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Considered to be commonplace in our countries, sweaty miliary can be responsible for pruritus with significant socio-professional repercussions. No data are available on this condition in our environment. The aim of this study is to describe sweaty miliary during hot weather in the dermatology hospital of Bamako. This is a descriptive cross-sectional study over a period of 6 months (1 February to 31 July 2019), carried out at the dermatology hospital in Bamako, the study involved all patients received for sweaty miliary without distinction of age, sex or origin and who gave their informed consent. Socio-demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables were collected on a survey form, entered and analysed with Epi Info 7.2.2.6. A total of 93 patients (18 males and 75 females) out of 13,000 patients or a frequency of 0.7%. Median age of patients was 11.31 years. The dominant clinical type was crystalline miliaria (sudamina) in 79.56%. Dermocorticoids and zinc oxide were the most used in the treatment and flattening of the abscess in 8 complicated cases.

Glioblastomas are aggressive primary brain tumors with an inherent resistance to T cell-centric immunotherapy due to their low mutational burden and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here we report that fractionated radiotherapy of preclinical glioblastoma models induce a tenfold increase in T cell content. Orthogonally, spatial imaging mass cytometry shows T cell enrichment in human recurrent tumors compared with matched primary glioblastoma. In glioblastoma-bearing mice, α-PD-1 treatment applied at the peak of T cell infiltration post-radiotherapy results in a modest survival benefit compared with concurrent α-PD-1 administration. Following α-PD-1 therapy, CD103+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) with upregulated lipid metabolism accumulate in the tumor microenvironment, and restrain immune checkpoint blockade response by repressing CD8+ T cell activation. Treg targeting elicits tertiary lymphoid structure formation, enhances CD4+ and CD8+ T cell frequency and function and unleashes radio-immunotherapeutic efficacy. These results support the rational design of therapeutic regimens limiting the induction of immunosuppressive feedback pathways in the context of T cell immunotherapy in glioblastoma.

Squamous cell carcinomas are favored by repeated sun exposure, especially in fair-skinned people who easily get sunburned. There are also genetic diseases including albinism which can promote their appearance early in life and multiple forms. We report the first observation of frontal squamous cell carcinoma with resection and reconstruction using the H-shaped flap in an albino (in Mali). Oculo -cutaneous albinism consulted for a frontal ulceration evolving for 3 years. The initial lesion was an erythematous macula which progressively evolved into a dragging ulceration. She had been treated with three sessions of cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) without success. Physical examination found a slightly crusty ulceration, circumscribed (2 x 1.6 cm), painful and non-itchy. Otherwise the rest of the clinical examination was normal. A biopsy for pathological examination was performed. The diagnosis of invasive squamous cell carcinoma was confirmed. Surgical treatment was performed (resection and reconstruction with the H-shaped flap) with simple postoperative course and satisfactory results from an aesthetic point of view.

Introduction: necrotizing fasciitis (FN) is a medico-surgical emergency that often involves the vital prognosis. Despite its rarity in children, necrotizing fasciitis is complicated by septic shock in 74 cases out of 100 and it is a serious infection, fatal in about 30% of cases. The aim of this work was to study the risk factors for necrotizing fasciitis in children. Methodology: This was a case-control study interesting children aged 0-15 years seen in dermatological consultation and included in accordance with the objectives of the study for a given period from January 1, 2020 to December 30, 2021. Diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis was based on clinical and histological. Results: During the study period, 2501 children were seen in dermatological consultation, of which 20 had necrotizing fasciitis, ie a hospital frequency of 0.80%. These twenty cases of necrotizing fasciitis were matched with 20 controls by age, sex, hospital, date of admission. The age of children with necrotizing fasciitis ranged between 3 and 15 years, and the average age was 11.7 years. Preschool children (3-5 years old) accounted for 5%, school-age children (6-10 years old) accounted for 25% and adolescents accounted for 70%. The cases were divided into 11 boys (55%) and 9 girls (45%), the sex ratio was 1.22. The average duration of evolution of necrotizing fasciitis in children was 7.6 days with extremes ranging from 3 to 12 days. Conclusion: Many factors in our study were associated with the occurrence of necrotizing fasciitis in children, led by NSAIDs, traditional medications and traumatic wounds. In view of these results obtained in our study carried out under unfavorable conditions, it is necessary that cohort studies be carried out in order to confirm our results.

The present work aims to valorize an aromatic and medicinal plant of Eucalyptus globulus found in the region of Dakar, Senegal. To do so, we first extracted the essential oil contained in the leaves of the plant harvested in October 2020. We obtained the essential oil by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type extractor with a yield of 1.70% of the dry plant mass. This value is quite appreciable compared to the different values in the literature. The essential oil extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus was tested as a green inhibitor on carbon steel type XC38 in 1M HCl acid medium by the mass loss method. The results obtained led to a maximum inhibitory efficiency of 89.03% for a concentration of 1.6 g/L of essential oil at room temperature of 298 K. The effect of temperature on the inhibitory behavior of the essential oil was also studied over a range of 298 K to 338 K. In this temperature range, a loss of efficiency was observed with increasing temperature, reaching a value of 15.33% at 338 K. Thermodynamic quantities were then determined. The plot of the different isotherms showed that the adsorption of the essential oil obeys the Langmuir isotherm. The results obtained showed a physical character of adsorption of this essential oil.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a proliferative disease included in the group of non-Langerhansian histiocytoses (NLH) that mainly affects infants and children, and is congenital in 40-70% of cases. This condition is usually a single or few lesions but the profuse form is very rare. We report a case of giant, profuse xanthogranuloma in a 14-month-old infant. A 5-month-old infant was brought to the dermatology department with a rash that had been flaring for more than a month. The infant had no previous history of the disease and the lesions were asymptomatic. Clinical examination revealed firm nodulopapular lesions of normal skin colour, varying in size from 5 mm to 1 cm, scattered over the body. The lesions were most prominent on the neck and trunk. Biopsy of one nodule was concluded to be a juvenile xanthogranuloma. We reassured the parents about the disease and abstained from treatment. After 9 months of evolution, the child was readmitted to dermatology for aggravation of the rash. On examination, turgid nodules of 1-2cm in diameter were observed, profuse on the body. Elsewhere the clinical and biological examination was unremarkable. We report a case of giant diffuse xanthogranuloma in a 14-month-old infant, evident by histological examination. Our observation is peculiar because of its mode of extension and the giant nature of the lesions. It remains to be seen whether the evolution of this disease passes through this turgid stage. Further work is needed to support the pathogenesis of the lesions.

Introduction: The overall objective of the study was to evaluate the effect on blood glucose of the ethyl acetate-butanol fraction (EABF) compounds of the aqueous leaf extract of Dialium guineense (Cesalpiniaceae). Materials and Methods: The powder of D. guineense leaves was subjected to decoction. The aqueous solution was respectively fractionated with ethyl acetate and butanol. The sub-fractions were grouped to form the ethyl acetate-butanol fraction (EABF), enriched in flavonoids and tannins. The condensed tannins of EABF were eliminated under the action of casein, resulting in a condensed tannin-free fraction (EAB-TFF). EABF and EAB-TFF were phytochemically characterized and tested in normo-glycemic rats, a glucose tolerance test and type 2 diabetic rats. Results, Analysis and Discussion: EABF (300 mg/kg, per os) has no significant effect on blood glucose in normo-glycemic rats (0.80±0.12 vs 0.81±0.01 g/L). Under the same conditions, EABF without tannins (EAB-TFF: 300 mg/kg, per os) is hypoglycemic (0.57±0.05 vs 0.82±0.05 g/L). These results suggest the existence of an antagonism, in the effects on blood glucose, between tannins and probably flavonoid-like compounds. In type 2 diabetic rats, the daily administration of EABF (300 mg/kg/day, per os) varied blood glucose from 2.73±0.39 to 1.14±0.58 g/L (n=5, p

The cytoskeleton is a master organizer of the cellular cortex and membrane trafficking and therefore plays a crucial role in apico–basal polarity. Septins form a family of GTPases that assemble into non-polar filaments, which bind to membranes and recruit cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules and actin using their polybasic (PB) domains, to perform their broad biological functions. Nevertheless, the role of septins and the significance of their membrane-binding ability in apico–basal polarity remains under-investigated. Here, using 3D cultures, we demonstrated that septin 9 localizes to the basolateral membrane (BM). Its depletion induces an inverted polarity phenotype, decreasing β-catenin at BM and increasing transforming growth factor (TGFβ) and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) markers. Similar effects were observed after deleting its two PB domains. The mutant became cytoplasmic and apical. The cysts with an inverted polarity phenotype displayed an invasive phenotype, with src and cortactin accumulating at the peripheral membrane. The inhibition of TGFβ-receptor and RhoA rescued the polarized phenotype, although the cysts from overexpressed septin 9 overgrew and presented a filled lumen. Both phenotypes corresponded to tumor features. This suggests that septin 9 expression, along with its assembly through the two PB domains, is essential for establishing and maintaining apico–basal polarity against tumor development.

Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions are present across various tumor types with an estimated overall prevalence of less than 1%. Tropomyosin receptor kinase inhibitors (TRKis) block the constitutively activated tyrosine receptor kinase (TRK) fusion protein produced in cancers with NTRK gene fusions (NTRK+) from downstream signaling. Many treatment guidelines now include TRKis as first-line (1L) or subsequent treatment options for TRK fusion cancer.This study aimed to assess treatment patterns subsequent to a finding of NTRK+ status among patients with TRK fusion cancer.This was a one-time, retrospective, multi-site patient chart abstraction by oncology practices in the USA from June to September 2020. US medical oncologists from the Oncology Provider Extended Network (OPEN) who had treated patients with NTRK+ advanced/metastatic solid tumors abstracted information into electronic case report forms (eCRFs) for adult patients with advanced/metastatic solid tumors and a NTRK+ tumor test result with a known fusion partner. Data abstracted into eCRFs by oncologists included demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of patients with advanced/metastatic TRK fusion solid tumors. Responses were summarized using descriptive statistics. Median treatment durations across the lines of therapy were estimated by Kaplan-Meier time to discontinuation.A total of 19 medical oncologists abstracted data from 110 patient charts. Median patient age at advanced/metastatic diagnosis was 62 years. The majority of patients were male (58.2%) and White (79.1%). Solid tumor types reported in at least 10% of the study cohort were lung (24.5%), cholangiocarcinoma (13.6%), pancreatic (10.9%), and colorectal (10.0%). Results for patients with hepatobiliary cancers (i.e., cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma) and colorectal cancer, and appendiceal cancer are also included. Median duration of 1L TRKi therapy was 16.8 months across all solid tumor types, whereas median duration of 1L was 5.6 months among patients receiving non-TRKi therapies (p = 0.017). Among the solid tumor types represented by at least 10% of the study population, median duration of 1L TRKi therapy was only reached in patients with pancreatic cancer (3.3 months). Median duration of TRKi in the second-line (2L) setting was 7.9 months overall, relative to 5.3 months among patients receiving non-TRKi therapies (p = 0.003). Across lung, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers, the median durations of 2L TRKi therapy were 14.1, 6.0, 6.1, and 4.1 months, respectively.Among patients with advanced/metastatic TRK fusion solid tumors, medical oncologists reported that approximately two-thirds initiated a TRKi during the study period. Treatment with a TRKi was longer in duration compared to non-TRKi treatment in 1L and 2L therapy. Additional research is needed to gain insight into the association between early TRKi therapy initiation and clinical outcomes in the real-world setting.

IntroductionHigh prevalence of overweight and obesity already observed in preschool children suggests the involvement of early-life risk factors. Preconception period and pregnancy are crucial windows for the implementation of child obesity prevention interventions with parental lifestyle factors as relevant targets. So far, most studies have evaluated their role separately, with only a few having investigated their potential synergistic effect on childhood obesity. Our objective was to investigate parental lifestyle patterns in the preconception and pregnancy periods and their association with the risk of child overweight after 5 years.Materials and methodsWe harmonized and interpreted results from four European mother-offspring cohorts participating in the EndObesity Consortium [EDEN, France; Elfe, France; Lifeways, Ireland; and Generation R, Netherlands] with data available for 1,900, 18,000, 1,100, and 9,500 families, respectively. Lifestyle factors were collected using questionnaires and included parental smoking, body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, diet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. We applied principal component analyses to identify parental lifestyle patterns in preconception and pregnancy. Their association with risk of overweight (including obesity; OW-OB) and BMI z-scores between 5 and 12 years were assessed using cohort-specific multivariable logistic and linear and regression models (adjusted for potential confounders including parental age, education level, employment status, geographic origin, parity, and household income).ResultsAmong the various lifestyle patterns derived in all cohorts, the two explaining the most variance were characterized by (1) “high parental smoking, low maternal diet quality (and high maternal sedentary behavior in some cohorts)” and, (2) “high parental BMI and low gestational weight gain.” Patterns characterized by high parental BMI, smoking, low diet quality or high sedentary lifestyle before or during pregnancy were associated with higher risk of OW-OB in children, and BMI z-score at any age, with consistent strengths of associations in the main cohorts, except for lifeways.ConclusionThis project provides insight into how combined parental lifestyle factors in the preconception and pregnancy periods are associated with the future risk of child obesity. These findings are valuable to inform family-based and multi-behavioural child obesity prevention strategies in early life.

Microfinance institutions are the main source of finance for the poor and the women in many country, therefore the sustainability of these companies is a concern, but that cannot be achieved without proper internal control mechanism to detect any attempt frauds that could harm the operations of microfinance institutions. The research will used literature review method by digging into previous researches to see the main courses of the failure of many microfinance institutions. The research found out that most of the microfinance institution failed due to inadequate control in place to detect malfunctions or fraud at the earlier stages that can safeguard the operations of microfinance institutions.

According to the World Health Organization, maxillo-mandibular odontogenic myxoma is a benign tumor of mesenchymal origin. Its frequency, rare etiology, pathogenesis and therapeutic modalities are often discussed in the literature. It is a rare tumor that accounts for 0.41% to 7.19% of maxillo-mandibular tumors. In this present study, we reported a case of odontogenic myxoma of the left jaw that had progressed for several years, in a 25-year-old patient referred to the odontostomatology department of the Idrissa Pouye General Hospital by his attending dentist. The onset of symptoms went back three years. The volume of the mass evolved gradually and slowly over time. The medical examination did not reveal any particular medico-surgical history, or associated general signs. The intraoral examination revealed on inspection a tumor mass occupying the vestibular premolo-molar region of the left maxilla and measuring approximately five centimeters along its longest axis. This mass was bumpy in shape and reddish in color in places. On palpation, the mass was painless, mobile, of firm consistency, not bleeding on contact. Maxillofacial computed tomography revealed the presence of a spontaneously isodense, budding osteolytic process with lobulated contours, blowing the left maxilla in its anterior part. It extended into the hallway and made contact with the inside of the cheek, but did not invade it. The therapy was surgical under general anesthesia. No recurrence was observed at 9 months later. Maxillo-mandibular odontogenic myxoma is a rare, benign and locally invasive tumor. Its odontogenic origin remains the most likely. The clinical aspects or the radiographic presentation are not characteristic and make the differential interpretation difficult. A biopsy is mandatory for the establishment of a final diagnosis. The treatment is surgical. Rigorous monitoring is required during the first two postoperative years, as recurrences are not uncommon.

Background: The increase in prescriptions of antiretrovirals (ARVs) implies the increasing occurrence of side effects, including skin manifestations. The objective of this work was to identify the epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of drug eruptions during ARV treatment in the support and counseling units (SCU) of commune IV of the district of Bamako. Material and methods: In a documentary study, the data of patients living with HIV (PLHIV) followed in the SCUs between January 2008 and December 2010, i.e. 3 years, in strict respect of their confidentiality were collected. Parameters of interest included epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics. Results: The frequency of drug eruptions was 2.85% of cases, ie 50 patients out of 1748 PLWHA. Women accounted for 76% of cases with a sex ratio of 0.32. The mean age was 30.8 ± 11.46 years with extremes ranging from 5 to 60 years. PLHIV were in WHO clinical stage III, or 48% of cases. The mean time to onset of drug eruption was 23.5 ± 17.7 days. Common clinical manifestations were pruritus (24%), rash (22%) and Lyell’s syndrome (12%). 96% of patients (48 cases) were on ARVs, of which 78% were on nevirapine and 14% on efavirenz. The treatment was symptomatic. Conclusion: Antiretrovirals are sources of drug eruption despite their benefits in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. Rigorous monitoring is essential to prevent these harmful effects.

Elaedobius kamerunicus (EK) is the most effective oil palm pollinator, and has positively improved the rate of pollination and oil yield. However, the decline in the oil palm fruit set and oil yield is alarming in oil palm industries. Therefore, this study investigated the EK population abundance and its impact on the oil palm fruit set. A significant variation in EK population was observed among the biparental families and a decline in its population abundance. The highest mean number of EK per palm was recorded on Day-three and family ECPHP500 recorded the highest (2367.94 ± 140.74). The total population means of EK was 36830.14 ± 851.68 per hectare and ECPHP550 recorded the highest at 52,189.64 weevils per hectare.A simple linear regression and correlation coefficient (r) analysis indicated declines in the efficiency of the weevil and it accounted for 31% of the variation in fruit to bunch, 25% in average bunch weight, 37% infertile fruit, and 33% of the total variation in oil palm fruit set ratio. The oil palm traits analysed, had a positive and highly significant moderate correlation with the weevil effectiveness. A strong perfect relationship was established between Day-three anthesis with EK population per inflorescence (r = 0.99, df = 3, 23, P˂0.0001). Moderate evaporation rate, rainfall, wind velocity, and sunshine duration with temperature (29oC) will increase the weevil population and efficiency. Future research and good management practices should be considered to improve the population and pollination effectiveness of EK, enhancing the livelihoods of farmers.

Purpose:Uveal melanomas (UM) are genetically simple tumors carrying few copy number alterations (CNA) and a low mutation burden, except in rare MBD4-deficient, hypermutated cases. The genomics of uveal melanoma metastatic progression has not been described. We assessed the genetic heterogeneity of primary and metastatic MBD4-proficient and -deficient uveal melanomas.Experimental Design: We prospectively collected 75 metastatic and 16 primary samples from 25 consecutive uveal melanoma patients, and performed whole-exome sequencing.Results:MBD4-proficient uveal melanomas contained stable genomes at the nucleotide level, acquiring few new single nucleotide variants (SNVs; 16 vs. 13 in metastases and primary tumors, respectively), and no new driver mutation. Five CNAs were recurrently acquired in metastases (losses of 1p, 6q, gains of 1q, 8q, and isodisomy 3). In contrast, MBD4-deficient uveal melanomas carried more than 266 SNVs per sample, with high genetic heterogeneity and TP53, SMARCA4, and GNAS new driver mutations. SNVs in MBD4-deficient contexts were exploited to unveil the timeline of oncogenic events, revealing that metastatic clones arose early after tumor onset. Surprisingly, metastases were not enriched in monosomy 3, a previously defined metastatic risk genomic feature. Monosomy 3 was associated with shorter metastatic-free interval compared with disomy 3 rather than higher rate of relapse.Conclusions:MBD4-proficient uveal melanomas are stable at the nucleotide level, without new actionable alterations when metastatic. In contrast, MBD4 deficiency is associated with high genetic heterogeneity and acquisition of new driver mutations. Monosomy 3 is associated with time to relapse rather than rate of relapse, thus opening avenues for a new genetic prognostic classification of uveal melanomas.

Supplementary figure 6 - Comparisons of CCFs between samples including inter- and intra-metastatic comparisons in MBD4pro samples.

Supplementary figure 3 - Summary diagrams illustrating the median SNV heterogeneity ratios.

Supplementary figure 7 - Minigene assay of BAP1 intronic insert splicing.

Clinical characteristics of the SCC study population

Supplementary figure 1 - Copy number / allelic imbalance profiles of all cases as generated by Facets.

Gating strategies of migratory cDC, APC, cDC1 and pDC

TCGA derived mRNAseq gene signatures and their correlation with recurrence free survival

Clinical characteristics of the AC study population

Immune checkpoint levels on conventional CD4+ Th cells in AC PT vs SCC PT

Supplementary figure 5 - Pyclone profiles of all 25 cases

Purpose:Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix is the second most common type of cervical cancer after squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although both subtypes are treated similarly, patients with adenocarcinoma have a worse prognosis. In this study, immunologic features of the tumor microenvironment in these two subsets were pursued with potential therapeutic implications.Experimental Design:The immune microenvironment of primary tumors and nonmetastatic tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLN) was compared between patients with cervical adenocarcinoma (n = 16) and SCC (n = 20) by polychromatic flow cytometry and by transcriptional profiling of the primary tumors (n = 299) using publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).Results:Flow cytometric analyses revealed intact T-cell differentiation in TDLNs, but hampered effector T-cell trafficking to the primary tumors in adenocarcinoma, as compared with SCC. TCGA analysis demonstrated higher expression of chemokines involved in effector T-cell homing (CXCL9/10/11) in SCC primary tumors as compared with adenocarcinoma primary tumors, which was highly correlated to a transcriptional signature for type I conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). This was consistent with elevated frequencies of CD141/BDCA3+cDC1 in primary tumor SCC samples relative to adenocarcinoma and correspondingly elevated levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 in 24-hour ex vivo cultures. Hampered cDC1 recruitment in adenocarcinoma was in turn related to lower transcript levels of cDC1-recruiting chemokines and an elevated β-catenin activation score and was associated with poor overall survival.Conclusions:Our data have identified an opportunity for the investigation of potentially novel therapeutic interventions in adenocarcinoma of the cervix, that is, β-catenin inhibition and cDC1 mobilization.

Supplementary Table 1: Patients and tumors characteristics

BACKGROUND: A high prevalence of excess weight in children younger than 5 years suggests the involvement of early-life risk factors. The preconception and pregnancy periods are crucial stages for the implementation of interventions to prevent childhood obesity. Most studies so far have evaluated the effects of early-life factors separately, with only a few investigating the combined effect of parental lifestyle factors. Our objective was to fill the literature gap regarding parental lifestyle factors in the preconception and pregnancy periods and to study their association with the risk of overweight in children after the age of 5 years. METHODS: We harmonised and interpreted data from four European mother-offspring cohorts (EDEN [comprising 1900 families], Elfe [comprising 18 000 families], Lifeways [comprising 1100 families], and Generation R [comprising 9500 families]). Written informed consent was obtained from parents of all involved children. Lifestyle factor data collected through questionnaires comprised parental smoking, BMI, gestational weight gain, diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviour. We applied principal component analyses to identify multiple lifestyle patterns in preconception and pregnancy. Their association with child BMI z-score and risk of overweight (including obesity, overweight and obesity, as defined by the International Task Force reference) between the ages of 5 and 12 years were assessed using cohort-specific multivariable linear and logistic regression models (adjusted for confounders including parental age, education level, employment status, geographic origin, parity, and household income). FINDINGS: Among the various lifestyle patterns identified in all cohorts, the two that better explained variance were high parental smoking plus low maternal diet quality or high maternal sedentary behaviour, and high parental BMI plus low gestational weight gain. Overall, we observed that patterns characterised by high parental BMI, smoking, low-quality diet, or sedentary lifestyle before or during pregnancy were associated with higher BMI z-scores and risk of overweight and obesity in children aged 5-12 years. INTERPRETATION: Our data contribute to a better understanding of how parental lifestyle factors might be associated with the risk of childhood obesity. These findings are valuable to inform future family-based and multi-behavioural child obesity prevention strategies in early life. FUNDING: European Union's Horizon 2020 under the ERA-NET Cofund action (reference 727565) and European Joint Programming Initiative "A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life" (JPI HDHL, EndObesity).

International audience; By guaranteeing a remunerative price and marketing to farmers in the Niayes area, ASD markets help to dissipate the uncertainty and risks associated with marketing conditions. Our work has allowed us to place the alternative aspect of the ASD market phenomenon, as an original short food marketing circuit based on ethical principles, in a more general context - that of the increasing industrialization and standardization of food production, distribution and consumption. It appears that, under the fire of trade globalization, this question of social demand - which was nevertheless characteristic of Western societies in the northern hemisphere - is gradually gaining ground in a number of emerging societies in the South. New food behaviors are emerging. Henceforth, the urban demand requires healthy and more tasty products.; En garantissant un prix et une mise en marché rémunérateurs aux paysans de la zone des Niayes, les marchés ASD contribuent à dissiper l’incertitude et les risques liés aux conditions de commercialisation. Notre travail nous a permis d’inscrire l’aspect alternatif du phénomène des marchés ASD en tant que circuit court de commercialisation alimentaire original basé sur des principes éthiques, dans un contexte plus général – celui de l’industrialisation et de l’uniformisation croissantes des modes de production, distribution et consommation alimentaires. Il appert que, sous le feu de la mondialisation des échanges, cette question de la demande sociale – qui était pourtant caractéristique des sociétés occidentales de l’hémisphère nord – prend progressivement de l’ampleur dans un ensemble de sociétés émergentes du Sud. Il s’esquisse alors de nouveaux comportements alimentaires. Désormais, la demande citadine requiert des produits sains et plus savoureux.

This study aimed to determine the resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) strains to β-lactams antibiotics and to perform the molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and integrons genes. It was carried out from August 2013 to October 2015 and involved 31 DEC strains isolated from diarrheal stools samples collected from children less than 5 years. The identification and characterization of DEC strains were done through the standard biochemical tests that were confirmed using API 20E and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The antibiogram was realized by the disk diffusion method, then an amplification of the β-lactamase resistance genes and integrons by PCR was done. Out of the 419 E. coli, 31 isolates (7.4%) harbored the DEC virulence genes. From these DEC, 21 (67.7%) were ESBL-producing E. coli. Susceptibility to ESBL-producing E. coli showed that the majority of isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin (77.4%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (77.4%), and piperacillin (64.5%). The following antibiotic resistance genes and integron were identified: blaTEM (6.5%), blaSHV (19.4%), blaOXA (38.7%), blaCTX-M (9.7%), Int1 (58.1%), and Int3 (19.4%). No class 2 integron (Int2) was characterized. Because of the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant ESBL organisms found, there is a need of stringent pediatric infection control measures.

The Spatial Representation and Documentation of Community Projects Operating and Planned in the South Los Angeles Area Final Presentation

A compreshensive report of environmtal justice projects within the south LA Boundary and their effects on the commnunity.

A compreshensive report of environmtal justice projects within the south LA Boundary and their effects on the commnunity.

A compreshensive report of environmtal justice projects within the south LA Boundary and their effects on the commnunity.

Research Project Proposal Document

Computational geometry and topology are huge branches of mathematics. Focussing on concepts that lead to computation is one strategy to provide a concrete conceptual basis for ideas that hold in a more general context. Indeed, this short book gives an introduction to a surprisingly broad range of ideas that can serve as a good introduction to geometry and topology (even broadly conceived) for undergraduates.

The objective was to study the epidemiological, clinical and radiological aspects of patients with mandibular fractures in the odontostomatology department at the General hospital Idrissa Pouye in Senegal. This was a retrospective study of the records of patients who came for a mandibular fracture during the period from February 2007 to June 2019 to the odontostomatology department of the General hospital Idrissa Pouye in Dakar. The inclusion criterion was any patient file containing complete information and presenting a mandibular fracture received in the odontostomatology department. We used sociodemographic, clinical and radiographic variables. Of 128 patients who came for consultation with a mandibular fracture, 115 were male and 13 were female. The age group most affected was between 21 and 30 years. Workers (25.2%), pupils and students (25.2%) were the most represented. The most frequent cause of mandibular fractures was road traffic accidents (36.71%). In 41% of the road accidents, Jakarta mopeds were involved. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiological examination, which consisted of an orthopantomogram in 83.5% of cases. The mandibular symphysis was the most frequent location with 40.3% of fracture sites. Total continuity of the lines was observed in 21.9% of cases.

Lipid droplets (LDs) are involved in viral infections, but exactly how remains unclear. Here, we study the hepatitis C virus (HCV) whose core capsid protein binds to LDs but is also involved in the assembly of virions at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer. We found that the amphipathic helix-containing domain of core, D2, senses triglycerides (TGs) rather than LDs per se. In the absence of LDs, D2 can bind to the ER membrane but only if TG molecules are present in the bilayer. Accordingly, the pharmacological inhibition of the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase enzymes, mediating TG synthesis in the ER, inhibits D2 association with the bilayer. We found that TG molecules enable D2 to fold into alpha helices. Sequence analysis reveals that D2 resembles the apoE lipid-binding region. Our data support that TG in LDs promotes the folding of core, which subsequently relocalizes to contiguous ER regions. During this motion, core may carry TG molecules to these regions where HCV lipoviroparticles likely assemble. Consistent with this model, the inhibition of Arf1/COPI, which decreases LD surface accessibility to proteins and ER-LD material exchange, severely impedes the assembly of virions. Altogether, our data uncover a critical function of TG in the folding of core and HCV replication and reveals, more broadly, how TG accumulation in the ER may provoke the binding of soluble amphipathic helix-containing proteins to the ER bilayer.

Raphionacme vignei E. A. Bruce (Apocynaceae) is a plant of the traditional African pharmacopoeia, whose parts are used in the treatment of various pathologies. Water-soaked R. vignei tubers are edible. The objective of this study was to isolate triterpenoids from the acetonic extract of R. vignei tubers, evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of each molecule. The isolated compounds, characterized by NMR and mass spectrometry, is composed of six triterpenoids: beta-amyrin dodecanoate 1(DDQ1), lupeol dodecanoate 2(DDQ2), beta-amyrin acetate 3(DDQ3), lupeol acetate 4(DDQ4), luepol 5(DDQ5) and β-sitosterol 6(DDQ6). These molecules (DDQ2, DDQ3, DDQ4, DDQ5, DDQ6) are anti-inflammatory in carrageenan induced rat paw edema, with better anti-inflammatory power for DDQ2 and DDQ4, which would be related to the presence of acetate function and cycle E. DDQ2 and DDQ4 are also analgesic in acetic acid induced contortions and the removal test of rat tail on the heating plate. The analgesic action of DDQ2 and DDQ4, superior to that salicylic acetyl acid, identical to that morphine, suggests a central action of these two molecules. The potent analgesic effect of DDQ2 and DDQ4, could be attributed to the presence of cyclopentane and isoprene substitution in position 19 of the lupane family. DDQ2 and DDQ4 represent a potential for the synthesis of structural analogues with analgesic and/or anti-inflammatory properties.

Background Screen media use in early childhood has largely increased in recent years, even more so during the COVID-19 epidemic, and there is much discussion regarding its influence on neurodevelopment, including Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Methods We examined the relationship between use of TV, computer, tablet and smartphone at age 2 years and risk of ASD assessed in telephone-based questionnaires among 12,950 children participating in the nationally representative ELFE (‘Etude Longitudinale Française sur les Enfants’) birth cohort study in France. Results In inverse-probability weighted (IPW) multinomial regression analyses, children’s weekly or daily screen media use was associated with an increased likelihood of an intermediate risk of ASD (IPW-controlled OR for weekly use:1.07, 95% CI 1.02—1.12; IPW-controlled OR for daily use:1.05, 95% CI 1.02—1.08) but inversely associated with a high risk (IPW-controlled OR for weekly use: 0.60, 95% CI 0.50—0.73; IPW-controlled OR for daily use: 0.75, 95% CI 0.62—0.91), as ascertained by the M-CHAT. This was confirmed when studying TV as well as computer/tablet exposure separately. Conclusions Overall, our nationally-representative study conducted among a large sample of 2-year-old children, indicates a complex relationship between screen exposure and ASD risk.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to global health. Understanding the emergence, evolution, and transmission of individual antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to develop sustainable strategies combatting this threat. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to analyse ARGs in 757 sewage samples from 243 cities in 101 countries, collected from 2016 to 2019. We find regional patterns in resistomes, and these differ between subsets corresponding to drug classes and are partly driven by taxonomic variation. The genetic environments of 49 common ARGs are highly diverse, with most common ARGs carried by multiple distinct genomic contexts globally and sometimes on plasmids. Analysis of flanking sequence revealed ARG-specific patterns of dispersal limitation and global transmission. Our data furthermore suggest certain geographies are more prone to transmission events and should receive additional attention.

Background Excessive screen time in infancy and childhood has been associated with consequences on children’s development and health. International guidelines call for no screen time before age 2 years, whereas in France, the most prominent guidelines recommend no screen before age 3 years. However, data are lacking on parental adherence to the no-screen guideline for toddlers and factors of adherence in France. Using data from the French nationwide Elfe birth cohort, we estimated adherence to the no-screen guideline at age 2 years and examined related factors, including sociodemographic characteristics, parental leisure activities and screen time. Methods In 2011, 18,329 newborns and their parents were enrolled in 349 randomly selected maternity units across mainland France. At age 2 years, screen exposure of 13,117 toddlers was reported by parents in phone interviews. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, parental leisure activities and screen time were collected from both parents. Three patterns of parental leisure activities were derived by principal component analysis: literate (e.g.,reading), screen-based, and physical/artistic activities. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of sociodemographic characteristics, parental leisure activities and parental screen time with adherence to the no-screen guideline for toddlers. Results Overall, 1809/13,117 (13.5%) families adhered to the no-screen guideline for toddlers. Adherence was reduced with maternal age Conclusions Adherence to the no-screen guideline for toddlers in France was low. Parental leisure activities and parental screen time are major factors of adherence to the no-screen guideline and could be considered in targeted public health interventions.

The study deals with the use of attapulgite as a corrosion inhibitor of two metals, namely aluminum and zinc, and their alloy (aluzinc), in a 0.5 M hydrochloric acid medium. The study was carried out by monitoring the free-corrosion potential and performing dynamic polarization measurements (Tafel curves) at different concentrations of inhibitor in solution. The measurements suggested that in a 0.5 M acidic medium, the surface of each of the three materials was attacked. The decrease in current density was very noticeable in aluminum and zinc at a level of 2 g×L-1. A weak tendency to passivity was noticed for zinc and aluzinc. The experimental results obtained showed a decrease in the current intensity in the presence of the corrosion inhibitor in the acidic medium. The maximum inhibitory efficiency rate reached for the metals and their alloy was higher than 99 %. This percentage was obtained for aluminum and zinc in the presence of 4 g×L-1 of attapulgite and 3 g×L-1 for aluzinc.