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Background. Evaluation of athletes is a key element of the training process. Although there are some judo-specific tests, none of them includes the main judo actions (gripping, throwing, and groundwork) in its structure. Problem and aim. To evaluate the reliability, usefulness and validity of a new judo physical fitness test (JPFT), which includes gripping, throwing, and groundwork actions. Methods: Ten male judo athletes (16.5 +/- 0.5 years, height = 181.0 +/- 7.7 cm, body mass = 78.3 +/- 11.5 kg) performed the JPFT twice, separated by 48 h. Validity was determined by examining the relationship between JPFT and the Wingate test, Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT), simulated judo match (SJM) and incremental exercise test (IET). Results. All ICC values were statistically significant, except for the number of techniques in series A and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, ) with two variables presenting significant reliability (resting blood lactate, [La], number of techniques in series B), six very significant reliability ([La] 5-min after the test, peak [La], heart rate, HR, 1-min after the test, number of techniques in series C, total number of techniques, JPFT index), and three nearly perfect reliability ([La] 3-min after the test, HR after the test, SJFT index). Large and very large correlations were observed between [La] and HR in the JPFT and those in the SJFT and SJM. The similarity of effort during an official match was correlated with [La] 5-min after the test (r= 0.84) and peak [La] (r= 0.71) and RPE (r= 0.68) to the JPFT.

Objective: Judo is a combat sport characterized by high-intensity intermittent efforts. To suit high competitive demand, the training periodization should be adopted to improve judo athletes performance. Thus, the objective of the present study was to monitor the changes in different variables during judo training periodization. Method: Ten male adult judo athletes were evaluated 18 weeks apart, in the beginning of preparatory period and one week before the main competition of the competitive period. During this observational study, the variables considered were: body composition, upper and lower-body anaerobic power and capacity, lower-body muscle power, upper and lower-body aerobic power, maximal and strength endurance, and judo specific performance. Paired Student's t test was used to compare variables across periods. Results: In the end of this period, athletes presented a significant increase in upper-body anaerobic power (pre = 535 ± 74 W; post = 617 ± 81 W; 15%) and capacity (pre = 344 ± 29 W; post = 402 ± 38 W; 17%), lower-body anaerobic power (pre = 778 ± 77 W; post = 882 ± 130 W; 13%), isometric (pre = 31 ± 17 s; post = 43 ± 15 s; 39%) and dynamic grip strength endurance (pre = 7 ± 5 rep; post = 11 ± 5 rep; 57%), upper-body aerobic power (pre = 113 ± 25 W; post = 122 ± 29 W; 8%), and row 1RM (pre = 85 ± 23 kg; post = 92 ± 26 kg; 8%). The body composition, judo specific performance, handgrip strength, bench-press 1RM, row and bench-press number of repetitions at 70% 1RM, and lower-body muscle power were maintained. Athletes presented a decrease in lower-body aerobic power (pre = 235 ± 62 W; post = 209 ± 43 W; 11%). Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the changes during a periodized judo program were specific to the match demand, although not all variables improved across this period. Objetivo: El judo es un deporte de combate caracterizado por intervalos de esfuerzos de elevada intensidad. Para soportar la elevada demanda competitiva, la periodización del entrenamiento debe ser utilizada para mejorar el desempeño de los atletas de judo. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los cambios, en diferentes variables, durante la periodización del entrenamiento de judo. Método: Diez atletas de judo varones fueron evaluados con 18 semanas de intervalo, en el inicio del período preparatorio y una semana después de la principal competición del período competitivo. Durante este estudio observacional, las variables consideradas fueron: composición corporal, potencia y capacidad anaeróbica de miembros superiores e inferiores, potencia muscular de miembros inferiores, potencia aeróbica de miembros superiores e inferiores, fuerza máxima, resistencia de fuerza y la performance en un test específico para el judo. El test t de Student para datos pareados fue utilizado para comparar las variables durante el período de entrenamiento. Resultados: Al final de ese período, los atletas presentaron aumento significativo en la potencia (pre = 535 ± 74 W; post = 617 ± 81 W; 15%) y en la capacidad (pre = 344 ± 29 W; post = 402 ± 38 W; 17%) anaeróbicas de miembros superiores, potencia anaeróbica de miembros inferiores (pre = 778 ± 77 W; post = 882 ± 130 W; 13%), resistencia de fuerza isométrica (pre = 31 ± 17 s; post = 43 ± 15 s; 39%) y dinámica de golpeo (pre = 7 ± 5 rep; post = 11 ± 5 rep; 57%), potencia aeróbica de miembros superiores (pre = 113 ± 25 W; post = 122 ± 29 W; 8%), y fuerza máxima de l RM (pre = 85 ± 23 kg; post = 92 ± 26 kg; 8%). La composición corporal, el desempeño en el test específico, la fuerza de preensión manual, la fuerza máxima en el press de banca y de 1RM, el número de repeticiones en el press de banca a 70% 1RM y la potencia muscular de miembros inferiores no experimentaron cambios. Los atletas presentaron una disminución en la potencia aeróbica de miembros inferiores (pre = 235 ± 62 W; post = 209 ± 43 W; 11%). Conclusión: Los resultados indican que los cambios durante el ciclo del programa de entrenamiento de judo fueron específicos a la demanda del combate competitivo, aunque algunas variables no cambiarán en ese período. Objetivo: O judô é um esporte de combate caracterizado por esforços intermitentes de elevada intensidade. Para lidar com a demanda competitiva, a periodização do treinamento deve ser adotada para melhorar o desempenho de atletas de judô. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi monitorar as mudanças em diferentes variáveis durante o treinamento periodizado de judô. Método: Dez atletas de judo adultos foram avaliados com intervalo de 18 semanas, no começo do período preparatório e uma semana antes da principal competição do período competitivo. Durante esse estudo observacional, as variáveis consideradas foram: composição corporal, potência e capacidade anaeróbias de membros superiores e inferiores, potência muscular de membros inferiores, potência aeróbia de membros superiores e inferiores, força máxima, resistência de força e desempenho específico do judô. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as variáveis entre os períodos. Resultados: Ao final deste período os atletas apresentaram aumento significante na potência (pré = 535 ± 74 W; pós = 617 ± 81 W; 15%) e capacidade anaeróbias de membros superiores (pré = 344 ± 29 W; pós = 402 ± 38 W; 17%), potência anaeróbia de membros inferiores (pré = 778 ± 77 W; pós = 882 ± 130 W; 13%), resistência de força isométrica de pegada (pré = 31 ± 17 s; pós = 43 ± 15 s; 39%), resistência de força dinâmica de pegada (pré = 7 ± 5 rep;pós = 11 ± 5 rep; 57%), potência aeróbia de membros superiores (pré = 113 ± 25 W; pós = 122 ± 29 W; 8%) e 1RM na remada (pré = 85 ± 23 kg; pós = 92 ± 26 kg; 8%). A composição corporal, o desempenho específico ao judô, a força máxima isométrica de preensão manual, o 1RM no supino, o número de repetições a 70% de 1RM na remada e no supino e a potência muscular de membros inferiores foram mantidas. Os atletas apresentaram decréscimo na potência aeróbia de membros inferiores (pré = 235 ± 62 W;pós = 209 ± 43 W; 11%). Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que as mudanças durante um programa periodizado de treinamento de judô foram específicas à demanda da luta, embora nem todas as variáveis tenham melhorado ao longo do período analisado.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the physiologic and performance changes with the addition of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to a traditional judo programme.Nine elite judokas (6 males and 3 females; age: 20±4 yrs; body mass: 69±2 kg; height: 172±7 cm; judo practice time: 13±6 yrs; weekly training volume: 13±5 hours, mean±SD) were recruited to perform a 12-week specific aerobic training program, which consisted of 2 session/week of 30-min continuous run at 60% at Vmax and one session/week of high-intensity interval training 15x1-min at 90% of Vmax with 1 min of active recovery at 60% of Vmax. Before and after the intervention all athletes performed a graded maximal exercise Test to measure maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max), ventilatory threshold (VT), maximal velocity (Vmax), heart rate (HR) and V̇O2 off kinetics. V̇O2 and HR recovery kinetics were evaluated on a breath-by-breath basis using a single component exponential function. Anaerobic capacity during specific movements was assessed with the Special judo fitness Test (SJFT).The maximal speed reached during the maximal aerobic power test significantly increaseed (P=0.04), but V̇O2max did not change. τ of HR and of V̇O2 recovery significantly decreased by 17.3% (P=0.04) and 22.0% (P0.01), respectively. VT increased (6.6%; P=0.03) and the SJFT Index improved (12%; P0.001) 12% after training.The aerobic fitness of elite judokas may be improved by adding aerobic routines to the normal training enhancing the recovery capacity.

Human performance efficiency and effectiveness in different sports depend to a large extent on the size, weight and proportion of the physique of the athlete. The aim of this study was to identify morphological characteristics of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) athletes. The sample consisted of 25 highly trained male athletes who were classified according to their fighting style; guard fighter (GF) vs. pass fighter (PF). The athletes were assessed for somatotype, body composition and proportionality. For the whole group of athletes the somatotype was 2.23±0.68, 6.33±1.14, and 1.75±0.87 for endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph components, respectively. Muscle and adipose tissue percentages were 52.34±2.15% and 19.30±2.51%, respectively. PF were significantly more mesomorph (p< 0.05) and less ectomorph (p< 0.05) than GF. Also, PF had significantly higher phantom Z score for bone mass vs. GF (0.51±0.57 vs. 0.01±0.54; p

Objetive. The acute effects of cryotherapy on creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression, perceived pain and upper limb muscle strength in jiu-jitsu competitors were investigated. Method. Ten highly trained athletes underwent two simulated competition sessions composed by four 7-minute combats with a 15-minute interval between them. Athletes were randomly allocated to receive either cold water immersion (5 ± 1 °C for 19 minutes) or no intervention (control) after competition simulation in a crossover counterbalanced fashion. Results. For LDH, there was an effect of condition (F1,18= 7.91, P = 0.012; η2 = 0.31), with lower values being found in cryotherapy as compared to control (criotherapy = 533.2 ± 55.4 and 671.2 ± 61.0 for pre- competition and post-recuperation, respectively; control = 528.5 ± 63.7 e 759.8 ± 85.7 UI/l for pre- competition and post-recuperation, respectively). Delta CPK differed significantly between conditions (criotherapy = 138.0 ± 95.1 UI/l; control = 231.3 ± 135.8 UI/l t = -1,72; P = 0,119; effect size = 0.75). For perceived pain there was also an effect of condition (F1,18 = 12.35, P = 0.003; η2 = 0.41), with lower values being found following cryotherapy (2.4 ± 1.4 versus 4.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.003). Pre-competition skin temperature was lower than that measured after recovery (34.5 ± 1.9 ºC. versus 37.6 ± 1.3 ºC, P = 0.0005). There were significant correlations between perceived pain and CPK (r = 0.314) and LDH (r = 0.546). The concentrations of CPK and LDH were negatively correlated with dynamic strength (r = - 0.525). Conclusion. Recovery via cold water immersion after simulated competition resulted in less muscle damage and hypoalgesia compared to the control. Objetivo. Investigar los efectos agudos de la crioterapia en la expresión de la enzima creatina fosfoquinasa (CPK), lactato deshidrogenasa (LDH), percepción del dolor y fuerza muscular en los miembros superiores de competidores de jiu-jitsu. Método. Diez luchadores altamente entrenados fueron sometidos a dos sesiones de competición simulada (4 × 7-minutos y 15 minutos de intervalo). Después del primer día, cinco atletas fueron elegidos para la inmersión en piscina con hielo (5 ± 1 °C) durante 19 minutos, los demás fueron asignados al grupo control. Resultados. Para LDH se observó efecto de la condición (F1,18 = 7,91, P = 0,012; η² = 0,31) con valores más bajos (P = 0,012) en la crioterapia en comparación con el control (crioterapia = 533,2 ± 55,4 y 671,2 ± 61,0, respectivamente para inicial y final; control = 528,5 ± 63,7 y 759,8 ± 85,7 UI/l; respectivamente para inicial y final). El delta del CPK fue significativamente distinto entre las condiciones (crioterapia = 138,0 ± 95,1 UI/l; t = -1,72; P = 0,119; control = 231,3 ± 135,8 UI/l; tamaño del efecto = 0,75). Para el dolor percibido también hubo efecto de la condición (F1,18 = 12,35, P = 0,003; η² = 0,41) con valores más bajos (P = 0,003) en la crioterapia (2,4 ± 1,4 frente a 4,4 ± 1,8). La temperatura corporal posrecuperación fue más baja en grupo crioterapia (P = 0,005) que la obtenida después en el control (34,5 ± 1,9ºC frente a 37,6 ± 1,3ºC). Se encontró correlación significativa entre la percepción del dolor y las concentraciones de CPK (r = 0,314) y LDH (r = 0,546). Las concentraciones de CPK y LDH se correlacionaron negativamente con la fuerza dinámica (r = - 0,525). Conclusión. La recuperación usando la inmersión después de la competición resulta de un menor daño muscular e hipoalgesia.

The UN have grasped the idea of the Convention in Rio de Janeiro to make biodiversity the keystone of agricultural policy.Plans in the rural policy in the UN include a series of agroenvironmental measures to reward agricultural firms practising sustainable environmental development. The situations considered damaging for the environment are overexplotation of resources,disappearance of biodiversity and abandonment of soils which may cause loss of the layer that has been cultivated by man for centuries giving the rural environment dignity of habitat and landscape. Olive growing,a characteristic element of Mediterranean landscape is an example of protection and general survival.The targeted policy of sustainability must meet the economic,social and ecological problems besides favouring targeted production in the interest of consumers. Olive growing respecting the environment does not mean returning to traditional cultivation as in the case of biological production when phytosanitary and natural methods of production must be considered in order to avoid the use of pesticides. Repeated attempts to develop olive growing cannot rely on the plant material used so far.Genotype flexibility should be analyzed not to provoke a biological disaster which has already happened with other fruit varieties by unconrolled use of varieties in areas of quite different characteristics.Thus the varieties have been deprived of their important role in production. The events indicative of economic revival of modern olive growing in the countries where olives have not been traditionally grown,various international attempts directed at protection of biodiversity are an ideal instrument of sustainable production.

High dose chemo-radiotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) is known to be an effective treatment in stage IV neuroblastoma (NB). Since October '84, 19 children with NB (12 relapsed or resistant: Group A; 7 in first CR: Group B) received ablative therapy (AT) consisting of VCR (4 mg/mg), L-PAM (140 mg/mg) and fractionated TBI (1000 Rads). Induction strategy at diagnosis or at relapse included high dose Peptichemio, 2-3 cycles of Vincristine-Cyclophosphamide--high dose Platinum and surgery. Bone marrow was harvested after 2 evaluation proved negative by cytomorphology, histology and immunofluorescence. Mononuclear cells (median 6.7 x 10(7)/kg) were cryopreserved and reinfused without purging. At the time of AT in Group A8 children were in CR, 4 had minimal diseases; in Group B 6 were in CR and one in PR. One toxicity-related death occurred on day 7 in a child in first CR; median duration of granulocytopenia 0.5 x 10(9)/l and thrombocytopenia less than 50 x 10(9)/l were 20 days (R: 9-40) and 27 days (R: 11-51) respectively. Persistent immune thrombocytopenia occurred in 4 children. Fever higher tha 38 degrees C developed in all patients: sepsis was documented in 6 patients. Extramedullary toxicity was moderate: GI tract was the most affected. Two out of 5 children who received AT having residual disease achieved CR; relapse or progression of disease occurred in all these patients. Four out of 8 children in second or subsequent CR and 4 out of 5 in first CR are alive and well at 3-12 months (median 7).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)