Search

Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can play important roles in uterine and ovarian functions. However, little researches have been done on the role of lncRNAs in the adrenal gland of sheep. Herein, RNA sequencing was used to compare and analyze gene expressions in adrenal tissues between follicular phases and luteal phases in FecBBB (MM) and FecB++ (WW) sheep, respectively, and differentially expressed lncRNAs and genes associated with reproduction were identified. Results In MM sheep, 38 lncRNAs and 545 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the adrenal gland between the luteal and follicular phases; In WW sheep, 513 differentially expressed lncRNAs and 2481 mRNAs were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that differentially expressed lncRNAs and their target genes are mainly involved in the circadian rhythm, the mitogen activated protein kinase, thyroid, ovarian steroidogenesis and transforming growth factor beta signaling pathways. Differentially expressed lncRNAs can regulate reproduction by modulating genes involved in these signaling pathways and biological processes. Specifically, XLOC_254761, XLOC_357966, 105,614,839 and XLOC_212877 targeting CREB1, PER3, SMAD1 and TGFBR2, respectively, appear to play key regulatory roles. Conclusion These results broaden our understanding of lncRNAs in adrenal gland of sheep and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sheep reproduction.

Bakgrund: De hormonella förändringarna som sker under menstruationscykeln bidrar till variationer i olika fysiologiska processer som påverkar både kvinnors mående och prestation. Det är inte enbart det välstuderade premenstruella syndromet innan blödning som påverkar utan variationer i könshormonerna under hela menstruationscykeln påverkar olika fysiologiska processer. Forskning om optimering av styrke- och konditionsträning utgår ofta från studier med manliga deltagare som har testosteron som uppbyggande hormon. Forskning på kvinnor visar att de hormonella förändringarna under menstruationscykeln bidrar till variation i metabolism, styrka, inflammation, vätskebalans, kroppstemperatur och risk för skador. Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att undersöka hur menstruationscykeln påverkar prestationsförmågan hos idrottande kvinnor. Metod: En litteratursökning genomfördes i databaserna PubMed och Sport Discus. Även en utökad sökning och en sekundärsökning utfördes. Totalt inkluderades tio studier. Resultat: Fem studier undersökte skillnader i muskelstyrka mellan follikelfasen (första blödningsdag fram till ägglossning) och lutealfasen (ägglossning fram till dagen innan nästa blödning). Fyra av studierna visade en ökad muskelstyrka och större muskeltillväxt under follikelfasen och en av studierna visade ingen skillnad mellan faserna. Fem studier undersökte syreupptagningsförmåga mellan follikel- och lutealfas. Två av studierna visade en högre syreupptagningsförmåga under lutealfasen, och tre av studierna visade inga skillnader mellan faserna. Slutsats: Studierna kring muskelstyrka indikerar att effekten av styrketräning är störst under follikelfasen, varemot flera studier behövs för att kunna utreda hur menstruationscykeln påverkar kvinnors syreupptagningsförmåga. Background: The hormonal changes that occur during the menstrual cycle contribute to variations in different physiological processors that affect both women's sensation and performance. It is not only the well-studied premenstrual syndrome of bleeding that affects women but the continuous variation in the steoridhormones throughout the menstrual cycle affect several physiological functions. Research on optimization strength and fitness training is often based on studies with male participants who have testosterone as the dominant anabolic hormone. Research on women shows that the hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle contribute to variation in metabolism, strength, inflammation, fluid balance, body temperature and risk of injury. Purpose: This literature study purpose was to investigate how menstrual cycles affect the performance of athletic women. Method: A literature search was carried out using the PubMed and Sport Discus databases. An extended search and a secondary search were also performed and a total of ten studies were included. Results: Five studies examined differences in muscle strength between the follicle phase (first bleeding day until ovulation) and the luteal phase (ovulation until the day before the onset of the next bleeding). Four of the studies showed increased muscle strength and greater muscle growth during the follicle phase while one study found no differences between the phases. Five studies investigated oxygen uptake and aerobic capacity between the follicle and luteal phase. Two of the studies reported an increased oxygen uptake during the luteal phase while the remaining three studies showed no differences between the phases. Conclusion: The studies on muscle strength indicate that effect of strength training is greatest during the follicle phase, whereas more studies are needed to investigate whether the menstrual cycle affects women's oxygen uptake capacity.