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Der Krieg Russlands in der Ukraine unterminiert völkerrechtliche Normen. Für die historisch-politische Bildungsarbeit sollen hier Kontinuitäten und Brüche skizziert werden. Fixpunkte sind dabei der alliierte Kriegsverbrecherprozess in Nürnberg 1945/46, die Menschenrechtsarbeit von Memorial und die Ermittlungen des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofes sowie die Verwendung des Verbrechensbegriffes „Völkermord“.

Search engines, such as Google or Yandex, shape social reality by informing their users about current and historical phenomena. However, there is little research on how search engines deal with contested memories, which are subjected to ontological conflicts known as memory wars. In this article, we investigate how search engines circulate information about memory wars related to the Holodomor, a mass famine caused by Soviet repressive politics in Ukraine in 1932–1933. For this aim, we conduct an agent-based audit of four search engines—Bing, DuckDuckGo, Google, and Yandex—and examine how their top search results represent the Holodomor and related memory wars. Our findings demonstrate that search engines prioritize interpretations of the Holodomor aligning with specific sides in the memory wars, thus becoming memory warriors themselves.

Background: In most nursing schools, Holocaust and genocide studies are not part of the curriculum. However, studying past horrors involving health care professionals is essential for forming a clear moral compass to navigate future nursing practice. This article analyzes a unique Holocaust and genocide curriculum for graduate nurse practitioner students and its effects on participants. Method: The students wrote reflective accounts, which were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The studies had a profound effect on the students, who adopted a critical perspective and became more sensitive to wrongdoing and social suffering, more involved in current ethical and social issues, and more willing to engage in social advocacy. The course strengthened the moral responsibility of the students, transforming them into critical intellectuals. Conclusion: Holocaust and genocide studies enhance nurses' humanistic approach and help them confront dogma, challenge social denial, and resist oppression, discrimination, and structural racism. [ J Nurs Educ . 2022;61(11):624–632.]

Günümüz Ruanda Cumhuriyeti gerek bulunduğu coğrafya gerekse tarihi dokusu bakımından stratejik konuma sahip bir ülkedir. İnişli çıkışlı yapısı ile zorlu bir süreç yaşanmıştır. Uganda, Tanzanya, Burundi ve Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyetine komşu bir ülke olarak Doğu Afrika’nın çalkantılı bir noktasında bulunarak çatışmaların, kavgaların ve sorunların yaşandığı bir yapıya sahip olmuştur. Coğrafi yükseltileri kadar tarih boyunca insanlık krizleri de yükseldikçe yükselmiştir. Batılı güçlerin bölgede sömürgelerini oluşturana kadar Ruanda oldukça sakin ve huzurlu bir ülke olmuştur. Ülke topraklarını önce Almanlar, daha sonra Belçikalılar sömürgeleştirmiştir. Almanlar da Belçikalılar da ülkede varlıklarını devam ettirmek adına ülke halklarını kamplaştırmışlar, etnik yapıya dayalı bir toplum modeli oluşturmuşlar ve kitleleri birbiriyle çatışmaya itmişlerdir. Konuyu dört dönem özelinde ele almaya çalışacağız: Alman sömürgesi ve Belçika sömürgesi döneminde etnik çatışma zeminin hazırlanması, bağımsızlık dönemindeki resmi uygulamaların ülkede ayrışma ve toplumsal bozulmaya yol açması, 1994 yılında gerçekleşen soykırımla acı sonucun yaşanması. Yaşanan trajediler, modern dünyanın gözü önünde gerçekleşen soykırımlar, Ruanda’da tetiklenen etnik çatışmalar üzerinde dikkatlice düşünülmesi gereken hususlardır. Yeraltı ve yerüstü kaynaklarıyla kendi kendine yetmesi gereken ülkenin makus tarihi hakkında yeniden değerlendirme yapmamız gerekmektedir. İncelememizde Ruanda’da da yaşanan insanlık dramının perde arkasına dikkat çekmeye çalışacağız. Ülkede 1450-1890 yılları arasında Gisaka Krallığı hakimiyet sürmüştür. Geçmişe ait bu 540 yıllık dönemde Ruanda toprakları genelde sakin bir konuma sahip olup çatışmalardan uzak, farklı kabile ve aşiretlerin birlikte yaşadıkları bir coğrafyadır. Bu tarihlerde Ruanda kendi kendine yeten bir coğrafya olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Farklı kabilelerin geçiş alanı ve ikamet sahası olarak görülen Ruanda topraklarında birlikte yaşama ruhu bilinen bir özelliktir. Diğer Afrika halkları gibi Ruanda topraklarında yaşayan kitleler arasında da kimi bölgesel sorunlar yaşanmakla birlikte kitlesel çatışma ve kamplaşmaya rastlanmamaktadır. Halklar arasında sosyal ilişkiler ve ticari aktiviteler güçlü bir şekilde sürdürülmüştür. Sömürge dönemi ve sonrasında ise bu huzurlu ve geleneksel yapı bozulmuştur. Bildirimizde bozulan bu toplumsal dokunun değişim sürecini ele almaya çalışacağız., Today's Republic of Rwanda is a country with a strategic location in terms of both its geography and historical texture. It has been a difficult process with its bumpy structure. Being a neighboring country to Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, it has been in a turbulent point in East Africa and has had a structure where conflicts, fights, and problems are experienced. Throughout history, as well as geographical elevations, human crises have increased as they rose. Rwanda was a very calm and peaceful country until the Western powers established their colonies in the region. The territory of the country was colonized first by the Germans, then by the Belgians. In order to maintain their existence in the country, the Germans and the Belgians divided the peoples of the country, created a social model based on ethnic structure, and pushed the masses to conflict with each other. We will try to deal with the subject in four terms: Preparing the ground for ethnic conflict during the German and Belgian colonies, the official practices during the independence period leading to disintegration and social deterioration in the country, and the painful result of the genocide that took place in 1994. Experienced tragedies, genocides that took place before the eyes of the modern world, and ethnic conflicts triggered in Rwanda are issues that need to be carefully considered. We need to re-evaluate the wicked history of the country, which should be self-sufficient with its underground and surface resources. In our review, we will try to draw attention to the behind-the-scenes of the human drama experienced in Rwanda. The Kingdom of Gisaka ruled the country between 1450 and 1890. In these 540 years of the past, the lands of Rwanda generally have a quiet location and are geography where different tribes and tribes live together, away from conflicts. On these dates, Rwanda draws attention as self-sufficient geography. The spirit of coexistence in the territory of Rwanda, which is seen as the transition area and residence of different tribes, is a well-known feature. Although there are some regional problems among the masses living in Rwanda, as with other African peoples, mass conflict and polarization are not encountered. Social relations and commercial activities between peoples were maintained strongly. During and after the colonial period, this peaceful and traditional structure was destroyed. In our paper, we will try to deal with the process of change in this deteriorated social fabric.

Genocide and mass killing are a tragic yet recurrent feature of modern human history, having occurred across a broad range of societies. This extreme form of social violence has accordingly become a major subject of interest for social scientists, who have generated a wide variety of explanatory models for why violence occurs and how it spreads over time. However, few empirical or theoretical works have explored the specific roles that social movements have played within historical cases. Genocides and other forms of mass violence often occur in contexts of highly contentious interactions between movement organizations and political institutions. These interactions potentially range from open conflict and violence between official institutions and movements, to exploitation and assimilation, and collaboration and mutual aid. Empirical evaluations of how social movements work within historical cases of genocide and mass killing would undoubtedly improve existing explanatory models for why and how such violence occurs. In order to provide impetus for such an endeavor, we first offer four examples of how movements have historically operated within cases of genocide, and then identify existing areas of social movement theory and research which we believe are useful for further analyses. Keywords: political sociology; identity politics; violence

The global burden of mental illness is rising, with populations in post-conflict countries contributing significantly to the numbers. Governments in these countries face the dual challenge of responding to increased mental health needs and implementing this response with institutions and economies weakened by war. This research studies the process, successes and challenges of implementing mental health reform in a low-resource, post-conflict country, a subject that is rarely studied. Based on fieldwork conducted in Rwanda in 2019, the study focuses on the implementation of this African country’s post-genocide mental health policy, which relies primarily on strategies of decentralization and integration into the primary health care system. The results are based on 30 interviews conducted in Kigali and Ngoma with primary stakeholders including government officials, representatives from nongovernmental organizations, service providers and academics. These stakeholders held a positive view of the main strategies of the policy as they resulted in increased accessibility and availability of care for Rwandans. However, they also noted the institutionalization and individualization of mental health care as gaps in the implementation that do not respond to the Rwandan context. Building on complexity theory, the analysis found that many of these gaps, as well as opportunities to address them, are missed by the government due to top-down implementation and a lack of collaboration with local organizations and service providers working in the domain. The research results suggest that although it is possible to prioritize mental health in low-resource, complex settings, the implementation of such reform requires collaborative, adaptive and horizontal approaches in order to adequately address and respond to citizen needs and ensure quality mental health care for all.

After listening empathically to testimonies from surviving Tutsis (Into the Quick of Life, 2000), the French author and journalist Jean Hatzfeld reversed the perspective by gathering recollections of the events from Hutu murderers, in Machete Season (2003). This paper shows how the executioner stories are immersed in the unutterable, a posture marked by a calculating and reifying discourse that aims to remain silent about the event rather than to relate them, which divert and appropriate speech. The experience of the event is therefore reduced to its factual aspects, which evacuate any form of subjectivization. Such rhetorical posture, very direct and very crude at times, but more importantly forged with euphemisms and diversions, contribute to the depersonalization of the murderers, therefore normalizing extreme violence and concealing the face of the Tutsi. Après avoir écouté les témoignages de survivants tutsis (Dans le nu de la vie, 2000), l’écrivain et journaliste français Jean Hatzfeld a renversé la perspective en recueillant les récits de génocidaires hutus, avec la publication d’Une saison de machettes (2003). Cet article montre comment les récits des bourreaux sont empreints d’indicible, étant marqués par une démarche discursive calculée et réifiante, qui vise plus à taire qu’à dire en détournant et en orientant l’acte narratif. L’expérience de l’événement y est réduite à sa dimension factuelle, évacuant par l’occasion toute subjectivation. Une telle posture rhétorique, parfois très directe et très crue, mais surtout empreinte d’euphémismes et de détournements, contribue à dépersonnaliser les bourreaux, donc à normaliser l’extrême violence et à occulter le visage tutsi.

Since the beginning of the conflict between Russia and Ukraine that started on 24 February 2022 accusations of genocide have been levelled against each other by both sides. This article focuses on the claim that Russia is carrying out a genocide in Ukraine. After explaining the concept of genocide and the legal consequences of such qualification, the article applies the law to the situation, drawing the conclusion that, based on the current information, it does not appear that a genocide is being committed as, so far, no dolus specialis can be identified.

Initiée en 1994 par le réalisateur américain Steven Spielberg, la Visual History Archive est la plus vaste collection de témoignages de survivants de génocides et de crimes de masses. Si la majorité de cette archive concerne les rescapés de la Shoah, son administrateur basé à Los Angeles, USC Shoah Foundation, ajoute régulièrement des témoignages de témoins d’autres crimes. Numérisée et indexée, cette archive qui fut amorcée à des fins civiques et pédagogiques est désormais de plus en plus utilisée par des chercheurs de nombreuses disciplines. En présentant les origines, la méthode, le contenu, la réception et le potentiel scientifique de la Visual History Archive, cet article a pour but de faire connaître cette collection qui, depuis 2016, est disponible dans son intégralité à l’American University of Paris. Initiated in 1994 by American film director Steven Spielberg, the Visual History Archive is now the largest collection of testimonies from survivors of genocides and mass crimes. If the bulk of the archive gives voice to Holocaust survivors, its administrator based in Los Angeles, University of Southern California’s Shoah Foundation, is regularly adding interviews from witnesses of other crimes. The Archive started as a civic and pedagogical project but is being increasingly used by scholars from many disciplines, who can benefit from its full digitization and its precise indexation system. By presenting the origins, methodology, content, reception and scientific potential of the Visual History Archive, this article intends to make scholars aware of the collection, which, since 2016, is fully accessible at the American University of Paris.

Treball de Fi de Grau en Ciències Poítiques i de l'Administració. Curs 2022-2023 Tutora: Marta Galceran-Vercher In 1948 the UN General Assembly approved the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide under the promise that events such as the Holocaust would never happen again. Seventy-five years later, the world has observed how this promise has not been fulfilled and new atrocities have been committed. This dissertation analyzes through an extensive literary review the bargaining process on the creation of the mentioned Convention as well as the role that national aspirations and goals play on the response to genocide, specifically in the Armenian, Nazi, Rwandan and Rohingya genocides. Findings show that the 1948 Genocide Convention is the result of highly politized discussions that resulted in an ambiguous legal tool that left the perfect space for states to response conditioned by their national interests.

De quoi parle-t-on lorsque l’on évoque l’histoire d’un bibliothécaire arménien et de ses ouvrages dans le Paris de l’entre-deux-guerres, puis leur devenir sous l’Occupation ? Dans une historiographie dominée par les thèmes du génocide, de l’État, des migrations et de la diaspora, il n’y a guère de place pour les ouvrages, et encore moins pour les bibliothèques. Leur étude éclaire pourtant la structuration d’un espace transnational arménien au xxe siècle. Elle interroge la patrimonialisation de l’écrit et des lieux dans l’émigration. Elle invite enfin à une histoire de la reconstruction du national en exil, dans un contexte marqué par l’anéantissement et la dispersion. What is the meaning of studying the history of an Armenian librarian and his books in Paris during the interwar period, and their fate under German Occupation? In a historiography dominated by the themes of genocide, statehood, migrations and the diaspora, there is hardly any place for books, and even less for libraries. However, their study sheds light on the structuring of an Armenian transnational space in the 20th century. It questions how writings and places might become national heritage in the frame of emigration. Finally, it allows us to explore the reconstruction of a sense of nation in exile, in a historical context shaped by annihilation and dispersion.

We are examining the Institute of Cooperation between international criminal courts and states. By analyzing international legal doctrine, we have identified the main stages of development in international criminal justice. The influence of the humanist values of the 19th century and various pragmatic views and principles of international criminal law norms evolved as part of the international legal system, introducing prohibitions on certain criminal activities, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, is shown.The Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military Tribunals were considered crucial benchmarks in the evolution of international criminal law. The International Military Tribunal for the Trial of Major War Criminals of European Countries has until now been created, as follows from Article 1 of the London Agreement, to try war criminals whose crimes are not connected to a specific geographical location, regardless of whether they are prosecuted individually or as members of organizations or groups, or in one or another capacity. It is shown that both Tribunals were historically necessary to carry out retribution for mass crimes committed by high-ranking military and civilian officials of Nazi Germany and Japan during World War II. It was noted that both Tribunals were subjected to fair criticism - both from the participants and later - for the legal imperfection of their institutional basis, selective administration of justice, and the retroactive effect of some essential material norms of criminal law.It was analyzed that the institution of cooperation was revealed in detail in the activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (from now on - ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (from now on - ICTR). Thus, the ICTY and ICTR were created based on resolutions of the Security Council, which, acting in accordance with Chapter VII of the UN Charter, decided that states should fully cooperate with these bodies of international criminal justice.The Department of Private International Law is shown as one of the divisions of the International Court of Justice, which, among other things, “resolves extremely important and nowadays most relevant extradition disputes and tries political criminals and anarchists. It was emphasized that the court should be independent, both from the parties whose case it decides and from any political movements and opinions in general., Розглянуто розвиток інституту співробітництва міжнародних кримінальних судів з державами. Виокремлено найбільш загальні етапи розвитку міжнародної кримінальної юстиції на основі аналізу міжнародно-правової доктрини. Показано вплив гуманістичних цінностей ХІХ століття і різних прагматичних поглядів і принципів норми міжнародного кримінального права еволюціонували як частина міжнародно правової системи, запроваджуючи заборони на певну злочинну діяльність, у тому числі воєнні злочини, злочини проти людяності і геноцид.Розглянуто Нюрнберзький і Токійський Міжнародні військові трибунали які стали ключовими віхами в розвитку міжнародного кримінального права. Міжнародний військовий трибунал для суду над головними військовими злочинцями європейських країн досі створювався, як випливає зі статті 1 Лондонської угоди, для суду над військовими злочинцями, злочини яких не пов’язані з певним географічним місцем, незалежно від того, чи будуть вони обвинувачуватися індивідуально, чи як члени організацій або груп, або в тій та іншій якості. Показано, що Обидва Трибунали були історично необхідні для здійснення відплати за масові злочини, скоєні вищими військовими і цивільними чиновниками нацистської Німеччини і Японії під час Другої світової війни. Зазначено, що, обидва Трибунали піддавалися справедливій критиці – як з боку учасниць, так і в більш пізній час – за юридичну недосконалість їх інституційної основи, вибіркове здійснення правосуддя і надання зворотної сили деяким ключовим матеріальним нормам кримінального права. Проаналізовано, що детально інститут співробітництва був розкритий у діяльності Міжнародного кримінального трибуналу по колишній Югославії (далі – МКТЮ) та Міжнародного кримінального трибуналу по Руанді (далі – МКТР). Так, МКТЮ та МКТР створені на підставі резолюцій Ради Безпеки, яка, діючи відповідно до глави VII Статуту ООН ухвалила, що держави повинні в повній мірі співпрацювати з цими органами міжнародного кримінального правосуддя.Показано Департамент приватного міжнародного права як один з підрозділів Міжнародного суду, що наряду з іншим «вирішує надзвичайно важливі та у наш час найактуальніші суперечки про видачу і судить політичних злочинців і анархістів. Наголошено, що суд має бути незалежним, як від сторін, справу яких він вирішує, так і від будь-яких політичних рухів і думок узагалі.

Today, the study of ecocide and genocide is of great importance.Since the Russian Federation's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the latter has suffered many losses, including among the civilian population, which in turn has signs of genocide, and is daily subjected to nuclear blackmail and other threats and damages, the realization of which is regarded as ecocide. Ecocide and genocide are grave crimes against humanity that are recognized internationally and require significant efforts to prevent them in the future. According to international and national law, ecocide and genocide are punishable by liability, including reparations for the damage caused. Such responsibility pursues two main goals: punishment for crimes committed and creating an example of consequences that will influence the legal consciousness of society in the direction of preserving peace and environmental safety. The prosecution for ecocide and genocide, which is currently being carried out in Ukraine by the political and military elite of the Russian Federation, should be no exception. Despite the fact that the military conflict in Ukraine has actually been going on since 2014, the Russian Federation has not yet paid any reparations. In addition, no decision has been made that would impose an obligation on the aggressor state to pay such reparations in favor of Ukraine. Currently, the process of paying reparations to Ukraine has been significantly intensified, which is a positive sign for both Ukraine and the entire civilized world. In this regard, the study of historical examples of reparations for ecocide and genocide is also becoming relevant because, in particular, it will help to determine the general vision of the mechanism for making such payments, and at the theoretical level will serve as a basis for the formation of Ukrainian state policy on bringing the aggressor to justice in the form of payment of an appropriate amount of money for the damage caused by military operations., На сьогодні дослідження теми екоциду та геноциду має велике значення. З моменту повномасштабного вторгнення Російської Федерації на територію України, остання зазнає багато втрат, зокрема, серед мирного населення, що в свою чергу має ознаки геноциду, а також щодня піддається ядерному шантажу та іншим загрозам та збиткам, реалізація яких розцінюється як екоцид. Екоцид та геноцид є тяжкими злочинами проти людства, що визнаються на міжнародному рівні та потребують значних зусиль задля подальшого їх недопущення. За нормами міжнародного та національного права за вчинення екоциду та геноциду настає відповідальність, зокрема у вигляді репарацій за завдану шкоду. Така відповідальність переслідує дві основні мети: покарання за вчинені злочини та створення прикладу наслідків, що впливатимуть на правосвідомість суспільства в бік збереження миру та екологічної безпеки. Не виключенням має стати і притягнення до відповідальності за екоцид та геноцид, що наразі силами політичної та воєнної еліти Російської Федерації відбувається в Україні.Незважаючи на те, що воєнний конфлікт в Україні фактично відбувається з 2014 року, жодних репарацій Російська Федерація досі не сплатила. Крім того, відповідного рішення, яким би було покладено на державу-агресора обов’язку сплатити на користь України такі репарації так і не було прийнято. Наразі вирішення питань виплати Україні репарацій значно активізувалось, що є позитивним знаменням як для України, так і для всього цивілізованого світу. У зв’язку з цим актуальності набуває і вивчення історичних прикладів виплати репарацій за екоцид та геноцид тому, що, зокрема, допоможе визначити загальне бачення механізму здійснення таких виплат, а також на теоретичному рівні слугуватиме основою для формування української державної політики з питань притягнення агресора до відповідальності у вигляді сплати відповідної суми коштів за завдану воєнними діями шкоду.

The issue is considered, which aims to establish the connection between violence against women and armed conflict and to determine the different degrees of severity of this crime in international law and in national criminal legislation.The analysis of modern international relations shows that humanity has not yet managed to get rid of wars and other armed conflicts, which are mostly armed conflicts of a non-international nature. This is evidenced by the events in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia, and the Caucasus, and since 2014 Ukraine has not been an exception, the international armed conflict on whose territory since February 24, 2022 has grown into a full-scale war waged by the Russian Federation on the scale of which Europe has not knew since the Second World War.Modern international relations are characterized by a change in the nature of the conflict, the emergence of a number of new categories and situations, an increase in the number of victims among the civilian population, and the increasing internationalization of armed conflicts of a non-international nature. In this regard, the question of the qualification of various manifestations of genocide is extremely relevant, especially in the conditions of the ongoing full-scale war unleashed by Russia.Special attention is paid by the author to the provisions of the statute of the International Criminal Court and the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, which essentially form the modern doctrine of criminal responsibility for war crimes and the crime of genocide.It is worth noting that violence against a woman appears as a war crime in most cases when participants in a military conflict commit acts that constitute the crime of rape for personal purposes, but as soon as these acts appear within the policy or plan of the leadership, they are committed by order of the command and for the purpose of intimidation, in the context of ethnic cleansing, inflicting severe psychological trauma, extermination of a certain group of people united by any features that are common to such a group and identify it, we can clearly speak about the presence of a crime against humanity in the actions of criminals and genocide. We must also state that violence against women was and remains an integral element of armed conflict, and unlike the precedent of the terrible rampant violence witnessed by the world community in the former Yugoslavia, which became known mainly thanks to the work of the Tribunal, other armed conflicts do not give us such the completeness of consideration of the scale of violence against women, since these crimes are ignored, and due to the lack of an effective mechanism for bringing criminals to justice, we do not have the ability to assess the full scale of crimes committed against women during the conflict. There is hope that this situation will change, since the IСС is functioning, which should effectively resolve such situations.This article actually confirms the relevance of the application of international humanitarian law in national legislation and points to significant gaps that cannot be filled without the help of international law as a whole.With his work, the author tries to draw the attention of domestic legislators to the problems of implementing international humanitarian law into the national law of Ukraine, and to single out the most important directions in this area., Розглядається питання, яке має на меті встановити зв’язок насилля над жінкою та збройним конфліктом і визначити різні ступені тяжкості цього злочину у міжнародному праві, та у національному кримінальному законодавстві.Аналіз сучасних міжнародних відносин свідчить про те, що людству ще не вдається позбавитись війн та інших збройних конфліктів, які переважно є збройними конфліктами не міжнародного характеру. Це засвідчують події в колишній Югославії, Руанді, Афганістані, Іраку, Ліберії, на Кавказі, з 2014 року не виключенням стала і Україна, міжнарродний збройний конфлікт на території якої з 24 лютого 2022 переріс у повномаштабну війну розв’язану рф в маштабах яких Європа не знала з часів другої Світової війни.Сучасні міжнародні відносини характеризуються зміною характеру конфлікту, появою ряду нових категорій та ситуацій, збільшенням числа жертв серед цивільного населення, все більшою інтернаціоналізацією збройних конфліктів неміжнародного характеру. У зв’язку з цим питання кваліфікації різних проявів геноциду є надзвичайно актуальним, тим більше в умовах триваючої повномаштабної війни розв’язаної росією.Особлива увага надана автором положенням статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду та статуту Міжнародного кримінального трибуналу для колишньої Югославії, які по суті формують сучасну доктрину кримінальної відповідальності за воєнні злочини та злочин геноциду.Варто відзначити, що насилля над жінкою постає як воєнний злочин в більшості випадків, коли учасники воєнного конфлікту вчиняють дії, що містять склад злочину зґвалтування, в особистих цілях, але як тільки зазначені дії постають в межах політики чи плану керівництва, вчиняються з наказу командування та з метою залякування, в контексті етнічних чисток, нанесення тяжких психологічних травм, винищення певної групи людей об’єднаних за будь-якими ознаками, що є спільними для такої групи та ідентифікують її, можемо чітко вести мову про наявність в діях злочинців складу злочину проти людяності та геноциду. Також мусимо констатувати, що насилля над жінками було і залишається невід’ємним елементом збройного конфлікту, і на відміну від прецеденту жахливого розгулу насилля, засвідчений світовою спільнотою у колишній Югославії, який став відомий в основному завдяки роботі Трибуналу, інші збройні конфлікти не дають нам такої повноти розгляду масштабу насилля над жінками, оскільки ігноруються дані злочини, а через відсутність дієвого механізму притягнення злочинців до відповідальності, ми не маємо і змоги оцінити весь масштаб злодіянь який вчиняється по відношенню жінок під час конфлікту. Є надія, що дана ситуація зміниться, оскільки функціонує МКС, який повинен ефективно розв’язувати такі ситуації.Дана стаття фактично підтверджує актуальність застосування міжнародного гуманітарного права в національному законодавстві та вказує на значні прогалини, які не можуть бути заповненні без допомоги міжнародного права в цілому. Своєю роботою автор намагається привернути увагу вітчизняних законодавців до проблем імплементації міжнародного гуманітарного права в національне право України, та виокремити найбільш вагомі напрямки в цій сфері.

This essay articulates the importance of focusing on behavioral actions in research on genocide rather than on categories of people. Then, through a brief review of research on dehumanization, it demonstrates how a focus on actions over actors helps explain behavioral variation in genocide. It also highlights the need for researchers to consider their own positionality when studying participation in genocide, as research on genocide is always fraught with complex questions of moral right and wrong.

The article highlights the problem of hiding and justifying the crimes of the russia against Ukraine using the example of the destruction of Ukrainian energy facilities, which leads to a blackout situation, through the creation and distribution of fakes in the information space. The explanatory potential of the category “symbiosis” borrowed from the natural sciences and some humanities is used to reveal the mechanism of the interaction of fakes as a background phenomenon for criminality and the blackout event. In addition, the most common blackout fakes are listed, their purpose is revealed, and the target audience of “consumers” of the respective fakes is determined., У статті висвітлено проблему приховування й виправдовування злочинів рф проти України на прикладі знищення об’єктів української енергетики, що призводить до ситуації блекауту, за допомогою створення та поширення фейків в інформаційному просторі. Для розкриття механізму взаємодії фейків як фонового для злочинності явища та події блекауту вживається пояснювальний потенціал запозиченої із природничих та деяких гуманітарних наук категорії “симбіоз”. Крім того, наводяться найбільш поширені фейки з приводу блекауту, розкривається їх мета та визначається цільова аудиторія “споживачів” відповідних фейків.

The conceptual issues, related to the construction of the system of international criminal justice, ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and features of cooperation of Ukraine with the International Criminal Court, are examined in the article. The main reasons for the delay in Ukraine's ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are analyzed, and attention is drawn to the inconsistent and contradictory position of Ukraine, which does not use the mechanisms of criminal prosecution for the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression provided for by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Ukraine has signed the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and invites the latter to investigate crimes committed by the aggressor country in Ukraine, but does not fulfill its obligations, does not ratify the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and does not recognize its jurisdiction (except for special jurisdiction). The need to harmonize substantive and procedural law of Ukraine to the provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is emphasized. The prospects, negative and legal consequences of Ukraine's ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in the context of a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine by an aggressor country, as well as European integration processes and the requirements of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union are studied. The thesis is proved that Ukraine's non-ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court may affect the possibility of bringing the aggressor country to justice, despite the fact that Ukraine used a special procedure of recognizing the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. The main aspects of the activity and jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court were considered. Attention is drawn to the fact that Ukraine's relations with the International Criminal Court are based on the principle of complementarity of jurisdictions. The essence, significance and advantages of Ukraine's cooperation with the International Criminal Court, as well as the possibility of bringing the aggressor country to justice for the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression, have been studied. Based on the results of such a study, it was concluded that the recognition of the jurisdiction of the ICC (not only the special jurisdiction due to Clause 3 of Article 12 of the Rome Statute) for Ukraine is a priority and indispensable component of its European path of development and a real opportunity at the international level to prosecute top officials of the aggressor country for crimes committed in Ukraine. The ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court provides additional opportunities for the national judiciary, will lead to the strengthening of the rule of law and, thanks to access to the International Criminal Court, will allow the aggressor country to be held accountable for crimes committed during a full-scale military invasion of Ukraine., У статті розглядаються концептуальні питання, пов’язані із побудовою системи міжнародної кримінальної юстиції, ратифікацією Україною Римського статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду і особливостями співробітництва України з Міжнародним кримінальним судом. Проаналізовано основні причини затримки у ратифікації Україною Римського статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду та звертається увага на непослідовну та суперечливу позицію України, яка не використовує передбачені Римським статутом Міжнародного кримінального суду механізми притягнення до кримінальної відповідальності за злочин геноциду, злочини проти людяності, воєнні злочини та злочин агресії. Україна підписала Римський статут Міжнародного кримінального суду та запрошує останній розслідувати злочини, скоєні країною-агресором в Україні, але не виконує взяті на себе зобов’язання, не ратифікує Римський статут Міжнародного кримінального суду та не визнає його юрисдикцію (окрім спеціальної юрисдикції). Наголошується на необхідності гармонізації матеріального та процесуального права України до положень Римського статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду. Досліджено перспективи, негативні та правові наслідки ратифікації Україною Римського статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду у контексті повномасштабного військового вторгнення країни-агресора в Україну, а також євроінтеграційних процесів та вимог Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом. Доводиться теза, що нератифікація Україною Римського статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду може вплинути на можливості притягнення до відповідальності країни-агресора, незважаючи на те, що Україна скористалася спеціальною процедурою визнання юрисдикції Міжнародного кримінального суду. Розглянуто основні аспекти діяльності та питання юрисдикції Міжнародного кримінального суду. Звертається увага, що взаємовідносини України з Міжнародним кримінальним судом будуються на принципі комплементарності (доповнюваності) юрисдикцій. Досліджено сутність, значення та переваги співробітництва України з Міжнародним кримінальним судом, а також можливості притягнення до відповідальності країни-агресора за злочин геноциду, злочини проти людяності, воєнні злочини та злочин агресії. За результатами такого дослідження зроблено висновок, що визнання юрисдикції МКС (не лише спеціальної юрисдикції через п. 3 ст. 12 Римського статуту) для України є пріоритетною та неодмінною складовою її європейського шляху розвитку та реальною можливістю на міжнародному рівні притягнути до відповідальності топ посадовців країни-агресора за злочини, скоєні в Україні. Ратифікація Римського статуту Міжнародного кримінального суду надає додаткові можливості для національного судочинства, призведе до укріплення верховенства права та завдяки доступу до Міжнародного кримінального суду, дозволить притягнути до відповідальності країну-агресора за скоєні злочини під час повномасштабного військового вторгнення в Україну.

The Rohingya community has been persecuted by Myanmar authorities for years and, consequently, subjected to a process of genocide. The object of this study is the investigation of the conflict born between both communities and its religious roots: Buddhism and Islam. Afterwards, we will focus on the analysis of this historical struggle from the perspective of the Theory of Constructivism and how succeeded the construction of the antagonistic identity of “other”, the “enemy”, the “foe” and the “hostile” from within the government, the governmental institutions and the Myanmar public inside culture, legislation, and constant historical manipulation. El pueblo Rohingya ha sido objeto de persecución por las autoridades birmanas y, consecuentemente, sometido a un genocidio. El objeto de este estudio es la investigación del conflicto nacido entre dos pueblos y sus raíces religiosas: budismo e islam. Posteriormente, analizaremos este enconamiento histórico desde un punto de vista propio de la teoría constructivista y cómo se ha logrado la construcción de una identidad antagonista del “otro”, del “enemigo” y lo “hostil” por parte del estado, las instituciones gubernamentales y el pueblo birmano dentro de la cultura, la legislación y la constante manipulación histórica.

La presente investigación se propone describir, explicar y analizar el proceso de genocidio en Myanmar en contra de la comunidad rohingya. Los usos de la religión, las redes sociales y la identidad sirvieron como herramientas para justificar la violencia, eliminar al enemigo y ocultar la verdadera causa de la ofensiva militar contra la comunidad musulmana en 2017. Asimismo, el conflicto histórico entre las comunidades internas y el efecto de la apertura democrática y económica del país encaminaron a la sociedad de Myanmar hacia la condena de los rohingyas y a adquirir un lugar como actor en el genocidio. De esta manera, la sociedad legitimó al gobierno militar en las operaciones militares de 2017 que forzaron el desplazamiento de más de 700.000 rohingyas quienes, sumados a los más de 200.000 que ya habían migrado entre 2012 y 2015, se encuentran sin Estado ni derechos en el campo de refugiados más grande del mundo en Bangladesh. This research aims to describe, explain, and analyse the genocide process in Myanmar against the Rohingya community. The uses of religion, social media and identity, served as tools to justify violence, eliminate the enemy, and hide the real cause of the military offensive against the Muslim community in 2017. Similarly, the historical conflict between the internal communities and the effect to the country’s democratic and economic opening put Myanmar society on the path of condemning the Rohingya and acquiring a place as an actor in the genocide. In this way, society legitimized the military government in the 2017 military operations that forced the displacement of more than 700,000 Rohingyas, who, added to the more than 200,000 who had already migrated between 2012 and 2015, they find themselves without state or rights in the world’s largest refugee camp in Bangladesh.

Recent warfare in Eastern DRC, especially since 2015, is marked by violence inspired by ‘race’ narratives. Identity politics around ‘race’ is used to legitimise ‘expressive’ or reprisal-oriented violence against ‘Hamitic’ or ‘Tutsi’ minorities. The case of the Banyamulenge of South Kivu is examined in this article. Following Autesserre, we show that one-dimensional narratives – in this case of ‘race’ – tend to over-simplify the dynamics of political violence. Anti-Hamitic racism is derived from colonial ideas around race hierarchies, and has resulted in systematic killings of Banyamulenge civilians in what resembles a ‘slow genocide’. Expressive violence has, in turn, produced a lack of concern for the plight of Banyamulenge civilians among the military, humanitarians, media, scholars and NGOs. Given armed alliances between local Maimai forces, Burundian and Rwandan opposition and the DRC army, such ‘race’ narratives cruelly legitimise violence against civilians from ‘Tutsi’ communities, associated by neighbouring communities with Rwanda. Resultant displacement, starvation and killing of Banyamulenge civilians in this context amount to an on-going, slow-moving genocide. As the COVID-19 crisis unrolls, the decolonisation of identity politics in Eastern DRC, and in South Kivu in particular still seems very remote.

Multiple theories, including attachment, family systems, and epigenetics, among many others, have been invoked to explain the mechanisms through which trauma is transmitted from one generation to the next. To move toward integration of extant theories and, thus, acknowledgement of multiple pathways for transmission of trauma, the authors explore the potential of applying a culturally enhanced bioecological theory to transgenerational trauma (TGT). Data from in-depth qualitative interviews in Rwanda more than two decades after the genocide, with 44 mothers of children born of genocidal rape, and in-depth interviews and focus groups with a total of 60 youth born of genocidal rape, were analyzed according to the processes of culturally enhanced bioecological theory. The findings from a hybrid inductive and deductive thematic analysis suggest that a culturally enhanced bioecological theory of human development allows for an integrated, multi-dimensional analysis of individual, family, cultural, and societal factors of transmission of TGT. Some facets of the data, however, are not accounted for in the theory, specifically, how some mothers were able to create and sustain a positive bond with their children born of genocidal rape, despite societal and family pressure to abandon or abort them. Nonetheless, the findings demonstrate how a culturally enhanced bioecological theory can be an important overarching framework for developing policies and practices to help interrupt or mitigate TGT, strengthen resilience, and facilitate healing for children born of genocidal rape, their mothers, and their families.

The debate I discuss here revolves around the question of whether the Holocaust played a pivotal role in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Convention. The widely shared assumption is that it did indeed. Since 2010, however, some have raised doubts about this view. Who is right in this debate? I try to throw fresh light on it, using new sources and reevaluating old arguments to tackle three questions: what did the drafters of these early human rights instruments know about the Holocaust in 1946–48? What traces of the Holocaust can be found in the travaux préparatoires of these instruments? And who spoke about the Holocaust during the final debates? I argue that the fact that the term “Holocaust” was not used in 1946–48 does not mean that the realities behind it were absent from the minds of the drafters., Este artigo analisa o debate em torno do papel ocupado pelo Holocausto na elaboração da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos e da Convenção do Genocídio. O senso comum é que este papel foi determinante. No entanto, desde 2010, alguns autores têm questionado esta ideia. Quem tem razão? Este texto procura trazer um novo olhar a este debate, recorrendo a novas fontes e reavaliando velhos argumentos para responder a três questões: o que é que, em 1946-48, os autores destes instrumentos pioneiros dos direitos humanos sabiam sobre o Holocausto? Que traços do Holocausto podem ser encontrados nos travaux préparatoires destes instrumentos? Quem mencionou o Holocausto nas discussões finais? O meu argumento é que o facto de o termo “Holocausto” não ter sido utilizado em 1946-48 não significa que esta realidade estivesse ausente do pensamento dos autores destes documentos.

This review compiles and contextualizes the available empirical literature on natural occurrences of high-stakes altruism among nonrelatives, i.e., behaviors often called ‘heroic’. Four domains are covered: exceptional bravery and self-sacrifice in war, heroism in civilian life, undirected organ donations, and rescues of persecuted persons during mass violence and genocides. The diversity of strategies used to identify instances of heroic behavior and the multiplicity of data collection methods employed in this relatively sparse literature currently preclude a systematic comparison of results. Therefore, the aim of this overview is to provide an exhaustive point of entry to a fascinating field of research with much untapped potential for testing theories about prosocial behavior.

This review compiles and contextualizes the available empirical literature on natural occurrences of high-stakes altruism among nonrelatives, i.e., behaviors often called ‘heroic’. Four domains are covered: exceptional bravery and self-sacrifice in war, heroism in civilian life, undirected organ donations, and rescues of persecuted persons during mass violence and genocides. The diversity of strategies used to identify instances of heroic behavior and the multiplicity of data collection methods employed in this relatively sparse literature currently preclude a systematic comparison of results. Therefore, the aim of this overview is to provide an exhaustive point of entry to a fascinating field of research with much untapped potential for testing theories about prosocial behavior.

The article examines the main philosophical and theoretical problems of genocide in their dimensions as Ukrainian studies. In the era of global information and hybrid wars, the true meaning of many classic terms and ethnological concepts can be to a large extent distorted. Information about certain phenomena may be unavailable or misinterpreted by the world community, so there is an urgent need for their clarification and normalisation. The war crimes of the russian federation in Ukraine were recognised as genocide by seven countries, which is a very small number, and it is necessary to convey to the international community the importance of condemning these crimes on a global scale. The concept of genocide was introduced into legal practise and is most widely used in this field. However, we have certain "white spots" with ethnological, philosophical -theoretical, and Ukrainian studies definitions of concepts related to genocide, such as "ethnocide", "linguicide", especially "deicide", which is explained in this article for the first time. The destruction of national memory has been necessary for invaders at all times. The attention of Ukrainian scholars has already been focused on the fact that during the first pogrom (massacre) of Kyiv in 1169 by the Suzdal prince Andrey Bogolyubsky, the aggressors showed terrible signs of sadism against the people of Kyiv. For the first time, this showed the ethnic difference of the “Zalissia” Suzdalians from the Kyivan-Ruthenians, their antagonistic nature, which becomes clear in the context of the existential struggle of two separate nations. Further events of forced coexistence in one state of two nations, one of which did not lose its identity despite all the genocides, ruins, and calamities, were caused by imperial terror. They showed that Ukrainians have not learned the lessons of history, no conclusions have been drawn, and no state strategy for overcoming the Russian-imperial legacy has been developed. Attention was drawn to the fact that all phenomena of ethno-national conflict are important and should be targeted at overcoming the consequences of genocide in all its forms in the future., У статті розглянуто основні філософсько-теоретичні проблеми геноциду в їх українознавчому вимірі. Оскільки в період глобальних інформаційних та гібридних війн істинне значення багатьох класичних термінів та етнологічних понять значною мірою є викривленим, інформація про ті чи ті явища може бути недоступною або неправильно витлумаченою світовою спільнотою, постає нагальна потреба їх уточнення та унормування. Військові злочини рф в Україні визнали геноцидом 7 країн, це дуже незначна кількість, а потрібно доносити до міжнародної спільноти важливість засудження цих злочинів у світовому масштабі. Поняття геноциду введене в юридичну практику і найширше застосовується саме в ній. Проте маємо певні білі плями з етнологічними, філософсько-теоретичними та українознавчими дефініціями дотичних до геноциду понять, таких як «етноцид», «лінгвоцид», особливо «деїцид», що в цій статті знаходить своє осмислення. Знищення національної пам’яті необхідне загарбникам усіх часів. Уже було акцентовано українознавцями, що під час першого погрому Києва 1169 р. суздальським князем Андрієм Боголюбським проявлено жахливі ознаки садизму щодо киян, які вперше засвідчили етнічну відмінність «заліських» суздальців від киян-русів, їхню антагоністичну натуру, що стає зрозумілою в контексті екзистенційної боротьби двох окремих народів. Подальші події вимушеного співіснування в одній державі двох націй, одна з яких не втрачала своєї самобутності попри всі геноциди, руїни та лихоліття, спричинені імперським терором, показали, що уроки історії українцями засвоєні слабко, не зроблені висновки і не вироблена державна стратегія подолання російської імперської спадщини. Звернуто увагу на те, що всі явища етнонаціонального протиборства набувають важливого значення й у майбутньому мають бути спрямовані на подолання наслідків геноциду в Україні.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar los primeros avances de la reconstrucción histórica de la exposición “Patagonia: 12.000 años de historia”, realizada en el Museo Etnográfico de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el año 1973. Por el contexto histórico, político y cultural en el cual fue producida, esta exposición refleja desafíos y complejidades en dos aspectos centrales: su forma de organización, planificación y construcción; y el guión museológico que la atravesó. Fuentes de archivo fotográfico y documental y entrevistas testimoniales serán parte de la metodología de trabajo que nos permitirán 1) conocer la historia de esta exposición, 2) vincularla con la situación que se vivió en el Museo, en la Facultad, y en la Universidad, y 3) pensarla como parte de un proceso histórico en el que se desarrollaron experiencias inéditas en el marco del proyecto de la Universidad Nacional y Popular de Buenos Aires.

ALL THE PANDEMICS ARE DEATH-CAUSING MARKETING STRATEGIES: SCIENTIFIC LETTER TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ALL THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRIES Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Mississippi, Missouri, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin; Request to all states of the United States, including Wyoming and all the people of the countries. All the pandemics and wars are well-planned crimes against nature, science, peace, and humanity, since the 1900s. World War I and The Great Influenza pandemic are international dramas of the then elites and governments. In the name of the polio virus, the ruthless, inhuman monsters injected the so-called “Polio Vaccine” into the public people in between the 1950s to 1960s. Due to that polio vaccine, innocent general people got paralysis. The then drugs mafias and governments intentionally injected the cancer-causing SV40 virus in the guise of a polio vaccine. They all have been manufacturing diseases and disabilities in the name of the cure. The inhuman ruthless monsters are causing death among innocent public people in the name of health by injecting toxic injections in the pretext of vaccination. This coronavirus COVID-19 did not and does not exist, spread, occur, and emerge naturally or through laboratory leaks. These pandemic creators intentionally and deliberately spread the endless lies that the coronavirus is spreading, a laboratory leak. This coronavirus is a pre-planned and ruthless drama created by the pandemic creators. Everything is a cruel lie; all the protocol in the name of the pandemic is unscientific. These pandemic-creators are doing endless crimes against nature, humanity, peace, and science by creating a variety of pandemics to sell their toxic products in the name of the pandemic. This coronavirus COVID-19 is not a laboratory leak or natural; it is all propaganda and vicious lies of the pandemic creators. The pandemic is the marketing strategy of mass murderers. There is no climate crisis or rising sea level; it is all the utter lies of the frighteners. Nature is doing its process properly. But the inhumane is damaging nature in the name of the crisis. These pandemic creators are creating an artificial problem in the name of the pandemic. Monkeypox, Marburg, Influenza, and everything is the fear-marketing strategies in the name of the pandemic. The disease is not spreading in the high density of space. But these pandemic creators are creating the illusion of the pandemic to create fear among the public. For their pleasure, the psychopaths are mass murdering the public people worldwide by injecting toxic drugs in the name of cure and disease prevention. With proper mutual understanding, these pandemic creators have been creating pandemics. With mutual agreement, they are laundering money and imposing their agenda by creating fake wars and crises. All the mainstream media is promoting the death-causing COVID-19 injections as “Safe and Effective.” But the truth is the toxic Injections which are being forced in the guise of vaccination are causing incurable diseases, disabilities, cancer, blood clots, reducing blood counts, destroying immunity, causing heart attacks, and deaths. They have been creating the bank crisis to impose the digital currency enslavement ideology and agenda. Humanity is on the brink of destruction; Inhumane is destroying the public people (Humanity). Thank You! Rakhesh Jaghadish L | 21 MARCH 2023

ALL THE PANDEMICS ARE DEATH-CAUSING MARKETING STRATEGIES: SCIENTIFIC LETTER TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND ALL THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRIES Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Mississippi, Missouri, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin; Request to all states of the United States, including Wyoming and all the people of the countries. All the pandemics and wars are well-planned crimes against nature, science, peace, and humanity, since the 1900s. World War I and The Great Influenza pandemic are international dramas of the then elites and governments. In the name of the polio virus, the ruthless, inhuman monsters injected the so-called “Polio Vaccine” into the public people in between the 1950s to 1960s. Due to that polio vaccine, innocent general people got paralysis. The then drugs mafias and governments intentionally injected the cancer-causing SV40 virus in the guise of a polio vaccine. They all have been manufacturing diseases and disabilities in the name of the cure. The inhuman ruthless monsters are causing death among innocent public people in the name of health by injecting toxic injections in the pretext of vaccination. This coronavirus COVID-19 did not and does not exist, spread, occur, and emerge naturally or through laboratory leaks. These pandemic creators intentionally and deliberately spread the endless lies that the coronavirus is spreading, a laboratory leak. This coronavirus is a pre-planned and ruthless drama created by the pandemic creators. Everything is a cruel lie; all the protocol in the name of the pandemic is unscientific. These pandemic-creators are doing endless crimes against nature, humanity, peace, and science by creating a variety of pandemics to sell their toxic products in the name of the pandemic. This coronavirus COVID-19 is not a laboratory leak or natural; it is all propaganda and vicious lies of the pandemic creators. The pandemic is the marketing strategy of mass murderers. There is no climate crisis or rising sea level; it is all the utter lies of the frighteners. Nature is doing its process properly. But the inhumane is damaging nature in the name of the crisis. These pandemic creators are creating an artificial problem in the name of the pandemic. Monkeypox, Marburg, Influenza, and everything is the fear-marketing strategies in the name of the pandemic. The disease is not spreading in the high density of space. But these pandemic creators are creating the illusion of the pandemic to create fear among the public. For their pleasure, the psychopaths are mass murdering the public people worldwide by injecting toxic drugs in the name of cure and disease prevention. With proper mutual understanding, these pandemic creators have been creating pandemics. With mutual agreement, they are laundering money and imposing their agenda by creating fake wars and crises. All the mainstream media is promoting the death-causing COVID-19 injections as “Safe and Effective.” But the truth is the toxic Injections which are being forced in the guise of vaccination are causing incurable diseases, disabilities, cancer, blood clots, reducing blood counts, destroying immunity, causing heart attacks, and deaths. They have been creating the bank crisis to impose the digital currency enslavement ideology and agenda. Humanity is on the brink of destruction; Inhumane is destroying the public people (Humanity). Thank You! Rakhesh Jaghadish L | 21 MARCH 2023, No conflict of interest.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the false «prophecies» about the oneness of Ukraine, Russia and Belarus which are falsely attributed to the Chernihiv St. Archimandrite Lawrence (Proskura; 1868– 1950) and which the Moscow Patriarch Kirill (Gundyaev) laid as the basis for his fundamentalist ideology of «Russian world» and the sacred justification of the Russian invading war against Ukraine in 2022. The author concludes that in fact the words of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate are a deception and forgery, and that St. Lawrence of Chernihiv has never expressed the political ideas and slogans attributed to him. From the point of view of Orthodox theology these ideas can be regarded as heretical, since they encroach upon the basic dogma of the Orthodox doctrine – the unity of the Divine Trinity. The analysis of the texts and their origins showed that the real author of these pseudo-prophecies was a sectarian and self-appointed «archbishop» Cheruvim (Degtyar) from Chernihiv region who first launched this fake in 1994 in his falsified and published in Moscow book about St. Lawrence (Proskura) of Chernihiv. Belonging to the sectarian semi-katacomb trend of the «Sekachevites» and impersonating himself as «archimandrite» or «archbishop», he was one of the first who in the early 1990s began to spread among the ROC MP pseudo-orthodox sectarian cults of veneration of the «holiness» of Ivan the Terrible and Grigory Rasputin. The author analyzes and introduces into scientific circulation little-known archival documents concerning both Cheruvim Degtyar and Lawrentce Proskura, reveals little-known facts of their biographies, views and activities. According to the conclusions of the author, after Lawrence Chernihiv canonization in UOC MP his biography and teaching in 1994 were significantly falsified and perverted by self-appointed «archbishop» Cheruvim Degtyar who tried to use the name of the saint to create the popularity and image of «disciple of the elder», attributing to the ascetic «statements» and «prophecies» that he never actually said or shared. This was a deliberate distortion of both church history and the true image of the ascetic and his professed beliefs. Through this forgery political slogans and ideas were ascribed to the revered Chernigov saint in order to further promote and spread them among the faithful on «his behalf», artificially attributing to them the authority of «prophecies» and thus «sacralizing» these ideas themselves. These fictitious and spurious «statements» and «prophecies» have been adopted in the development of the latest imperial-fundamentalist ideology of the «Russian world» and which is now being strenuously promoted in the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarch Kirill Gundev. The author concludes that the ideology of the «Russian world» preached in the ROC MP is based on slogans borrowed not from the Orthodox Church tradition, but from the sectarian slums of marginal currents – from outright impostors and adventurers. These false «prophecies» are used to justify and to exuse both ideas of restoration of the USSR / Russian Empire, and the invader war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and the genocide of the Ukrainian people., {"references":["Firsov, S.L. (2010). Legenda o czarskom brate: velikij knyaz Mikhail Aleksandrovich – soloveczkij patriarkh Mikhail [The Legend of the Tsar's Brother: Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich – Solovki Patriarch Mikhail]. Gosudarstvo, religiya, czerkov v Rossii i za rubezhom – State, religion, church in Russia and abroad, 4, P. 209–225.","Nechaeva, M.Yu. (2000). Lzheknyaz Mikhail. Debyut samozvancza [False Prince Michael. Impostor debut]. Yekaterinburg, Russia.","Nechaeva, M.Yu. (2014). Ot «velikogo knyazya» do «arkhiepiskopa». Evolyucziya samozvancza Mikhaila Pozdeeva v kontekste czerkovnoj sredy [From «Grand Duke» to «Archbishop». The evolution of the impostor Mikhail Pozdeev in the context of the church environment]. Religioznoe mnogoobrazie Uralskogo regiona – Religious diversity of the Ural Region. Р. 168–181. Orenburg, Russia.","Shumilo, V.V. (2008). Skhiarkhimandrit Lavrentij i ego vremya: Ocherk czerkovnoj istorii Chernigovshhiny (1868–1950 gg.) [Schema-Archimandrite Lavrentiy and his time: Essay on the сhurch history of Chernihiv Region (1868–1950)]. Pravoslavnaia zhyzn – Orthodox life, 2, Р. 1–40. Jordanville, USA.","Shumilo, V.V. (2019). Skhyarkhimandryt Lavrentij (Proskura) – chlen Istynno-Pravoslavnoi tserkvy na Chernihivschyni [Schiarchimandrite Lavrentiy (Proskura) is a member of the True Orthodox Church in Chernihiv region]. Siverianskyj litopys – Siverian chronicle, 4–5, Р. 67–80.","Shumilo, V.V. (2021). Istynno-pravoslavna (Katakombna) tserkva na Chernihivshchyni u 20–30-kh rr. XX st. [True Orthodox (Catacomb) Church in Chernihiv region in the 20s and 30s of the 20th c.]. Chernihiv, Ukraine","Shumylo, S.V. (2011). V katakombakh. Pravoslavnoe podpole v SSSR [In the catacombs. Orthodox subfield in the USSR]. Lutsk, Ukraine.","Shumylo, S.V. (2019). Kanonizirovannyj pri zhizni… Ispovednicheskoe sluzhenie protoiereya Aleksandra Makova (1881–1985) na Kubani i v Chernigove [Canonized during his lifetime… Confessional ministry of Archpriest Alexander Makov (1881–1985) in the Kuban and Chernigov]. Vestnik PSTGU – Bulletin of OSTUH, 90, P. 79–114.","Shumylo, S.V. (2022). Ideia «russkoho mira» yak teolohiia viiny moskovskoho patriarkha Kirila: do postanovky problem [The idea of «Russian world» as the theology of war of the Moscow Patriarch Kirill: before the problem statement]. Siverianskyj litopys – Siverian chronicle, 4, Р. 126–134.","Slesarev, A.V. (2007). Rossijskaya pravoslavnaya katakombnaya czerkov v Belorussii: istoriya i sovremennost [Russian Orthodox Catacomb Church in Belarus: history and modernity]. Minskie eparkhialnye vedomosti – Minsk diocesan reports, 4, P. 68–70.","Slesarev, A.V. (2012). Osnovatel «serafimo-gennadievskoj» vetvi Katakombnoj czerkvi «skhimitropolit» Gennadij (Sekach) [The founder of the «Seraphim-Gennadievskaya» branch of the Catacomb Church «schemetropolitan» Gennady (Sekach)]. Sektovedenie: Almanakh – Sect Studies: Almanac, 2, P. 112–147. Zhirovichi, Belarus."]}

Die NS-Prozesse in der Bundesrepublik waren ein Forum, in dem bereits in der frühen Nachkriegszeit die Verbrechen des Nationalsozialismus verhandelt wurden. Dabei hatten die Holocaust-Überlebenden und ehemaligen KZ-Häftlinge als Zeugen eine besonders kontroverse Aufgabe, die von der Forschung jedoch bislang kaum beachtet wurde. Vielfach lag es allein an ihnen, mit ihren Berichten die Angeklagten zu überführen. Zugleich waren sie teils massivem Misstrauen der deutschen Justiz ausgesetzt, die die Überlebenden für zu parteiisch hielt, um objektive Einschätzungen abzugeben. Die Befragungen und die Konfrontation mit den Tätern stellten zudem eine hohe Belastung dar. Dennoch sagten Tausende Überlebende aus freien Stücken aus und nahmen die Strapazen auf sich, um die strafrechtliche Verfolgung der Verbrechen voranzubringen. Katharina Stengel untersucht am Beispiel von vier Auschwitz-Prozessen aus drei Jahrzehnten, welche Bedeutung die Opfer für die NS-Prozesse hatten, wie die Juristen mit ihnen und ihren unfassbaren Berichten umgingen, wie die Zeuginnen und Zeugen selbst vor Gericht agierten, welche Anliegen sie verfolgten und welche Schlüsse sie aus ihren Erfahrungen zogen. Dabei werden unterschiedliche theoretische Konzeptionen von Zeugenschaft mit den Selbstauskünften der Überlebenden in Bezug gesetzt und diskutiert.

Con la recuperación de la democracia, la experiencia de la prisión política durante el genocidio argentino se ha visto opacada y relegada por el lugar destacado que cobraron los relatos centrados en testimoniar la topografía del horror y la represión. Este trabajo posee tres propósitos: reconstruir las políticas de resistencia que sostuvieron las presas, recuperar las contradicciones con las que se encontraron durante su encierro en la cárcel de Villa Devoto (1974-1983), y caracterizar el disciplinamiento sexo-genérico que soportaron durante la prisión política. Para esto nos apoyamos en testimonios disponibles en diversos archivos nacionales públicos y en bibliografía secundaria, en particular el trabajo “Nosotras, presas políticas”. Y sostenemos que las políticas de resistencia que las presas llevaron adelante en Villa Devoto fueron producto de la interacción entre los diversos conflictos internos y las prácticas de solidaridad., With the recovery of democracy, the experience of political imprisonment during the Argentine genocide has been overshadowed and relegated by the prominent place given to narratives focused on bearing witness to the topography of horror and repression. This paper has three aims: to reconstruct the politics of resistance that women prisoners sustained, to recover the contradictions they encountered during their confinement in Villa Devoto prison (1974-1983), and to characterise the sex-gender disciplining they endured during political imprisonment. To this end, we rely on testimonies available in various national public archives and secondary bibliography, in particular the work "Nosotras, presas políticas" (We, political prisoners). And we argue that the politics of resistance that the women prisoners carried out in Villa Devoto were the product of the interaction between the various internal conflicts and the practices of solidarity., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales

L’objectif de cet article est de retracer et analyser la mise en place du rapport complexe que les États-Unis entretiennent avec la notion de génocide, afin d’en cerner les tenants et les enjeux politiques, géopolitiques et mémoriels. Dès les premiers débats pour la conceptualisation du crime de génocide, consécutifs à la Shoah et débouchant sur la Convention de 1948 de l’ONU, dans lesquels les États-Unis s’investissent fortement, il est clair que la définition du terme recouvre des enjeux importants. Puis, alors que les États-Unis ne ratifient cette convention qu’en 1988, c’est ensuite l’utilisation du terme (parfois liée à l’intervention diplomatique ou militaire pour empêcher les massacres lorsqu’ils ont lieu) ou la mémorialisation des génocides passés qui posent question. L’article aborde la position des autorités américaines vis-à-vis des principaux cas de violence de masse des 20e et 21e siècles, et la met en parallèle avec les difficultés des États-Unis à mémorialiser les pages sombres de leur propre histoire nationale. The goals of this article are to trace and analyze the complex relationship that the United States has built with the notion of genocide and to identify its political, geopolitical and memorial aspects. From the first debates on the conceptualization of the crime of genocide after the Holocaust and until the ratification of the UN Convention in 1948 (debates in which the United States was heavily involved), it was clear that the definition of the term genocide was a difficult and sensitive matter. Since 1948, even while the United States did not ratify this convention until 1988, the use of the term raised questions. These uses were often related to possible diplomatic or military interventions to prevent ongoing massacres and to commemorative activities. This article discusses the position of U.S. authorities vis-à-vis the major cases of mass violence during the 20th and 21st centuries and contrasts it with the difficulties of the United States in memorializing the dark pages of its own national history.

This thesis sought to determine the factors that have traditionally challenged effective U.S. human rights policies with China, examining U.S. preferences, policies, developments, and conditions from 1993 through 2021. This thesis investigated the efficacy of U.S. human rights policies with China according to policy makers’ prioritization of those policies, in terms of time, effort, and competing or conflicting impacts to other national interests. U.S. policy makers from the Clinton through the Obama administrations demonstrated a consistent preference to prioritize economic relations and security cooperation with China under an overarching engagement strategy at the expense of effective human rights efforts. Under Trump, however, conditions and events resulted in a major shift from the engagement policy toward a competition strategy. The major contributors to the strategy shift were (1) China’s human rights issues in Xinjiang and Hong Kong, (2) U.S. policy makers’ acknowledgement that China was growing powerful at the expense of the U.S. and that its development had not led to liberalization, and (3) Trump’s America First foreign policy tendencies, which rejected overreliance on China to achieve his national goals. U.S. human rights policies became more effective as policy makers became increasingly willing to use confrontational measures against China’s human rights issues to include imposing sanctions and passing punitive and prevention-related legislation. Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Genozide werden allgemeinhin als die intentionale, oft aber nicht nur mit physischer Gewalt verbundene Vernichtung einer klar identifizierbaren Gruppe von Nichtkombattantinnen und Nichtkombattanten verstanden. So neu der Begriff ist, so alt sind viele der Praktiken. Dazu gehören massenhafte Tötungen, Vertreibungen, Versklavung, Kinderdiebstahl, Zerstörung kultureller und religiöser Orte bzw. Verbot der Ausübung von Bräuchen und Ritualen, sowie der Nutzung der je eigenen Sprache. Hinter diesen Maßnahmen stehen zumeist politische Motive, die eng an die Erlangung und Aufrechterhaltung zentralisierter politischer Macht gebunden sind. Psychologische Konzepte und Erkenntnisse werden für Forschende im Feld relevant, wenn es um die Erklärung individuellen und kollektiven Agierens im Kontext dieser spezifischen Form kollektiver Gewalt geht. Vor allem die Ergebnisse experimenteller sozialpsychologischer Studien aus den 1940-70er Jahren bilden seit Jahrzehnten das Rückgrat oft weitreichender erklärender Erzählungen. Die vielfältigen Probleme einer Übertragbarkeit dieser Studien auf doch sehr diverse Ereignisse blieben lange Zeit unbeachtet. Insbesondere im letzten Jahrzehnt sind allerdings zunehmend Studien erschienen, in denen die Geltung der Klas-siker neu bewertet wird. Neben dieser Einordnung alter Arbeiten mag die Fruchtbarmachung bisher wenig beachteter Zugänge zum Verständnis von Gewalt in sehr unterschiedlichen historischen und kulturellen Kontexten beitragen. Das beträfe zum einen Aspekte, die kulturspezifisch sind wie Sinnbildungsprozesse, Identitäts- und Selbstkonstruktionen. Zum anderen sind dies Aspekte, die aktuell noch gar nicht benannt werden können. So gibt es eine Reihe von Autor*innen, die seit einigen Jahren an der Entwicklung einer in ihren Worten genuin afrikanischen Psychologie arbeiten. Ob sich daraus neue Zugänge für die Gewalt- bzw. Friedensforschung ergeben, muss sich noch erweisen. Hinzu kommen indigene Zugänge, die sich selbst gar nicht als Psychologie bezeichnen. Das sind etwa religiöse Deutungen menschlichen Agierens wie sie sich beispielsweise im Hinduismus, Buddhismus und damit auch in Meditationspraktiken finden. Weiter gibt es Psychologien, die Kultur nicht als Störfaktor, sondern als fundamental für das Verständnis individueller Psychen deuten. Ein Beispiel ist die Kulturpsychologie. Schließlich greift die Fokussierung auf die Gewaltausführenden konzeptionell zu kurz. Denn jede individuelle Aktion, die in zeitlicher und räumlicher Nähe zur Gewalt stehen sind Teil ihrer Ermöglichung (u.a. absperren, transportieren, verwalten, oder auch nur die Versorgung der Mordenden mit Lebensmitteln. Genauso können solche Handlungen Teil der Verhinderung, Eindämmung oder Minderung der Gewalt sein (u.a. widersprechen, nicht mitmachen, verstecken, kämpfen).

CORONAVIRUS SCAM – COVID-19 DOES NOT EXIST; THIS IS A PRE-PLANNED BOGUS PANDEMIC AND THE BIGGEST SCAM IN THE HUMAN HISTORY Sinful acts and unforgivable sins against Nature, humanity, science, country, and its constitution Rakhesh Jaghadish L THE REPORT – Version 1 – February 22, 2023 Atrocities and mass murders against Nature's human beings on this earth Date – 23 February 2023 Coronavirus or COVID-19 pandemic virus does not exist naturally. This coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is bogus, and the lies of the Inhumans, such as the criminal elites, governments, media, pharmaceutical companies, etc. To humankind, to the People of all Countries, human rights organizations, independent activists, human rights defenders, & all the Justice Department of the Country:⸺ “Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Channel Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, DR Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Réunion, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Bahamas, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe” ___________________________________________________________________________________ LETTER TO THE HON'BLE COURTS, PUBLIC PEOPLE, INDEPENDENT MEDIA, HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS, AND EVERYONE WHITE PAPER ABOUT THE ENDLESS CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY These pandemics, vaccines, and wars are bogus scams and crimes against humanity. Below I attached all the documents and proof that this coronavirus-COVID-19 pandemic and past pandemics are scams and crimes against Nature, science, and humankind; the governments are artificially creating war and earthquakes. In the name of the pandemic and by making the pandemic, they (conspirators, genociders, and pandemic creators) all have been mass murdering the public people worldwide for personal greed. Below I attached proof that this pandemic, war, accidents, and disasters are artificial and crimes against humanity. These pandemic creators and mass murderers are all damaging the public worldwide, psychologically and physically, through the media spreading misinformation that the mRNA COVID-19 injections are "Safe and Effective." These pandemic creators and mass murderers creating pre-planned wars and artificial earthquakes are bizarre. This coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is a crime against the law of Nature. To every human being on this earth, please kindly come out of the illusions, be honest, spread the truth, and see the reality that Inhumans are mass murdering human beings by creating the pre-planned bogus pandemic. I kindly urge everyone to share the fact. This fake coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest scam and crime against humanity. Mass murderers, such as freemasons, criminal elites, pharmaceutical companies, companies, media, governments, and politicians, are mass murdering independent human beings in the name of the pandemic and by injecting the mRNA (nucleic acid) toxic injections under the pretext of COVID-19 vaccinations. They are deceiving every human (public people worldwide) by spreading lies in the guise of vaccines; the mass murderers are mass murdering innocent general people worldwide by forcing toxic Injections containing hazardous, poisonous metals. The harmful COVID-19 Injections are causing incurable diseases and deaths. Mass Murderers: Pharmaceutical companies, such as AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna, CureVac, etc., and 'politicians and governments,' and media, such as mainstream media, big tech media, etc., and criminal elites, such as Bill Gates, Klaus Schwab, George Soros, etc., and intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations and its sub-agencies, such as the world health organization, UNICEF, etc., and 'non-profit and non-governmental organizations,' such as Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, CEPI, Isha Foundation, etc., and 'military and health agencies' of governments worldwide, such as DARPA, BARDA, NIH, ICMR, etc., are injecting toxic mRNA (nucleic acid) injections into innocent public people's bodies worldwide and committing genocide and crimes against humanity in the name of the planned pandemic and under the pretext of COVID-19 vaccination. This coronavirus pandemic is the most significant crime against humanity. Because the pandemic is bogus, it does not exist. By forcing toxic Injections, the mass murderers mentioned above are intentionally causing deaths among the public people worldwide. The toxic metals in Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Moderna are causing cancer, blood clots, and fatalities. These deaths are unnatural, and I will consider these deaths as murders. Because they intentionally created this pandemic against the public people of every country, and they have been covertly injecting toxic metals-containing injections into innocent general people for personal greed, profits, and Interest. Those who received those harmful mRNA injections get incurable diseases and die. In this pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, the public is mass murdered. In the past three years, they spread unended lies, played drama, and profited by causing death among the innocent public. And still, they are lying and spreading misinformation about those vaccines. They killed everyone without any age difference, including children in this bogus pre-planned pandemic. They killed this generation and damaged the root of this generation. This pandemic bio-war conspirators, lunatics, and psychopaths, such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, Wellcome Trust, Rockefeller Foundation, Bill Gates, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, World Governments, Media, World Economic Forum members and partners, and Pharmaceutical Companies, such as Pfizer, AstraZeneca, CureVac, Moderna, Serum Institute, Sinopharm, etc., are the only responsible for this crime against humanity and genocide. These pandemic bio-war conspirators are creating pre-planned bogus pandemics, wars, and artificial earthquakes to mass murder the public worldwide. These pandemic bio-war conspirators and genociders continuously create new problems to cover up their past issues and crimes. This document is proof that this pandemic is a scam and bogus. This document is proof that this ongoing fake pre-planned war between Ukraine and Russia is a distraction to cover up the vaccine-causing deaths. I'm reporting the genocide and crimes against humanity on behalf of the innocent public people of this world. This document concerns the brutal face of fake pandemics and incurable diseases caused by mRNA toxic mass vaccination. This documentation examines human deaths and suffering from this mRNA toxic, poisonous vaccination. The Inhumane mainstream media and big tech media promote the death-causing vaccines to everyone. The big pharma so-called pharmaceutical chemical drug companies, such as Pfizer, Moderna, CureVac, AstraZeneca, etc., are mass murdering public people worldwide and creating pre-planned wars to do money laundering of the blood profits. Creating the pandemic and injecting toxic metals contained toxic injection into public people body under the pretext of vaccination by the pandemic creators, conspirators, and genociders, such as pharmaceutical companies, the United Nations, politicians, governments, 'non-profit and non-governmental organizations,' such as World Economic Forum, Bill and Melinda Gates, etc. All the media, pharmaceutical drug companies, politicians, government officials, secret societies, freemasons, and eugenics are currently involved in this pre-planned bogus coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic and genocide of the public people worldwide in the name of the pandemic. Pandemic conspirators and mass murderers have been openly involved in these crimes against humanity, causing irreparable harm to every independent individual worldwide. Those toxic metals in harmful mRNA COVID-19 injections are altering and damaging human beings' DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). The damaging DNA (gene) leads to cancer, side diseases, and deaths. Manipulating genes will resonate from generation to generation. Still, the pandemic creators and conspirators inject toxic COVID-19 injections on the pretext of vaccination. Heart attacks, irregular heartbeats, blood clots, cancer, paralysis, and even death result from those toxic mRNA COVID-19 injections. The sleeper cells, like the Freemasons, intruded over the Judiciary system and health agencies. This pandemic's creators and mass murderers all mislead humanity. They cause irreparable damage to every independent individual worldwide in the name of the pandemic and mass murdering the public worldwide by injection toxic Injection on the pretext of vaccination. This pandemic creators, conspirators, and genociders have been creating pre-planned unnatural (artificial) disasters, including earthquakes and train accidents, to cover up the deaths and incurable side diseases or side effects caused by the toxic Injections are being forced under the pretext of vaccination. In the name of useless agenda 2030 (also known as Road Map 2030) and Great Reset, they are all genociding the world population for greedy profits. The human population on our earth is not even overpopulated. Still, the creator of this pandemic and mass murderers are all spreading misinformation among the public people worldwide that "human beings are overpopulated." But scientifically, humans are not overpopulated. This bogus pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the systematic racism, conspiracy, and crimes against humanity created by corrupt persons, organizations, pharmaceutical companies, media, and governments to control the independent individuals of this world. COVID-19 is a bogus pandemic and conspiracy against humanity (public people worldwide). This bogus coronavirus COVID-19 pre-planned pandemic is the product of the World Economic Forum members and partners, 'Bill Gates foundations, such as GAVI, Bill and Melinda Gates, CEPI, etc.,' governments, politicians, media, and 'pharmaceutical companies, such as Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Serum Institute, Moderna, CureVac, etc. They have planned this pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 bogus pandemic for a long time to genocide (mass murder) the public worldwide in the name of the pandemic and by pushing the toxic metals containing COVID-19 toxic Injection on the pretext of vaccination. From the 1900s to the present, the pandemic creators, conspirators, and mass murderers are following the same strategies to mass murder the public in the name of the pandemic and by injecting toxic injections forcibly under the pretext of disease prevention and vaccination. The vaccination does not provide immunity. It is all scams and crimes against humanity. Before and Since the 18th century, phoney doctors and scientists have created bogus remedies to cheat the then people. They still follow the same strategies to defraud the public worldwide by creating new pandemics and counterfeit vaccines to fool the people. These pandemic conspirators will never speak the truth. Because they all intentionally created this pandemic to cause damage to humanity. They have been using the public people worldwide as experimental rats, injecting toxic COVID-19 Injections into the public by deceiving them to depopulate to control the general people by snatching natural freedom. Those Injections cause blood clots, paralysis, damaging the immune system, and causing death. Still, good doctors are treating diseases and providing treatment. I'm not slandering doctors or modern medicine. But toxic drugs being tested or given covertly to the public are crimes against humanity and nature. Good doctors are in place of god because they are saving lives. But here, some corrupt doctors are damaging the growth of society. Human resources are essential to maintain humanity. Currently, they have injected toxic COVID-19 Injections into around 5 billion people worldwide by creating this fake coronavirus pandemic and defrauding the public worldwide. Those 5 billion people are at health risk because COVID-19 coronavirus toxic Injections are causing blood clots and deaths. The fact is they fooled our ancestors very well. The reason is that they lied in the name of vaccinations, "we found the vaccine through the virus. If you get the vaccine, the virus won't spread." they said. Our forefathers didn't even understand that vaccines are viruses because pharmaceutical and chemical drug companies have been deceiving the public worldwide since 1913. The truth is that pharmaceutical and chemical drug companies in 1915 advertised the Formamint tablets under the pretext of throat infections. At that time, pharmaceutical companies and governments brainwashed the public that Formamint tablets were the cure. One company that manufactured formalin (formaldehyde) containing Formamint tablets was Bayer pharmaceutical company during the tremendous fake influenza pandemic. In the year 1918, they created the first great influenza bogus pandemic. They made fear through the then media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, etc., and they brainwashed the then-public worldwide. They covertly gave the Formamint throat infection-causing tablet under the pretext of throat infection prevention. Due to Formamint tablets, the then innocent ordinary people worldwide died. Because the formaldehydes' side effects are throat infections and pneumonia, formaldehyde is highly toxic. And also, formaldehyde's primary side effect is pneumonia. Because pneumonia caused by the Formamint tablets was the cause of death during the Influenza pre-planned bogus pandemic in 1918. But the pandemic creators and conspirators created the fake pandemic, caused death by covertly giving the toxic drugs, and blamed the non-exist pandemic. The absolute truth is there is no cure for any disease scientifically. But the fake pandemic creators and conspirators are saying there is a treatment for the infections. But they all cause the illness and not curing the disease. Psychopath and uninvestigated pedophile Bill Gates is Just the front face of the pandemic. There are more faces of Individual high-profile persons involved in this pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic than Bill Gates. Every government worldwide is following the eugenics pseudoscience agenda. Persons elected by the public people are directly involved in this pre-planned bogus pandemic and genocide against the general people worldwide. The inhuman corruption is playing behind in the name of the pandemic, vaccine, and war. They falsify the documents, manipulating, threatening, and brainwashing the public to get toxic Injections. The general public, who have suffered from dangerous side effects worldwide, is being prevented from speaking the truth and being censored by governments worldwide. Because the fact is violating their pharmaceutical companies, the media and the government are censoring those who speak the truth about deaths caused by toxic injections forced under the guise of vaccination. Governments controlled by pharmaceutical companies have threatened the public worldwide: "If you did not get the vaccination, there is no essential goods and Job." Current Brazil Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, the World Economic Forum member and partner, had threatened the citizens of people that "citizens could only receive the government only if they have taken a vaccine." The Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is a complete hoax, a fake and a pre-planned conspiracy against humanity. This coronavirus COVID-19 is a bogus crime against humanity, nature, and science. The virus never causes actual damage and deaths. Instead, the toxic injection forced under the guise of vaccination causes deaths. Every person involved in this genocide and a bogus pandemic is a member and partner of the World Economic Forum. The United Nations' agreement with the World Economic Forum before their pandemic launch was to only mass murder the public people worldwide. Every politician, such as the president, prime ministers, ministers, and their governments, is a member and partner of the World Economic Forum. They all work for the same ideology in this pre-planned pandemic to enslave humanity. Those who speak against them are being politically retaliated, psychologically harassed, and mysteriously murdered by the pandemic creators and conspirators. This COVID-19 bogus pandemic is the face of the globalists' corruption, greed and agenda. The World Economic Forum members and partners, World Health Organization, United Nations, Bill and Melinda Gates foundations, media, politicians, and pharmaceutical companies all are involved in this genocide in the name of the pandemic to impose their deadly agenda so-called "Road Map or Agenda 2020" against the Nature, science, and humanity. Their 'agenda 2030' is about the enslavement of the entire world public people by reducing the population by implementing abortions, murdering half of the population by forcing toxic injections, creating pandemics, and wars, creating planned food shortages, creating premeditated riots, and also dividing the public peop

CORONAVIRUS SCAM – COVID-19 DOES NOT EXIST; THIS IS A PRE-PLANNED BOGUS PANDEMIC AND THE BIGGEST SCAM IN THE HUMAN HISTORY Sinful acts and unforgivable sins against Nature, humanity, science, country, and its constitution Rakhesh Jaghadish L THE REPORT – Version 1 – February 22, 2023 Atrocities and mass murders against Nature's human beings on this earth Date – 23 February 2023 Coronavirus or COVID-19 pandemic virus does not exist naturally. This coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is bogus, and the lies of the Inhumans, such as the criminal elites, governments, media, pharmaceutical companies, etc. To humankind, to the People of all Countries, human rights organizations, independent activists, human rights defenders, & all the Justice Department of the Country:⸺ “Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Channel Islands, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, DR Congo, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, French Guiana, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Réunion, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, San Marino, Sao Tome & Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, South Sudan, Spain, Sri Lanka, State of Palestine, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, The Bahamas, Timor-Leste, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Western Sahara, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe” ___________________________________________________________________________________ LETTER TO THE HON'BLE COURTS, PUBLIC PEOPLE, INDEPENDENT MEDIA, HUMAN RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONS, AND EVERYONE WHITE PAPER ABOUT THE ENDLESS CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY These pandemics, vaccines, and wars are bogus scams and crimes against humanity. Below I attached all the documents and proof that this coronavirus-COVID-19 pandemic and past pandemics are scams and crimes against Nature, science, and humankind; the governments are artificially creating war and earthquakes. In the name of the pandemic and by making the pandemic, they (conspirators, genociders, and pandemic creators) all have been mass murdering the public people worldwide for personal greed. Below I attached proof that this pandemic, war, accidents, and disasters are artificial and crimes against humanity. These pandemic creators and mass murderers are all damaging the public worldwide, psychologically and physically, through the media spreading misinformation that the mRNA COVID-19 injections are "Safe and Effective." These pandemic creators and mass murderers creating pre-planned wars and artificial earthquakes are bizarre. This coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is a crime against the law of Nature. To every human being on this earth, please kindly come out of the illusions, be honest, spread the truth, and see the reality that Inhumans are mass murdering human beings by creating the pre-planned bogus pandemic. I kindly urge everyone to share the fact. This fake coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the biggest scam and crime against humanity. Mass murderers, such as freemasons, criminal elites, pharmaceutical companies, companies, media, governments, and politicians, are mass murdering independent human beings in the name of the pandemic and by injecting the mRNA (nucleic acid) toxic injections under the pretext of COVID-19 vaccinations. They are deceiving every human (public people worldwide) by spreading lies in the guise of vaccines; the mass murderers are mass murdering innocent general people worldwide by forcing toxic Injections containing hazardous, poisonous metals. The harmful COVID-19 Injections are causing incurable diseases and deaths. Mass Murderers: Pharmaceutical companies, such as AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Moderna, CureVac, etc., and 'politicians and governments,' and media, such as mainstream media, big tech media, etc., and criminal elites, such as Bill Gates, Klaus Schwab, George Soros, etc., and intergovernmental organizations, such as the United Nations and its sub-agencies, such as the world health organization, UNICEF, etc., and 'non-profit and non-governmental organizations,' such as Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, CEPI, Isha Foundation, etc., and 'military and health agencies' of governments worldwide, such as DARPA, BARDA, NIH, ICMR, etc., are injecting toxic mRNA (nucleic acid) injections into innocent public people's bodies worldwide and committing genocide and crimes against humanity in the name of the planned pandemic and under the pretext of COVID-19 vaccination. This coronavirus pandemic is the most significant crime against humanity. Because the pandemic is bogus, it does not exist. By forcing toxic Injections, the mass murderers mentioned above are intentionally causing deaths among the public people worldwide. The toxic metals in Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Moderna are causing cancer, blood clots, and fatalities. These deaths are unnatural, and I will consider these deaths as murders. Because they intentionally created this pandemic against the public people of every country, and they have been covertly injecting toxic metals-containing injections into innocent general people for personal greed, profits, and Interest. Those who received those harmful mRNA injections get incurable diseases and die. In this pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, the public is mass murdered. In the past three years, they spread unended lies, played drama, and profited by causing death among the innocent public. And still, they are lying and spreading misinformation about those vaccines. They killed everyone without any age difference, including children in this bogus pre-planned pandemic. They killed this generation and damaged the root of this generation. This pandemic bio-war conspirators, lunatics, and psychopaths, such as the United Nations, World Health Organization, Wellcome Trust, Rockefeller Foundation, Bill Gates, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, World Governments, Media, World Economic Forum members and partners, and Pharmaceutical Companies, such as Pfizer, AstraZeneca, CureVac, Moderna, Serum Institute, Sinopharm, etc., are the only responsible for this crime against humanity and genocide. These pandemic bio-war conspirators are creating pre-planned bogus pandemics, wars, and artificial earthquakes to mass murder the public worldwide. These pandemic bio-war conspirators and genociders continuously create new problems to cover up their past issues and crimes. This document is proof that this pandemic is a scam and bogus. This document is proof that this ongoing fake pre-planned war between Ukraine and Russia is a distraction to cover up the vaccine-causing deaths. I'm reporting the genocide and crimes against humanity on behalf of the innocent public people of this world. This document concerns the brutal face of fake pandemics and incurable diseases caused by mRNA toxic mass vaccination. This documentation examines human deaths and suffering from this mRNA toxic, poisonous vaccination. The Inhumane mainstream media and big tech media promote the death-causing vaccines to everyone. The big pharma so-called pharmaceutical chemical drug companies, such as Pfizer, Moderna, CureVac, AstraZeneca, etc., are mass murdering public people worldwide and creating pre-planned wars to do money laundering of the blood profits. Creating the pandemic and injecting toxic metals contained toxic injection into public people body under the pretext of vaccination by the pandemic creators, conspirators, and genociders, such as pharmaceutical companies, the United Nations, politicians, governments, 'non-profit and non-governmental organizations,' such as World Economic Forum, Bill and Melinda Gates, etc. All the media, pharmaceutical drug companies, politicians, government officials, secret societies, freemasons, and eugenics are currently involved in this pre-planned bogus coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic and genocide of the public people worldwide in the name of the pandemic. Pandemic conspirators and mass murderers have been openly involved in these crimes against humanity, causing irreparable harm to every independent individual worldwide. Those toxic metals in harmful mRNA COVID-19 injections are altering and damaging human beings' DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid). The damaging DNA (gene) leads to cancer, side diseases, and deaths. Manipulating genes will resonate from generation to generation. Still, the pandemic creators and conspirators inject toxic COVID-19 injections on the pretext of vaccination. Heart attacks, irregular heartbeats, blood clots, cancer, paralysis, and even death result from those toxic mRNA COVID-19 injections. The sleeper cells, like the Freemasons, intruded over the Judiciary system and health agencies. This pandemic's creators and mass murderers all mislead humanity. They cause irreparable damage to every independent individual worldwide in the name of the pandemic and mass murdering the public worldwide by injection toxic Injection on the pretext of vaccination. This pandemic creators, conspirators, and genociders have been creating pre-planned unnatural (artificial) disasters, including earthquakes and train accidents, to cover up the deaths and incurable side diseases or side effects caused by the toxic Injections are being forced under the pretext of vaccination. In the name of useless agenda 2030 (also known as Road Map 2030) and Great Reset, they are all genociding the world population for greedy profits. The human population on our earth is not even overpopulated. Still, the creator of this pandemic and mass murderers are all spreading misinformation among the public people worldwide that "human beings are overpopulated." But scientifically, humans are not overpopulated. This bogus pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is the systematic racism, conspiracy, and crimes against humanity created by corrupt persons, organizations, pharmaceutical companies, media, and governments to control the independent individuals of this world. COVID-19 is a bogus pandemic and conspiracy against humanity (public people worldwide). This bogus coronavirus COVID-19 pre-planned pandemic is the product of the World Economic Forum members and partners, 'Bill Gates foundations, such as GAVI, Bill and Melinda Gates, CEPI, etc.,' governments, politicians, media, and 'pharmaceutical companies, such as Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Serum Institute, Moderna, CureVac, etc. They have planned this pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 bogus pandemic for a long time to genocide (mass murder) the public worldwide in the name of the pandemic and by pushing the toxic metals containing COVID-19 toxic Injection on the pretext of vaccination. From the 1900s to the present, the pandemic creators, conspirators, and mass murderers are following the same strategies to mass murder the public in the name of the pandemic and by injecting toxic injections forcibly under the pretext of disease prevention and vaccination. The vaccination does not provide immunity. It is all scams and crimes against humanity. Before and Since the 18th century, phoney doctors and scientists have created bogus remedies to cheat the then people. They still follow the same strategies to defraud the public worldwide by creating new pandemics and counterfeit vaccines to fool the people. These pandemic conspirators will never speak the truth. Because they all intentionally created this pandemic to cause damage to humanity. They have been using the public people worldwide as experimental rats, injecting toxic COVID-19 Injections into the public by deceiving them to depopulate to control the general people by snatching natural freedom. Those Injections cause blood clots, paralysis, damaging the immune system, and causing death. Still, good doctors are treating diseases and providing treatment. I'm not slandering doctors or modern medicine. But toxic drugs being tested or given covertly to the public are crimes against humanity and nature. Good doctors are in place of god because they are saving lives. But here, some corrupt doctors are damaging the growth of society. Human resources are essential to maintain humanity. Currently, they have injected toxic COVID-19 Injections into around 5 billion people worldwide by creating this fake coronavirus pandemic and defrauding the public worldwide. Those 5 billion people are at health risk because COVID-19 coronavirus toxic Injections are causing blood clots and deaths. The fact is they fooled our ancestors very well. The reason is that they lied in the name of vaccinations, "we found the vaccine through the virus. If you get the vaccine, the virus won't spread." they said. Our forefathers didn't even understand that vaccines are viruses because pharmaceutical and chemical drug companies have been deceiving the public worldwide since 1913. The truth is that pharmaceutical and chemical drug companies in 1915 advertised the Formamint tablets under the pretext of throat infections. At that time, pharmaceutical companies and governments brainwashed the public that Formamint tablets were the cure. One company that manufactured formalin (formaldehyde) containing Formamint tablets was Bayer pharmaceutical company during the tremendous fake influenza pandemic. In the year 1918, they created the first great influenza bogus pandemic. They made fear through the then media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, etc., and they brainwashed the then-public worldwide. They covertly gave the Formamint throat infection-causing tablet under the pretext of throat infection prevention. Due to Formamint tablets, the then innocent ordinary people worldwide died. Because the formaldehydes' side effects are throat infections and pneumonia, formaldehyde is highly toxic. And also, formaldehyde's primary side effect is pneumonia. Because pneumonia caused by the Formamint tablets was the cause of death during the Influenza pre-planned bogus pandemic in 1918. But the pandemic creators and conspirators created the fake pandemic, caused death by covertly giving the toxic drugs, and blamed the non-exist pandemic. The absolute truth is there is no cure for any disease scientifically. But the fake pandemic creators and conspirators are saying there is a treatment for the infections. But they all cause the illness and not curing the disease. Psychopath and uninvestigated pedophile Bill Gates is Just the front face of the pandemic. There are more faces of Individual high-profile persons involved in this pre-planned coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic than Bill Gates. Every government worldwide is following the eugenics pseudoscience agenda. Persons elected by the public people are directly involved in this pre-planned bogus pandemic and genocide against the general people worldwide. The inhuman corruption is playing behind in the name of the pandemic, vaccine, and war. They falsify the documents, manipulating, threatening, and brainwashing the public to get toxic Injections. The general public, who have suffered from dangerous side effects worldwide, is being prevented from speaking the truth and being censored by governments worldwide. Because the fact is violating their pharmaceutical companies, the media and the government are censoring those who speak the truth about deaths caused by toxic injections forced under the guise of vaccination. Governments controlled by pharmaceutical companies have threatened the public worldwide: "If you did not get the vaccination, there is no essential goods and Job." Current Brazil Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, the World Economic Forum member and partner, had threatened the citizens of people that "citizens could only receive the government only if they have taken a vaccine." The Coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is a complete hoax, a fake and a pre-planned conspiracy against humanity. This coronavirus COVID-19 is a bogus crime against humanity, nature, and science. The virus never causes actual damage and deaths. Instead, the toxic injection forced under the guise of vaccination causes deaths. Every person involved in this genocide and a bogus pandemic is a member and partner of the World Economic Forum. The United Nations' agreement with the World Economic Forum before their pandemic launch was to only mass murder the public people worldwide. Every politician, such as the president, prime ministers, ministers, and their governments, is a member and partner of the World Economic Forum. They all work for the same ideology in this pre-planned pandemic to enslave humanity. Those who speak against them are being politically retaliated, psychologically harassed, and mysteriously murdered by the pandemic creators and conspirators. This COVID-19 bogus pandemic is the face of the globalists' corruption, greed and agenda. The World Economic Forum members and partners, World Health Organization, United Nations, Bill and Melinda Gates foundations, media, politicians, and pharmaceutical companies all are involved in this genocide in the name of the pandemic to impose their deadly agenda so-called "Road Map or Agenda 2020" against the Nature, science, and humanity. Their 'agenda 2030' is about the enslavement of the entire world public people by reducing the population by implementing abortions, murdering half of the population by forcing toxic injections, creating pandemics, and wars, creating planned food shortages, creating premeditated riots, and also dividing the public peop, This document is only for the humanity. Not for particular country. This document is not damage anyone's reputation. This document is the truth. This document is proof of the pandemic and war is scam.

INTRODUCTION.The legal saga of the prosecution of Adolf Eichmann, one of the most wanted war criminals and chief “architect” of the Holocaust, raises many ethical, political and legal problems. The Eichmann trial is unprecedented in the long history of international criminal law for many reasons. Although many leaders of Nazi regime were put on trial at Nuremberg before International Military Tribunal, mass killings and other outrageous crimes against Jews was not the main object of the trial. Thereby prosecution and punishment one of the most important organizers of the genocide of Jewish people, creator of new type of evil and new type of crime, become the great task of the State of Israel.MATERIALS AND METHODS.The theoretical basis of the study consists of the works of leading international lawyers specializing in international criminal law, as well as the international extradition of criminals; the analytical base comprises of the decisions of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, as well as the national courts of the State of Israel, in particular the cult decision the Attorney General of the Government of Israel v. Adolf Eichmann, as well as the decisions of the national courts of the United States, cited in the article for the purpose of comparative analysis. The methodological basis of the research comprises historical method, methods of formal logic, including analysis, synthesis and analogy, as well as systemic, comparative legal methods and method of interpretation.RESEARCH RESULTS.Based on the study of international legal instruments and international judicial practice, as well as the national legislation of the State of Israel, the author made conclusions related to the abduction of accused from the territory of a foreign state, in particular its consequences in the form of violation of the sovereignty of the state. At the same time, the article contains a statement that the unlawfulness of the arrest does not prevent the court from exercising jurisdiction over the person. In the context of the administration of justice by the State of Israel, the author analyzes the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of December 14, 1951, paying special attention to the problem of the possible immunity of the accused based on the refugee status granted by the state.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.In the course of the study, the author analyzed a significant amount of materials, summarized the doctrinal positions put forward by a number of prominent international scholars, and also formed the conclusion that the trial of Eichmann marked not only the administration of justice over the international criminal, but also provided another opportunity for a broad international publicity of the horrors of the Nazi regime and the need to unite collective efforts of states to save future generations from such international crimes.

Since the reopening of the trials for the crimes committed by the last military dictatorship, new aspects have emerged on the scene, one of them being the age-impunity rhetoric. In its visual dimension, we understand this rhetoric to mean the representation of the perpetrators that has been taking shape in recent years, enabling them to be exempted from guilt and responsibility for the crimes committed by virtue of their advanced age. We argue that the visual configures a certain aesthetic that provides a scaffolding for impunity and its naturalization. In order to enter into the construction of this representation, we will put in tension the pair seen-unseen through photographs and editorials in the written press.

Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić, the war-time Bosnian Serb leaders, were first indicted by the UN Hague-based International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in 1995. The two hid for many years, with their trials starting only in 2009 and 2012, respectively, after they were apprehended in headline-generating operations. Their continued evasion of trial was constantly critiqued. After all, thousands were killed, tortured, detained, raped, expelled, and robbed during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and these two men were widely seen as responsible. Pleas were made by survivors and frustration expressed on behalf of the victims, as many said, ‘justice delayed is justice denied’. However, as this article shows, the many years the two high-ranking individuals spent hiding were well-used to collect evidence which led to their convictions and life sentences. Contrary to conventional wisdom, delay can actually be beneficial in prosecuting leaders for atrocity crimes.

El anacronismo se presenta como un obstáculo a la tarea de la historiadora o historiador que, en el afán por comprender el pasado, debe evitar las intromisiones de elementos que correspondan a una época distinta a aquella de su objeto de estudio, fundamentalmente, aquellos que provienen de su propio contexto. Problema largamente abordado por la teoría de la historia francesa así como por la filosofía y la historia del arte, el anacronismo da cuenta de un problema y a la vez de una condición necesaria. En este trabajo vamos a valorar el papel que juega el anacronismo en la comprensión histórica, para lo cual nos vamos a valer de dos ejemplos: las restituciones de objetos que realizan los museos en respuesta a reclamos de las comunidades originarias y la aplicación de las categorías de análisis que fueron creadas posteriormente a sucesos del pasado a los cuales se pretenden explicar, como es el caso del uso del concepto de "genocidio". Finalizaremos argumentado a favor de la función que el anacronismo tiene para la comprensión del pasado y para iluminar el mundo presente. Anachronism is presented as an obstacle to the task of the historian who, in the effort to understand the past, must avoid interference of elements that correspond to a different time from that of her object of study, fundamentally, those that come from her own context. A problem long addressed by the French theory of history as well as by the philosophy and history of the art, anachronism accounts for a problem and at the same time a necessary condition. In this work we are going to assess the role played by anachronism in historical understanding, for which we are going to use two examples: the restitution of objects that museums make in response to claims of the indigenous communities and the application of the categories of analysis that were created later to events of the past to which they are intended to explain, as is the case of the use of the concept of "genocide". We will finish arguing in favor of the function that anachronism has for the understanding of the past and to illuminate the present world. Fil: Belvedresi, Rosa E.. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (UNLP-CONICET); Argentina.

The article seeks to reflect on the question of "nature’s agency" in histories of violence. It thus revisits the choices and outcomes of Fascist policy in Libya by foregrounding the colony’s ecology. The determination to win a war on inhospitable terrain led to the regime’s decision to set up concentration camps for Bedouin tribes and their herds in the desert-like and semiarid areas of Cyrenaica, which in turn had a murderous effect on humans and animals. From there, the article moves on to the second phase of Italian conquest, when the defeat of the anticolonial resistance turned into a "conquest of nature", with the agricultural reclamation of the highlands of Cyrenaica for Italian settlers. These agricultural centers and their people, which might at first sight seem bucolic and benign, were just as injurious to the Bedouin ecology predating the Italian occupation as were the concentration camps. The conclusion ponders the moral imperatives in writing histories of Fascist violence and the openings for environmental history., O artigo procura refletir sobre a questão da "agência da natureza" nas histórias de violência. Assim, revisita as escolhas e resultados da políticas fascista na Líbia, colocando em primeiro plano a ecologia da colónia. A determinação de vencer uma guerra num terreno inóspito, levou à decisão do regime de criar campos de concentração para tribos beduínas e seus rebanhos nas áreas desérticas e semiáridas da Cirenaica, que por sua vez tiveram um efeito assassino em humanos e animais. A partir daí, o artigo segue para a segunda fase da conquista italiana, quando a derrota da resistência anti-colonial se transformou numa "conquista da natureza", com a recuperação agrícola das terras altas da Cirenaica para os colonos italianos. Esses centros agrícolas e o seu povo, que à primeira vista poderiam parecer bucólicos e benignos, eram tão prejudiciais à ecologia beduína anterior à ocupação italiana quanto os campos de concentração. A conclusão pondera sobre os imperativos morais em escrever histórias de violência fascista e as aberturas para a história ambiental.

The intergenerational legacies of conflict and violence for children and young people are typically approached within research and interventions through the lens of trauma. Understandings of childhood and trauma are based on bio-psychological frameworks emanating from the Global North, often at odds with the historical, political, economic, social and cultural contexts in which interventions are enacted, and neglect the diversity of knowledge, experiences and practices. Within this paper we explore these concerns in the context of Rwanda and the aftermath of the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi. We reflect on two qualitative case studies: Connective Memories and Mobile Arts for Peace which both used arts-based approaches drawing on the richness of Rwandan cultural forms, such as proverbs and storytelling practices, to explore knowledge and processes of meaning-making about trauma, memory, and everyday forms of conflict from the perspectives of children and young people. We draw on these findings to argue that there is a need to refine and elaborate understandings of intergenerational transmission of trauma in Rwanda informed by: the historical and cultural context; intersections of structural and ‘everyday’ forms of conflict and social trauma embedded in intergenerational relations; and a reworking of notions of trauma ‘transmission’ to encompass the multiple connectivities between generations, temporalities and expressions of trauma.

Drawing on the local experiences, knowledge, and wisdom of Rwandan youth can make them agents of healing from the genocide against the Tutsi in ways that are culturally appropriate, relevant, and meaningful. This qualitative study aimed to develop an emerging framework for intervening with youth that is centered in the experiences and cultural context of the Rwandan youth post-genocide. Drawing on Grounded Action research of post-genocide community-led healing practices with a group of 23 high school students, results indicated that "psychological healing" in post-genocide Rwanda may require different approaches than the dominant Western healing models. For research participants, "healing" meant "kongera kwiyubaka" (building ourselves again after the genocide), requiring "kwigira" (self-reliance) and "gusasa inzobe" (openness to share what is in their hearts). This study recommends that scholars, policy makers, and funders reimagine existing models of healing in post-genocide Rwanda and support local initiatives drawing on wisdom from lived experiences.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the endeavors undertaken by the authorities of independent Lithuania to deal with the crimes committed by the Soviet Union against Lithuanian society, in particular against representatives of the anti-Soviet resistance movement, by using the notion of crime of genocide rooted in international law. The judgment of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Drelingas v. Lithuania of 12 March 2019, which approved the legality of the qualification of “ethno-national-political” genocide of “forest brethren” committed by the Soviet occupation authorities, was one of the key elements confirming the Lithuanian policy in this regard. This ruling reopens the discussion on the possibility of trying the crimes of the Soviet Union, at the same time raising certain legal and political doubts – as generally expressed by the Russian Federation.

The article examines a still unexplored issue of collective help to Jews during the Holocaust in Kremenchuk. Based on theoretical developments in Holocaust studies, it attempts to investigate the phenomenon of collective help to Jews in the context of the genocidal process unfolding in the city and the vicissitudes of the war in the region. Therefore, the author considers the process of changes in the “solution of the Jewish question” at the time of the Wehrmacht’s entry into Kremenchuk, as well as the dynamics of the Holocaust in the city. The author outlines the definition of “collective help” and offers its analysis through the prism of the activities of both non-Jews and Jews. In this regard, the article analyzes possible ways to obtain information by the local population about the genocide of Jews, as early awareness of the situation could provide more opportunities for action. The author reviewed the available historiographical works on the topic of helping Jews during the Holocaust, collected and systematized the available mentions of assistance to Jews in Kremenchuk, which can be qualified as acts of collective help, and described the specifics of the source base. For the first time, the article considers the actions of Synytsia-Verkhovsky, the first mayor of Kremenchuk under Nazi rule, and underground fighters from the organization “Patriot of the Motherland” under the leadership of Taras Zhvania as acts of collective aid. The article outlines what types of collective help were provided to Jews during the Holocaust in Kremenchuk. In addition, it assumes that during the collective assistance of the members of the organization “Patriot of the Motherland” infrastructural cooperation was established (the First City Hospital, the Red Cross, apartments of members of the underground organization). In this way, the author seeks to complement the historiographical contributions that have discussed help to the Jews of Kremenchuk very briefly and only from the viewpoint of individual acts., Статтю присвячено досі не дослідженому аспекту – колективній допомозі євреям під час Голокосту в Кременчуці. Послуговуючись напрацюваннями студій із вивчення Голокосту (Holocaust studies), зроблено спробу дослідити питання колективної допомоги євреям у контексті розгортання геноцидного процесу в місті та військових перипетій у регіоні. Відповідно, розглянуто процес змін щодо «розв’язання єврейського питання» на момент вступу військ Вермахту до Кременчука, а також динаміку розвитку Голокосту в місті. Окреслено визначення «колективної допомоги» та запропоновано аналіз цього явища через призму діяльності як неєвреїв, так і євреїв. Авторка зробила огляд наявних історіографічних напрацювань із теми допомоги євреям під час Голокосту, зібрала та систематизувала наявні згадки про допомогу євреям у Кременчуку, які можна кваліфікувати як акти колективної допомоги, та окреслила специфіку джерельної бази. У статті вперше розглянуто діяльність Сениці-Верховського, першого бургомістра Кременчука, та підпільників з організації «Патріот Батьківщини» під керівництвом Тараса Жванії як акти колективної допомоги. Окреслено, які саме види колективної допомоги були надані євреям під час Голокосту в Кременчуці. У роботі зроблено припущення про те, що під час колективної допомоги членів організації «Патріот Батьківщини» було налагоджено інфраструктурну кооперацію (Перша міська лікарня, пункт «Червоного Хреста», помешкання підпільників). Отже, стаття є спробою уточнення історіографічних напрацювань, в яких допомога євреям Кременчука представлена вкрай побіжно і з погляду індивідуальних актів.

For decades, Croats and Serbs lived together in a common political construction: Yugoslavia. It is difficult to date the appearance of animosity between Croats and Serbs. Nevertheless, two events proved particularly traumatic for their relations. The Second World War, when the Ustasha led a genocide against the Serbs, and the 1991-1995 war, when the two sides fought a merciless civil war. This article examines the evolution of relations between Serbian and Croatian civil societies from the beginning of the Yugoslavian project to 2021 and how the rise of civic identity in the future might help the process of reconciliation. The main hypothesis of the article is that the failure to construct a viable Yugoslavian civic identity in the past is the cause of ethnic tensions during the 90s. The article entails both qualitative and quantitative methods through which the authors offer explanations about the failure to construct a common Yugoslavian civic identity, how this failure impacted the relations between Serbian and Croatian civil societies, and, finally, what are the prospects of reconciliation and constructing civic identities in the newly formed countries of Serbia and Croatia. Today, relations between the two civil societies remain tense. Serbs in Croatia and Croats in Serbia are subject to unsystematic discrimination, which hinders exchanges between the two countries. This study shows that Serbian and Croatian citizens under 35 years of age, mainly agree that tensions exist. Nevertheless, two-thirds of those questioned in Serbia and three-quarters of those questioned in Croatia believe that reconciliation is possible. This reconciliation becomes even more realistic since an overwhelming majority in both groups want reconciliation.

President Joe Biden recognized atrocities committed against Armenians as the Armenian Genocide in his statement on Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day (24 April 2021). The statement represents a watershed moment in US-Turkey relations. President Tayyip Erdogan can address US and international concerns prior to the Biden-Erdogan summit on the margin of June’s NATO meeting, or he can double down and intensify repression against Turkey’s ethnic and religious minorities. Erdogan’s course will define international relations prior to the centennial of the founding of the Turkish republic in 2023.

This discussion gathers voices of an international group of researchers and practitioners from various disciplines and institutions who focus on diverse aspects of sites of past violence in their work: archaeology, history, ethics, literature and art, curatorial practices, oral history, education and commemoration. The debate, which took place during the conference “Sites of Violence and Their Communities: Critical Memory Studies in the Post-Human Era” in Kraków in September 2019, itself centres on six main topics: the question of archives of uncommemorated killing sites; research methodology; the position of the researchers themselves; the problem of complicity during conflict and the right to be a witness to past crimes; the place of the Righteous Among the Nations within Polish collective memory and the international debate on the Holocaust; and, finally, new ways of commemoration and education about mass violence. Participants: Katarzyna Bojarska, Michał Chojak, Ewa Domańska, Zuzanna Dziuban, Karolina Grzywnowicz, Aleksandra Janus, Karina Jarzyńska, Maria Kobielska, Rob van der Laarse, Bryce Lease, Erica Lehrer, Jacek Leociak, Tomasz Łysak, Tomasz Majkowski, Christina Morina, Matilda Mroz, Adam Musiał, Agnieszka Nieradko, Łukasz Posłuszny, Roma Sendyka, Caroline Sturdy Colls, Katarzyna Suszkiewicz, Aleksandra Szczepan, Krijn Thijs, Jonathan Webber, Anna Zagrodzka, Tomasz Żukowski