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Scientific interest in pacing goes back >100 years. Contemporary interest, both as a feature of athletic competition and as a window into understanding fatigue, goes back >30 years. Pacing represents the pattern of energy use designed to produce a competitive result while managing fatigue of different origins. Pacing has been studied both against the clock and during head-to-head competition. Several models have been used to explain pacing, including the teleoanticipation model, the central governor model, the anticipatory-feedback-rating of perceived exertion model, the concept of a learned template, the affordance concept, the integrative governor theory, and as an explanation for “falling behind.” Early studies, mostly using time-trial exercise, focused on the need to manage homeostatic disturbance. More recent studies, based on head-to-head competition, have focused on an improved understanding of how psychophysiology, beyond the gestalt concept of rating of perceived exertion, can be understood as a mediator of pacing and as an explanation for falling behind. More recent approaches to pacing have focused on the elements of decision making during sport and have expanded the role of psychophysiological responses including sensory-discriminatory, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions. These approaches have expanded the understanding of variations in pacing, particularly during head-to-head competition.

Low back pain (LBP) is a major cause of physical disability in the world. The origin of this condition can be due to differents causes, with a specific cause or of unknown mechanical origin,being characterized as unspecific. In this case a physical therapy treatment approach with manual therapy is relevant, which includes the Muscle Energy Technique (MET) classified as a common conservative treatment for pathologies of the spine, mainly in LBP and disability. This study assessed the effectiveness of the muscle energy technique on nonspecific low back pain.Patients with acute, subacute or chronic non-specific low back pain. The primary outcomes were pain and disability. This study was designed by a systematic review and meta-analysis, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020219295). For the report and methodological definitions of this study, the recommendations of the PRISMA protocol and the Cochrane collaboration, were followed, respectively.The search yielded 164 citations, which 19 were eligible randomised trials were included in the review (n = 609 patients with low back pain). The methodological quality of the studies averaged 4.2 points, with an interval of 2 to 7 points. Three RCTs showed satisfactory methodological quality (PEDro score ≥6). For patients with chronic LBP, a significant result on pain (but with a small and clinically unimportant effect) in favor of MET versus other (MD =-0.51 [95% CI,-0.93 to -0.09] p=0.02, n=376, studies=11, I2=80%). In patients with subacute LBP, MET enabled a significant and moderate effect to reduce pain intensity when compared to the control group (MD =-1.32 [95% CI,-2.57 to -0.06] p = 0,04, n= 120, studies=3, I2=88%). No significant effects were observed for the disability.MET is not considered an efficient treatment to improve the incapacity of the lumbar spine, but it may be beneficial in reducing the intensity of LBP, although showing a small clinical effect in chronic LBP and a moderate effect in subacute LBP.

The affiliation of the author Lone Bogwasi, which previously read as: Lone Bogwasi Department of Orthopedics, Nyangabgwe Hospital, Francistown, Botswana Botswana Football Association Medical Committee, Gaborone, Botswana.

Objective Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March–June 2020). Results Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to “maintain training,” and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is “okay to not train during lockdown,” with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered “coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)” to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown

The purpose of this study was to determine whether coordinative jump training that induces neuromuscular stimuli can affect balance performance, associated with injury risk, in elite-level female volleyball players. During the competitive season, the balance performance of 12 elite female players (highest Austrian division) was obtained via a wobble board (WB; 200 Hz) placed on an AMTI force plate (1000 Hz). Three identically repeated measurements defined two intervals (control and intervention phases), both comparable in duration and regular training. The intervention included 6 weeks of differential training (8 sessions of 1520 min) that delivered variations in dynamics around the ankle joints. Multilevel mixed models were used to assess the effect on postural control. WB performance decreased from 27.0 13.2% to 19.6 11.3% during the control phase and increased to 54.5 16.2% during the intervention ( = 49.1 3.5; p < 0.001). Decreased sway area [cm] ( = 7.5 1.6; p < 0.001), anteriorposterior ( = 4.1 0.4; p < 0.001) and mediolateral sway [mm] ( = 2.7 0.6; p = 0.12), and mean velocity [mms1] ( = 9.0 3.6; p < 0.05) were observed during the intervention compared with the control phase. Inter-limb asymmetry was reduced ( = 41.8 14.4; p < 0.05). The applied training concept enhanced balance performance and postural control in elite female volleyball players. Due to the low additional physiological loads of the program and increased injury risk during the competitive season, we recommend this intervention for supporting injury prevention during this period. (VLID)5400310

We are glad to introduce the first Journal Club of volume five, the first issue. This edition is focused on relevant studies published in the last years in the field of eccentric training, chosen by our editorial board members and their colleagues. We hope to stimulate your curiosity in this field and to share with you the passion for the sport, seen also from a scientific point of view. The editorial board members wish you an inspiring lecture.

Suspension Training (ST) workouts include a variety of movements requiring the individual to maintain balance while performing various resistance exercises in an interval fashion. Although ST is thought to elicit higher muscle activations than traditional exercises, only limited information is available on its acute effects on strength and power performances, especially in relation to gender. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the strength and power acute responses after ST, also in relation to gender. Eighty-eight (46 males, 42 females) participants were administered countermovement jumps (CMJ), squat jumps (SJ), lower limb Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) at 90 angle knee extension, and grip strength (handgrip) before (PRE) and after (POST) a 50 min ST session involving upper, lower body and core exercises. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to evaluate the differences (p < 0.05) in relation to gender and experimental session. After ST session, significantly higher values emerged in males, whereas no significant changes were found in females. Findings indicate that ST as a form of exercise is useful to maintain and improve acute strength and power performances, especially in male participants. Future studies should be carried out to explore the gender-related differences in response to acute bout of ST exercises. (VLID)3569419

Dynamic balance performances are highly affected by the base of support, the center of gravity and its projection within the base of support. Although anthropometric characteristics could be expected to affect dynamic balance performances1, there is a need to substantiate this relationship. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric measurements and dynamic balance performances. After signing an informed consent, 26 (female, n=14; male, n=12) college students (25.7±3.4years) were involved in the study. Body mass, height, sitting height, and foot size were measured, whereas lower limbs length was calculated as the difference between standing and sitting height. Dynamic balance performance was assessed on a wobble board (Balance Board WSP, GSJ Service, Rome, Italy; diameter=40cm) as the time spent in the target zone (diameter=6.3cm) displayed on a screen. Participants were asked to stand barefoot on the wobble board with a comfortable double leg stance, keeping their hands on the hip and looking at the screen (displaying performance in real time). After a 3-minute familiarization, three 30-second trials were performed with one minute sitting recovery in between. A correlation analysis (p, Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology, Vol. 120, No. 1 (Supplement) 2015

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fusco_ac_me_sjrp.pdf: 456420 bytes, checksum: 8e2bcc0ab0fcd8c32306e5f7bfbd0565 (MD5) Este trabalho de pesquisa propõe-se a investigar se e de que modo a relação aluno/professora de Língua Portuguesa se (re)constitui em práticas de letramento/escrita em ambientes virtuais de enunciação. O conjunto do material é formado por 23 “conversas” via Windows Live Messenger (popularmente chamado de MSN), coletadas entre 2010 e 2011, totalizando 8h31min de interação on-line entre adolescentes ─ alunos da rede municipal de ensino de São José do Rio Preto (SP), na faixa etária de 13 a 15 anos, com acesso frequente à internet e às práticas de letramento/escrita em meio digital ─ e professora de Língua Portuguesa. Ao analisarem-se essas “conversas”, tenciona-se discutir que a escrita em ambientes digitais – por ser prática social de linguagem – não se constitui apenas em função da tecnologia que lhe dá suporte – embora não se possa desprezá-la –, mas a partir de um conjunto de relações dialógicas com a alteridade. Ao apresentar análise descritiva do corpus à luz dos conceitos de heterogeneidade propostos por Authier-Revuz (2004) e do modo heterogêneo de constituição da escrita, proposto por Corrêa (2004), este trabalho busca investigar, nos enunciados analisados, marcas linguísticas que demonstrem que a escrita constitui-se como modo de enunciação dividida entre sujeitos socialmente organizados e historicamente situados. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho discute marcas linguísticas – pontos de heterogeneidade – que denotam que, ao “conversarem” pelo MSN, os sujeitos, ao mesmo tempo, atualizam e transformam as relações que os constituem enquanto aluno e professora This research paper aims to investigate if and in which way the Portuguese Language teacher/student relation is (re)established in literacy/writing practices in virtual environments of utterance. The material, which was collected between 2010 and 2011, is composed of 23 “chats” via Windows Live Messenger (MSN), with a total of 8h31min online interaction between the teenagers – local school students from São José do Rio Preto (SP), between 13 and 15 years old, who frequently had access to the internet and the literacy/writing practices in electronic format - and the Portuguese Language teacher. The analyzes of these chats argues that the writing in digital environment – for being language social practice- is not only constituted by the technological function support – although this cannot be despised -, but also from a group of dialogue relations on account of the otherness. By presenting the corpus descriptive analyzes according to the concepts of heterogeneity suggested by Authier-Revuz (2004) and the heterogeneous mode of the writing constitution proposed by Corrêa (2004), this paper aims to show (in the analyzed material) linguistic marks, which demonstrate that the writing consists of utterance mode, divided into socially organized and historically situated individuals. The present paper then, tries to show that it is possible to point out linguistic marks - heterogeneity points – ,which mean that once individuals are chatting on the MSN, they are not only updating their already constituted teacher/student relation, but also transforming it

The re-emergence (i.e. ‘breakthrough’) of depressive symptoms despite maintenance treatment of depression with antidepressant drugs is a complex clinical phenomenon referred to as tolerance. Herein we critically appraise evidence from both pre-clinical and clinical studies, focusing on putative mechanisms as well as clinical correlates and implications of the emergence tolerance during antidepressant treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). It is firstly unclear to what extent this phenotype reflects a pharmacological effect of an antidepressant, is driven by non-adherence, is a marker of latent bipolarity or another comorbidity, a marker of neuroprogression of the underlying disorder or the intrusion of the impact of psychosocial variables into the clinical course. The operational definitions of tolerance and its related phenomena have also been largely inconsistent. Several protective clinical indicators have been proposed, including a rapid-cycling course and comorbid chronic anxiety, whilst poor treatment adherence, proneness to emotional blunting and sub-threshold bipolarity have been identified as possible correlates of tolerance to antidepressant treatment in MDD. Putative neurobiological underpinnings include adaptations in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the serotonergic system. Due to the clinical and diagnostic challenges imposed by the emergence of tolerance to antidepressants, there is an urgent need for upcoming international guidelines to reach a consensus on operational definitions for this complex clinical phenomenon, thus enabling a more precise appreciation of the incidence and correlates of tolerance to antidepressants. Taken together, the present review underscores the need to cautiously weight benefits and risks prior to considering long-term antidepressant treatment for patients with MDD as tolerance may emerge in a subset of patients. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd