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This paper introduces ontological concepts required to evaluate and manage the coverage of social services in a Smart City context. Here, we focus on the perspective of key stakeholders, namely social purpose organizations and the clients they serve. The Compass ontology presented here extends the Common Impact Data Standard by introducing new concepts related to key dimensions: the who (Stakeholder), the what (Need, Need Satisfier, Outcome), the how (Service, Event), and the contributions (tracking resources). The paper first introduces key stakeholders, services, outcomes, events, needs and need satisfiers, along with their definitions. Second, a subset of competency questions are presented to illustrate the types of questions key stakeholders have posed. Third, the extension's ability to answer questions is evaluated by presenting SPARQL queries executed on a Compass-based knowledge graph and analysing their results., Comment: Update: corrected email, header text

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Named entity recognition (NER) is an important task in narration extraction. Narration, as a system of stories, provides insights into how events and characters in the stories develop over time. This paper proposes an architecture for NER on a corpus about social purpose organizations. This is the first NER task specifically targeted at social service entities. We show how this approach can be used for the sequencing of services and impacted clients with information extracted from unstructured text. The methodology outlines steps for extracting ontological representation of entities such as needs and satisfiers and generating hypotheses to answer queries about impact models defined by social purpose organizations. We evaluate the model on a corpus of social service descriptions with empirically calculated score., Comment: R. Campos, A. Jorge, A. Jatowt, S. Bhatia, M. Litvak (eds.): Proceedings of the Text2Story'22 Workshop, Stavanger (Norway), 10-April-2022

Water-Human-Computer Interface (WaterHCI), or, more generally, Fluidic-User-Interface (i.e. including other fluids) is a relatively new concept and field of inquiry that originated in Canada, in the 1960s and 1970s, and was further developed at University of Toronto 1998 to present. We provide taxonomies of the various kinds of water-human interaction, identify important past, present, and future contributions and trends in WaterHCI from around the world, and identify grand challenges of this new discipline.

Background: Chronic constipation is a prevalent disorder that affects quality of life of patients and consumes resources in healthcare systems worldwide. In clinical practice, it is still considered a challenge as clinicians frequently are unsure as to which treatments to use and when. Over a decade ago, a Neurogastroenterology and Motility journal supplement devoted to the investigation and management of constipation was published (Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009;21(Suppl.2)). In October 2018, the 3rd London Masterclass, entitled ‘Contemporary management of constipation’ was held. The faculty members of this symposium were invited to write two reviews to present a collective synthesis of talks presented and discussions held during this meeting. The first review addresses epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical associations, pathophysiology and investigation. Purpose: The present is the second of these reviews, providing contemporary perspectives and clinical challenges regarding behavioural, conservative, medical and surgical treatments for patients presenting with constipation. It includes a management algorithm to guide clinical practice.

Els antibiòtics són medicaments que s'utilitzen enfront de les infeccions produïdes per bacteris, tant en animals com en persones. Usar-los de manera inadequada pot generar resistència, cosa que significa que deixen de ser efectius. La resistència antimicrobiana és avui dia una de les majors amenaces per a la salut mundial. En aquest article, el grup de recerca de Clara Viñas de l'Institut de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) en col·laboració amb altres universitats (UdG, Córdoba, Durham), presenta el seu treball en el qual s'ha avaluat les propietats antimicrobianes de les sals de bor. Els resultats semblen ser prometedors per a quatre soques de bacteris i tres de fongs. Los antibióticos son medicamentos que se utilizan frente a las infecciones producidas por bacterias, tanto en animales como en personas. Usarlos de manera inadecuada puede generar resistencia, lo que significa que dejan de ser efectivos. La resistencia antimicrobiana es hoy en día una de las mayores amenazas para la salud mundial. En este artículo, el grupo de investigación de Clara Viñas del Instituto de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) en colaboración con otras universidades (UdG, Córdoba, Durham), presenta su trabajo en el que se ha evaluado las propiedades antimicrobianas de las sales de boro. Los resultados parecen ser prometedores para cuatro cepas de bacterias y tres de hongos.

The Common Impact Data Standard (CIDS) enables the exchange of impact information between organizations regardless of the impact models being used. The Common Impact Data Standard is a way to represent impact as defined by the Impact Management Project. We understand Impact as a change in outcomes to people and the planet. To represent impact, the Common Impact Data Standard represents the five dimensions: what, who, how much, contribution and risk. In addition, The Common Impact Data Standard represents Impact Models. We use impact models as a general term to describe a family of similar relational maps such as Logic model, Logical Framework Analysis, Theory of Change, Outcome Chain, Impact Map and Outcomes Map. CIDS also represents the processes by which a Social Purpose Organization delivers Outcomes to its Stakeholders. We call this the sixth dimension: How.

This paper is part II of “Towards a model of urban evolution.” This paper defines a formal model of the Signature of an urban space, comprised of: an urban genome which captures the expected groups (i.e., users) and activities (i.e., uses) of physical forms; a description of the actual activities and groups of the physical forms; and the signals that are communicated within and among urban spaces. Central to the model is a formeme, which provides the building blocks for a Signature. A formeme captures the interactions among physical forms, groups and activities. We then show how various metrics can define an urban area based on its Signature, and that these metrics can be used to measure similarity of urban spaces. The Signature and its underlying formemes capture the sources of variations in urban evolution.

This paper seeks to develop the core concepts of a model of urban evolution. It proceeds in four major sections. First we review prior adumbrations of an evolutionary model in urban theory, not-ing their potential and their limitations. Second, we turn to the general sociocultural evolution litera-ture to draw inspiration for a fresh and more complete application of evolutionary theory to the study of urban life. Third, building upon this background, we outline the main elements of our proposed model, with special attention to elaborating the value of its key conceptual innovation, the “formeme.” Last, we conclude with a discussion of what types of research commitments the overall approach does or does not imply, and point toward the more formal elaboration of the model that we undertake in “Towards a Model of Urban Evolution II” and “Towards a Model of Urban Evo-lution III.”

Background: Current investigations of gastric emptying rarely identify the cause of symptoms or provide a definitive diagnosis in patients with dyspepsia. This study assessed gastric function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the modular "Nottingham Test Meal" (NTM) in healthy volunteers (HVs).Methods: The NTM comprises (i) 400mL liquid nutrient (0.75kcal/mL) labelled with Gadolinium DOTA and (ii) an optional solid component (12 agar-beads (0kcal)). Filling sensations were documented. MRI measurements of gastric volume, emptying, contraction wave frequency and secretion were obtained using validated methods.Key Results: Gastric function was measured in a population of 73 HVs stratified for age and sex. NTM induced moderate satiety and fullness. Labelled fluid was observed in the small bowel in all subjects after meal ingestion ("early-phase" GE). Secretion was rapid such that postprandial gastric content volume was often greater than meal volume (GCV0 >400ml) and there was increasing dilution of the meal during the study (p less than 0.001). Gastric half‐time was median 66‐minutes (95% reference interval 35 to 161‐minutes [“late‐phase” GE]). The number of intact agar beads in the stomach was 7/12 (58%) at 60‐minutes and 1/12 (8%) at 120‐minutes. Age, bodyweight and sex had measurable effects on gastric function; however, these were small compared to inter‐individual variation for most metrics.Conclusions and Inferences: Reference intervals are presented for MRI measurements of gastric function assessed for the mixed liquid/solid NTM. Studies in patients will determine which metrics are of clinical value and also whether the reference intervals presented here offer optimal diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.

OBJECTIVES Gastrointestinal involvement and impaired nutritional status are frequent in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Hereby, we hypothesised that micronutrients and/or prealbumin could be deficitary in SSc. METHODS Patients with SSc and very early SSc (veSSc) were prospectively included. Clinical assessment, data recording and quality controls followed EUSTAR standards. The UCLA SCTCGIT 2.0 questionnaire was applied and the serum levels of zinc, selenium, prealbumin, holotranscobalamin, folic acid were measured. RESULTS Half (52.4%) of the 176 patients with established SSc showed a deficiency in at least one of the measured nutrients. The most frequent deficit was seen in folic acid (17.9%), followed closely by selenium, prealbumin and zinc (around 15% each). Nearly a fifth (19%) of these patients had multiple deficiencies. Patients with more severe disease, including advanced skin fibrosis, positive ACR 1980 classification criteria, anemia and elevated serum inflammation markers were more likely to be nutrient deficient. Lower BMI

To create tomorrow's smarter cities, today's initiatives will need to create measurable improvements. However, a city is a complex system and measuring its performance generates a breadth of issues. Specifically, determining what criteria should be measured, how indications should be defined, and how should the identified indicators be derived. This working paper is one in series that addresses the creation of a Semantic Web based representation of the 17 different themes of ISO 37120 indicators as part of the larger PolisGnosis Project (Fox, 2017). We define a standard ontology for representing general knowledge for the Energy Theme indicators, and for representing both the definition and data used to derive the Energy indicators.

BackgroundThis manuscript summarizes consensus reached by the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group (IAPWG) for the performance, terminology used, and interpretation of anorectal function testing including anorectal manometry (focused on high-resolution manometry), the rectal sensory test, and the balloon expulsion test. Based on these measurements, a classification system for disorders of anorectal function is proposed.MethodsTwenty-nine working group members (clinicians/academics in the field of gastroenterology, coloproctology, and gastrointestinal physiology) were invited to six face-to-face and three remote meetings to derive consensus between 2014 and 2018.Key recommendationsThe IAPWG protocol for the performance of anorectal function testing recommends a standardized sequence of maneuvers to test rectoanal reflexes, anal tone and contractility, rectoanal coordination, and rectal sensation. Major findings not seen in healthy controls defined by the classification are as follows: rectoanal areflexia, anal hypotension and hypocontractility, rectal hyposensitivity, and hypersensitivity. Minor and inconclusive findings that can be present in health and require additional information prior to diagnosis include anal hypertension and dyssynergia.Conclusions and inferencesThis framework introduces the IAPWG protocol and the London classification for disorders of anorectal function based on objective physiological measurement. The use of a common language to describe results of diagnostic tests, standard operating procedures, and a consensus classification system is designed to bring much-needed standardization to these techniques.

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) are known to occur in organic D–A–D and D–A systems where the donor group contains the phenothiazine unit and the acceptor is dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of one new D–A and four new D–A–D systems with methoxy groups on the phenothiazine to examine their effect on emission properties in the zeonex matrix. X-ray analysis and highly specialized NMR techniques were used to characterize asymmetric methoxy-substituted derivative 3b, which is chiral at N because of an extremely high flipping barrier at the phenothiazine N atom. Based on hybrid-density functional theory computations, the methoxy substituents tune the relative stabilities of the axial conformers with respect to equatorial conformers of the phenothiazine units, depending on their substitution position. This conformational effect significantly influences both TADF and RTP contributions compared to the parent D–A–D system. It is also demonstrated that the equatorial forms of D–A–D and D–A systems in zeonex exhibit TADF. Additionally, the methoxy groups promote luminescence in D–A–D systems where only axial conformers exist. This work reveals further design opportunities for more efficient TADF and RTP molecules.

Esophageal diseases are highly prevalent and carry significant socioeconomic burden. Despite the apparently simple function of the esophagus, we still struggle to better understand its physiology and pathophysiology. The assessment of large data sets and application of multiscale mathematical organ models have gained attention as part of the Physiome Project. This has long been recognized in cardiology but has only recently gained attention for the gastrointestinal(GI) tract. The term "esophagiome" implies a holistic assessment of esophageal function, from cellular and muscle physiology to the mechanical responses that transport and mix fluid contents. These anatomical, mechanical, and physiological models underlie the development of a "virtual esophagus" modeling framework to characterize and analyze function and disease. Functional models incorporate anatomical details with sensory-motor responses, especially related to biomechanical functions such as bolus transport. Our review builds on previous reviews and focuses on assessment of detailed anatomical and geometric data using advanced imaging technology for evaluation of gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), and on esophageal mechanophysiology assessed using technologies that distend the esophagus. Integration of mechanics- and physiology-based analysis is a useful characteristic of the esophagiome. Experimental data on pressures and geometric characteristics are useful for the validation of mathematical and computer models of the esophagus that may provide predictions of novel endoscopic, surgical, and pharmaceutical treatment options.

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"Achieving manufacturing efficiency requires that many groups that comprise a manufacturing enterprise, such as design, planning, production, distribution, field service, accounting, sales and marketing, cooperate in order to achieve their common goal. In this paper we introduce the concept of Enterprise Management Network (EMN) as the element to facilitate the integration of distributed heterogeneous functions of a manufacturing enterprise. The integration is supported by having the network first play a more active role in the accessing and communication of information, and second provide the appropriate protocols for the distribution, coordination, and negotiation of tasks and outcomes.The EMN is divided into six layers: Network Layer, Data Layer, Information Layer, Organization Layer, Coordination Layer, and Market Layer. Each of these layers provides a portion of the elements, functions and protocols to allow the integration of a manufacturing enterprise."

Background. Incomplete control of troublesome regurgitation and extraesophageal manifestations of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a known limitation of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. This multicenter randomized study compared the efficacy of transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) against PPIs in controlling these symptoms in patients with small hiatal hernias. Methods. Between June and August 2012, 63 patients were randomized at 7 US community hospitals. Patients in the PPI group were placed on maximum standard dose (MSD). Patients in the TIF group underwent esophagogastric fundoplication using the EsophyX2 device. Primary outcome was elimination of daily troublesome regurgitation or extraesophageal symptoms. Secondary outcomes were normalization of esophageal acid exposure (EAE), PPI usage and healing of esophagitis. Results. Of 63 randomized patients (40 TIF and 23 PPI), 3 were lost to follow-up leaving 39 TIF and 21 PPI patients for analysis. At 6-month follow-up, troublesome regurgitation was eliminated in 97% of TIF patients versus 50% of PPI patients, relative risk (RR) = 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2-3.11 (P = .006). Globally, 62% of TIF patients experienced elimination of regurgitation and extraesophageal symptoms versus 5% of PPI patients, RR = 12.9, 95% CI = 1.9-88.9 (P = .009). EAE was normalized in 54% of TIF patients (off PPIs) versus 52% of PPI patients (on MSD), RR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.6-1.7 (P = .914). Ninety percent of TIF patients were off PPIs. Conclusion. At 6-month follow-up, TIF was more effective than MSD PPI therapy in eliminating troublesome regurgitation and extraesophageal symptoms of GERD.

BACKGROUND: As treatments for constipation become increasingly available, it is important to know when to progress along the treatment algorithm if the patient is not better.AIM: To establish the definition of failure of a treatment to provide adequate relief (F-PAR) to support this management and referral process in patients with chronic constipation.METHODS: We conducted an international Delphi Survey among gastroenterologists and general practitioners with a special interest in chronic constipation. An initial questionnaire based on recognised rating scales was developed following a focus group. Data were collected from two subsequent rounds of questionnaires completed by all authors. Likert scales were used to establish a consensus on a shorter list of more severe symptoms.RESULTS: The initial focus group yielded a first round questionnaire with 84 statements. There was good consensus on symptom severity and a clear severity response curve, allowing 67 of the symptom-severity pairings to be eliminated. Subsequently, a clear consensus was established on further reduction to eight symptom statements in the final definition, condensed by the steering committee into five diagnostic statements (after replicate statements had been removed).CONCLUSIONS: We present an international consensus on chronic constipation, of five symptoms and their severities, any of which would be sufficient to provide clinical evidence of treatment failure. We also provide data representing an expert calibration of commonly used rating scales, thus allowing results of clinical trials expressed in terms of those scales to be converted into estimates of rates of provision of adequate relief.

Sequence data determined in this study, together with epidemiological information. (DOCX 15 kb)