que la absorción de CH4 en el páramo es impulsada por la interacción de la humedad con las capas del suelo, la vegetación y la topografía que obstaculizan. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica University of Alberta, Canada Simon Fraser University, Canada Agricultural University of Iceland, Iceland Escuela de Química
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- 2020
20. Climate and Water Conflicts Coevolution from Tropical Development and Hydro-Climatic Perspectives: A Case Study of Costa Rica
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Jan Boll, and Christian Birkel
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Ecology ,CONTAMINACION DEL AGUA ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,MANEJO DE AGUAS ,CONFLICTOS ,Water supply ,AGUA POTABLE ,010501 environmental sciences ,SANEAMIENTO AMBIENTAL ,01 natural sciences ,SUSTAINABILITY ,Geography ,AGUAS RESIDUALES ,SAN JOSÉ (COSTA RICA) ,VARIABILIDAD CLIMÁTICA ,Sustainability ,COSTA RICA ,business ,Coevolution ,WATER CONFLICTS ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Costa Rica is a nation with a vast wealth of water resources; however, recently the country has faced water conflicts (WC) due to social, economic, legal, and political impediments in response to limited water availability during El Nino events and inefficient use of its water resources. This study presents a spatial distri- ~ bution and temporal analysis of WC in Costa Rica from 2005 to 2015. In total, 719 WC were analyzed of which 54% were among private individuals and government. The largest urban areas and the Grande de Tarcoles Basin were identified as the main “hot spot” for the conflicts. WC were mainly caused by spills of wastewater, water pollution, water shortage, infrastructure damage, and flooding, and can be predicted using a multiple lin ear model including the population size and the number of hydro-meteorological events (HME) (R2 = 0.77). The identified HME also coevolved significantly with the changes in precipitation regimes (r = 0.67, p = 0.021). Our results suggest that there is a need to recognize that water infrastructure longevity across the country concate nates and amplifies WC, mainly in the most populated area located in the Central Valley. Implications of our findings include the need for truly integrated water resources management plans that include, for example, WC as indicators of hydro-climatic changing conditions and water supply and sanitation infrastructure status Costa Rica es una nación con una gran riqueza en recursos hídricos; sin embargo, recientemente el país ha enfrentado conflictos por el agua (WC) debido a impedimentos sociales, económicos, legales y políticos en respuesta a la disponibilidad limitada de agua durante los eventos de El Niño y el uso ineficiente de sus recursos hídricos. Este estudio presenta una distribución espacial y un análisis temporal de los CM en Costa Rica desde 2005 hasta 2015. En total, se analizaron 719 CM de los cuales el 54% fueron entre particulares y gobierno. Las áreas urbanas más grandes y la Cuenca Grande de Tárcoles fueron identificadas como el principal “punto caliente” de los conflictos. Los WC fueron causados principalmente por derrames de aguas residuales, contaminación del agua, escasez de agua, daños a la infraestructura e inundaciones, y se pueden predecir utilizando un modelo lineal múltiple que incluye el tamaño de la población y el número de eventos hidrometeorológicos (HME) (R2 = 0.77 ). El HME identificado también coevolucionó significativamente con los cambios en los regímenes de precipitación (r = 0,67, p = 0,021). Nuestros resultados sugieren que existe la necesidad de reconocer que la longevidad de la infraestructura de agua en todo el país se concatena y amplifica la WC, principalmente en el área más poblada ubicada en el Valle Central. Las implicaciones de nuestros hallazgos incluyen la necesidad de planes de gestión de recursos hídricos verdaderamente integrados que incluyan, por ejemplo, WC como indicadores de las condiciones cambiantes hidroclimáticas y el estado de la infraestructura de suministro de agua y saneamiento. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
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- 2017
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21. Stable isotopes evidence of recycled subduction fluids in the hydrothermal/volcanic activity across Nicaragua and Costa Rica
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Esteban Gazel, Chris Soulsby, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, A. Ramírez-Leiva, Christian Birkel, Guillermo E. Alvarado, M. Martínez-Cruz, Heyddy Calderon, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, and V. Delgado
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geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Subduction ,Stable isotope ratio ,Isoscapes ,Earth science ,Andesite ,Geochemistry ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Hydrothermal circulation ,Geophysics ,Volcano ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Kinetic fractionation ,Meteoric water ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The Central America volcanic front provides a unique opportunity to study hydrothermal inputs and their interaction and mixing with modern meteoric waters. The objectives of this study were to: a) characterize the isotopic composition (δ 18 O, δ 2 H, d -excess, and lc-excess) of hydrothermal/volcanic systems, b) analyze the influence of kinetic fractionation and meteoric water inputs in the isotopic composition of hydrothermal waters, and c) estimate the ‘andesitic water’ contribution (recycled subduction fluids) within the volcanic front of Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Hydrothermal evaporation lines are described as: δ 2 H = 4.7·δ 18 O − 13.0 (Costa Rica) and δ 2 H = 2.7·δ 18 O − 31.6 (Nicaragua). These regressions are significantly ( p 2 H = 7.6·δ 18 O + 7.4 (Costa Rica) and δ 2 H = 7.4·δ 18 O + 5.2 (Nicaragua). The greater rainfall inputs in Costa Rica with respect to Nicaragua, resulted in the attenuation of the evaporative effect as observed in the strong bimodal distribution of the hydrothermal waters, which can be divided in fluids: a) isotopically-close to meteoric conditions and b) isotopically-altered by the interaction with recycled subduction fluids and kinetic fractionation. The latter is clearly depicted in the significantly ( p d -excess and lc-excess median values between Costa Rica (+ 5.10‰, − 5.25‰) and Nicaragua (− 2.42‰, − 10.65‰), respectively. Poor correlations between δ 18 O/δ 2 H and the elevation gradient emphasize that the contribution of recycled subduction fluids and subsequent surface kinetic fractionation are the main drivers of the isotopic departure from the orographic distillation trend captured in the rainfall isoscapes. End-member mixing calculations resulted in a significant difference ( p 2 /He contributions across the volcanic front of Nicaragua and Costa Rica.
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- 2017
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22. Application of a Sulfur Removal Hydrometallurgical Process in a Lead-Acid Battery Recycling Plant in Costa Rica
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Juan Valdés-González, Pablo Bolaños-Ulloa, Marta Navarro-Monge, José Pablo Sibaja Brenes, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and José Carlos Mora-Barrantes
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Battery (electricity) ,Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure ,Waste management ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Slag ,Fraction (chemistry) ,Sulfur ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Hazardous waste ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Environmental science ,Sodium carbonate ,Lead–acid battery - Abstract
This study presents the implementation of a desulphurization process for lead recycling under different chemical and physical conditions using pyro-metallurgical processes. Desulphurization was done using a hydrometallurgical process using sodium carbonate as a desulphurization agent and different lead-bearing loads compositions. Waste characterization included: SO2 concentrations in the stack emissions, total lead content in the furnace ash, the total lead content in the slag, and the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A significant reduction in SO2 emissions was achieved (~55% reduction) where mean SO2 concentrations changed from 2193 ± 135 ppm to 1006 ± 62 ppm after the implementation of the modified processes. The desulfurized lead paste (i.e. the metallic fraction lead of the battery) of the modified process exhibited an improvement in the concentration of the lead in the TCLP test, with an average value of 1.5 ppm which is below US EPA limit of 5 ppm. The traditional process TCLP mean value for the TCLP was 54.2 ppm. The total lead content in the bag house ashes shows not significant variations, when comparing the desulphurization (67.6% m/m) and non-desulphurization process (64.9% m/m). The total lead mean content in the slag was higher in the desulphurization process (2.49% m/m) than the traditional process (1.91% m/m). Overall, the implementation of a new desulphurization method would potentially increase the operation costs in 10.3%. At the light of these results, a combination of hydrometallurgical and pyro-metallurgical processes in the recycling of lead-acid batteries can be used to reduce the environmental impact of these industries but would increase the operational costs of small lead recyclers.
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- 2017
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23. Emerging Contaminants in Trans-American Waters
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Victoria Abril-Ulloa, Isabel Cipriani-Avila, Andres Alvarado, Juan F. Cisneros, Enma Mora-Abril, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Verónica Patricia Pinos Vélez
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riscos para saúde ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,química analítica ,health risks ,água potável ,Sewage ,America ,02 engineering and technology ,sewage water ,010501 environmental sciences ,Aquatic Science ,01 natural sciences ,RISCOS PARA SAÚD ,AGUAS RESIDUALES ,Age groups ,analytical chemistry ,América ,água de esgoto ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Pollutant ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,Waste management ,CONTAMINACION DEL AGUA ,business.industry ,Organic chemicals ,Final product ,drinking water ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Contamination ,020801 environmental engineering ,SEWAGE WATER ,environmental risks ,Wastewater ,america ,Environmental science ,riscos ambientais ,business - Abstract
BSTRACT Industrial development has made new products available to people to make their lives easier. Items such as food, cleaning, personal care and health products, among others, are processed, sold and consumed daily by all age groups. These products include in their formulation inorganic and organic chemicals with the purpose of improving or increasing some of their properties, making them more attractive to the consumer. These substances are strictly controlled during production so that the final product may be safely consumed. In most cases, the constituents of commercial products end up in wastewater, where they are not controlled. These uncontrolled pollutants of differing chemical natures are known as “Emerging Contaminants” (ECs). Research worldwide has found ECs in various environmental matrices, especially water. To understand this problem, four fundamental aspects must be addressed: 1) the analytical methods for its determination; 2) the occurrence in environmental matrices; 3) the treatments for the removal of ECs in wastewater and drinking water plants; and 4) the risks to health and the environment. This document reviews these four aspects with regard to 14 ECs commonly found in the studies around the world and addresses the state of these ECs in transAmerican waters. O desenvolvimento industrial gerou novos produtos para facilitar a vida das pessoas. Itens como alimentos, higiene, cuidados pessoais e produtos de saúde, entre outros, são processados, vendidos e consumidos diariamente por todas as faixas etárias. Esses produtos incluem em sua formulação produtos químicos orgânicos e inorgânicos com o objetivo de melhorar ou aumentar algumas de suas propriedades, tornando-os mais atraentes para o consumidor. Essas substâncias são rigorosamente controladas durante a produção para que o produto final possa ser consumido com segurança. Na maioria dos casos, os constituintes dos produtos comerciais acabam em águas residuais onde não são controlados. Esses poluentes não controlados, de diferentes naturezas químicas, são conhecidos como "Contaminantes Emergentes" (CEs). Pesquisas em todo o mundo encontraram CEs em várias matrizes ambientais, especialmente na água. Para entender esse problema quatro aspectos fundamentais devem ser abordados: 1) os métodos analíticos para sua determinação; 2) a ocorrência em matrizes ambientais; 3) os tratamentos para a remoção de CEs em estações de tratamento de águas residuais e de água potável; e 4) os riscos para a saúde e o meio ambiente. Este documento analisa esses quatro aspectos em relação aos 14 CEs comumente encontrados em estudos internacionais que abordam a situação desses CEs em águas transamericanas. El desarrollo industrial ha puesto a disposición de las personas nuevos productos para facilitarles la vida. Artículos como alimentos, limpieza, cuidado personal y productos de salud, entre otros, son procesados, vendidos y consumidos diariamente por todos los grupos de edad. Estos productos incluyen en su formulación químicos inorgánicos y orgánicos con la finalidad de mejorar o incrementar algunas de sus propiedades, haciéndolos más atractivos para el consumidor. Estas sustancias se controlan estrictamente durante la producción para que el producto final pueda consumirse de forma segura. En la mayoría de los casos, los componentes de los productos comerciales terminan en las aguas residuales, donde no están controlados. Estos contaminantes incontrolados de diferentes naturalezas químicas se conocen como "contaminantes emergentes" (CE). La investigación en todo el mundo ha encontrado CE en varias matrices ambientales, especialmente en el agua. Para comprender este problema se deben abordar cuatro aspectos fundamentales: 1) los métodos analíticos para su determinación; 2) la ocurrencia en matrices ambientales; 3) los tratamientos para la remoción de CE en plantas de aguas residuales y potables; y 4) los riesgos para la salud y el medio ambiente. Este documento revisa estos cuatro aspectos con respecto a 14 CE que se encuentran comúnmente en los estudios en todo el mundo y aborda el estado de estas CE en aguas transamericanas. Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador Escuela de Química
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- 2019
24. Data Descriptor: Daily observations of stable isotope ratios of rainfall in the tropics
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Didier Gastmans, Nasir Ahmed, Hugo Daniel Yacobaccio, Costijn Zwart, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Nguyen Kien Chinh, Lixin Wang, Moritz Mueller, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Michael I. Bird, Jing Gao, Seifu Kebede, Luis Araguas, Kudzai Farai Kaseke, Supriyo Chakraborty, Dagnachew L. Balachew Balachew, Kim M. Cobb, Marcelo R. Morales, Vinícius dos Santos, Samuel Y. Ganyaglo, Seng Chee Poh, Naoyuki Kurita, He Shaoneng, Shelby A Ellis, Niels C. Munksgaard, James Cook Univ, Charles Darwin Univ, Nagoya Univ, Univ Nacl, Bangladesh Atom Energy Commiss, IAEA, Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Ctr Nucl Technol, Georgia Inst Technol, Natl Nucl Res Inst, Chinese Acad Sci, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Addis Ababa Univ, Univ Buenos Aires, Swinburne Univ Technol, Nanyang Technol Univ, and Earth Observatory of Singapore
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Rainfall ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,δ18O ,Atmospheric circulation ,Science ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Geology [Science] ,Palaeoclimate ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Article ,Latitude ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https] ,Isotopes ,Satellite imagery ,Precipitation ,Sampling ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Atmospheric dynamics ,Multidisciplinary ,Stable isotope ratio ,Stable Isotopes ,Tropics ,Water ,6. Clean water ,020801 environmental engineering ,13. Climate action ,Medicine ,Environmental science ,Hydrology ,Longitude - Abstract
We present precipitation isotope data (δ2H and δ18O values) from 19 stations across the tropics collected from 2012 to 2017 under the Coordinated Research Project F31004 sponsored by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Rainfall samples were collected daily and analysed for stable isotopic ratios of oxygen and hydrogen by participating laboratories following a common analytical framework. We also calculated daily mean stratiform rainfall area fractions around each station over an area of 5° x 5° longitude/latitude based on TRMM/GPM satellite data. Isotope time series, along with information on rainfall amount and stratiform/convective proportions provide a valuable tool for rainfall characterisation and to improve the ability of isotope-enabled Global Circulation Models to predict variability and availability of inputs to fresh water resources across the tropics. Fil: Munksgaard, Niels C.. James Cook University; Australia. Charles Darwin University. School of Environmental Research; Australia Fil: Kurita, Naoyuki. Nagoya University; Japón Fil: Sánchez Murillo, Ricardo. Universidad Nacional; Costa Rica Fil: Ahmed, Nasir. Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission; Bangladesh Fil: Araguas, Luis. International Atomic Energy Agency (iaea); Austria Fil: Balachew, Dagnachew L.. International Atomic Energy Agency (iaea); Austria Fil: Bird, Michael I.. James Cook University; Australia Fil: Chakraborty, Supriyo. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology; India Fil: Kien Chinh, Nguyen. Center for Nuclear Techniques; Vietnam Fil: Cobb, Kim M.. Georgia Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Ellis, Shelby A.. Georgia Institute of Technology; Estados Unidos Fil: Esquivel Hernández, Germain. Universidad Nacional; Costa Rica Fil: Ganyaglo, Samuel Y.. National Nuclear Research Institute; Ghana Fil: Gao, Jing. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China Fil: Gastmans, Didier. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Kaseke, Kudzai F.. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; India. University of California Santa Barbara; Estados Unidos Fil: Kebede, Seifu. Addis Ababa University; Etiopía Fil: Morales, Marcelo Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Mueller, Moritz. Swinburne University of Technology; Malasia Fil: Poh, Seng Chee. Universiti Malaysia Terengganu; Malasia Fil: Santos, Vinícius dos. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Shaoneng, He. Nanyang Technological University; Singapur Fil: Wang, Lixin. Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; India Fil: Yacobaccio, Hugo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada; Argentina Fil: Zwart, Costijn. James Cook University; Australia
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- 2019
25. Análisis hidroclimático en condiciones no estacionarias utilizando el marco teórico de Budyko: el caso del páramo de Costa Rica
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Germain Esquivel-Hernández
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La gestión del recurso hídrico en los trópicos se ha visto recientemente desafiada por la variabilidad del clima y los cambios no controlados en el uso de la tierra y sus impactos en las complejas interacciones entre la vegetación, el suelo y la atmósfera. Una herramienta útil para predecir la disponibilidad promedio anual de agua en función del índice aridez (o el cociente entre evapotranspiración potencial, Ep y la precipitación, P) es el marco teórico de Budyko. Sin embargo, una limitante importante de este marco teórico es que está restringido a espacios hidroclimáticos que están en condiciones estables (entradaagua=salidaagua, o sistemas cerrados). Es por ello por lo que el marco teórico de Budyko no permite predecir la disponibilidad de agua cuando existen cambios mensuales o estacionales en la disponibilidad del agua (e.g., cambios en el almacenamiento de agua en el suelo o cambios climáticos de corto plazo). Este trabajo se enfoca en el análisis de la disponibilidad de agua en el páramo de Costa Rica con una resolución temporal y estacional, utilizando una nueva formulación del marco teórico de Budyko, la cual incorpora condiciones dinámicas sub anuales en el cálculo de la disponibilidad de agua. Al aplicar esta nueva formulación a un ecosistema tropical climáticamente sensible, los resultados obtenidos demuestran la necesidad de incorporar la cantidad de agua adicional disponible en la cuenca (además del agua suministrada a través de P) que contribuye a la evapotranspiración real.
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- 2019
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26. Análisis de vapor de agua precipitable sobre Costa Rica: una comparación entre diferentes técnicas de análisis basadas en GPS, sondeo atmosférico y productos satelitales MODIS
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Germain Esquivel-Hernández
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La cuantificación del vapor de agua en regiones tropicales como América Central es necesaria para estimar la influencia del cambio climático en su distribución y la formación de precipitaciones. Este trabajo analiza las estimaciones diarias de vapor de agua precipitable (PWV) utilizando los datos de retardo zenital del Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) en la región del Pacífico de Costa Rica durante 2017. Las mediciones del PWV con GPS se compararon contra los datos del sondeo atmosférico y del espectrómetro de imágenes de resolución moderada (MODIS). Se encontraron sesgos relativamente pequeños entre las temperaturas atmosféricas medias (Tm) del sondeo atmosférico y la ecuación de Bevis. Las variaciones estacionales de PWV fueron controladas por dos de los principales procesos de circulación en América Central: los vientos alisios del noreste y la migración latitudinal de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical (ZCIT). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas para los cálculos de MODIS Terra durante la estación seca con respecto a los cálculos basados en GPS (p> 0.05). Un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple estimado con base en variables meteorológicas de superficie pudo predecir las mediciones basadas en GPS con un sesgo relativo promedio de -0.02 ± 0.19 mm/día (R2=0.597). Estos primeros resultados son prometedores para incorporar aplicaciones meteorológicas basadas en GPS en América Central, donde las condiciones climáticas prevalecientes ofrecen un escenario único para estudiar la influencia de los aportes de humedad marítimos en la distribución estacional de vapor de agua.
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- 2019
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27. GPS Precipitable Water Vapor Estimations over Costa Rica: A Comparison against Atmospheric Sounding and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)
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Stephanie Rodríguez-Rosales, José Francisco Valverde-Calderón, Polleth Campos-Arias, Jan Boll, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Jorge Moya-Zamora
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Atmospheric sounding ,Costa Rica ,Atmospheric Science ,Moisture ,business.industry ,Intertropical Convergence Zone ,GPS ,precipitable water vapor ,Climate change ,atmospheric sounding ,Atmospheric sciences ,MODIS ,Dry season ,Global Positioning System ,Environmental science ,lcsh:Q ,Precipitation ,lcsh:Science ,business ,Water vapor - Abstract
The quantification of water vapor in tropical regions like Central America is necessary to estimate the influence of climate change on its distribution and the formation of precipitation. This work reports daily estimations of precipitable water vapor (PWV) using Global Positioning System (GPS) delay data over the Pacific region of Costa Rica during 2017. The GPS PWV measurements were compared against atmospheric sounding and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data. When GPS PWV was calculated, relatively small biases between the mean atmospheric temperatures (Tm) from atmospheric sounding and the Bevis equation were found. The seasonal PWV fluctuations were controlled by two of the main circulation processes in Central America: the northeast trade winds and the latitudinal migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). No significant statistical differences were found for MODIS Terra during the dry season with respect GPS-based calculations (p >, 0.05). A multiple linear regression model constructed based on surface meteorological variables can predict the GPS-based measurements with an average relative bias of &minus, 0.02 ±, 0.19 mm/day (R2 = 0.597). These first results are promising for incorporating GPS-based meteorological applications in Central America where the prevailing climatic conditions offer a unique scenario to study the influence of maritime moisture inputs on the seasonal water vapor distribution.
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- 2019
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28. Moisture transport and seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of rainfall in Central American and Andean Páramo during El Niño conditions (2015-2016)
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Adolfo Quesada-Román, Jan Boll, Lutz Breuer, Giovanny M. Mosquera, Christian Birkel, Rolando Célleri, David Windhorst, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, and Patricio Crespo
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PRECIPITACIÓN ,ISOTOPOS ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,PARÁMOS ,0207 environmental engineering ,El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ,Water stable isotopes ,Forestry ,HYSPLIT ,02 engineering and technology ,Tropical Páramo ,MOISTURE RECYCLING ,01 natural sciences ,Isotopic composition ,Geography ,El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Moisture recycling precipitation ,PRECIPITATION ,EL NIÑO–SOUTHERN OSCILLATION (ENSO) ,Central american ,020701 environmental engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
High‐elevation tropical grassland systems, called Páramo, provide essential ecosystem services such as water storage and supply for surrounding and lowland areas. Páramo systems are threatened by climate and land use changes. Rainfall generation processes and moisture transport pathways influencing precipitation in the Páramo are poorly understood but needed to estimate the impact of these changes, particularly during El Niño conditions, which largely affect hydrometeorological conditions in tropical regions. To fill this knowledge gap, we present a stable isotope analysis of rainfall samples collected on a daily to weekly basis between January 2015 and May 2016 during the strongest El Niño event recorded in history (2014–2016) in two Páramo regions of Central America (Chirripó, Costa Rica) and the northern Andes (Cajas, south Ecuador). Isotopic compositions were used to identify how rainfall generation processes (convective and orographic) change seasonally at each study site. Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model (HYSPLIT) air mass back trajectory analysis was used to identify preferential moisture transport pathways to each Páramo site. Our results show the strong influence of north‐east trade winds to transport moisture from the Caribbean Sea to Chirripó and the South American low‐level jet to transport moisture from the Amazon forest to Cajas. These moisture contributions were also related to the formation of convective rainfall associated with the passage of the Intertropical Convergence Zone over Costa Rica and Ecuador during the wetter seasons and to orographic precipitation during the transition and drier seasons. Our findings provide essential baseline information for further research applications of water stable isotopes as tracers of rainfall generation processes and transport in the Páramo and other montane ecosystems in the tropics Los sistemas de pastizales tropicales de gran altitud, llamados Páramo, brindan servicios ecosistémicos esenciales, como almacenamiento y suministro de agua para las áreas circundantes y de tierras bajas. Los sistemas de páramo están amenazados por los cambios climáticos y de uso de la tierra. Los procesos de generación de lluvia y las vías de transporte de humedad que influyen en las precipitaciones en el Páramo son poco conocidos, pero es necesario estimar el impacto de estos cambios, particularmente durante las condiciones de El Niño, que afectan en gran medida las condiciones hidrometeorológicas en las regiones tropicales. Para llenar esta brecha de conocimiento, presentamos un análisis de isótopos estables de muestras de lluvia recolectadas diaria o semanalmente entre enero de 2015 y mayo de 2016 durante el evento de El Niño más fuerte registrado en la historia (2014-2016) en dos regiones de Páramo de Centroamérica ( Chirripó, Costa Rica) y el norte de los Andes (Cajas, sur de Ecuador). Se utilizaron composiciones isotópicas para identificar cómo los procesos de generación de lluvia (convectivos y orográficos) cambian estacionalmente en cada sitio de estudio. Se utilizó el análisis de la trayectoria inversa de la masa de aire del modelo híbrido de una sola partícula lagrangiana integrada (HYSPLIT) para identificar las rutas preferenciales de transporte de humedad a cada sitio de Páramo. Nuestros resultados muestran la fuerte influencia de los vientos alisios del noreste para transportar humedad desde el Mar Caribe a Chirripó y el chorro de bajo nivel sudamericano para transportar humedad desde la selva amazónica a Cajas. Estas contribuciones de humedad también se relacionaron con la formación de lluvias convectivas asociadas con el paso de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical sobre Costa Rica y Ecuador durante las estaciones más húmedas y con la precipitación orográfica durante las estaciones de transición y más secas. Nuestros hallazgos proporcionan información de referencia esencial para futuras aplicaciones de investigación de isótopos estables en el agua como trazadores de los procesos de generación y transporte de lluvia en el Páramo y otros ecosistemas montanos en los trópicos. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany University of Geneva, Switzerland University de Costa Rica, Costa Rica University of Aberdeen, UK University Giessen, Germany Washington State University, Estados Unidos Escuela de Química
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- 2019
29. Isotopic composition in precipitation and groundwater in the northern mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica
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Luis Daniel Rojas-Jiménez, José A Vargas-Víquez, Alicia Fonseca-Sánchez, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Franz Ulloa-Chaverri, Oscar Sáenz-Rosales, Helga Madrigal-Solís, Gilberto Piedra-Marín, and Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
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Costa Rica ,ISOTOPOS ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,δ18O ,Rain ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Oxygen Isotopes ,01 natural sciences ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Dry season ,Environmental Chemistry ,COSTA RICA ,Precipitation ,Groundwater ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Hydrology ,Intertropical Convergence Zone ,Groundwater recharge ,Models, Theoretical ,Deuterium ,020801 environmental engineering ,Water resources ,Isotope hydrology ,ISOTOPES ,HIDROLOGÍA ,Seasons ,AGUAS SUBTERRÁNEAS ,Geology ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The linkage between precipitation and recharge is still poorly understood in the Central America region. This study focuses on stable isotopic composition in precipitation and groundwater in the northern mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. During the dry season, rainfall samples corresponded to enriched events with high deuterium excess. By mid-May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone poses over Costa Rica resulting in a depletion of 18O/16O and 2 H/H ratios. A parsimonious four variable regression model (r 2= 0.52) was able to predict daily δ18O in precipitation. Air mass back trajectories indicated a combination of Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean sources, which is clearly depicted in groundwater isoscape. Aquifers relying on Pacific-originated recharge exhibited a more depleted pattern, whereas recharge areas relying on Caribbean parental moisture showed an enrichment trend. These results can be used to enhance modelling efforts in Central America where scarcity of long-term data limits water resources management plans. El vínculo entre la precipitación y la recarga aún no se comprende bien en la región de América Central. Este estudio se enfoca en la composición isotópica estable en la precipitación y el agua subterránea en la región montañosa del norte del Valle Central de Costa Rica. Durante la estación seca, las muestras de lluvia correspondieron a eventos enriquecidos con alto exceso de deuterio. A mediados de mayo, la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical se posa sobre Costa Rica, lo que resulta en un agotamiento de las relaciones 18O/16O y 2 H/H. Un modelo parsimonioso de regresión de cuatro variables (r 2= 0.52) fue capaz de predecir el δ18O diario en la precipitación. Las trayectorias de retorno de la masa de aire indicaron una combinación de fuentes en el Mar Caribe y el Océano Pacífico, que se representa claramente en el isopaisaje de agua subterránea. Los acuíferos que dependen de la recarga originada en el Pacífico exhibieron un patrón más agotado, mientras que las áreas de recarga que dependen de la humedad de los padres del Caribe mostraron una tendencia de enriquecimiento. Estos resultados se pueden utilizar para mejorar los esfuerzos de modelado en América Central, donde la escasez de datos a largo plazo limita los planes de gestión de los recursos hídricos. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
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- 2016
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30. Key drivers controlling stable isotope variations in daily precipitation of Costa Rica: Caribbean Sea versus Eastern Pacific Ocean moisture sources
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Erin S. Brooks, Luis Araguas-Araguas, Chris Soulsby, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Kristen Welsh, Olivier Roupsard, Christian Birkel, R. Arce-Mesén, Jan Boll, O. Sáenz-Rosales, José Leonardo Corrales-Salazar, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and I. Katchan
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Archeology ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Pression atmosphérique ,forêt tropicale ,02 engineering and technology ,AGUA ,01 natural sciences ,K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales ,Dry season ,Global and Planetary Change ,U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques ,Altitude ,Geology ,Oceanography ,HYSPLIT ,Ressource en eau ,Modèle mathématique ,ISOTOPOS ,P40 - Météorologie et climatologie ,Atmospheric circulation ,δ18O ,Modèle linéaire ,gestion des ressources naturelles ,MONTAÑA ,Bassin versant ,COSTA RICA ,Precipitation ,AIR MASS BACK TRAJECTORIES ,P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion ,isotope ,Lifted condensation level ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Air mass ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,PRECIPITACIÓN ,SOUNDIND PROFILES ,Précipitation ,Intertropical Convergence Zone ,CLIMA ,Montagne ,Plaine côtière ,020801 environmental engineering ,ISOTOPES ,Climatologie ,Physical geography - Abstract
2013-2017: International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, Project CRP 17947: Stable isotopes in precipitation and paleoclimatic archives in tropical areas to improve regional hydrological and climatic impact models Costa Rica is located on the Central American Isthmus, which receives moisture inputs directly from the Caribbean Sea and the Eastern Pacific Ocean. This location includes unique mountainous and lowland microclimates, but only limited knowledge exists about the impact of relief and regional atmospheric circulation patterns on precipitation origin, transport, and isotopic composition. Therefore, the main scope of this project is to identify the key drivers controlling stable isotope variations in daily-scale precipitation of Costa Rica. The monitoring sites comprise three strategic locations across Costa Rica: Heredia (Central Valley), Turrialba (Caribbean slope), and Caño Seco (South Pacific slope). Sporadic dry season rain is mostly related to isolated enriched events ranging from −5.8‰ to −0.9‰ δ18O. By mid-May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone reaches Costa Rica resulting in a notable depletion in isotope ratios (up to −18.5‰ δ18O). HYSPLIT air mass back trajectories indicate the strong influence on the origin and transport of precipitation of three main moisture transport mechanisms, the Caribbean Low Level Jet, the Colombian Low Level Jet, and localized convection events. Multiple linear regression models constructed based on Random Forests of surface meteorological information and atmospheric sounding profiles suggest that lifted condensation level and surface relative humidity are the main factors controlling isotopic variations. These findings diverge from the recognized ‘amount effect’ in monthly composite samples across the tropics. Understanding of stable isotope dynamics in tropical precipitation can be used to a) enhance groundwater modeling efforts in ungauged basins where scarcity of long-term monitoring data drastically limit current and future water resources management, b) improve the re-construction of paleoclimatic records in the Central American land bridge, c) calibrate and validate regional circulation models. Costa Rica está ubicada en el Istmo Centroamericano, que recibe aportes de humedad directamente del Mar Caribe y del Océano Pacífico Oriental. Esta ubicación incluye microclimas montañosos y de tierras bajas únicas, pero solo existe un conocimiento limitado sobre el impacto del relieve y los patrones de circulación atmosférica regional sobre el origen, el transporte y la composición isotópica de las precipitaciones. Por lo tanto, el alcance principal de este proyecto es identificar los impulsores clave que controlan las variaciones de isótopos estables en la precipitación a escala diaria de Costa Rica. Los sitios de monitoreo comprenden tres ubicaciones estratégicas en Costa Rica: Heredia (Valle Central), Turrialba (vertiente del Caribe) y Caño Seco (vertiente del Pacífico Sur). La lluvia esporádica de la estación seca se relaciona principalmente con eventos enriquecidos aislados que van desde −5,8 ‰ a −0,9 ‰ δ18O. A mediados de mayo, la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical llega a Costa Rica, lo que resulta en un notable agotamiento de las proporciones de isótopos (hasta −18,5 ‰ δ18O). Las trayectorias de retroceso de la masa de aire de HYSPLIT indican la fuerte influencia en el origen y transporte de la precipitación de tres mecanismos principales de transporte de humedad, el chorro de bajo nivel del Caribe, el chorro de bajo nivel de Colombia y los eventos de convección localizados. Múltiples modelos de regresión lineal construidos a partir de bosques aleatorios de información meteorológica de superficie y perfiles de sondeo atmosférico sugieren que el nivel de condensación elevado y la humedad relativa de la superficie son los principales factores que controlan las variaciones isotópicas. Estos hallazgos difieren del "efecto de cantidad" reconocido en muestras compuestas mensuales en los trópicos. La comprensión de la dinámica de isótopos estables en la precipitación tropical se puede utilizar para a) mejorar los esfuerzos de modelado de aguas subterráneas en cuencas no calibradas donde la escasez de datos de monitoreo a largo plazo limita drásticamente la gestión actual y futura de los recursos hídricos, Puente terrestre centroamericano, c) calibrar y validar modelos de circulación regional. Escuela de Química
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- 2016
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31. Hydrogeological responses in tropical mountainous springs
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Jessica Salas-Navarro, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and José Leonardo Corrales-Salazar
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Costa Rica ,MEAN TRANSIT TIMES ,ISOTOPOS ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,δ18O ,Rain ,0207 environmental engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Oxygen Isotopes ,01 natural sciences ,Inorganic Chemistry ,SAN JOSÉ (COSTA RICA) ,ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY ,Spring (hydrology) ,OXYGEN-18 ,Environmental Chemistry ,COSTA RICA ,HYDROGEN-2 ,020701 environmental engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Hydrology ,geography ,Tropical Climate ,Hydrogeology ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,BARVA AQUIFER SYSTEM ,Natural Springs ,Deuterium ,Isotopic composition ,ACUÍFEROS ,Isotope hydrology ,HIDROLOGÍA ,Geology ,TROPICAL MOUNTAINOUS SPRINGS ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
This study presents a hydrogeochemical analysis of spring responses (2013–2017) in the tropical mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. The isotopic distribution of δ18O and δ2 H in rainfall resulted in a highly significant meteoric water line: δ2 H = 7.93·δ18O + 10.37 (r 2= 0.97). Rainfall isotopic composition exhibited a strong amount-dependent seasonality. The isotopic variation (δ18O) of two springs within the Barva aquifer was simulated using the FlowPC program to determine mean transit times (MTTs). Exponential-piston and dispersion distribution functions provided the best-fit to the observed isotopic composition at Flores and Sacramento springs, respectively. MTTs corresponded to 1.23 ± 0.03 (Sacramento) and 1.42 ± 0.04 (Flores) years. The greater MTT was represented by a homogeneous geochemical composition at Flores, whereas the smaller MTT at Sacramento is reflected in a more variable geochemical response. The results may be used to enhance modelling efforts in central Costa Rica, whereby scarcity of long-term data limits water resources management plans. Este estudio presenta un análisis hidrogeoquímico de las respuestas de primavera (2013-2017) en la región montañosa tropical del Valle Central de Costa Rica. La distribución isotópica de δ18O y δ2 H en la lluvia resultó en una línea de agua meteórica altamente significativa: δ2 H = 7.93 · δ18O + 10.37 (r 2 = 0.97). La composición isotópica de las precipitaciones exhibió una fuerte estacionalidad dependiente de la cantidad. La variación isotópica (δ18O) de dos manantiales dentro del acuífero Barva se simuló utilizando el programa FlowPC para determinar los tiempos de tránsito medios (MTT). Las funciones de distribución de dispersión y pistón exponencial proporcionaron el mejor ajuste a la composición isotópica observada en los manantiales de Flores y Sacramento, respectivamente. Los MTT correspondieron a 1,23 ± 0,03 (Sacramento) y 1,42 ± 0,04 (Flores) años. El mayor MTT estuvo representado por una composición geoquímica homogénea en Flores, mientras que el menor MTT en Sacramento se refleja en una respuesta geoquímica más variable. Los resultados pueden usarse para mejorar los esfuerzos de modelado en el centro de Costa Rica, donde la escasez de datos a largo plazo limita los planes de manejo de los recursos hídricos. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
- Published
- 2018
32. Characterization of surface water isotope spatial patterns of Scotland
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Andrew J. Midwood, Christian Birkel, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Barry Thornton, Rachel Helliwell, Sheila Gibbs, Doerthe Tetzlaff, Patricia Cooper, Chris Soulsby, Luigi Spezia, and Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo
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010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Isoscapes ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Elevation ,Superficial water ,02 engineering and technology ,Land cover ,Isótopos ,01 natural sciences ,United Kingdom ,020801 environmental engineering ,Isotopes ,Geochemistry and Petrology ,Evapotranspiration ,Spatial ecology ,Agua superficial ,Environmental science ,Economic Geology ,Spatial variability ,Precipitation ,Physical geography ,Surface water ,Reino Unido ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Sánchez-Murillo, Ricardo (Ricardo Alonso Sánchez Murillo) The extended National Waters Inventory of Scotland (NWIS) monitoring network in combination with an extensive, supplementary low flow sampling campaign was used to create isoscapes of surface water for management purposes at high spatial resolution (100 m grid) across Scotland. The δ2 H isoscape shows a strong isotopic separation along a north-south and east-west topographic (mountainous to the north and west and lowlands to the east) and climatic (wetter west, drier east) gradients. Isotopes were enriched in the western domain and depleted in the east and central Highland domains. The surface water d-excess isoscape show more complex spatial variability mainly related to contrasting moisture sources (sub-tropical North Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, Polar Continental, and the Arctic) as well as secondary evaporation processes. The two-year NWIS isotope record exhibited a significant seasonal evaporative effect on surface water isotopes that progresses from winter through to a maximum in autumn as indicated by Local Evaporation Lines (LELs). The surface water isoscapes can be efficiently reproduced with geographically weighted regression (GWR) models using gridded annual precipitation, remotely sensed actual evapotranspiration, land cover, soil wetness, catchment area, and mean elevation. The GWR models showed potential to assess isotopic changes under future climate and land use change.
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- 2018
33. Isotopic characterization of waters across chile
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Jan Boll, P. Moya-Vega, Christian Birkel, E. Aguirre-Dueñas, M. Gallardo-Amestica, and Germain Esquivel-Hernández
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Oceanography ,Stable isotope ratio ,Environmental isotopes ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Geothermal gradient ,Surface water ,Coring ,Pacific ocean ,Groundwater - Abstract
Chile is a long, narrow strip of land between the southeastern Pacific Ocean and southern Andes Cordillera. This chapter presents a long-term analysis of water stable isotope variations in precipitation across the extreme latitudinal and altitudinal gradients of Chile coupled with representative surface water, groundwater, geothermal and ice coring isotopic data. The isotopic values were obtained from the Isotopes Monitoring in Precipitation database of the Environmental Isotopes Laboratory of the Chilean Nuclear Energy Commission. Chile is characterized by strong climatic gradients due to its unique geographical setting that extends over 4,000 km from around 18° S to almost 67° S. As a consequence, northern Chile is characterized by the hyper-arid Atacama Desert with very low precipitation and high temperatures extending close to the city of La Serena. Isotopic composition decreased from summer to a minimum in winter and increased again towards the spring season.
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- 2018
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34. Insight into the stable isotopic composition of glacial lakes in a tropical alpine ecosystem: Chirripó, Costa Rica
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Christian Birkel, Giovanny M. Mosquera, Jan Boll, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Adolfo Quesada-Román
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ISOTOPOS ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Water stable isotopes ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,HYDROLOGY ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,LAGOS ,Ecosystem ,Páramo ,Glacial period ,Glacial lakes ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,LAKES GLACIARES ,PARQUE NACIONAL CHIRRIPÓ (COSTA RICA) ,GLACIARES ,Isotopic composition ,020801 environmental engineering ,EVAPORATION ,Oceanography ,WATER BALANCE ,Environmental science ,ISOTOPES ,HIDROLOGÍA ,Isotope mass balance ,CHIRRIPÓ (TURRIALBA, CARTAGO, COSTA RICA) - Abstract
Tropical high‐elevation lakes are considered sentinels of global climate change. This work characterizes the hydrological conditions of tropical alpine glacial lakes located in the highlands of Chirripó, Costa Rica, using a unique data set of water stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) in precipitation, stream water, and lake water between September 2015 and July 2017. A combined dataset of bathymetric, hydrometric, and isotope data collected between July 2016 and July 2017 on Lake Ditkevi was used to calculate the annual water balance of the lake. Evaporation to inflow ratios from three lake systems was estimated using a linear resistance model, the experimentally estimated local evaporation line of Chirripó, and the first glacial lake water evaporation lines in the region. The temporal isotopic variations (δ18O, d‐excess, and lcexcess) confirm variations in the dry and wet season evaporative conditions for the fglacial lakes and consistently average annual low evaporation to inflow (E/I) ratios in the range of 2.0 ± 0.8% and 18.1 ± 12.2%. Lake Ditkevi's water balance indicates annual steady‐state conditions, with an estimated evaporation loss of 650 mm/year (10.0 ± 5.0% of inflow), a high‐water contribution to the catchment (90% of inflow), a residence time of 0.53 ± 0.27 years, and a catchment scale (0.289 km2) water yield or depth equivalent run‐off of 278 mm/yr. These results provide novel information about water balance and evaporation losses in tropical alpine glacial lakes, which can serve as baseline information for future isotope‐based hydro‐climate research in high‐elevation regions in the tropics and elsewhere. Los lagos tropicales de gran altitud se consideran centinelas del cambio climático global. Este trabajo caracteriza las condiciones hidrológicas de los lagos glaciares alpinos tropicales ubicados en las tierras altas de Chirripó, Costa Rica, utilizando un conjunto de datos único de isótopos estables en agua (δ2H y δ18O) en precipitación, agua de arroyos y agua de lago entre septiembre de 2015 y julio de 2017. Se utilizó un conjunto de datos combinados de datos batimétricos, hidrométricos e isotópicos recopilados entre julio de 2016 y julio de 2017 en el lago Ditkevi para calcular el balance hídrico anual del lago. Las relaciones de evaporación a afluencia de tres sistemas lacustres se estimaron utilizando un modelo de resistencia lineal, la línea de evaporación local estimada experimentalmente de Chirripó y las primeras líneas de evaporación de agua de lagos glaciares en la región. Las variaciones isotópicas temporales (δ18O, exceso d y exceso de lce) confirman las variaciones en las condiciones de evaporación de la estación seca y húmeda para los lagos fglaciales y proporciones medias anuales bajas de evaporación a afluencia (E / I) en el rango de 2,0 ± 0,8%. y 18,1 ± 12,2%. El balance hídrico del lago Ditkevi indica condiciones anuales de estado estable, con una pérdida por evaporación estimada de 650 mm / año (10,0 ± 5,0% de la afluencia), una alta contribución de agua a la cuenca (90% de la afluencia), un tiempo de residencia de 0,53 ± 0,27 años, y un rendimiento de agua a escala de captación (0,289 km2) o una escorrentía equivalente en profundidad de 278 mm / año. Estos resultados proporcionan información novedosa sobre el equilibrio hídrico y las pérdidas por evaporación en los lagos glaciares alpinos tropicales, que pueden servir como información de referencia para futuras investigaciones hidroclimáticas basadas en isótopos en regiones de gran altitud en los trópicos y en otros lugares. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
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- 2018
35. Analysis of Benzene Exposure Levels on Commuters Traveling within the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Wendy Villalobos-Gonzalez, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, José Leonardo Corrales-Salazar, and Juan Valdés-González
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,Environmental chemistry ,Rush hour ,Environmental engineering ,Benzene ,Metropolitan area - Abstract
This study reports the benzene exposure levels of commuters traveling within the metropolitan area of Costa Rica using personal cars, buses, and urban trains. 47 in-vehicle samples were col- lected in the 2014 wet season under three different driving conditions: rush hour traffic, normal traffic and weekends. Samples were collected in Tedlar bags and analyzed using 75 µm carboxen- polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC- FID). Additionally, duplicate samples were collected on adsorption tubes filled with Tenax TA and analyzed by thermal desorption (TD) and GC-FID. Results indicate that travelling in cars and buses under rush hour conditions exposes commuters to statistically equal average benzene concentra- tion of 48.7 and 51.6 µg/m3, respectively. Average benzene levels in urban trains (33.0 µg/m3) were measured only during morning rush hours. Greater benzene levels in buses than personal cars concentrations may be attributable to the immersion of traffic-related emission within the bus ca- bins. Factors, such as the driving pattern, the number of vehicles on the route, the road infrastruc- ture, and the prevalence of gasoline-fueled vehicles in Costa Rica, may increase ambient benzene concentrations. Benzene levels inside car cabins reported in this study are in the range of those reported in other urban areas; however, the corresponding concentrations inside buses and urban trains (rush hour only) are higher than previously published exposure levels.
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- 2015
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36. Diseño de un método de análisis espectrofluorométrico, para la determinación de etanol en aire
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Rosa Alfaro Solís, Juan Valdés González, José Pablo Sibaja Brenes, and Germain Esquivel Hernández
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Etanol en aire ,administración de la salud y la seguridad ocupacional ,OSHA ,compuesto orgánico volátil ,inmovilización ,lcsh:Q ,inyección por flujo ,alcohol oxidasa ,lcsh:Science ,lcsh:Science (General) ,lcsh:Q1-390 - Abstract
Se diseñó un método simple y rápido para la determinación de etanol en aire, se utilizó una espiral de vidrio refrigerada para el muestreo y un sistema de inyección por flujo, acoplado a una columna que contiene alcohol oxidasa, inmovilizada sobre perlas de vidrio y un sistema de detección por fluorescencia para el análisis. Se evaluaron y se fijaron la longitud de onda de excitación (310 nm) y la de emisión (410 nm), el flujo de la fase móvil (1,05 mL min-1), la longitud del reactor (1,00 m), la longitud (7,00 cm) y el diámetro de la columna de vidrio que contenía la alcohol oxidasa (3,0 mm) y la concentración de la disolución de hidróxido de sodio (0,15 M). El método de análisis fue lineal de 1,00 μmol L-1 a 5,00 μmol L-1 de etanol. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación de 0,995, una repetibilidad de 0,8 %, un límite de detección y de cuantificación de 0,350 μmol L-1 y 0,670 μmol L-1, respectivamente. La metodología se evaluó en campo. Las concentraciones de etanol en aire oscilaron entre 0,356 ± 0,001 mg/m3 y 1 200 ± 2 mg/m3. Estas concentraciones no superaron el límite máximo permitido de 1884 mg/m3 por la OSHA.
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- 2013
37. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Stable Isotopes in Precipitation across Costa Rica: An Analysis of Historic GNIP Records
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Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Erin S. Brooks, Rosa Alfaro-Solís, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Jan Boll, Kristen Welsh, and Juan Valdés-González
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PRECIPITACIÓN ,Wet season ,geography ,STABLE ISOTOPES ,ISOTOPOS ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Moisture ,GNIP ,Stable isotope ratio ,Moisture recycling ,Elevation ,Microclimate ,HYSPLIT MODEL ,METEOROLOGÍA ,Oceanography ,Peninsula ,COSTA RICA ,Physical geography ,Precipitation ,Geology - Abstract
The location of Costa Rica on the Central American Isthmus creates unique microclimate systems that receive moisture inputs directly from the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In Costa Rica, stable isotope monitoring was conducted by the International Atomic Energy Agency and the World Meteorological Association as part of the worldwide effort entitled Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation. Sampling campaigns were mainly comprised of monthly-integrated samples during intermittent years from 1990 to 2005. The main goal of this study was to determine spatial and temporal isotopic variations of meteoric waters in Costa Rica using historic records. Samples were grouped in four main regions: Nicoya Peninsula (2H = 6.6518O − 0.13; r2 = 0.86); Pacific Coast (2H = 7.6018O + 7.95; r2 = 0.99); Caribbean Slope (2H = 6.9718O + 4.97; r2 = 0.97); and Central Valley (2H = 7.9418O + 10.38; r2 = 0.98). The water meteoric line for Costa Rica can be defined as 2H = 7.6118O + 7.40 (r2 = 0.98). The regression of precipitation amount and annual arithmetic means yields a slope of −1.6‰ 18O per 100 mm of rain (r2 = 0.57) which corresponds with a temperature effect of −0.37‰ 18O/ ̊C. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.77) of −2.0‰ 18O per km of elevation was found. Samples within the Nicoya Peninsula and Caribbean lowlands appear to be dominated by evaporation enrichment as shown in d-excess interpolation, especially during the dry months, likely resulting from small precipitation amounts. In the inter-mountainous region of the Central Valley and Pacific slope, complex moisture recycling processes may dominate isotopic variations. Generally, isotopic values tend to be more depleted as the rainy season progresses over the year. Air parcel back trajectories indicate that enriched isotopic compositions both in Turrialba and Monteverde are related to central Caribbean parental moisture and low rainfall intensities. Depleted events appear to be related to high rainfall amounts despite the parental origin of the moisture. La ubicación de Costa Rica en el Istmo Centroamericano crea sistemas de microclima únicos que reciben entradas de humedad directamente del Mar Caribe y el Océano Pacífico. En Costa Rica, el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica y la Asociación Meteorológica Mundial realizaron el monitoreo de isótopos estables como parte del esfuerzo mundial titulado Red mundial de isótopos en las precipitaciones. Las campañas de muestreo se componían principalmente de muestras integradas mensualmente durante años intermitentes de 1990 a 2005. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar las variaciones isotópicas espaciales y temporales de las aguas meteóricas en Costa Rica utilizando registros históricos. Las muestras se agruparon en cuatro regiones principales: Península de Nicoya (2H = 6.6518O - 0.13; r2 = 0.86); Costa del Pacífico (2H = 7,6018O + 7,95; r2 = 0,99); Pendiente del Caribe (2H = 6,9718O + 4,97; r2 = 0,97); y Valle Central (2H = 7,9418O + 10,38; r2 = 0,98). La línea meteórica del agua para Costa Rica se puede definir como 2H = 7.6118O + 7.40 (r2 = 0.98). La regresión de la cantidad de precipitación y las medias aritméticas anuales arroja una pendiente de −1,6 ‰ 18O por 100 mm de lluvia (r2 = 0,57) que corresponde a un efecto de temperatura de −0,37 ‰ 18O / ̊C. Se encontró una fuerte correlación (r2 = 0,77) de −2,0 ‰ 18O por km de elevación. Las muestras dentro de la Península de Nicoya y las tierras bajas del Caribe parecen estar dominadas por el enriquecimiento por evaporación como se muestra en la interpolación de exceso d, especialmente durante los meses secos, probablemente como resultado de pequeñas cantidades de precipitación. En la región intermontañosa del Valle Central y la vertiente del Pacífico, los complejos procesos de reciclaje de la humedad pueden dominar las variaciones isotópicas. Generalmente, los valores isotópicos tienden a agotarse a medida que avanza la temporada de lluvias a lo largo del año. Las trayectorias inversas de las parcelas de aire indican que las composiciones isotópicas enriquecidas tanto en Turrialba como en Monteverde están relacionadas con la humedad parental del Caribe central y las bajas intensidades de lluvia. Los eventos agotados parecen estar relacionados con altas cantidades de lluvia a pesar del origen paterno de la humedad.
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- 2013
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38. Tracking the water fingerprints of Cocos Island: a stable isotope analysis of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater
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José L. Corrales, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Esteban Herrera, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, and Jan Boll
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0106 biological sciences ,Wet season ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Zona de Convergencia Intertropical ,trayectorias HYSPLIT ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Dry season ,Cocos Island ,Precipitation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Isotope analysis ,Océano Pacífico Oriental ,Stable isotope ratio ,Ecology ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,isótopos estables ,Eastern Tropical Pacific ocean ,stable isotope composition ,Tropical marine climate ,Meteoric water ,Environmental science ,Isla del Coco ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Surface water ,HYSPLIT trajectories ,Intertropical Convergence Zone - Abstract
The use of stable isotopes of water, both δ2H and δ18O has provided novel insights in hydrological studies, ecological applications, understanding climate variability, and reconstructing paleoclimate. However, information on the stable isotope composition of water in tropical marine island environments is normally scarce within the Central America Isthmus. Here, we present the first isotopic characterization of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater at Cocos Island, Costa Rica within the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean region. Our results show that the Cocos Island MWL can be described as: δ2H=8.39·δ18O+13.3; r2=0.98 (n=29). Dry season rainfall events ranged from -4.9 ‰ δ18O up to -2.4 ‰ δ18O with a mean d-excess of 13.2 ‰. By the beginning of May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone reaches Costa Rica resulting in a notable depletion in isotope ratios (up to -10.4 ‰ δ18O and -76.2 ‰ δ2H). During the wet season, δ18O composition averaged -6.1 ‰ δ18O and -38.5 ‰ δ2H with a mean d-excess of 9.9 ‰. HYSPLIT air mass back trajectories indicate a strong influence on the origin of precipitation of two main moisture transport mechanisms, the northeasterly (January-May) and southwesterly (May-November) trade winds. Small seasonal variations were observed in the isotopic composition of surface water throughout the year with mean values ranging from -3.9 ‰ δ18O (dry season, n=19) up to -4.8 ‰ δ18O (wet season, n=13). Groundwater samples exhibited a similar trend with more depleted composition during the wet season (-5.2 ‰ δ18O and -29.8 ‰ δ2H). Overall, the marine isotopic composition measured in meteoric water at Cocos Island serves to better delineate the isotopic contribution of Pacific moisture towards the Central America Isthmus. It also provides a valuable isotopic reference to discriminate from orographic distillation and Caribbean enriched rainfall inputs in continental studies. El uso de isótopos estables de agua, tanto δ2H como δ18O, ha proporcionado nuevos conocimientos en hidrología, estudios, aplicaciones ecológicas, comprensión de la variabilidad climática y reconstrucción del paleoclima. Sin embargo, La información sobre la composición de isótopos estables del agua en los entornos de las islas marinas tropicales suele ser escasa, dentro del istmo de Centroamérica. A continuación, presentamos la primera caracterización isotópica de precipitación, superficie agua y agua subterránea en la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, dentro de la región tropical oriental del Océano Pacífico. Nuestros resultados demuestran que el MWL de la Isla del Coco se puede describir como: δ2H = 8.39 · δ18O + 13.3; r2 = 0,98 (n = 29). Lluvias en la estación seca los eventos variaron desde -4,9 ‰ δ18O hasta -2,4 ‰ δ18O con un exceso d medio de 13,2 ‰. A principios de mayo, la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical llega a Costa Rica resultando en un notable agotamiento de las proporciones de isótopos (hasta -10,4 ‰ δ18O y -76,2 ‰ δ2H). Durante la estación húmeda, la composición de δ18O promedió -6,1 ‰ δ18O y -38,5 ‰ δ2H con un exceso d medio de 9,9 ‰. Las trayectorias de retroceso de la masa de aire de HYSPLIT indican una fuerte influencia en el origen de precipitación de dos mecanismos principales de transporte de humedad, el noreste (enero-mayo) y el suroeste (mayo-noviembre) vientos alisios. Se observaron pequeñas variaciones estacionales en la composición isotópica de la superficie, agua durante todo el año con valores medios que van desde -3,9 ‰ δ18O (estación seca, n = 19) hasta -4,8 ‰ δ18O (temporada de lluvias, n = 13). Las muestras de agua subterránea exhibieron una tendencia similar con una composición más agotada durante la estación húmeda (-5,2 ‰ δ18O y -29,8 ‰ δ2H). En general, la composición isotópica marina medida en meteórica El agua en la Isla del Coco sirve para delinear mejor la contribución isotópica de la humedad del Pacífico hacia la zona central, Istmo de América. También proporciona una valiosa referencia isotópica para discriminar de la destilación orográfica e Insumos de lluvias enriquecidas en el Caribe en estudios continentales. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (Supl. 1): S105-S120. Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
- Published
- 2016
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39. Hydroclimatic and ecohydrological resistance/resilience conditions across tropical biomes of Costa Rica
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Germain Esquivel-Hernández, Ricardo Sánchez-Murillo, Christian Birkel, Jan Boll, and Stephen P. Good
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Ecology ,Resistance (ecology) ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Water storage ,Biome ,Tropics ,02 engineering and technology ,Vegetation ,Aquatic Science ,020801 environmental engineering ,Water resources ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Water use ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
Water resources management in the tropics is challenged by climate variability and unregulated land use change and their impacts on the complex interactions between vegetation, soil, and atmosphere. This study focuses on the analysis of hydroclimatic and ecohydrological conditions across 6 major biomes in Costa Rica. Using the Budyko and the Tomer–Schilling frameworks, 31 reanalysis data points located across the Caribbean and Pacific domains were classified according to their ecohydrological resistance and resilience between 1989 and 2005. Observed data were used to evaluate the reanalysis products. Resistance was defined as the standard deviation in the water excess (Q/P), whereas resilience was defined as the standard deviation of the energy (AET/PET) to the water excess. A strong orographic separation was obtained between the water-limited Pacific slope and the energy-limited Caribbean slope. The Caribbean slope is characterized by low resistance and high resilience to changes in the hydroclimatic conditions, with small relative changes in water excess (−18% to 2.0%), whereas the Northern Pacific slope has high resistance and low resilience and exhibited strong changes in water excess (−34% to 0%). Some regions of the Northern Pacific region covered by lower and premontane forests have recently suffered significant increments in the dryness index (PET/P). This study demonstrates the need for national–regional strategies to effectively optimize water use efficiency and water storage and to include a climate vulnerability component in future water management plans.
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- 2017
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40. First measurements of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in the ambient air in San Jose, Costa Rica
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Juan Valdés-González, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, José Carlos Mora-Barrantes, and José Pablo Sibaja-Brenes
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GC ,Wet season ,HUMAN HEALTH ,Air pollutant concentrations ,MTBE ,AIR QUALITY ,Environmental engineering ,CONTAMINACIÓN DEL AIRE ,Capillary gas chromatography ,Ambient air ,Human health ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Geography ,chemistry ,AIRE ,SALUD ,Gasoline ,Air quality index ,CONTAMINANTES ,URBAN AIR ,Methyl tert-butyl ether - Abstract
A great interest has arisen in establishing the impact of organic compounds on human health and air quality, especially those compounds emitted by automotive traffic. Knowledge of urban air pollutant concentrations is essential for the determination of exposure levels. With this information public health problems can be avoided and emissions sources can be identified. MTBE is one of such compound because of its effects both to the environment and to humans. In Costa Rica, as in many other parts of the world, MTBE has been added to gasoline up to 10% v/v. This study investigates ambient air concentration of MTBE in San Jose, Costa Rica. Samples were collected during October-December 2005 using Carbotrap® cartridges and analyzed by thermal desorption combined with capillary gas chromatography. MTBE levels ranged from < 0.1 to 7.0 ppbv, with the highest concentrations observed in the wet season's months (May to November). The highways and industrial areas were identified as MTBE's point sources, both related with vehicle emissions. High levels of MTBE were also found in the vicinity of a gas station. These values represent the first measurements made in a Central American location, but are similar to those reported in other urban areas. The MTBE ambient air levels in San Jose, Costa Rica were not known until this study in 2005. Ha surgido un gran interés en establecer el impacto de los compuestos orgánicos sobre la salud humana y la calidad del aire, especialmente aquellos compuestos emitidos por el tráfico automotor. El conocimiento de las concentraciones de contaminantes atmosféricos urbanos es fundamental para determinar los niveles de exposición. Con esta información se pueden evitar problemas de salud pública y se pueden identificar las fuentes de emisiones. El MTBE es uno de estos compuestos debido a sus efectos tanto en el medio ambiente como en los seres humanos. En Costa Rica, como en muchas otras partes del mundo, se ha agregado MTBE a la gasolina hasta un 10% v / v. Este estudio investiga la concentración de MTBE en el aire ambiental en San José, Costa Rica. Las muestras se recolectaron durante octubre-diciembre de 2005 utilizando cartuchos Carbotrap® y se analizaron mediante desorción térmica combinada con cromatografía de gases capilar. Los niveles de MTBE variaron de
- Published
- 2014
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41. Lead acid battery recycling in Costa Rica: a case study
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José Carlos Mora-Barrantes, Germain Esquivel-Hernández, R. Alfaro-Solis, P. Bolaños-Ulloa, M. Navarro-Monge, José Pablo Sibaja-Brenes, and Juan Valdés-González
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Pollutant ,Engineering ,Waste management ,business.industry ,Environmental engineering ,Process improvement ,Slag ,Scrap ,SECONDARY LEAD ,GASES ,GASEOUS EMISSIONS ,WASTE MANAGEMENT ,SLAG ,Lead (geology) ,visual_art ,Smelting ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL ,Lead–acid battery ,business ,GESTIÓN - Abstract
This work describes the production of secondary lead in a smelter located in Costa Rica. The only input of the plant is scrap automotive batteries. We describe the environmental management strategies used for waste minimization, including the waste characterization and minimization of gaseous emissions. The waste characterization included the sulphidic slag containing varying quantities of lead (total lead content and TCLP), along with the gaseous analysis (SO2, TSP and P-Pb). Through process improvement, we reduced both the quantity of slag produced and the lead loss to the slag, as well as the concentrations of gas pollutants in the gaseous emissions. Este trabajo describe la producción de plomo secundario en una fundición ubicada en Costa Rica. El único insumo de la planta son las baterías de automóviles de desecho. Nosotros describir las estrategias de gestión ambiental utilizadas para la minimización de residuos, incluyendo la caracterización de residuos y minimización de emisiones gaseosas. los la caracterización de residuos incluyó la escoria sulfídica que contiene cantidades variables de plomo (contenido total de plomo y TCLP), junto con el análisis gaseoso (SO2, TSP y P-Pb). A través de la mejora del proceso, redujimos tanto la cantidad de escoria producido y la pérdida de plomo a la escoria, así como las concentraciones de gas contaminantes en las emisiones gaseosas Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica Escuela de Química
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- 2012
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42. Chemical composition of rain and fog water collected in the Monteverde biological reserve
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Tatiana Vásquez Morera, Rosa Alfaro Solís, José Pablo Sibaja Brenes, Germain Esquivel Hernández, and Juan Valdés González
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agua de lluvia ,Composición química ,agua de niebla ,lcsh:Q ,Monteverde ,lcsh:Science ,lcsh:Science (General) ,lcsh:Q1-390 - Abstract
Se determinó la composición química del agua de lluvia y de niebla en tres sitios en la Reserva Biológica Monteverde, Puntarenas; entre octubre 2009 y enero 2010. Debido a su estado de conservación y a su ubicación geográfica sobre la deriva continental, la Reserva Biológica Monteverde ofrece un sitio de estudio ideal, para el estudio de la composición de las aguas atmosféricas (agua de lluvia y de niebla). Las muestras de agua de niebla se recolectaron al utilizar muestreadores de niebla con líneas de teflón, mientras que las de agua de lluvia se recogieron al emplear muestreadores de lluvia simples y uno de cascada. En ambos tipos de agua se analizaron las especies iónicas más relevantes: H3O+, NH4 +, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, NO3 - y SO4 2-, al utilizar cromatografía de iones y detección por conductividad eléctrica. Las concentraciones promedio de estas especies en el agua de lluvia estuvieron entre 0,54 ± 0,02 μeq L-1 y 101± 3 μeq L-1, mientras que en el agua de niebla variaron entre 1,00 ± 0,02 μeq L-1 y 93 ± 4 μeq L-1. Además, se presentan el balance iónico y los factores de enriquecimiento con respecto al mar y el suelo de ambos tipos de muestras. We determined the chemical composition of rain and fog water in three sampling sites in the Monteverde Biological Reserve, Puntarenas, between October 2009 and January 2010. Due to its state of conservation, and its geographic location on the continental divide, the Monteverde Biological Reserve offers an ideal study site for the environmental chemical monitoring of tropical ecosystems, which includes the analysis of rain and fog water. Samples of for water were collected using Teflon lined samplers, while rainwater was collected using simple and cascade rain water samplers. In both types of water, most relevant ionic species (H3O+, NH4 +, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Cl-, NO3 - and SO4 2-) were analyzed using ion chromatography. The average concentrations of these species in the rainwater were between 0,54 ± 0,02 μeq L-1 and 101 ± 3 μeq L-1, while in the fog water ranged between 1,00 ± 0,02 μeq L-1 and 93 ± 4 μeq L-1. We also present the ionic balance and the enrichment factors with respect to the sea and soil for both types of samples.
- Published
- 2012
43. Polymer-liposome nanoparticles obtained by the electrostatic bio-adsorption of natural polymers onto soybean lecithin liposomes
- Author
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Germain Esquivel Hernández, Marianelly Esquivel, Sergio Ramírez Amador, Sergio Madrigal Carballo, José Vega Baudrit, María Sibaja Ballestero, and A.O. Vila
- Subjects
MATERIA PRIMA ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Liposome ,Materials science ,Aqueous solution ,NANOTECNOLOGÍA ,Mechanical Engineering ,Dispersity ,POLÍMERO ,BIODEGRADABLE ,Nanoparticle ,Polymer ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Chitosan ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Dextran ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,PROTEÍNA ,INDUSTRIA ,Polymer chemistry ,General Materials Science ,MATERIALES Y PRODUCTOS - Abstract
This work is focused on the formulation of polymer-liposome nanoparticles based on the electrostatic bio-adsorption of natural polymers onto soybean lecithin liposomes, with potential as novel delivery system for macromolecules, such as proteins. The building up of the polymer-liposome nanoparticles was achieved through the alternating bio-adsorption of natural cationic (chitosan) and neutral (dextran) or anionic (dextran sulphate or alginate) polymer layers on a core composed by anionic nanosized soybean lecithin liposomes. The electrostatic bio-adsorption of natural polymers succeeded in building nanosized, spherical, monodisperse and stable polymer-liposome nanoparticles with cumulative sizes between 357.3 nm ± 25.3 nm and 498.2 nm ± 69.6 nm and surface charges (ζ-potential) between –30.66 mV ± 1.55 mV and –26.74 mV ± 1.04 mV for the liposomal systems composed by alternating layers of chitosan and dextran sulphate or alginate, respectively. Natural-polymer-liposome nanoparticles offer good properties for encapsulation on its liposomal aqueous core and sustained release of a model protein, BSA, in vitro.
- Published
- 2011
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