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Objectives: Hip development is influenced by mechanical loading, but associations between prenatal loading and hip shape in later life remain unexplored. Methods: We examined associations between prenatal loading indicators (gestation length, oligohydramnios (OH) and breech) obtained from obstetric records and hip shape modes (HSMs) generated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images taken at age 14- and 18-years in participants from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). These associations were examined in 2453 (30 OH, 105 breech) and 2330 (27 OH, 95 breech) participants with complete data at age 14- and 18-years respectively using confounder-adjusted models. Results: At 14 years HSM2 was 0.59SD lower in OH males, and HSM5 (-0.31SD) and HSM9 (-0.32SD) were lower in OH in both sexes. At 18 years HSM1 (-0.44SD) and HSM2 (-0.71SD) were lower and HSM6 (0.61SD) and HSM8 (1.06SD) were higher in OH males, whilst HSM5 was lower in OH in both sexes. OH appeared to be associated with a wider femoral neck and head, and larger lesser/greater trochanters. Only weak associations were observed between gestation length/ breech and HSMs. Conclusions: These results suggest that prenatal skeletal loading, in particular oligohydramnios, may influence adolescent joint shape with associations generally stronger in males.

Supplemental material, Supplementary_Table_1 for Anticholinergic burden in middle-aged women and recurrent falls in later life: findings from the Aberdeen prospective osteoporosis screening study (APOSS) by Samuel R. Neal, Adrian D. Wood, Andrew D. Ablett, Jenny S. Gregory, Jordan Guillot, Helen M. Macdonald, David M. Reid and Phyo K. Myint in Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety

In this exhibition, we invite visitors to consider the historical relationship of “water crises” of various kinds to the development of urban water systems, through the experience of the driest inhabited continent on earth, Australia. We have chosen a range of different departures from water-related business as usual—from shortage to flood, pollution to drainage—in the five mainland Australian state capitals from the late nineteenth century to the present. The part of this exhibition devoted to each city focuses thematically on just one or two kinds of crisis, while the timeline covers a wider range of events in each place.

OBJECTIVE: Statistical shape modeling (SSM) of radiographs has been used to explore relationships between altered joint shape and hip osteoarthritis (OA). We aimed to apply SSM to Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) hip scans, and examine associations between resultant hip shape modes (HSMs), radiographic hip OA (RHOA), and hip pain, in a large population based cohort.METHOD: SSM was performed on baseline hip DXA scans from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. Associations between the top ten HSMs, and prevalent RHOA from pelvic radiographs obtained 4.6 years later, were analysed in 4100 participants. RHOA was defined as Croft score ≥ 2. Hip pain was based on pain on walking, hip pain on examination, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC).RESULTS: The five HSMs associated with RHOA showed features of either pincer- or cam-type deformities. HSM 1 (increased pincer-type deformity) was positively associated with RHOA [1.23 (1.09,1.39)] [odds ratio and 95% CI]. HSM 8 (reduced pincer-type deformity) was inversely associated with RHOA [0.79 (0.70,0.89)]. HSM 10 (increased cam-type deformity) was positively associated with RHOA [1.21 (1.07,1.37)]. HSM 3 and HSM 4 (reduced cam-type deformity) were inversely associated with RHOA [0.73 (0.65,0.83) and 0.82 (0.73,0.93) respectively]. HSM 3 was inversely related to pain on examination [0.84 (0.76,0.92)] and walking [0.88, (0.81,0.95)], and to WOMAC score [0.87 (0.80,0.93)].CONCLUSIONS: DXA-derived measures of hip shape are associated with RHOA, and to a lesser extent hip pain, possibly reflecting their role in the pathogenesis of hip OA.

Introduction: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is complex in its etiology and its manifestations. This systematic review will critically analyze the latest research regarding risk factors associated with ADHD such as environmental, including preterm birth, smoking, and prenatal alcohol use. Furthermore reviewed, will be articles researching genetics, such as dopamine active transporter (DAT1), LPHN3, as well as genetic-environmental interaction for precursors of ADHD. Discussion: Current theories of ADHD show evidence supporting multiple genetic and environmental factors that interact during early developmental stages in the fetus to create a neuro-biological susceptibility to ADHD. The DAT1 has been implicated in ADHD although the mechanism by which it exerts its effects remains unknown. Factors due to drinking, smoking or stress while pregnant can affect the nervous system, which later may be linked to ADHD symptoms because they may alter genes during development by causing a genetic variation. Conclusion: Future research could benefit from using prospective, longitudinal studies, with large sample sizes. With contradictory results and many competing theories about precursors of ADHD, more research using advanced genetic technology will help researchers learn more about ADHD’s complex risks, precursors, and symptoms., Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine; EISSN 2345 - 4970

As Australian cities face uncertain water futures, what insights can the history of Aboriginal and settler relationships with water yield? Residents have come to expect reliable, safe, and cheap water, but natural limits and the costs of maintaining and expanding water networks are at odds with forms and cultures of urban water use. Cities in a Sunburnt Country is the first comparative study of the provision, use, and social impact of water and water infrastructure in Australia's five largest cities. Drawing on environmental, urban, and economic history, this co-authored book challenges widely held assumptions, both in Australia and around the world, about water management, consumption, and sustainability. From the 'living water' of Aboriginal cultures to the rise of networked water infrastructure, the book invites us to take a long view of how water has shaped our cities, and how urban water systems and cultures might weather a warming world.