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Anoreksija nervoza (F50.0) i bulimija nervoza (F50.2) poznate su od starih vremena, ali u novije vrijeme kultura koja propagira mršav tjelesni izgled im povećava incidenciju, što se vidi u kulturama koje se pridružuju zapadnom načinu života. Javljaju se u svim životnim skupinama, ali najviše zahvaćaju adolescentnu populaciju. Žene u prosjeku obolijevaju deset puta češće od muškaraca. Anoreksija i bulimija uzrokovane su kombinacijom bioloških i sociokulturnih faktora. Postoji naslijedna komponenta bolesti, tako da osobe u čijoj obitelji postoji prethodni slučaj anoreksije ili bulimije imaju veći rizik za razvijanje bolesti. Novija epigenetička istraživanja upućuju na učinak okoline na razvoj bolesti. Funkcionalna i volumetrijska mjerenja mozga pokazala su promjene u volumenu i povezanosti kortikalnih centara uključenih u regulaciju nagrade, a utvrđena je i poremećena neurohormonalna regulacija. Nije poznato jesu li funkcionalne promjene na mozgu uzrok nastanka ovih poremećaja ili nastaju kao njihova posljedica. Tijekom adolescencije važnu ulogu u formiranju ličnosti imaju utjecaj vršnjaka i kultura koja nameće nerealne ideale fizički lijepog tijela, što može potaknuti razvoj anoreksije i bulimije. Dijagnoza bolesti postavlja se na temelju kliničke slike. Anoreksiju je lakše dijagnosticirati jer se pacijenti na liječenje javljaju u lošijem općem stanju uz nizak indeks tjelesne mase, dok pacijenti sa bulimijom imaju normalan ili povišen indeks tjelesne mase. Postoji znatno preklapanje u simptomima anoreksije i bulimije. Posljedice bolesti vide se na gotovo svim organskim sustavima, a liječenje osnovne bolesti dovode do poboljšanja gotovo svih nastalih posljedica. Liječenju anoreksije pristupa se primarno psihoterapijski, a bulimije kombinacijom psihoterapije i farmakoterapije. Prognoza izliječenja varira, potpuno izliječenje vidi se u samo polovice pacijenata. Anorexia nervosa (F50.0) and bulimia nervosa (F50.2) have been known throught history, but today's culture which propagates a thin body shape increases their incidence, which can be observed in cultures that have just recently joined the western life style. They occur in all age groups, but mostly affect adolescent population. On average, women are affected ten times more often than men. Anorexia and bulimia are caused by a combination of biological and sociocultural factors. A hereditary component is also present and a person is more likely to develop the disorder if there is a family history of anorexia or bulimia. Newer epigenetic research shows an environmental role in development of the disorders. Functional and volumetric brain research has uncovered changes in the volume and interconnectedness of brain areas involved in reward processing and it has been shown that there is a disturbed neurohormonal regulation. It is not clear whether the functional brain changes cause the disorders to develop or if the changes are a result of disease development. Peers and culture which forces an unrealistic body shape ideals have an important role in character development during adolescence and it can trigger the development of anorexia and bulimia. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentaton. Anorexia is easier to diagnose because patients seek counceling in a deteriorated condition with a low body-mass index, while patients with bulimia have a normal or above-normal body-mass index. The effects of the disease are observed on nearly all organ systems, and curing the basic illness leads to improvement of almost all the consequences. Anorexia is primarily treated with psychotherapy, while bulimia is treated with a combination of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Treatment prognosis varies, full recovery is observed in only half of the patients.

Neurofeedback is a non-invasive method of monitoring electrical activity of the brain for the purpose of their self regulation. Studies show effectivness of neurofeedback and positive expiriences in the field of safety in clinical application. In ths study 32 questionairres (parents) were evaluated and most progress was evident in increased interest of the environment and peers, increased attention and sleep improvement.

Ethical issues are an inevitable part of any research in biomedicine. Adhering to the high ethical standards is called good research practice and is described in several documents, for example in the European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (http://www.esf.org/fileadmin/Public_documents/Publ ications/ Code_Conduct_ResearchIntegrity.pdf) and Good Good Publication Practice for Communicating Company- Sponsored Medical Research: GPP3 (http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2424869). Those principles include data, procedure, responsibility and publication. Publication is the last phase of research and it gives the visibility of research. Publishing a research is very difficult, especially in high quality journals and often burdened by many problems. Young researchers, non-native English speakers, and those not acquainted with the ethical standards may have difficulties in producing a quality publication that can be visible in the scientific community. Without adhering to the principles of scientific integrity biomedical research has no value and can leave great consequences on health. Therefore, the aim of this workshop is to present good research and publication practices principles and means of avoiding honest errors and scientific misconduct presenting theoretical background and presentation of most typical cases of scientific misconduct (fabrication, falsification, plagiarism and other) to students, future researchers and authors of scientific publications.

There is accumulating data suggesting an involvement of glutamate in the acute and chronic effects of alcohol, including dependence and withdrawal, and glutamatergic system is emerging as potential target for alcoholism treatment. Recent studies have suggested an association of ionotropic glutamate receptor genes with alcohol dependence. The aim of this study was to examine the association of Ser310Ala functional polymorphism (rs6691840) in the GluR7 glutamate kainate receptor subunit gene (GRIK3) with the development of alcoholism. New insights into the genetic background of alcohol addiction could help identify individuals with high risk of alcoholism development, which would contribute to the prevention as well as alleviation of the consequences of this complex disorder. The study included 275 alcohol-dependent patients and 208 healthy subjects. Possible differences in the frequency of GRIK3 genotypes and alleles between subjects of different gender and smoking status, as well as between alcohol-dependent patients stratified according to aggressive and suicidal behavior, onset of alcohol abuse and type of alcoholism according to Cloninger’s classification were also studied. Genotyping of Ser310Ala polymorphism (rs6691840) in the GRIK3 gene was performed by using TaqMan Real-Time allelic discrimination technique after extraction of DNA from the whole blood with a salting out procedure. Allele and genotype frequencies in the control and alcohol-dependent subjects were compared using χ2 test. The results demonstrated lower frequency of homozygous CC genotype in patients who started abusing alcohol before 25. years of age in relation to alcohol-dependent subjects with the late onset of alcohol abuse. The results have provided supporting evidence for the association of the GRIK3 gene polymorphism (rs6691840) with the age of onset of alcohol abuse in patients of Croatian origin. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of GRIK3 gene in the development of alcohol dependence.

Radionica će se odvijati u tri dijela. U prvom dijelu će voditelj radionice demonstrirati rad u ambulanti za seksualne smetnje, pri čemu će on glumiti samog sebe, tj. pokazati kako izgleda prvi susret pacijenta/klijenta i seksualnog terapeuta. Dvoje studenata/sudionika će glumiti pacijente/klijente. Pokušat će se dočarati realna situacija razgovora o seksualnosti, dobivanja detaljnih anamnestičkih podataka, vođenja intervjua, davanja savjeta, dogovaranja terapije. Nakon toga, u drugom dijelu radionice, studenti starijih godina moći će se okušati u ulozi terapeuta. Na temelju ranije datog primjera (iz prvog dijela radionice), pokušat će voditi dijagnostički intervju, te dati neke osnovne savjete za poboljšanje seksualnog života, uklanjanje seksualnih problema i mitova. U ovome će im pomoći voditelj radionice. Cilj je iz prve ruke osjetiti emocije koje se javljaju kod terapeuta tijekom vođenja intervjua i savjetovanja. Treći dio radionice sastojat će se od vrlo kratkog izlaganja voditelja, nakon kojeg slijedi razgovor- rasprava o seksualnom savjetovanju, seksualnoj terapiji i drugim terapijskim mogućnostima u radu s osobama kod kojih se u seksualnost ne može uključiti mozak (tj. središnji živčani sustav).

Gabapentin, an analogue of GABA, was originally developed to treat epilepsy. However, this anticonvulsive drug demonstrated some positive effects in the treatment of alcohol addiction and withdrawal. Recent reports also indicated potential neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of gabapentin. Although different receptors are suggested to be implicated in its action, the precise mechanisms are still not known. As neurotoxic consequences of high alcohol consumption are common, the aim of our study was to investigate possible protective ability of gabapentin in alcohol-induced citotoxicity. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, non- transfected and stably transfected with alpha1beta2gamma2S GABA-A receptors, were exposed to various concentrations of alcohol and gabapentin for different periods of time. A trypan blue exclusion assay was performed to assess cell viability. Membrane preparations of stably transfected HEK 293 cells treated with 100 mM alcohol in combination with 1 microM gabapentin for 96h were used in [3H]flunitrazepam binding studies to determine the number and affinity of benzodiazepine binding sites, and their allosteric interactions with GABA binding sites. Observed cytotoxic effects of 100 mM alcohol were reduced by simultaneous 1microM gabapentin treatment only in HEK 293 stably transfected with alpha1beta2gamma2S GABA-A receptors. On recombinant GABA-A receptors alcohol induced up- regulation of benzodiazepine binding sites without affecting their affinity. In the same time, alcohol decreased GABA-induced potentiation of benzodiazepine binding, suggesting allosteric uncoupling of receptor binding sites. Simultaneous gabapentin treatment did not change the number of benzodiazepine binding sites, but restored normal functional interactions of GABA-A receptor binding sites. Our findings support the hypothesis that gabapentin exert at least some of its actions via GABA-A receptors. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate whether functional recovery of GABA-A receptor binding sites following gabapentin treatment is related to its protective effects against the alcohol-induced cytotoxicity in HEK 293 cells.

The question whether gender differences in behavior and cognitive abilities could be explained by the differences in the brain structures and functions of women and men, is still a current one. As it is with complex behaviors, the key is in the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors.While some authors are prone to exaggerate and overemphasize the differences of various aspects of the female and male behavior and cognitive functioning (like the author of the book "Men are from Mars, women are frome Venus"), others are more inclined to accept the hypothesis of gender similarities, which states that not even small differences in behavior and cognition could be ascribed to the differences of the female and male brain. In this lecture we will be focusing on different hypotheses and theories of the source of gender differences in behavior and cognitive functions, support them with research results and offer our own outlook on this interesting and always intriguing subject.

Studies of activating sex hormones effects, showed greater efficiency of females during menstrual phases, which are characterized by higher levels of sex hormones. Since the right hemisphere is responsible for the recognition of emotions, and high levels of estrogen have an inhibitory effect on the right hemisphere functioning, better performance could be expected in the task of recognizing different facial expressions in the men¬strual phase, when hormone levels are at the lowest possible level. On the other hand, according to the evolutionary hypothesis, greater suc¬cess in the tasks can be expected during the late folicular phase, when conception is possible. Main goal was to examine the effectiveness in task of emotional recognition of happiness, sadness, fear and pain, dur¬ing menstrual and late folicular phase. In examination participated fe¬male students (N= 30) of Mostar University, age 19-24, with regular men¬strual cycle who didn’t consumate oral contraceptives. In the purpose of this study, was constructed task of recognizing emotional facial expres¬sions (happiness, sadness, fear, pain) which examinees performed two times (2. and 13. day of cycle). As performance parameters were used time of recognition, expressed in milliseconds, and number of errors The obtained results showed no statistically significant differences in the ef¬ficiency in performing tasks, given in the different phases of menstrual cycle. Analyses showed significant differences in time recognition of dif¬ferent facial expressions, which was later confirmed by analyzing the number of errors, too. In conclusion, it can be said that the hypothesis of activational effects of sex hormones has not been confirmed. Also, the assumption of greater success in recognition task, in a time when concep¬tion is possible, according to evolutinary hipothesis, has not confirmed.

Sex therapy consists of an array of counselling and therapeutic procedures that aim at establishing individual sexual health and/or sexually healthy relationship, and also at alleviating consequences of sexual health disorders and enabling people to cope with them more satisfactorily. Although this kind of therapy has been developing for half a century worldwide, in Croatia structured education in sex therapy started out only a decade ago, and today there are nine licensed sex therapists that finished education founded and organized by the Croatian Association for Sexual Therapy. In this workshop, a case study from the sex therapy that will show the complexity of sexual health issues, ways of approaching these issues and ways of dealing with them will be presented. Students will have an opportunity to learn how to take a sexual history and will become familiar with some of the counselling/therapeutic interventions used during sex therapy.

We present the 33-year old female patient which appeared psychiatrist because of interferences from circuit depressive disorders. Clinical picture is dominated by apathy, loss of strenght and interest, insomnia, inappetency, projection and fears prepsychotic level. Due to this mental disorders, patient is hospitalized at the Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Hospital Centar Rijeka. The patient states that within two years she lost weight, 30 kg. During hospitalization, she was treated with medication (antipsychotic, antidepressant, hypnotic) and psychotherapy. By drug therapy depressive symptoms are in reduction with an evident increase in body weight. The patient is satisfied, adequatly function in all spheres of life, compliantly in further future (daily-hospital program and ambulatory control.

U ovom radu se opisuje utjecaj ishemičnog moždanog oštećenja na promjene stanične imunosti u bolesnika s ishemičnim moždanim udarom na sustavoj razini. Problem Ishemijsko moždano oštećenje s kliničkom slikom ishemijskog moždanog udara (IMU) odražava se stanjem periferne imunodepresije. Cilj Ispitati promjene subpopulacija imunoloških stanica i citokina (interferon gama, IFNγ ; čimbenik tumorske nekroze alfa, TNFα ; interleukini, IL-6/-17/-1 β ; transformirajući čimbenik rasta-beta, TGF -β ; monocitni kemotaksijski protein-1, mcp -1 ; neurotropni čimbenik podrijetlom iz mozga, bdn f) u bolesnika s IMU . Bolesn ici i metode 40 bolesnika s IMU podijeljeno je u dvije skupine: imu s vrijednosti NIH SS 12. Diferencijalna krvna slika u bolesnika učinjena je na hematološkom analizatoru, imunofenotipizacija na protočnom citometru, a koncentracije citokina enzimatskoimunokemijskom metodom u perifernoj krvi bolesnika 1., 3. i 7. dana nakon IMU . Rezultati 3. i 7. dana utvrđen je porast udjela limfocita i monocita u skupini bolesnika s NIHSS< 12, a s NIH SS>12 porast udjela eozinofila i bazofila. U bolesnika s NIH SS12 bila niža 7. dana. U obje skupine bolesnika utvrđen je pad koncentracije TGF -β i mcp -1 3. te porast 7. dana, dok su vrijednosti IL -6 bile povišene. Zaključak Ishemijsko moždano oštećenje dovodi do promjena imunokompetentnih stanica i citokinskog profila u bolesnika s IMU .

UVOD: Funkcionalna hrana je dio novorastućeg tržišta koje pruža nebrojene mogućnosti, što proizvođačima, što potrošačima. Sam pojam funcionalne hrana obuhvaća svu hranu kojoj je nešto uklonjeno, zamijenjeno ili dodano, a s ciljem poboljšanja zdravlja čovjeka. Osim osoba s izraženim zdravstvenim tegobama, funkcionalna hrana je namijenjena i inače zdravim osobama koje svjesno brinu o svome zdravlju, te zbog određenih genetskih predispozicija ili načina života češće odabiru upravo funkcionalne proizvode. Međutim, često ti proizvodi nisu prepoznati od strane potošača. Neki od proizvoda koji se konzumiraju na redovitoj bazi (npr. mliječni proizvodi sa smanjenim udjelom masnoće) uopće nisu prepoznati, od strane potrošača, kao funkcionalni proizvod. Dijelom je neprepoznavanje od strane potrošača povezano i s lošom deklaracijom te nedovoljnom edukacijom o sastavu i zdravstvenom učinku određenih proizvoda. CILJ RADA: Ispitati poznavanje i prepoznavanje funkcionalne hrane među potrošačima, te njihove stavove oko odabira i konzumiranja istih. METODE: Razvijena je anketa o funkcionalnoj hrani prema istraživanju Landström i suradnika (Landström i sur., 2007). Anketom su obuhvaćena pitanja o općim životnim karakteristikama ispitanika, osobnom stavu o brizi za zdravlje, te pitanja vezana uz poznavanje pojma funkcionalne hrane, odabir i konzumiranje specifičnih skupina funcionalnih proizvoda, te očekivanja potrošača vezana uz zdravstvene dobrobiti. Anketu je ispunilo 59 potrošača, dobi 18 – 51 godine, 27, 1% muškaraca i 72, 9% žena. REZULTATI: Prema osobnom stavu, 84, 7% ispitanika smatra da se brine o svome zdravlju. 23, 7% ispitanika je izjavilo kako ima neki zdravstveni problem i isto toliko ih je izjavilo da je na redukcijskoj dijeti koja nije povezana s njihovim zdravstvenim stanjem. O funkcionalnim proizvodima ništa nije čulo 15, 3% ispitanika, a 22, 0% ih je izjavilo kako ne kupuje ove proizvode. Najveći dio potrošača (35, 6%) je primijetilo poboljšanje nakon konzumiranja nekog od funkcionalnih proizvoda, no s druge strane, veliki dio potrošača nije očekivao nikakvo poboljšanje (22, 0%) ili pak ne zna (25, 5%). Najveći dio potrošača (59, 3%) smatra kako na našem tržištu nema dovoljno funkcionalnih proizvoda, te bi čak 94, 9% potrošača kupilo novi funkcionalni proizvod na tržištu, međutim prilikom odabira i kupovine takvog proizvoda, cijena za 76, 3% potrošača predstavlja važan čimbenik. ZAKLJUČAK: Istraživanje je pokazalo kako su potrošači otvoreni prema tržištu funkcionalnih proizvoda te, samim time što su cijenu istanuli kao važan čimbenik prilikom odabira i kupovine, stavljaju izazov pred proizvođače. Ujedno, stavovi potrošača ukazuju na potrebu, ali i otvaraju prostor za promidžbu i edukaciju o određenim tipovima funkcionalnih proizvoda.