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The transition towards a sustainable world requires immediate action on the part of individuals and communities. Developing countries find the task of incorporating climate change policies difficult for various reasons including the negative effects that the Covid-19 pandemic left behind on the economy. One way to address this issue would be to focus on the productive sector, for example the dairy farming sector. This segment, along with others of similar characteristics, plays an essential part in developing countries’ economies and is characterized by the presence of small and medium production facilities that, in general, do not consider the concept of a circular economy, and where proper waste and energy management is not a priority. Nevertheless, several types of dairy farms have a high potential for the incorporation of energy solutions under the concept of waste-to-energy by producing biogas, having the potential to cover a wide range of energy demands, including those for electricity, heat, refrigeration, and gas for cooking. This can allow energy self-sufficiency, promote enhanced organic waste management and reduce dependence on conventional energy services (mostly based on fossil fuels). Biogas production also results in the supply of bio-slurry, an organic fertilizer. In addition, a biogas-based energy solution can be combined with other renewable energy sources, thus promoting the exploitation of local energy resources. Under this scenario, these solutions can allow enhanced waste and energy management, while reducing GHG emissions along the lines of sustainability. This thesis explores these issues by considering biogas-based energy solutions applied on Bolivian dairy farms and, with a broader approach, on Latin American dairy farms. The energy solutions can supply electricity, hot water, refrigeration (by using absorption refrigeration systems), cooking gas and organic fertilizers. The first assessment was focused on evaluating the energy performance of a trigeneration (CCHP) system proposed for small dairy farms. Such a system was found to result in energy savings of up to 37% compared to conventional solutions. A techno-economic feasibility study was performed by comparing two polygeneration options aimed to cover the energy needs of a small association of Bolivian dairy farmers. The costs of producing biogas, electricity, refrigeration, and fertilizers were determined to confirm their feasibility in the market. To reinforce the techno-economic analysis and include solar PV energy, an open dynamic model was extended to allow for optimization of a hybrid biogas/solar PV system. The model determines the costs of producing electricity and heat, quantifies CO2 emission reductions, and displays the operation scheme and the percentage of solar energy use in the system. Finally, an investigation was performed on estimating the potential for biogas and organic fertilizers production on Latin American dairy farms; analyze whether energy self-sufficiency is possible in dairy farms; and quantify the potential reductions of GHG emissions. The combined findings of the techno-economic evaluations and the aforementioned study found that energy self-sufficiency is possible for almost all farm sizes with biogas and electricity production costs in the ranges of 0.017 to 0.037 and 0.06 to 0.16 USD/kWh, respectively. The proposed solutions applied on Latin American dairy farms can contribute reducing GHG emissions of up to 51 Mton CO2 per year. The results from these evaluations are promising and show that an eventual implementation of polygeneration systems can yield benefits such as promoting an efficient use of local resources within the framework of a circular economy and adhere to the principles of several sustainable development goals. This work contributes to the understanding of an integrated evaluation of combined energy solutions by considering energy performance, techno-economic and environmental aspects. The evaluation methods can be replicated for the assessment of combined energy solutions applied to other productive sectors. Furthermore, the work proposes novel energy system configurations and offers an open access optimization tool that can be useful for further development and study of these type of energy solutions. This constitutes a foundation that should be supplemented and strengthened by future studies leading to the sustainability of the productive sectors, such as dairy farming, in pursuit of a green and efficient economy. Övergången till en hållbar värld kräver omedelbara åtgärder av individer och samhällen. Utvecklingsländerna har svårt att införliva klimatförändringspolitiken av olika skäl, bland annat på grund av de negativa effekter som Covid-19-pandemin lämnade efter sig på ekonomin. Ett sätt att ta itu med denna fråga kan vara att fokusera på den produktiva sektorn, till exempel mjölkproduktionssektorn. Detta segment, tillsammans med andra segment med liknande egenskaper, spelar en viktig roll i utvecklingsländernas ekonomier och kännetecknas av att det finns små och medelstora produktionsanläggningar som i allmänhet inte tar hänsyn till begreppet cirkulär ekonomi, och där korrekt avfalls- och energihantering inte prioriteras. Flera typer av mjölkgårdar har dock en stor potential för integrering av energilösningar inom ramen för konceptet avfall till energi genom produktion av biogas, som har potential att täcka ett brett spektrum av energibehov, bland annat för el, värme, kyla och gas för matlagning. Detta kan möjliggöra självförsörjning av energi, främja en förbättrad hantering av organiskt avfall och minska beroendet av konventionella energitjänster (oftast baserade på fossila bränslen). Biogasproduktion leder också till att man får tillgång till biogödsel, ett organiskt gödningsmedel. Dessutom kan en biogasbaserad energilösning kombineras med andra förnybara energikällor, vilket främjar utnyttjandet av lokala energiresurser. I ett sådant scenario kan dessa lösningar möjliggöra en förbättrad avfalls- och energihantering, samtidigt som växthusgasutsläppen minskas i enlighet med hållbarhetsprincipen. I denna avhandling undersöks dessa frågor genom att biogasbaserade energilösningar tillämpas på bolivianska mjölkgårdar och, med en bredare ansats, på latinamerikanska mjölkgårdar. Energilösningarna kan leverera el, varmvatten, kylning (med hjälp av absorptionskylsystem), matlagningsgas och organiska gödningsmedel. Den första utvärderingen inriktades på att utvärdera energiprestandan hos ett system för trippelgenerering (CCHP) som föreslagits för små mjölkgårdar. Ett sådant system visade sig leda till energibesparingar på upp till 37 % jämfört med konventionella lösningar. En teknisk-ekonomisk genomförbarhetsstudie utfördes genom att jämföra två alternativ för polygenerering för att täcka energibehovet hos en liten sammanslutning av bolivianska mjölkgårdar. Kostnaderna för produktion av biogas, elektricitet, kylning och gödningsmedel fastställdes för att bekräfta deras genomförbarhet på marknaden. För att förstärka den teknisk-ekonomiska analysen och inkludera solcellsenergi utökades en befintlig öppen dynamisk modell till att möjliggöra optimering av ett hybridsystem av biogas och solcellsenergi. Modellen fastställer kostnaderna för att producera el och värme, kvantifierar minskningen av koldioxidutsläpp och visar hur systemet drivs och den procentuella andelen solenergi i systemet. Slutligen gjordes en undersökning för att uppskatta potentialen för produktion av biogas och organiska gödningsmedel på latinamerikanska mjölkgårdar och analysera om det är möjligt att vara självförsörjande i fråga om energi på mjölkgårdar samt kvantifiera den potentiella minskningen av växthusgasutsläpp. De kombinerade resultaten av de teknisk-ekonomiska utvärderingarna och den ovannämnda studien visade att det är möjligt att vara självförsörjande på energi för nästan alla gårdsstorlekar med biogas - och elproduktionskostnader på 0.017-0.037 USD/kWh respektive 0.06-0.16 USD/kWh. De föreslagna lösningarna som tillämpas på latinamerikanska mjölkgårdar kan bidra till att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser med upp till 51 Mton CO2 per år. Resultaten från dessa utvärderingar är lovande och visar att ett eventuellt genomförande av polygenerationsystem kan ge fördelar som att främja en effektiv användning av lokala resurser inom ramen för en cirkulär ekonomi och att följa principerna hos flera av målen för hållbar utveckling. Detta arbete bidrar till förståelsen av en integrerad utvärdering av kombinerade energilösningar genom att ta hänsyn till energiprestanda, tekniska, ekonomiska och miljömässiga aspekter. Utvärderingsmetoderna kan dupliceras för bedömning av kombinerade energilösningar som tillämpas på andra produktionssektorer. Dessutom föreslås nya energisystemkonfigurationer och ett öppet tillgängligt optimeringsverktyg som kan vara användbart för fortsatt utveckling och undersökning av denna typ av energilösningar. Detta utgör en grund som bör kompletteras och stärkas av framtida studier som leder till hållbarheten inom produktiva sektorer, såsom mjölkproduktion, i strävan efter en grön och effektiv ekonomi. La transición hacia un mundo sostenible requiere una acción inmediata por parte de los individuos y las comunidades. Sin embargo, los países en desarrollo encuentran difícil la tarea de incorporar políticas de cambio climático por varias razones, entre ellas los efectos negativos que la pandemia de Covid-19 dejó en la economía. Una forma de abordar esta cuestión sería centrarse en el sector productivo, por ejemplo, el de la ganadería lechera. Este segmento, junto con otros de similares características, desempeña un papel esencial en las economías de los países en desarrollo y se caracteriza por la presencia de pequeñas y medianas unidades productivas que, en general, no tienen en cuenta el concepto de economía circular, y en las que la gestión adecuada de los residuos y la energía no es una prioridad. Sin embargo, varios tipos de granjas lecheras tienen un alto potencial para la incorporación de soluciones energéticas bajo el concepto de conversión de residuos en energía mediante la producción de biogás, teniendo el potencial de cubrir una amplia gama de demandas energéticas, incluyendo las de electricidad, calor, refrigeración y gas para cocinar. Esto puede permitir la autosuficiencia energética, promover una mejor gestión de los residuos orgánicos y reducir la dependencia de los servicios energéticos convencionales (basados en su mayoría en combustibles fósiles). La producción de biogás también da lugar al suministro de biol, un fertilizante orgánico. Además, una solución energética basada en el biogás puede combinarse con otras fuentes de energía renovables, promoviendo así la explotación de los recursos energéticos locales. En este escenario, estas soluciones permitirían una mejor gestión de los residuos y de la energía, mientras permiten reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la línea de la sostenibilidad. Esta tesis explora estos aspectos considerando soluciones energéticas basadas en biogás y aplicadas en granjas lecheras bolivianas y, con un enfoque más amplio, en granjas lecheras latinoamericanas. Las soluciones energéticas suministran electricidad, agua caliente, refrigeración (mediante sistemas de refrigeración por absorción), gas para cocinar y fertilizantes orgánicos. La primera parte del estudio se centró en evaluar el rendimiento energético de un sistema de trigeneración (CCHP) propuesto para pequeñas granjas lecheras. Se encontró que dicho sistema permite un ahorro energético de hasta el 37% en comparación con las soluciones convencionales. Después se realizó un estudio de viabilidad tecno-económica comparando dos opciones de plantas de poligeneración destinadas a cubrir las necesidades energéticas de una pequeña asociación de productores lecheros bolivianos. Se determinaron los costos de producción de biogás, electricidad, refrigeración y fertilizantes para confirmar su viabilidad en el mercado. Para reforzar el análisis tecno-económico e incluir la energía solar fotovoltaica, se mejoró los atributos de un modelo dinámico abierto que permite optimizar el tamaño de un sistema híbrido de biogás y energía solar fotovoltaica. El modelo determina los costos de producción de electricidad y calor, cuantifica las reducciones de emisiones de CO2 y muestra el esquema del despacho de los servicios energéticos y el porcentaje de uso de energía solar en el sistema. En la última parte se realizó una investigación para estimar el potencial de producción de biogás y fertilizantes orgánicos en las granjas lecheras de América Latina; analizando si es posible la autosuficiencia energética en las granjas; y cuantificando las posibles reducciones de emisiones de GEI. Los resultados de las evaluaciones tecno-económicas y el último estudio encontraron que la autosuficiencia energética es posible para casi todos los tamaños de granjas con costos de producción de biogás y electricidad en los rangos de 0.017 a 0.037 y 0.06 a 0.16 USD/kWh, respectivamente. Las soluciones propuestas aplicadas en las granjas lecheras latinoamericanas pueden contribuir a reducir las emisiones de GEI hasta 51 Mton de CO2 al año. Los resultados de estas evaluaciones son prometedores y muestran que una eventual implementación de sistemas de poligeneración puede producir beneficios como la promoción de un uso eficiente de los recursos locales en el marco de una economía circular y adheridos a los principios de varios objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Este trabajo contribuye a la comprensión de una evaluación integrada de las soluciones energéticas combinadas considerando el rendimiento energético, los aspectos tecno-económicos y medioambientales. Los métodos de evaluación pueden ser replicados para la evaluación de soluciones energéticas combinadas aplicadas a otros sectores productivos. Además, el trabajo propone novedosas configuraciones de sistemas energéticos y ofrece una herramienta de optimización de libre acceso que puede ser útil para el desarrollo y estudio de este tipo de soluciones energéticas. Esto constituye una base que debe ser complementada y reforzada por futuros estudios que conduzcan a la sostenibilidad de los sectores productivos en pos de una economía verde y eficiente.

Como indicador de desarrollo sostenible, la huella ecológica ha logrado proporcionar una base para discutir los impactos ambientales del consumo humano. Los seres humanos son el origen de numerosas actividades contaminantes en la Tierra y son los principales impulsores del cambio climático. Sin embargo, se han realizado muy pocas investigaciones sobre los impactos ambientales de los animales, especialmente los animales domésticos, como perros y gatos, quienes necesitan cantidades significativas de comida para mantener sus necesidades energéticas diarias. Por lo tanto, la huella ecológica animal (HEA) dietética podría servir como un indicador útil para evaluar los impactos de las mascotas en el medio ambiente. En el presente artículo, explicamos el impacto ambiental de los perros y gatos de compañía cuantificando su HEA y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de acuerdo con los datos primarios recopilados en los tres Distritos de la ciudad Guayaquil en coordinación con la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de Guayaquil y de la Unidad de Bienestar Animal de la Alcaldía de Guayaquil; los resultados muestran que la HEA dietética de perros y gatos de compañía con comida seca comercial en el distrito 3 o en el distrito 1 era aproximadamente dos veces mayor que el de los distrito 2. Se concluye que la mayoría de los perros y gatos de compañía en los Distritos 1, 2 y 3 de Guayaquil consumen más energía de la que realmente necesitan para mantener una actividad normal, lo que afecta en las emisiones de GEI y la HEA de la dieta., As an indicator of sustainable development, the ecological footprint has succeeded in providing a basis for discussing the environmental impacts of human consumption. Human beings are the origin of numerous polluting activities on Earth and are the main drivers of climate change. However, very little research has been done on the environmental impacts of animals, especially domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, who require significant amounts of food to maintain their daily energy needs. Therefore, the dietary animal ecological footprint (AEF) could serve as a useful indicator to assess the impacts of pets on the environment. In this article, we explain the environmental impact of pet dogs and cats by quantifying their HEA and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions according to primary data collected in the three districts of the city of Guayaquil in coordination with the faculty. of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics of the University of Guayaquil and of the Animal Welfare Unit of the Mayor's Office of Guayaquil; The results show that the dietary EER of companion dogs and cats on commercial dry food in District 3 or District 1 was approximately twice that of District 2. It is concluded that the majority of companion dogs and cats in districts 1, 2 and 3 of Guayaquil they consume more energy than they really need to maintain normal activity, which affects GHG emissions and HEA from the diet.

[ES] Se realiza una evaluación del ciclo de vida de las emisiones para estudiar si los vehículos de transporte de mercancías son ambientalmente convenientes para ser electrificados, [EN] An emission life cycle assessment is carried out to study if the freight transportation vehicles are environmentally convenient to be electrified

Maize is the staple food crop for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiency is a significant health risk that mainly affects low-income populations who rely solely on maize-based diets. This problem can be alleviated by developing micronutrient-rich maize grain. The aim of this study was to determine the adaptation and performance of hybrids for Fe and Zn concentration and grain yield under low soil nitrogen (N) and optimal conditions. Eighteen hybrids derived from lines and testers with low, medium, and high Fe and Zn concentration were grown during the summer rainy seasons of 2017 and 2018 at three locations under low and optimal N conditions. There were significant genotype and environment effects for grain yield, and Fe and Zn concentration, but the genotype by environment interaction effects were the largest, accounting for between 36% and 56% of variation under low N conditions. Low N levels significantly reduced grain yield, and Fe and Zn concentration. Hybrids G1, G2, G4, G7, G10, G11, and G16 were relatively stable, with relatively high mean Fe and Zn concentrations, and low additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) stability values and iron stability index (FSI) and zinc stability index (ZSI) under low N conditions. These genotypes can be considered for production under low N stress conditions. Two environments (E4 and E3) were identified for good discriminatory power for genotype performance in terms of Fe and Zn content, respectively. Stable and high-yielding genotypes with high Fe and Zn concentration can be used as biofortified hybrids, which can contribute to a sustainable solution to malnutrition in the region, especially under low N conditions.

Objective: The research objective of this article is to evaluate Luxembourg’s entrepreneurship position and performance, and compare its entrepreneurship profile with other countries, and then to investigate the main bottleneck that holds back Luxembourg’s growth in terms of entrepreneurship. Research Design & Methods: The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) approach was employed in this research. This methodology focuses on institutional and individual dimensions of entrepreneurship that are linked to efficiency. Furthermore, we used a unique feature of the GEI, the Penalty for Bottleneck (PFB) methodology, to infer which entrepreneurial elements should be tackled and how much effort is needed to alleviate the bottleneck of the Luxembourg entrepreneurial profile. Findings: The study results show no improvement in Luxembourg’s profile in terms of entrepreneurship from 2014 to 2016, although it has a very high GDP per capita than those with GEI higher than it. The “start-up skills” were the main bottleneck in terms of entrepreneurship performance, which lowers the overall GEI score of Luxembourg. Therefore, the start-up skills should be improved 100% to become 0.23 in order to enhance Luxembourg’s GEI score by 10 points; consequently, the new overall GEI becomes 68.3. Implications & Recommendations: To increase and develop entrepreneurship programs in Luxembourg, the responsible authorities in Luxembourg must adapt entrepreneurship programs that target various groups of society, especially with many immigrants. It should also facilitate access to entrepreneurial and support programs to enable aspiring entrepreneurs to create their businesses. Luxembourg should also focus on refugees by strengthening the entrepreneurial programs available to them and cooperating with NGOs to overcome obstacles such as the language barrier. Contribution & Value Added: This paper highlights Luxembourg’s vulnerable performance using a new approach that combines single and institutional variables in a unique model. Additionally, what sets this research apart is the use of PFB, which is also used to uncover the components of entrepreneurship that need to be addressed.

Objective: This paper aims to investigate and assess the UAE’s overall entrepreneurship performance (ecosystem) by applying the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI). Research Design & Methods: This paper assesses the United Arab Emirates’ entrepreneurial ecosystem and compares it with Qatar and Saudi Arabia by using the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) data collected between 2011 and 2016. The GEI approach is applied to measure the entrepreneurship ecosystem at the country level, and it constitutes an appropriate method to encourage a higher level of entrepreneurship by considering its quality aspects. Findings: Outcomes show an entrepreneurial ecosystem with a GEI index of 44.6. Technology absorption is a critical bottleneck that suppresses entrepreneurial goals. Despite the low score of this pillar, the UAE has one of the highest GDP per capita among all participating countries. As a result, the GEI score of the United Arab Emirates and its sub-indices are above the global average trend and count to the most innovation-driven economies worldwide. However, the UAE is not performing well compared to other average performers in its category. Implications & Recommendations: Crucial policy interferences are required for the improvement of technology absorption. UAE calls for 4% additional resources to expand the GEI score by 10%. Contribution & Value Added: Using a novel approach incorporating individual and institutional variables into a single model, this paper identifies the weak aspects of UAE’s entrepreneurial performance. Also, the utilisation of (PFB) is used to identify which entrepreneurial factors should be tackled.

Increasing the maize production capacity to ensure food security is still the primary goal of global maize planting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate genotypes with high yield and stability in summer maize hybrids grown in the Huanghuaihai region of China using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) technique. A total of 18 summer maize hybrids with one check hybrid were used for this study using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates at 74 locations during two consecutive years (2018–2019). A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and an AMMI analysis showed that genotype (G), environment (E), year (Y) and their interactions were highly significant (p < 0.001) except G × E × Y for all evaluated traits viz., grain yield (GY), ear length (EL), hundred seed weight (HSW) and E × Y for hundred seed weight. The first seven interaction principal components (IPCs) were highly significant and explained 81.74% of the genotype by environment interaction (GEI). By comparing different models, the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was considered the best model for data analysis in this study. The combination of AMMI model and BLUP technology to use the WAASB (weighted average of absolute scores from the singular value decomposition of the matrix of BLUP for GEI effects generated by linear mixed model) index was considered promising for similar research in the future. Genotypes H321 and Y23 had high yield and good stability, and could be used as new potential genetic resources for improving and stabilizing grain yield in maize breeding practices in the Huanghuaihai region of China. Genotypes H9, H168, Q218, Y303 and L5 had narrow adaptability and only apply to specific areas. The check genotype Z958 had good adaptability in most environments due to its good stability, but it also needs the potential to increase grain yield. Significant positive correlations were also found between the tested agronomic traits.

The aim of this study is to calculate the Carbon Footprint (CF) of one campus of the Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM), a higher education institution in Medellín, Colombia. Such calculation was conducted from the perspective of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), considering and analyzing significant impacts of the ITM on the environment and its relationship with its surroundings derived from its operational activities related to the objectives in its mission statement (education, outreach, and research). The methodology used here for the LCA, the Carbon Footprint calculation, and the compilation of input and output inventories of different subprocesses (that comprise ITM’s operation) observed the requirements and guidelines established in the ISO 14001 (2015), 14040, 14041, 14043, and 14064 standards. According to results the activities that emit the most GHG fall within Scope 1, especially the use of fossil fuels (for the transportation of equipment and ITM employees), with about 69%; and, in Scope 2, electricity consumption contributes 26.8%. Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es cuantificar la Huella de Carbono (CF) del Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano de Medellín (ITM). Este cálculo considera y analiza los impactos significativos en el medio ambiente y la relación de la institución con el entorno, derivado del desarrollo de sus actividades operativas destinadas a cumplir los objetivos de la misión de ITM (Educación, Relaciones con la Comunidad e Investigación) desde una perspectiva de Análisis del Ciclo de Vida. La metodología utilizada para el ACV, el Cálculo de la Huella de Carbono y la compilación de inventarios de entradas y salidas para los diferentes subprocesos que conforman el funcionamiento de la institución, sigue los requisitos y las pautas establecidas en ISO 14001 (2015), 14040, 14041, 14043, 14064. Según los resultados, las actividades que más GEI emiten corresponden al Alcance 1, especialmente el uso de combustibles fósiles (para el transporte de equipos y empleados de ITM), con cerca del 69%; y, en el Alcance 2, el consumo de electricidad aporta el 26,8%.

Este trabajo consiste en una revisión sistemática sobre el impacto de las actividades económicas, las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) y los factores climáticos (temperatura y precipitación) en la emisión de gases efecto invernadero (GEI), enfocándose primero en la cuenca del río Bogotá y posteriormente realizando un análisis comparativo con las cuencas del Valle de México (México) y el río Rímac (Perú). Debido a que la principal contaminación de las cuencas está dada por descargas de aguas residuales, se han implementado las ptar para su mitigación. En esta investigación se presenta, el diagnóstico del estado actual de las (PTAR), análisis de los factores climatológicos y meteorológicos, además de las posibles afectaciones a nivel salud, aplicando la metodología del IPCC de 2006. En el caso de la cuenca del río Bogotá, la mayor generación de gei corresponde a CH4 (82,163 %) y N2O (76,059 %), siendo la cuenca media la que reporta mayores impactos, así: tratamiento mixto (45,1 %) con mayor influencia del cambio climático, actividades económicas industriales con alto impacto (70,17 %), factores climáticos como bajas temperaturas y precipitación media. De las cuencas del Valle de México, la cuenca baja reporta mayor impacto, así: tratamiento aerobio (62,11 %), actividades económicas comerciales (56,10 %), factores climáticos con una preferencia de temperatura y precipitaciones altas. De la cuenca del río Rímac, en Perú, la cuenca media reporta mayor impacto, así: tratamiento mixto (49,4 %), actividades económicas comerciales (59,2 %) y factores climáticos como precipitaciones y temperaturas altas. La validación de los datos anteriores fue confirmada con el inventario nacional de gei reportado por cada país, evidenciando que el tratamiento, el tipo de actividad económica y el clima son factores que influyen en la generación de gei. Además, se encontró que las enfermedades cardiovasculares son las afectaciones más recurrentes ocasionadas por la emisión de GEI. #AguasResiduales This study consists of a systematic review on the impacts generated by economic activities, wastewater treat-ment plants (wwtps) processes, and climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) on greenhouse gases (ghg) emissions, focusing first on the Bogotá River Basin and, subsequently, conducting a comparative analysis with Valle de México (Mexico) and Rímac River (Peru) basins. Since the main pollution source of the basins is was-tewater discharges, wwtps have been implemented for mitigation. This research presents the diagnosis of the current state of wwtps, an analysis of climatological and meteorological factors, in addition to the possible health effects, applying the 2006 ipcc methodology. In the case of the Bogotá River Basin, the largest generation of ghgs comes from CH4 (82.163%) and N2O (76.059%), being its middle basin the most affected, according to results: mixed treatment (45.1%) with great influence on climate change; economic industrial activities with high impact (70.17%); and climatic factors such as low temperatures and average rainfall generating high concentration of GHG. In regard to the Valley of Mexico basins, the lower basin shows greater impact, as follows: aerobic treat-ment (62.11%), economic trading activities (56.10%), and high temperatures and rainfall. From the Rímac River Basin, in Peru, the middle basin reports greater impact, as follows: mixed treatment (49.4%), economic trading activities (59.2%), and climatic factors such as rainfall and high temperatures. The validation of the previous data was confirmed via the national ghg inventory reported by each country, showing that the treatment used, the type of economic activity and climate are variables that affect ghg emissions. It was also found that cardiovascu-lar diseases are the most recurrent health issues caused by ghg emissions.

En este documento se exponen las cifras actuales de las emisiones generadas por los gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). Asimismo, se busca una solución para su eliminación o la reducción de cifras futuras. Se centra específicamente en los índices de la contaminación del aire, tomando en cuenta la urbanización y la educación como puntos de partida, además de las condiciones de la vida moderna. Desde una perspectiva actual, se analizan algunas políticas ambientales, las cuales ya fueron aplicadas por distintos gobiernos para generar un cambio.

Power transmission across the sea is an important part of global energy interconnection (GEI). To support the construction of GEI and to serve the needs of future clean energy trans-sea transportation and offshore wind power development, this study a) analyzes the requirements of the GEI backbone network pertaining to direct current (DC) submarine cable technology, and b) defines the key technical and economic indices of ultrahigh-voltage direct current (UHVDC) submarine cable based on theoretical computations. The research is based on the thermoelectric coupling model and the finite element method. It is shown that the dielectric strength of the insulating materials of the ± 800 kV ~±1100 kV/ 4000 MW ~ 12000 MW UHVDC submarine cable (extrusion insulation) should be not less than 43 ~ 65 kV/mm, while the heat resistance is not less than 110 °C. As the cost of submarine cable is 5 ~ 10 times higher than that of the overhead line, the project investment need to be decreased to a level within the economical carrying capacity to guarantee extensive applicability of the HVDC submarine cable technology.

El objetivo de esta investigación es cuantificar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en las excretas de ganado vacuno y porcino usando microorganismos benéficos y así mejorar la oxidación de los mismos. La investigación tiene un diseño correlacional-exploratorio. se correlacionó las variables con microorganismos y sin microorganismos benéficos para determinar el cambio de comportamiento de los elementos investigados. Adicionalmente se utilizó un análisis de series de tiempo con modelos generalizados aditivos (GAM) y el análisis de comparación de medianas Kruskal-Wallis. Con los resultados se evidenció que es posible reducir el grado de contaminación empleando la adición de Microorganismos benéficos (MOBs) en un porcentaje de 30% en un período de 32 días para excretas de ganado vacuno y 5% en un período de 32 días, para excretas de ganado porcino. En conclusión y luego de las correspondientes comparaciones, se evidenció que es posible reducir el porcentaje de concentración de CH4 empleando la mezcla de microorganismos benéficos. Trabajo de investigación

El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar estadísticamente la relación existente entre las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) expresados en CO2eq con el consumo de energía y crecimiento económico en Colombia entre los años 1988 y 2019. Se utilizó en la investigación el enfoque cuantitativo correlacional de variables lineales con información proveniente de la plataforma EDGAR, los datos fueron procesados en el programa SPSS a través decorrelaciones y regresiones lineales simples bajo el enfoque de Pearson. Los resultados permitieron obtener que las emisiones de CO2eq y el consumo de energía durante el lapso presentan un alto grado de correlación y significancia del modelo estadístico, que permitió obtener la ecuación de predictibilidad, mientras que la correlación entre las emisionesde GEI per cápita y el consumo de energía per cápita es baja, razón por la cual no se corrió el análisis de regresión lineal. The objective of this research is to statis- tically determine the relationship between greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions expres- sed in CO2eq with energy consumption and economic growth in Colombia between 1988 and 2019. The quantitative approach was used in the research correlational of linear variables with information from the EDGAR platform, the data were processed in the SPSS program through correlations and simple linear regressions under the Pearson approach. The results allowed obtaining that CO2eq emissions and energy consumption during the period present a high degree of correlation and significance of the statistical model, which allowed obtaining the predictability equation, while the correlation between GHG emissions per capita and the per capita energy consumption is low, which is why t

RESUMEN: El presente trabajo consiste en realizar un estudio sobre el impacto medioambiental que producen las obras de un proyecto de carreteras. Para ello, se toma como objeto de estudio el “Proyecto de mejora de trazado de la carretera CA 152, entre el límite de provincia con Vizcaya en el alto de La Escrita y el límite de la provincia con Vizcaya pasado el núcleo de La Matanza, P.K. 0,000 al P.K. 6,500. Tramo: alto de La Escrita - La Matanza”. La cuantificación del impacto medioambiental producido se realiza a través de la medición de la Huella de Carbono generada en la fase de obra en unidades de kg CO2eq. Para poder realizar el trabajo, se han obtenido todos los datos del presupuesto de la obra y se ha tenido en cuenta tres tipos de fuentes de emisión: Mano de obra, maquinaria y materiales empleados. Por otra parte, ha sido necesario definir los factores de emisión de cada elemento que conforma la obra para poder cuantificar las mediciones en emisiones de GEI producidas. El resultado del trabajo refleja como un excesivo empleo de hormigón conlleva a un aumento considerable de la Huella de Carbono de la obra y cómo predominan las emisiones generadas por las plantas de aglomerado respecto al resto de las unidades de obra, entre otras cosas. ABSTRACT: This work consists of carrying out a study on the environmental impact produced by the works of a road project. For this purpose, is taken as object of study the road Project “Proyecto de mejora de trazado de la carretera CA 152, entre el límite de provincia con Vizcaya en el alto de La Escrita y el límite de la provincia con Vizcaya pasado el núcleo de La Matanza, P.K. 0,000 al P.K. 6,500. Tramo: alto de La Escrita - La Matanza”. The quantification of the environmental impact produced is defined through the measurement of the Carbon Footprint generated in the construction phase in units of kg CO2eq. In order to carry out the work, all the data of the work budget were obtained and three types of emission sources were taken into account: labor, machinery and materials used. On the other hand, it was necessary to define the emission factors of each element of the work in order to quantify the GHG emissions produced. The result of the work shows how an excessive use of concrete leads to a considerable increase in the Carbon Footprint of the work and how the emissions generated by the agglomerate plants predominate with respect to the rest of the work units, among other things. Máster en Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos (Plan 2020)

The evolution of customs, human need and contemporary means of production require an enormous amount of energy, such a production model applied by society leads to an accelerated pace in the extraction of natural resources, renewable energies appear as a mitigation of impacts on the environment. climate and the environment, for a substitution of non-renewable energy sources to occur for renewable energy sources seeking to mitigate the emission of greenhouse gases - GHG, projects such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) are necessary, enabling the commercialization of carbon, thus helping developing countries on a path towards sustainable development and using energy from renewable sources as a tool to reduce emissions, the general objective of the work was to evaluate the use of renewable energy as a tool for environmental services aiming at mitigation of climate change. The methodology consisted of information obtained from documents and reports, from the official websites of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Center for Energy, Climate and Sustainable Development (UNEP DTU Partnership - CDM pipeline) and the National Agency of Electricity (ANEEL), in the results we identified a great difference between the projects in operation when related to the registrations in the CDM, and there were only two peaks of registrations of projects being in 2006 and 2012, the lack of registrations of the Brazilian projects can be give due to its complexity, bureaucracy, or uncertainty of its continuity given an uncertain future. La evolución de las costumbres, las necesidades humanas y los medios de producción contemporáneos requieren una enorme cantidad de energía, tal modelo de producción aplicado por la sociedad conduce a un ritmo acelerado en la extracción de recursos naturales, las energías renovables surgen como una mitigación de los impactos sobre el clima y el medio ambiente. medio ambiente, para que ocurra un reemplazo de fuentes de energía no renovables por fuentes de energía renovable que buscan mitigar la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero - GEI, proyectos como el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL) son necesarios, permitiendo el comercio de carbono, ayudando así a los países en desarrollo a un camino hacia el desarrollo sostenible y el uso de energía de fuentes renovables como herramienta para la reducción de emisiones, el objetivo general del trabajo fue evaluar el uso de energías renovables como herramienta de servicios ambientales orientados a la mitigación del cambio climático. La metodología consistió en información obtenida de documentos e informes, los sitios web oficiales de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), el Centro de Energía, Clima y Desarrollo Sostenible (UNEP DTU Partnership - CDM pipeline) y la Agencia Nacional de Energía Eléctrica. Energía (ANEEL), en los resultados identificamos una gran diferencia entre los proyectos en operación en relación con los registros en el MDL, y solo hubo dos picos de registros de proyectos siendo en 2006 y 2012, la falta de registros de proyectos brasileños. puede darse por su complejidad, burocracia o la incertidumbre de su continuidad ante un futuro incierto. A evolução dos costumes, da necessidade humana e dos meios de produção contemporâneos necessitam de uma enorme quantidade de energia, tal modelo de produção aplicado pela sociedade acarreta em um ritmo acelerado na extração de recursos naturais, as energias renováveis surgem como uma mitigação de impactos ao clima e ao meio ambiente, para que ocorra uma substituição de fontes de energias não renováveis ocorra para fontes de energias renováveis buscando a mitigação de emissão de gases de efeito estufa - GEE, projetos como o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) são necessários, possibilitando a comercialização de carbono, ajudando assim países em desenvolvimento em um caminho para o desenvolvimento sustentável e utilizando energias de fontes renováveis como ferramenta para redução de emissões, o objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar o uso de energias renováveis como ferramenta de serviços ambientais visando a mitigação de mudança climática. A metodologia consistiu a partir de informações obtida de documentos e relatórios, dos sites oficiais da Convenção Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima (UNFCCC), Centro de Energia, Clima e Desenvolvimento Sustentável (UNEP DTU Partnership – CDM pipeline) e da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), nos resultados identificamos uma grande diferença entre os projetos em operação quando relacionados com os registros no MDL, e teve apenas dois picos de registros de projetos sendo em 2006 e 2012, a falta de registros dos projetos brasileiros pode se dar devido à sua complexidade, burocracia, ou por incerteza de sua continuidade dado um futuro incerto.

The yield and protein performance in a soybean genotype result from its interaction with the prevailing environmental conditions. This makes selecting the best genotypes under varied target production environments more complex. This study’s objectives were to determine protein content and protein stability of 30 elite soybean genotypes in major soybean-growing areas of Uganda, assess the yield performance and stability in soybeans and determine the relationship between the protein content and grain yield in soybeans. The genotypes were planted in a randomized complete block design of three replications for six seasons across eight locations in Uganda. Genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analyses classified the test locations into three mega-environments for soybean protein and grain yields. Genotype NII X GC 20.3 had the highest mean protein content of 43.0%, and BSPS 48A-9-2 and BSPS 48A-28 were superior for the mean grain yield (1207 kg ha−1). Bulindi was the most discriminating and representative test environment for soybean yield. A weak and negative correlation (r = −0.1**, d.f. = 29) was detected between the protein content (%) and yield (kg ha−1). The highest-yielding genotypes BSPS 48A-9-2, BSPS 48A-31, and Nam II × GC 44.2 are recommended for further evaluation under farmers’ production conditions for selection and release as new soybean varieties in Uganda.

Resumen El presente estudio contiene un análisis de datos que relaciona la carga orgánica presente en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de la cuenca del río Bogotá y su incidencia en la generación de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) durante el proceso de depuración. Dentro del análisis se recopiló una serie de consideraciones técnicas relacionadas con la generación de GEI de las diferentes PTAR que hacen parte de la cuenca. De acuerdo con las características del sistema empleado en el tratamiento de las aguas residuales, se determina cuál proceso genera mayor aporte de emisiones, teniendo en cuenta el estado actual de cada planta. Para ello, se emplea la metodología nivel 1 del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) para los inventarios de GEI. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se identifica cuáles sistemas de tratamiento empleados en las PTAR inciden en mayor proporción en la emisión de GEI. Abstract The present study contains a data analysis that links the amount of organics in the wastewater treatment plant a in the basin of the Bogotá river and its incidence in the generation of greenhouse gases during the process of depuration. A series of technical consideration regarding the generations of greenhouse gases among different treatment plants are mentioned. Accordingly with the characteristics of the system employed in the wastewater treatment is determined which is the one generating a higher amount of emissions accounting the actual status of each plant. To achieve so, the level 1 methodology of the IPCC for greenhouse emissions is employed. Based on the results is determined which of the treatment systems used in the wastewater treatment plants are producing most of the greenhouse gases emissions. Resumo Este estudo contém uma análise de dados que relaciona a carga orgânica presente nas plantas de tratamento de águas residuais (PTAR) da bacia do rio Bogotá, Colômbia, e sua incidência na geração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) durante o processo de depuração. Dentro da análise, foram compiladas considerações técnicas relacionadas com a geração de GEE das diferentes PTAR que fazem parte da bacia. De acordo com as características do sistema utilizado no tratamento das águas residuais, determina-se que processo gera maior contribuição de emissões, levando em conta o estado atual de cada planta. Para isso, emprega-se a meto dologia nível 1 do Grupo Intergovernamental de Especialistas sobre a Mudança do Clima para os inventários de GEE. Com base nos resultados obtidos, são identificados quais sistemas de tratamento empregados nas PTAR afetam em maior medida a emissão de GEE.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to evaluate the entrepreneurship development of Japan and comparing its performance against leading countries in the same region, mainly Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Research Design & Methods: We implement the Global Entrepreneurship Index GEI methodology, where the GEI methodology focuses on quality-related institutional and individual aspects of entrepreneurship. Moreover, we utilised a novel feature of the GEI the Penalty for Bottleneck PFB methodology to produce induction of which entrepreneurial elements should be addressed and how much effort needs it to lighten Japan bottleneck. Findings: Japan’s entrepreneurial performance is relatively modest compared to some countries in the same region, especially in individual variables. Japan’s entrepreneurial profile strengths are in the institutional features (e.g., country risk), while the instability in the profile back to individual variables (e.g., population perception and motivation). The country has three fundamental bottlenecks in its performance opportunity perception, start-up skills, and networking pillars. The GEI data used in the study only covers the 2006-2016 period. Japan should be focused on the three bottlenecks opportunity perception, start-up skills, and networking to improve its entrepreneurial performance by developing an education policy that focuses on entrepreneurship. Contribution & Value Added: This paper identifies the vulnerable aspects of Japan’s performance by using a novel methodology that combines individual and institutional variables in a single model. Also, the use of (PFB) to detect which entrepreneurial components should be addressed.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-05T21:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:34:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1984-70332019000100047.pdf: 423506 bytes, checksum: ea72b5912d886934c29aaf349518ea52 (MD5) The objective was to select productive and stable E. grandis families across contrasting sites in Brazil and Uruguay. Survival and growth of 130 open pollinated families were evaluated three years after planting. Survival ranged from 28 to 89% and mean annual increment from 20.5 to 48.4 m(3)ha(-)y(-1). Low productivity in one site was attributed to unusually low rainfall and in the other, because of Cylindrodadium leaf disease. Heritability among families and the correlation family by environment were intermediate. Genetic pairwise correlations ranged from 0.03 to 0.81 across sites. The lowest genetic correlation between sites was observed where Cylindrocladium leaf disease occurs. Selection of top families across sites allowed selecting the best ones in each site. However, the effect of genotype-environment interactions was observed where climatic conditions are not adequate to the E. grandis, favoring the occurrence of Cylindrocladium disease. Inst Pesquisas & Estudos Florestais, BR-13415000 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-18603970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Estn Expt Agr Concordia, CC 34,E3200AQK, Concordia, Entre Rios, Argentina Univ Sunshine Coast, Forest Ind Res Ctr, Maroochydore DC 4558, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-18603970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-15385000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

Desde la revolución industrial y debido a demandas cada vez mayores de energía y de lucro, cada año se incorporan altas concentraciones de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) a la atmósfera, por lo cual se ha podido evidenciar el aumento de la temperatura de la tierra en casi 0,6 grados desde entonces, generando una variabilidad climática en los diversos territorios. El CO , es el más importante gas efecto invernadero que el hombre produce, 2 ya que representa las mayores concentraciones de GEI en la atmósfera, además de que nos dirige a un inminente calentamiento global. El Dióxido de Carbono (CO ) circula continuamente en la naturaleza como resultado de los 2 procesos de fotosíntesis, respiración, combustión y descomposición de la materia orgánica. Otros gases radiactivamente activos que existen naturalmente en la atmósfera son el Metano (CH ), el Óxido Nitroso (N O) y 4 2 los Clorofluoru-carbonados. Para reducir este impacto es necesario que los emisores principales disminuyan las sus emisiones de gases utilizando tecnologías limpias, además que fijen y almacenen más carbono en los ecosistemas forestales y agroforestales. Entonces los ecosistemas tropicales constituyen una fuente neta de carbono. Por ello ha surgido la necesidad de promover la conservación y el manejo de plantaciones y bosques naturales y por lo tanto, La ciencia Agroforestal (AGROFORESTERÍA), se convierte en una opción de desarrollo sostenible para Nariño, debido a que se ajustan a las condiciones físico - bióticas y sociales, contribuyendo a la mitigación de gas carbónico (CO ), a la disminución de la degradación de los agroecosistemas y como beneficio 2 indirecto en el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de la población humana. Por lo anterior se hace necesario documentar y registrar la potenciabilidad que presta esta ciencia en la fijación de carbono, para dar paso a desarrollar un mercado donde se permita la comercialización de servicios ambientales y la opción de adoptar este servicio por parte de los productores.

Genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) is often a great challenge for breeders since it makes the selection of stable or superior genotypes more difficult. In order to reduce drawbacks caused by GEI and make the selection for wheat quality more effective, it is important to properly assess the effects of genotype, environment, and GEI on the trait of interest. In the present study, GEI patterns for the selected quality and mixograph traits were studied using the Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) model. Two biparental wheat populations consisting of 145 and 175 RILs were evaluated in six environments. The environment was the dominant source of variation for grain protein content (GPC), wet gluten content (WGC), and test weight (TW), accounting for approximately 40% to 85% of the total variation. The pattern was less consistent for mixograph traits for which the dominant source of variation has been shown to be trait and population-dependent. Overall, GEI has been shown to play a more important role for mixograph traits compared to other quality traits. Inspection of the AMMI2 biplot revealed some broadly adapted RILs, among which, MG124 is the most interesting, being the prevalent “winner” for GPC and WGC, but also the “winner” for non-correlated trait TW in environment SB10.

El presente artículo contempla una revisión bibliográfica de las medidas que pueden llevarse a cabo dentro de la industria de producción de cemento, para hacer un consumo racional y eficiente de los recursos energéticos demandados, y al mismo tiempo mejorar los indicadores de sostenibilidad gracias a la disminución en la emisión de contaminantes y GEI. La revisión inicia con la caracterización de esta industria a nivel mundial; consumos específicos, procesos, equipos y materias primas, para establecer en cuales etapas del proceso existen oportunidades de mejora en el consumo energético. Posterior a esto, se describen las medidas en eficiencia energética de los equipos macro-consumidores de energía, como lo es el horno de producción de Clinker. Por último, se muestran posibles sustitutos a los combustibles fósiles convencionalmente usados y tecnologías que aprovechan las energías renovables, con el fin de buscar una industria eficiente y sostenible.

La medición de emisiones de óxido nitroso (N2O) en sistemas ganaderos de la República Dominicana es una prioridad para su gobierno. El N2O ha sido responsable por el 5% del GEI (gas efecto invernadero) total en los últimos 100 años. En la ganadería dominicana se utilizan diversos fertilizantes nitrogenados y enmiendas para aumentar la productividad de estos sistemas. Sin embargo, si estos fertilizantes no son bien manejados pueden generar emisiones de N2O. Por lo tanto, se realizó la investigación con el objetivo de cuantif icar las emisiones de N2O provenientes de un forraje de pastoreo con bovinos de leche. Se utilizó una pastura de bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) de Casa de Alto, República Dominicana. Se realizó el estudio durante el periodo junio - agosto de 2018. Se usó un diseño de parcelas sub divididas completamente al azar, con tres factores, cuatro repeticiones y tres tratamientos (orina, urea, y control). Se utilizaron cámaras de PVC de flujo cerrado para la obtención de las muestras de gases y se determinaron las emisiones de N2O. Además, se registraron los factores climáticos, nitrógeno (N) en orina, suelo y pasto y se analizaron los datos con el programa estadístico InfoStat. Las emisiones de N2O fueron en promedio de 0.56 mg L-1 para el control, 1.02 mg L-1 para la orina y 1.18 mg L-1 para la urea. Solo el tratamiento con urea resultó estadísticamente diferente al testigo (P < 0.05). Las emisiones fueron de 5.6, 10.2 y 11.8 kg ha-1 para el testigo, la orina y urea, respectivamente. Siendo las emisiones altas en comparación con los resultados obtenidos en otras investigaciones en el país.

Climate change is the biggest problem that humanity has faced in recent decades, one of the main causes are the greenhouse gases (GHG). To mitigate it, it has been proposed and international agreement in Paris 2016, known as COP21 by several countries. On it, the Colombian government got engaged a 20% reduction on its GHG to achieve it they will focus on the energy sector and deforestation to zero in the Colombian Amazon. This article analyzes the implications and challenges of energy policies for GHG mitigation in Colombia related to opportunities in energy demand, electric power generation sources, smart grid systems, reduction on energy loss in transport, demand schemes and management of methane in carbon deposits. The main conclusion reached in this analysis is that in energy matters COP21 objectives will not be met, the strategies that the government has chosen are not well focused based on the emission source in the country, ve of the six strategies have not yet been legislated and much less implemented. Being in the second semester of 2020, the objectives will not be met this year or in the short term, the government opted for strategies that could not have been achieved

El suelo es un recurso esencial donde se producen los alimentos y las fibras que consume la población global. A diferencia de la visión histórica del suelo como sustento de la producción de bienes, hoy se reconoce que además aporta servicios ambientales claves como la regulación y el abastecimiento de agua, la regulación del clima, la conservación de la biodiversidad y servicios culturales; que antes no eran considerados. En cuanto a la regulación del clima y su contribución a la mitigación del cambio climático del mundo. Los suelos intervienen en el ciclo del carbono ya que triangulan simultáneamente con la atmósfera y la vegetación. Tanto el suelo, el bosque o el sistema (suelos más bosque) pueden ser fuentes y sumidero de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) dependiendo del balance entre entradas y salidas. A nivel global, los suelos son el mayor depósito de carbono con un stock mayor al almacenado en la atmósfera y la vegetación juntas. Además, los sistemas boscosos constituyen una de las más grandes reservas y sumideros de carbono debido a la gran cantidad acumulada y a la permanencia en su biomasa, comparados con otros usos del suelo. Fil: Lupi, Ana Maria. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentina Fil: Romaniuk, Romina Ingrid. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentina Fil: Steinbach, H.S. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Alvarez, Carina Rosa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Cosentino, Vanina Rosa Noemi. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Suelos; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Cátedra de Fertilidad y Fertilizantes; Argentina Fil Rimski Korsakov, Helena. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Ciarlo, Esteban. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina

[ES] El cambio climático es un reto real y urgente que la humanidad debe enfrentar y superar para asegurar su futuro. Es por ello que hemos de revisar el impacto ambiental que generamos como sociedad. Para ello, todos, y sobre todo las empresas, debemos controlar el impacto que generamos con tal de minimizarlo al máximo. El sector cervecero no es diferente, debe controlar sus residuos, la huella hídrica, la huella de carbono, etc. Es por ello que me planteo, en este trabajo, intentar realizar una estimación de la huella de carbono que emiten las cerveceras artesanales, un tipo concreto de industria que en los últimos años ha estado en alza y cuyo número, también ha aumentado. Para calcular la huella de carbono y realizar su análisis, nos basaremos en la ¿Guía para el cálculo de la huella de carbono y para la elaboración de un plan de mejora de una organización¿(MTERD & OECC, A) que proporciona el Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica. Primero se procurará explicar los conceptos básicos, qué tipo de producto realizan, cual es el método de producción de dichas empresas, y cómo son normalmente sus instalaciones. Seguidamente se procederá a explicar los diferentes apartados del análisis de huella de carbono, explicando las peculiaridades de este tipo de empresas en cada apartado y cómo deberían establecer un plan de mejora. Se intentará hacer una hoja que las empresas puedan rellenar fácilmente para poder calcular su huella de carbono. También se propondrá un método a implementar para crear un sistema de recogida de datos efectiva para poder llevar fácilmente un control de la huella de carbono emitida a lo largo de su periodo de actividad. Por último se procederá a calcular una huella de carbono para una empresa supuesta a modo de ejemplo, y se comentarán las conclusiones finales, [EN] Climate change is a real and urgent challenge that humanity must face and overcome to secure a future. That is why the environmental impact that we generate as a society must be reviewed. To do this, everyone, and specially companies, must control the impact that they generate in order to minimize it as much as possible. The brewing sector is no different, it must control its waste, water footprint, carbon footprint, etc. That is why this work will attempt to estimate the carbon footprint emitted by craft breweries, a specific type of industry that has been on the rise in recent years and whose number has also increased. To calculate the carbon footprint and carry out its analysis, we will use the ¿Guía para el cálculo de la huella de carbono y para la elaboración de un plan de mejora de una organización¿(MTERD & OECC, A) provided by the Ministry for Ecological Transition. First, we will explain the basic concepts, what type of product they make, what is the production method of said companies, as the facilities normally have. Continuing, we will proceed to explain the different sections of the carbon footprint analysis, explaining the peculiarities of this type of company in each section and how they should establish an improvement plan. Then we will make a sheet that companies can easily fill in in order to calculate their carbon footprint and a method will also be proposed to implement an effective data collection system to be able to easily control the carbon footprint emitted throughout its period of activity. Finally, a carbon footprint will be calculated for a supposed company as an example, and the final conclusions will be discussed.

Different seed priming treatments are widely used in order to improve the nutritional status of wheat, as well as to improve its grain yield and yield- related traits. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of seed priming with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on the yield related traits, such as, field emergence, plant height, spike length and grain yield per plant of four winter wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) during two vegetation seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The seeds of each wheat genotypes were primed with different concentrations of ZnO NPs (0 mg L&minus, 1, 10 mg L&minus, 1, 100 mg L&minus, 1 and 1000 mg L&minus, 1) for 48 h in a dark box by continuous aeration and were sown in soil pots with 60&ndash, 70% moisture content until full maturity. The additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) models were used to study the genotype environment effects. The results indicated that the plants response to ZnO nanoparticles significantly increased all of the observed traits of the wheat, while its maximum rates reduced the traits of the wheat. The AMMI analysis revealed the very complex nature of the variation observed in the trial and showed the significant effect of the G&times, E interaction, in which the first main component was significant for all components.

Agriculture has proved to be one of the main sources of greenhouse gases (GHG). Large part of this GHG is related to the production system or inadequate management. This study analyzed the effects of the High Biodiversity Silvopastoral System (SPSnuclei) on pasture cover, and carbon and nitrogen stocks when implanted on treeless pastures (PSA). The variables were measured in three situations, two areas within the SPSnuclei - area close to the nuclei (APN) and a sunny area between the (p

[Resumen]: La Unión Europea cada vez es más consciente de la situación climática actual y del problema energético al que se enfrenta. Para tratar de hacer frente a esta situación, son numerosos los acuerdos internacionales suscritos por la UE, como el Protocolo de Kioto o Acuerdo de París, así como el establecimiento de las líneas maestras que regirán sus actuaciones futuras hasta 2050, como lo es el Pacto Verde Europeo. Además, la UE también tiene como objetivo mejorar la gestión de los recursos disponibles a través de la economía circular. Para poder desarrollar esta estrategia de una manera eficaz no solo es necesario que los gobiernos actúen adecuadamente, sino que también es indispensable la concienciación social de todos los agentes e instituciones implicados. Uno de los factores más relevantes que afectan al desarrollo económico de la UE en el contexto energético actual es el del problema de la dependencia energética. Por esto, llevar a cabo una transición energética coherente: favorecería la dimensión medioambiental y la económica de los países miembros. En el trabajo se propone el estudio del diseño eficiente de la cartera de tecnologías para la Unión Europea para los horizontes 2030 y 2040. Mediante la aplicación de la metodología de carteras de Markowitz se calcularon las carteras de inversión eficientes para la UE en estos horizontes en activos reales de generación. Con ello, se pretende saber que fuentes de energía están llamadas a participar en la cartera de generación de electricidad bajo un prisma de eficiencia coste-riesgo. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se pudo corroborar el sistema energético de la UE estará sustentado por las fuentes de energía renovables, en especial de la eólica onshore, en detrimento de los combustibles fósiles, los cuales son uno de los principales causantes del efecto invernadero. [Abstract]: The European Union is becoming increasingly aware of the current climate situation and the energy problem it faces. In order to try to deal with this situation, there are numerous international agreements signed by the EU, such as the Kyoto Protocol or the Paris Agreement, as well as the establishment of the guidelines that will govern its future actions until 2050, such as the European Green Pact. In addition, the EU also aims to improve the management of available resources through the circular economy. To be able to develop this strategy effectively, not only is it necessary for governments to act appropriately, but it is also essential to raise the social awareness of all the agents and institutions involved. One of the most relevant factors affecting the EU's economic development in the current energy context is the problem of energy dependence. Therefore, carrying out a coherent energy transition would favour the environmental and economic dimension of the member countries. The work proposes the study of the efficient design of the technology portfolio for the European Union for the 2030 and 2040 horizons. By applying the Markowitz portfolio methodology, efficient investment portfolios were calculated for the EU at these horizons in actual generation assets. The aim is to know which energy sources are called to participate in the electricity generation portfolio from a cost-risk efficiency perspective. From the results obtained it was possible to corroborate that the EU energy system will be supported by renewable energy sources, in particular onshore wind, to the detriment of fossil fuels, which are one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect. Traballo fin de grao (UDC.ECO). Economía. Curso 2019/20

Jutge.org (també anomenat "el Jutge") és una plataforma web per a la docència d'assignatures de programació. Els usuaris registrats com a professorat en aquesta plataforma hi pengen problemes per tal que el seu estudiantat els resolgui mitjançant programes, que el servei avalua compilant-los i executant-los tot aplicant-los-hi els jocs de prova que el creador del problema hi ha assignat. El Jutge és una eina útil per a l'ensenyament i es fa servir, amb un èxit notable, en moltes assignatures de programació a la UPC (a classes i exàmens de laboratori) i a diversos concursos de programació. L'arquitectura de Jutge.org es basa en un servidor web, vinculat a un servidor que gestiona una cua d'enviaments a corregir i diversos servidors de correcció. Anomenem "mòdul de correcció" al conjunt format pels servidors de correcció i el servidor de cua. El mòdul de correcció actual té diversos problemes que requereixen atenció: no hi ha mecanismes de gestió o administració del servei (detecció de servidors en funcionament, encesa o aturada de servidors, estadístiques, etc.), el servei no permet la comunicació amb l'usuari, tots els servidors estan sempre en funcionament independentment de la demanda (aquesta varia molt intensament) i el servei utilitza un llenguatge de programació lent i mal dissenyat (PHP). Aquest treball pretén construir un nou mòdul de correcció que no es limiti a resoldre les problemàtiques indicades, sinó que compleixi uns requeriments addicionals respecte al seu funcionament. D'una banda, ha de permetre controlar el funcionament dels servidors, adaptar la quantitat de servidors a la demanda i ser eficient, robust i segur. De l'altra, cal que les tasques a executar puguin tenir una prioritat i incloure fitxers, que les correccions es puguin fer en ordinadors externs al Jutge i que el temps d'execució dels enviaments no experimenti variacions d'entitat. Aquest projecte ha estat desenvolupat en un llenguatge de programació modern i preparat per a la concurrència: Go. Tanmateix, ha estat necessari escriure molt de codi i programar amb molta cura, atès que el mòdul treballa a baix nivell i els sistemes concurrents requereixen una atenció particular del programador. El resultat de la nostra feina és un mòdul de correcció que funciona correctament en termes generals, tot i que encara té algunes mancances i no arriba a assolir la totalitat dels requeriments establerts. Creiem que aquestes mancances es poden abordar sense problemes significatius en un futur proper. Jutge.org (also called "el Jutge" or "the Judge") is a web platform for the teaching of programming subjects. The users registered in this platform as professors can upload problems so that their students solve them by way of programs, which the service evaluates by compiling them and executing them by applying the test cases that the problem setter has assigned to the problem. The Judge is a useful tool for teaching and is used, with great success, in many programming subjects at UPC (in laboratory classes and exams) and at many programming contests. The architecture of Jutge.org is based upon a web server linked to a server which manages a queue of to-be-graded submissions and a few correction servers. We call the set of the correction servers and the queue server a "correction module". The current correction module has various problems which require attention: there are no management and administration mechanisms (detection of working servers, server startup and shutdown, statistics, etc.), the service does not allow for communicating with users, all servers are always running regardless of demand (which varies very intensively) and the service uses a slow, badly-designed programming language (PHP). This work aims to build a new correction module which does not limit itself to solving the stated issues, but instead complies with some additional requirements with regards to the way it operates. On the one hand, it must allow controlling the operation of the servers, adapt the amount of servers to the demand, and be efficient, robust, safe, and secure. On the other hand, it is necessary that tasks to be executed can have a priority and include files, that grading can be performed in computers outside the Jutge and that the execution time of submissions does not experience significant variation. This project has been developed in a modern, ready-for-concurrency programming language: Go. Nevertheless, it has been necessary to write large amounts of code and take much care while programming, as the module works at a low level and concurrent systems require particular attention from the programmer. The result of our work is a correction module that functions correctly in general, even though it still has a number of minor shortcomings and does not manage to meet the entirety of established requirements. It is to be expected that these shortcomings can be addressed without significant troubles in the near future. Jutge.org (also called \el Jutge" or \the Judge") is a web platform for the teaching of programming subjects. The users registered in this platform as professors can upload problems so that their students solve them by way of programs, which the service evaluates by compiling them and executing them by applying the test cases that the problem setter has assigned to the problem. The Judge is a useful tool for teaching and is used, with great success, in many programming subjects at UPC (in laboratory classes and exams) and at many programming contests. The architecture of Jutge.org is based upon a web server linked to a server which manages a queue of to-be-graded submissions and a few correction servers. We call the set of the correction servers and the queue server a \correction module". The current correction module has various problems which require attention: there are no management and administration mechanisms (detection of working servers, server startup and shutdown, statistics, etc.), the service does not allow for communicating with users, all servers are always running regardless of demand (which varies very intensively) and the service uses a slow, badlydesigned programming language (PHP). This work aims to build a new correction module which does not limit itself to solving the stated issues, but instead complies with some additional requirements with regards to the way it operates. On the one hand, it must allow controlling the operation of the servers, adapt the amount of servers to the demand, and be e cient, robust, safe, and secure. On the other hand, it is necessary that tasks to be executed can have a priority and include les, that grading can be performed in computers outside the Jutge and that the execution time of submissions does not experience signi cant variation. This project has been developed in a modern, ready-for-concurrency programming language: Go. Nevertheless, it has been necessary to write large amounts of code and take much care while programming, as the module works at a low level and concurrent systems require particular attention from the programmer. The result of our work is a correction module that functions correctly in general, even though it still has a number of minor shortcomings and does not manage to meet the entirety of established requirements. It is to be expected that these shortcomings can be addressed without signi cant troubles in the near future.

Resumen A pesar de la numerosa información científica sobre cambio climático mundial, no existen estudios que demuestren los efectos sobre la biodiversidad a menor escala. Por ello, utilizando 19 variables bioclimáticas, cinco de radiación solar, altitud, software especializado (MaxEnt) y coordenadas geográficas de presencia de cinco especies de flora categorizada verificadas en campo se modelaron sus nichos ecológicos actuales y proyectados a los cuatro escenarios futuros de emisiones (2050 y 2070). Se demostró que el de Buddleja coriacea disminuirá en más del 80 % por las variaciones futuras de precipitación y temperatura consecuencia del cambio climático, mientras que Carica candicans, Haplorhus peruviana, Kageneckia lanceolata y Weberbauerella brongniartioides se mantendrán e incrementarán, deduciéndose que sus categorías de amenaza derivan principalmente por actividad antropogénica. Estos modelos mejoran significativamente la comprensión del funcionamiento ecosistémico, otorgando información útil para diseñar políticas y acciones de conservación que orienten la gestión territorial hacia la estrategia de adaptación basada en ecosistemas. Abstract Despite the numerous scientific information on global climate change, there are no studies that show effects on biodiversity on a smaller scale. Therefore, using 19 bioclimatic variables, five solar radiation, altitude, specialized software (MaxEnt) and geographical coordinates of the presence of five species of categorized flora verified in the field, their current ecological niches were modeled and projected to the four future emission scenarios (2050 and 2070) showing that Buddleja coriacea will decrease by more than 80 % due to future variations in precipitation and temperature due to climate change, while Carica candicans, Haplorhus peruviana, Kageneckia lanceolata and Weberbauerella brongniartioides will remain and increase, deducing that Its threat categories derive mainly from anthropogenic activity. These models significantly improve the understanding of ecosystem functioning, providing useful information to design conservation policies and actions that guide territorial management towards the Ecosystem-based Adaptation strategy.

Wildfires destroy thousands of hectares of vegetation every year in Chile, a phenomenon that has steadily increased over time, both in terms of the number of fires and the area affected. Since 1985 until 2016 have occurred 1,476 wildfires severe in intensity (> 200 ha), that burned a total of about 1,243,407 ha of vegetation, and an average of 40,000 ha affected per year. Depending on the type and intensity of the fire, there are different levels of severity with which the fire affects the vegetation, a variation that is crucial for the estimation GEI in the event. The purpose of this research was to analyze the burn severity of Rufina wildfires occurred in 1999, in the VI Region of L. G. B. O’Higgins in Chile, south of the capital Santiago, using Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery, including in the analysis the estimated greenhouse gases emitted in relation to with the vegetation and burn severity. Burn severity was estimated through the Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR) and GEI with the equation proposed by IPCC in 2006, which was adjusted with the combustion efficiency coefficients proposed by De Santis et al. (2010). The results show that around 16,783 ha were affected by fires of different severity and the native forest and tree plantations were affected by high severity. The ton of GEI for each level of burn severity and type of vegetation was estimated, being carbon dioxide (CO2 ) the main GEI emitted to the atmosphere in the fire. The highest emissions occurred in the areas of grasslands and scrublands, with high severity, with values ranging between 186 and 170 t/ha respectively

Entrepreneurship is a significant economic process in regional economic development. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the Egyptian entrepreneurial ecosystem by using the global entrepreneurship index (GEI) data from 2006–2017. This empirical study provides an in-depth insight into the Egyptian entrepreneurship ecosystem situation based on GEI methodology and its sub-indexes, pillars, and individual and institutional variables. Results revealed that the Egyptian entrepreneurial “Aspiration” pillars play a promising role in the Egyptian entrepreneurship ecosystem, especially the “Process Innovation” and “Risk Capital” pillars. Although the entrepreneurial “Abilities” pillars appear as shortcomings in the Egyptian GEI, especially the "Opportunity Startup" and "Competition" pillars. Furthermore, Egyptian entrepreneurial “Attitudes” pillars are considered to be the main disadvantage of forming the Egyptian GEI score. Finally, the paper proved that the “Risk Acceptance” and “Networking” pillars appeared as the weakest aspect of the Egyptian entrepreneurship ecosystem. Consequently, developing national policies and strategies to enhance these two pillars will improve the Egyptian GEI score by 2%.

Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. subsp. coracana ) production has become stagnant over the years and one of the possible ways to increase the production can be spread of widely adaptable high yielding cultivars. Five national finger millet cultivars were grown in randomized complete block design at ICAR-Vivekananda Institute of Hill Agriculture for six consecutive years to evaluate the grain yield stability. The grain yield data were subjected to AMMI and GGE biplot techniques for assessing the stability and patterns of GE interaction in finger millet National cultivars. The combined ANOVA showed that finger millet grain yield was significantly affected by environment, which explained 54.67% of the total treatment (G+E+GE) variation, whereas the G and GEI accounted for 10.38% and 34.96%, respectively. The partitioning of GEI sum of squares using AMMI analysis indicated that the first two PCAs were highly significant. The first IPCA axis (IPCA1) accounted for 50.3% of the G×E interaction sum of squares. The second IPCA axis accounted for 38.2% of the interaction sum of squares. Both represented a total of 88.5% variation. AMMI 1 biplot indicated the general adaptation of genotype HR 374 across the environments, whereas the other genotypes showed specific adaptation to one or other environments. GGE-biplot graphical analysis further confirmed the results and revealed that HR 374 as an ideal genotype in terms of high yield and stability followed by RAU 8 as desirable genotype. In our research, both of AMMI and biplot models were successful in assessing the performance of genotypes and the selection of best genotype was identical in both of them.

En este trabajo se plantean modelos de datos de áreas para analizar el comportamiento de la emisión bruta del GEI (Efecto Gas de Invernadero) con el comportamiento del PIB (Producto Interno Bruto) en Colombia. Para ello se implementarán tres modelos, uno sin la parte espacial, otro con distancias euclidianas y por último uno con distancias geodésicas con el fin de mirar el impacto que tiene en el modelo usar estas distancias para la descripción de la variable de estudio. The following paper investigates the behavior of both greenhouse gas gross emision and gross domestic product in Colombia. To carry this out, different models will be put into practice. The first one does not take into account the spatial factor. The second one considers the Euclidean distance and the last one is estimated with geodesic distance. The main reason for carrying out this analysis is to identify the effects of each model on the main variables Profesional en estadística http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

The present study contains a data analysis that links the amount of organics in the wastewater treatment plant a in the basin of the Bogotá river and its incidence in the generation of greenhouse gases during the process of depuration. A series of technical consideration regarding the generations of greenhouse gases among different treatment plants are mentioned. Accordingly with the characteristics of the system employed in the wastewater treatment is determined which is the one generating a higher amount of emissions accounting the actual status of each plant. To achieve so, the level 1 methodology of the IPCC for greenhouse emissions is employed. Based on the results is determined which of the treatment systems used in the wastewater treatment plants are producing most of the greenhouse gases emissions. Este estudo contém uma análise de dados que relaciona a carga orgânica presente nas plantas de tratamento de águas residuais (PTAR) da bacia do rio Bogotá, Colômbia, e sua incidência na geração de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) durante o processo de depuração. Dentro da análise, foram compiladas considerações técnicas relacionadas com a geração de GEE das diferentes PTAR que fazem parte da bacia. De acordo com as características do sistema utilizado no tratamento das águas residuais, determina-se que processo gera maior contribuição de emissões, levando em conta o estado atual de cada planta. Para isso, emprega-se a metodologia nível 1 do Grupo Intergovernamental de Especialistas sobre a Mudança do Clima para os inventários de GEE. Com base nos resultados obtidos, são identificados quais sistemas de tratamento empregados nas PTAR afetam em maior medida a emissão de GEE. El presente estudio contiene un análisis de datos que relaciona la carga orgánica presente en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de la cuenca del río Bogotá y su incidencia en la generación de gases efecto invernadero (GEI) durante el proceso de depuración. Dentro del análisis se recopiló una serie de consideraciones técnicas relacionadas con la generación de GEI de las diferentes PTAR que hacen parte de la cuenca. De acuerdo con las características del sistema empleado en el tratamiento de las aguas residuales, se determina cuál proceso genera mayor aporte de emisiones, teniendo en cuenta el estado actual de cada planta. Para ello, se emplea la metodología nivel 1 del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) para los inventarios de GEI. Con base en los resultados obtenidos, se identifica cuáles sistemas de tratamiento empleados en las PTAR inciden en mayor proporción en la emisión de GEI.

88 p., The health effects caused by air pollution in homes, due to the use of open stoves with the use of solid fuels such as firewood, are an important part of a report on the state of the environment and renewable resources, in which Air pollution in homes and the environment was related to deforestation and greenhouse gas (GHG) production (Minambiente, 2011), the result of insufficient combustion of biomass, which is the main cause of respiratory diseases in rural areas, mainly in children and women because they are the ones that stay longer at home, causing 13 health effects such as lower respiratory infections (ARI) in 5-year-old children, Obstructive Pulmonary disease ( COPD) in women and Lung cancer in women exposed to smoke, with a moderate degree of lung cancer and COPD in men exposed to hum o (Minambiente, 2015). Consequently, it is essential to promote the prevention and control of traditional wood-burning stoves to reduce environmental pollution, which is why the renovation of air in the houses with the use of eco-efficient kitchens and the implementation of energy-efficient banks should be sought to help the supply of firewood, thus avoiding deforestation and mitigating the impact it causes on the environment., Los efectos en la salud ocasionados por la contaminación del aire en los hogares, debido al empleo de fogones abiertos con la utilización de combustibles sólidos como la leña, forman parte importante de un informe de estado del medio ambiente y los recursos renovables, en el cual se relacionó la contaminación del aire en los hogares y el medio ambiente con la deforestación y la producción de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) (Minambiente, 2011), resultado de la combustión insuficiente de la biomasa, siendo esta, la mayor causante de las 11 enfermedades respiratorias en las zonas rurales, principalmente en niños y mujeres debido a que son los que permanecen más tiempo en casa , ocasionando efectos sobre la salud como las infecciones respiratorias de vías bajas (IRA) en niños de 5 años, la enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva (EPOC) en mujeres y el cáncer de Pulmón en mujeres expuestas al humo, con un grado moderado de cáncer de pulmón y de EPOC en los hombres expuestos al humo (Minambiente, 2015)., Pregrado, Ingeniero(a) Industrial, INTRODUCCIÓN 21 1. PROBLEMATICA 23 1.1 Identificación del problema 23 1.2 Descripción del problema 24 2. OBJETIVOS 25 2.1 Objetivo general 25 2.2 Objetivos específicos 25 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN 26 4. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 28 4.1 Marco contextual 28 4.2 Antecedentes 29 4.3 Marco conceptual 36 4.4 Marco legal 41 15 5. DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO 43 5.1 Tipo de investigación: 43 5.2 Fuente de información y herramientas 43 5.3 Supuestos y restricciones 44 5.4 Entregables del proyecto 45 5.5 Recursos financieros y presupuesto 45 CAPITULO I: Ubicación espacial de la cocina. 47 6.1 Entrevista realizada a la comunidad. 47 6.2 Método por factores ponderados. 52 CAPITULO II: Modelo piloto de la cocina. 57 CAPITULO III: Capacitación para la construcción. 62 8.1 Proceso de capacitación. 62 8.2 Capacitación para la construcción de la cocina. 62 8.3 Capacitación del banco dendroenergético. 64 CAPITULO IV: construcción del modelo piloto de la cocina. 66 Recomendaciones 75 16 Conclusiones 76 Bibliografía 77 ANEXOS 84, Ej. 1

WOS: 000467668200024, The uniformity of genotypes are significant for crop breeding program decisions to improve new varieties. The AMMI (Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) analysis and Genotype x Environment Interaction (GEI) is make to estimation grain yield and understands GxE interaction patterns by researches as differential ranking of variety yields in multi-environment trials. Therefore, fifteen barley advanced line and six national cultivars and four foreign varieties (registered in abroad) were used in the study. The experiments were performed according to a complete randomized block design with four replications at five environments during two years. The stability and superiority of genotypes for yield and other traits were determined using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. Factors (G, GE, and GEI) were found to be highly significant (P < 0.01) for grain yield. AMMI analysis indicated that the major contributions to treatment sum of squares were environments (98.52%), GE (0.45%) and genotypes (1.02%), respectively, suggesting that grain yield of genotypes were effected environmental conditions. The GGE biplot indicated that PCA 1 axes (Principal component) was significant as P

WOS: 000462830400242, The development of stable and adaptable new cultivars are based only on positive results obtained from the interaction between the genotype and the environment. Therefore, the study aimed to test the stability and general adaptability of promising barley lines in terms of grain yield and traits in multi -environments. For this purpose, twelve barley genotypes were used in the study. The trials were carried out with four replications in a random design at seven environments in years 2012-13 and 2013-14. The superior and stable genotypes were identified with GGE biplot and AMMI (Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) models. The AMMI analysis showed that the major treatment sum of squares was affected by environments (80.6%), GE (14.0%) and genotypes (5.4%), respectively. On the other hand, the first two principal component axes (PCA 1 and PCA 2) contributed to the complete interaction with 88.1%, whereas, PCA 3 and PCA 4 axes only with 12.0%. The GGE biplot indicated that G4 is adaptable for all environments, while Altikat, G2 and G3 showed specific adaptation to El, E3 and E5, G6, G7 and G8 to E6, respectively. According to both techniques, G2, G3, G6, G7, G8 and Altikat were the best genotypes with high yield, whereas G4 was the best with high yield, and stable and general adaptation. The results of biplot indicated that G4 (ARUPO /K8755//MORA/3/CERISE/SHYRIHALEL I/4/CANELA/5/HART-BAR) was recommended for release and it was released as HEVSEL in 2017. On the other hand; G7 and G6 were protected as genetic material to use as parent in breeding programs for yield stability and quality respectively.

We establish that, when the number of agents is sufficiently large, but finite, there are open sets of economies with constrained Pareto inefficient equilibria and provide a simple sufficient condition for constrained inefficiency. We also show that there are open sets of economies with constrained efficient equilibria. Hence, for these economies, neither constrained efficiency, nor its lack, are generic properties. However, constrained inefficiency is a pervasive feature: for each economy with preferences satisfying a mild restriction, there are open sets of endowments such that their equilibrium allocations are constrained inefficient.

Each person describes unique patterns during gait cycles and this information can be extracted from live video stream and used for subject identification. In recent years, there has been a profusion of sensors that in addition to RGB video images also provide depth data in real-time. In this paper, a method to enhance the appearance-based gait recognition method by also integrating features extracted from depth data is proposed. Two approaches are proposed that integrate simple depth features in a way suitable for real-time processing. Unlike previously presented works which usually use a short range sensors like Microsoft Kinect, here, a long-range stereo camera in outdoor environment is used. The experimental results for the proposed approaches show that recognition rates are improved when compared to existing popular gait recognition methods.

Each individual describes unique patterns during their gait cycles. This information can be extracted from the live video stream and used for subject identification. In appearance based recognition methods, this is done by tracking silhouettes of persons across gait cycles. In recent years, there has been a profusion of sensors that in addition to RGB video images also provide depth data in real-time. When such sensors are used for gait recognition, existing RGB appearance based methods can be extended to get a substantial gain in recognition accuracy. In this paper, this is accomplished using information fusion techniques that combine features from extracted silhouettes, used in traditional appearance based methods, and the height feature that can now be estimated using depth data. The latter is estimated during the silhouette extraction step with minimal additional computational cost. Two approaches are proposed that can be implemented easily as an extension to existing appearance based methods. An extensive experimental evaluation was performed to provide insights into how much the recognition accuracy can be improved. The results are presented and discussed considering different types of subjects and populations of different height distributions.

We study the efficiency properties of equilibria in a neighborhood of economies with Pareto optimal (PO) initial endowments, when the number of agents is finitely large. We provide conditions under which, for all the economies in some open neighborhood of the PO reference economy, all the equilibria are constrained PO (CPO). We also provide conditions under which each open neighborhood of these exceptional PO economies contains both open sets of economies with CPO equilibria and open sets of economies where CPO fails. Wir untersuchen die Effizienzeigenschaften von Gleichgewichten in einer ökonomischen Umgebung mit Pareto-optimale (PO) Anfangsausstattungen, wenn die Anzahl der Agenten endlich groß ist. Wir zeigen Bedingungen, unter denen für alle Volkswirtschaften in einer offenen Umgebung der PO-Referenzökonomie, alle Gleichgewichte beschränkte PO (CPO) sind. Wir zeigen auch Bedingungen, unter denen jede offene Umgebung dieser außergewöhnlichen PO-Ökonomien sowohl offene Mengen von Ökonomien mit CPO-Gleichgewichten enthält als auch offene Mengen von Ökonomien, in denen CPO versagt.

In recent years, gait has been growing as a biometric for person recognition at a distance. However, factors such as view angles and carrying conditions often make this task challenging. This paper proposes a solution to this problem by modelling gait sequences using Gait Energy Images and then using sparse autoencoders to extract their features for recognition under different view angles. Experiments were carried out on the challenging CASIA B dataset, resulting in outstanding accuracy rates. � 2018 IEEE. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This publication was made possible using a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund through National Priority Research Program (NPRP) No. 8-140-2-065. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Qatar National Research Fund or Qatar University. Scopus

The total global load at the present moment in time is between 23,000 GWh to 24,000 GWh and this will probably increase by a factor of three by 2050. The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organisation – GEIDCO is promoting "Global Energy Interconnection which is "Smart Grid + UHV Grid + Clean Energy"; it is an infrastructure platform on which clean energy can be developed, transmitted and used massively worldwide. The total bill is estimated by GEIDCO at US$ 50,000,000,000,000 over the rollout programme of up to 30 years, which equates to nearly US$ 1.7 trillion each year at today's prices – a figure equal to the combined GDP of the top 10 countries in 2016, or nearly 70 % of the global total.

The prevalence of Iron (Fe) defficiency in Indonesia is around 31 – 63.5 %. High Fe content rice lines had been developed to overcome the problem. This study was aimed to explore the effect of genotype (G) and genotype × environment inter-action (GEI) on yield of 21 high Fe content rice genotypes under 5 irrigated field environments. The research was conducted at DS 2011 in 2 locations and DS 2012 in 3 locations following randomized complete block design with three replications in each location. Combined analysis of variance showed genotype x environment inter-action at 1% probability level, where G and GEI captured totally 88.8% of total variability. There were two Mega-environments constructed, i.e. Mega-E1 that contained environments of trials in dry season 2011 (E4 and E5) with the winner of G12 (BP9474C-1-1-B) and Mega-E2 that contained environments of trials in dry season 2012 (E1, E2, and E3) with the winner of G3 (A69-1). E1 (Subang, DS 2012), E2 (Karawang, DS 2012), and E3 (Indramaru, DS 2012) had good discriminativeness and representasiveness for yield trait of high Fe content rice lines. Mean performance and stability of genotypes indicated that G3 (A69-1; average 6.72 t ha-1 ) was highly stable with high yield.

Today global warming, climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) production are topics of great interest as it has been found that different human activities, including agriculture and livestock, are an important source of pollution. Different initiatives with the aim of reducing these emissions and at the same time being productive. Several factors are involved in the plan to reduce GHG emissions from livestock and this study will focus on small ruminants; these factors are such as nutrition, use of supplements, management of manure, etc. This study was carried out at the Polytechnic University of Valencia. It consisted of two phases, first a field phase that was carried out at the university goat farm, and the other a laboratory phase carried out at the Laboratory of the Department of Animal Science The same university. This experiment was carried out with 10 Murciano-Granadina goats weighing between 44,1 ± 4,47 Kg live weight. The objective of this study was to test two types of forage, and to see how these diets affected the parameters of milk and fatty acid production, carbon and nitrogen balance, GHG production. These animals were separated into two groups to analyze the two treatments of this study; T1 (Alfalfa + commercial feed) and T2 (lemon pellet + commercial feed). The results showed significant differences (P, En la actualidad el calentamiento global, cambio climático y la producción de gases efecto invernadero (GEI), son temas de gran interés pues se ha comprobado que diferentes actividades humanas y entre estas la agricultura y la ganadería son una fuente importante de contaminación, por este motivo existe diferentes iniciativas con el objetivo de reducir estas emisiones y al mismo tiempo ser productivos. Son varios factores los que intervienen en el plan de reducción de emisiones de GEI provenientes de la ganadería y este estudio lo vamos a enfocar en los pequeños rumiantes; estos factores son como la nutrición, utilización de suplementos, gestión de estiércol, etc. Este estudio se realizó en la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, constó de dos fases, primero una fase de campo que se realizó en la granja de cabras de la Universidad, y la otra una fase de laboratorio que fue realizada en el Laboratorio del Departamento de Ciencia Animal de la misma Universidad. Este experimento se realizó con 10 cabras de raza Murciano-Granadina con pesos comprendidos entre 44,1 ± 4,47 Kg de peso vivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue probar dos tipos de forraje (uno convencional como es la alfalfa y el otro un residuo de la poda de los limoneros; hoja de limón), y ver cómo estas dietas afectaban en los parámetros de producción de leche y ácidos grasos, balance de carbono y nitrógeno, producción de GEI. A estos animales se los separó en dos grupos para analizar los dos tratamientos de este estudio; el T1(pellet de Alfalfa + pienso comercial) y el T2 (pellet de Limón + pienso comercial). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) en el nitrógeno retenido siendo mayor en el T1, al igual que mayor producción de carbono proveniente del CO2 y CH4 de la respiración. En cuanto a producción de leche la proteína es mayor en el T1 y la lactosa en T2; mientras que en la producción de GEI fue mayor el metano tanto proveniente de la fermentación entérica como la gestión de estiércol en el tratamiento de alfalfa. En conclusión, se podrían utilizar residuos de poda de cítricos, en concreto hoja, como fuente de forraje para la alimentación del ganado caprino. En nuestro caso, el residuo agrícola hoja de limonero no se alteró el rendimiento lechero respecto al grupo que consumía como forraje alfalfa.

Bacterial adaptation to growth with toxic halogenated chemicals was explored in the context of methylotrophic metabolism of Methylobacterium extorquens, by comparing strains CM4 and DM4, which show robust growth with chloromethane and dichloromethane, respectively. Dehalogenation of chlorinated methanes initiates growth-supporting degradation, with intracellular release of protons and chloride ions in both cases. The core, variable and strain-specific genomes of strains CM4 and DM4 were defined by comparison with genomes of non-dechlorinating strains. In terms of gene content, adaptation toward dehalogenation appears limited, strains CM4 and DM4 sharing between 75 and 85% of their genome with other strains of M. extorquens. Transcript abundance in cultures of strain CM4 grown with chloromethane and of strain DM4 grown with dichloromethane was compared to growth with methanol as a reference C1 growth substrate. Previously identified strain-specific dehalogenase-encoding genes were the most transcribed with chlorinated methanes, alongside other genes encoded by genomic islands (GEIs) and plasmids involved in growth with chlorinated compounds as carbon and energy source. None of the 163 genes shared by strains CM4 and DM4 but not by other strains of M. extorquens showed higher transcript abundance in cells grown with chlorinated methanes. Among the several thousand genes of the M. extorquens core genome, 12 genes were only differentially abundant in either strain CM4 or strain DM4. Of these, 2 genes of known function were detected, for the membrane-bound proton translocating pyrophosphatase HppA and the housekeeping molecular chaperone protein DegP. This indicates that the adaptive response common to chloromethane and dichloromethane is limited at the transcriptional level, and involves aspects of the general stress response as well as of a dehalogenation-specific response to intracellular hydrochloric acid production. Core genes only differentially abundant in either strain CM4 or strain DM4 total 13 and 58 CDS, respectively. Taken together, the obtained results suggest different transcriptional responses of chloromethane- and dichloromethane-degrading M. extorquens strains to dehalogenative metabolism, and substrate- and pathway-specific modes of growth optimization with chlorinated methanes.

International audience; Bacterial adaptation to growth with toxic halogenated chemicals was explored in the context of methylotrophic metabolism of Methylobacterium extorquens, by comparing strains CM4 and DM4, which show robust growth with chloromethane and dichloromethane, respectively. Dehalogenation of chlorinated methanes initiates growth-supporting degradation, with intracellular release of protons and chloride ions in both cases. The core, variable and strain-specific genomes of strains CM4 and DM4 were defined by comparison with genomes of non-dechlorinating strains. In terms of gene content, adaptation toward dehalogenation appears limited, strains CM4 and DM4 sharing between 75 and 85% of their genome with other strains of M. extorquens. Transcript abundance in cultures of strain CM4 grown with chloromethane and of strain DM4 grown with dichloromethane was compared to growth with methanol as a reference C1 growth substrate. Previously identified strain-specific dehalogenase-encoding genes were the most transcribed with chlorinated methanes, alongside other genes encoded by genomic islands (GEIs) and plasmids involved in growth with chlorinated compounds as carbon and energy source. None of the 163 genes shared by strains CM4 and DM4 but not by other strains of M. extorquens showed higher transcript abundance in cells grown with chlorinated methanes. Among the several thousand genes of the M. extorquens core genome, 12 genes were only differentially abundant in either strain CM4 or strain DM4. Of these, 2 genes of known function were detected, for the membrane-bound proton translocating pyrophosphatase HppA and the housekeeping molecular chaperone protein DegP. This indicates that the adaptive response common to chloromethane and dichloromethane is limited at the transcriptional level, and involves aspects of the general stress response as well as of a dehalogenation-specific response to intracellular hydrochloric acid production. Core genes only differentially abundant in either strain CM4 or strain DM4 total 13 and 58 CDS, respectively. Taken together, the obtained results suggest different transcriptional responses of chloromethane- and dichloromethane-degrading M. extorquens strains to dehalogenative metabolism, and substrate- and pathway-specific modes of growth optimization with chlorinated methanes.

La Ruta del Sol concentra el 80% de la carga que se transporta entre el centro del país y la Costa Atlántica, la cual se mueve en camiones diésel que generan emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, entre otros contaminantes. Para realizar la estimación de estas emisiones, se realizó un inventario detallado del tráfico que circula por la vía para el año de referencia 2011. Estas se hicieron mediante la aplicación de un modelo simplificado de flujo de tráfico vehicular, alimentado con la mejor información disponible, incluyendo: datos del INVIAS, los estudios de tráfico de la Ruta del Sol, y datos obtenidos en pruebas de ruta. La operación de transporte multimodal que requiere darse alrededor del eje Ruta del Sol, comprende los tres modos de transporte disponibles: Carretero, Fluvial y Férreo, permitirá reducciones importantes en las emisiones generadas por el modo carretero y un mejor aprovechamiento de la vía, para ello se ha estimado el trafico tanto en el ferrocarril central, como en el Rio Magdalena. Aquí se contemplan dos escenarios probables de operación multimodal en los cuales los modos alternos de transporte asumirían un tercio de la carga que actualmente se transporta por carretera. Los resultados muestran que el trafico terrestre transporta alrededor de 45 Mton/año de carga y generan 1,1 Mton CO2/año, y que en un escenario conservador de operación multimodal se transportarían 5,5 Mton/año de carga la reducción de emisiones sería del 13%; mientras que en un escenario optimista de 11 Mton/año de carga, la reducción llegaría al 41% Abstract: Highway Ruta del Sol, keeps 80% of freight between Atlantic coast and center of country, this freight moves mainly in Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles that generates greenhouse gases, between other contaminants. In order to estimate those emissions, a detailed traffic inventory in circulation through the Highway was made for the reference year 2011. This were made by a simplified traffic model with the best available information obtained from INVIAS, traffic studies for the Highway, and onboard data. Multimodal transport operation, that is needed around the Ruta del Sol, comprehends three modes: Road, River and Train, will be reduce road emissions, and permits a better use of the Highway, for this, an estimation of traffic was made for train and river modes. Two operation scenarios has been considered, results shown that road traffic transport 45 Mton/year of load, and generates 1.1 Mton CO2/year, and in a moderate scenario, alternative modes would transport 5.5 Mton/year of load, with a reduction of 13% in CO2 emissions, and in a optimistic scenario, with a transport 11 Mton/year of load, reduction will be of 41%. Maestría