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This dissertation focuses on developing solution approaches for logistics and transportation problems in disaster management and humanitarian applications motivated by real-world applications. We focus on developing improved preparedness and response methods for two kinds of humanitarian applications and evaluating these methods with real-world data., First, we have developed approaches for storing and distributing fuel to reduce the impact of disasters on islands. While most disaster-related studies focus on the mainland, this research fills this gap by providing distribution models appropriate for islands. After a disaster on an island, there is often an increased demand for fuel because islands often do not have refineries, and it could take several weeks for ships to arrive with more fuel. This study proposes a two-tier optimization approach to, first, determine how to allocate, preposition, and distribute fuel to the different regions (Chapter 1). Tier 1 focuses on the first few days after a disaster when there is no fuel available to the island other than what existed prior to the disaster. The results highlight the importance of establishing new locations with lower risk to preposition fuel. Next, we investigate how to strategically use ships to supplement the fuel after a disaster (Chapter 2). Tier 2 evaluates the strategic use of ships to reduce the arrival time of the shipments from outside sources. These results highlight the importance of using standby ships for fuel distribution., Second, we have studied how to identify the best roads and bridges in a road transportation network to strengthen to enable travel from population centers to healthcare facilities (HFCs) after a flood event (Chapter 3). Floods can deteriorate and block transport systems, leading to loss of access to HFCs. To mitigate these consequences, it is crucial to determine how changes to transportation infrastructure, such as road improvements, can improve access to emergency service facilities. The objective of this research, which addresses a pre-disaster planning problem to improve the residents accessibility to HCFs, is to minimize their travel times subject to budget and capacity restrictions. This work requires the use of geographic information systems (GIS) tools. Accordingly, we have used ArcGIS software to capture spatial data, analyze mapped data, visually display geographical data, and demonstrate solutions. We develop techniques for reducing the problem size on large road networks., In our study of two cities in Iowa, we demonstrate that the roads that are consistently selected for being upgraded are mostly the residential roads that guarantee accessibility within residential areas, even if they are far from HCFs. While a substantial number of papers in the literature define the available budget levels as the total number of upgradeable roads, our results revealed the flaw in those methods by showing that upgrading more miles of roads does not always yield a larger number of roads.

Communities are socio-environmental systems that can be vulnerable to and adversely impacted by natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, and storms which have long impacted human life and property. Over the past century, efforts have been made to mitigate natural disasters. Fluvial and riverine flooding from inland waterways is a primary cause flood damages to communities in the United States. Therefore, considering the mitigation efforts employed along inland waterway communities is critical when considering future resilience. Flood vulnerability and risk mapping efforts are focused predominantly on the hydrology and historically have not accounted for consideration of vulnerable populations. For years, policies such as those that facilitate home buyout programs have been applied to mitigate hazards impacts after floods in both inland and coastal areas. Home buyouts offer opportunities to flood-affected homeowners that meet certain criteria to relocate to places that are ideally at lower risk of flooding . The properties that are bought out are often converted to greenspace to further enhance mitigation of flood impacts and improve community resilience (Nelson and Camp 2020). However, home buyout and other such programs can potentially have unintended consequences in the neighborhoods where they take place. When enough residents relocate out of the community to other places, the social fabric (i.e., a network of interpersonal social connections) and the tax base of the flood affected community can be severely damaged. The overall objective of this project is to evaluate the unintended consequences of flood mitigation activities (i.e., buyout programs) represented as community costs of measures such as residential home buyouts. This project aims to develop a model for calculating a Social Fabric Index (SoFI) using publicly available data that is both transferrable and scalable to help communities evaluate potential impacts to the social cohesion of a community when utilizing riverine flood mitigation programs such as buyouts. To test the model’s applicability and robustness, it was applied to a case study area and subjected to uncertainty analysis and global sensitivity analysis. While buyouts are used in both coastal and inland communities as a mitigation approach, this study is focused primarily on a case study of an inland riverine community (i.e., Nashville, Tennessee, US) because an inland community may have more alternatives for mitigation than coastal areas.

Flood mitigation is crucial to be introduced in early childhood learning, considering that early childhood victims are vulnerable to disasters. Flood mitigation is vital since the disaster will impact health, physical condition, and continuity of education. This research aims to find out to what extent the effect of the storytelling method on the understanding of flood management in early childhood. This study used a quantitative approach with the experimental method by two samples, namely the experimental and the control groups. Each group consisted of 20 children who were given different treatments and then provided a questionnaire to measure the child's ability to understand disaster mitigation. Based on the calculation results of the paired sample t-test in the experimental group, the Sig (2-Tailed) had a value of 0.000 0.05, so there was a significant effect; thus, H0 was rejected, and H1 was accepted. Furthermore, after being given treatment in the experimental group from pre-test to post-test, the change from pre-test to post-test increased by 31.45. Meanwhile, the control group's change from pre-test to post-test rose by 12.30. It is also known that the most significant change occurred in the experimental group with the treatment method of telling stories about understanding flood mitigation. For this reason, it can be concluded that there is an effect of the storytelling method on flood mitigation in early childhood. Storytelling could be an appropriate alternative to introduce awareness in another disaster mitigation.

Permeable pavement (PP) systems have been shown to provide onsite stormwater management as well as contaminant removal benefits. Therefore, significant research has taken place in recent years to analyse the performance of these structures in terms of the volume of stormwater harvested and the water quality improvements at small scales. However, there is limited understanding of their performance for reducing stormwater runoff volume to prevent natural disasters, such as catchment-scale flooding. With larger flooding events projected to occur more frequently as a result of urbanisation and climate change, PP systems have the potential to mitigate loss by reducing peak flows and runoff volumes. Therefore, this research investigates the performance of PP at the catchment scale under a range of design rainfall and land-use scenarios. Results indicate that the integration of permeable pavements in urban settings is effective in mitigating surface flooding in an urbanised catchment in Melbourne, Australia by reducing the peak flows by 7–16%. However, in practice, flood reduction ability can markedly decrease with time due to the clogging of pavements. Our results provide preliminary data to show that the integration of permeable pavements into the existing urban landscape can reduce the risk of flooding by providing areas for water to infiltrate if maintained properly. These results are envisioned to assist councils and stormwater managers with the option evaluation of the water-sensitive urban design systems and selecting the appropriate stormwater management measures.

The choice of a suitable model that could predict the possibility of occurrence of rainfall event of a specified magnitude depends mainly on the characteristics of rainfall data at a particular site. This study was aimed at determining the best-fit probability distribution model for annual maximum monthly rainfall. Fifty years rainfall data (1969-2018) obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET), Calabar, were collated to form an annual series ranked in a decreasing order of magnitude. The data were then evaluated with 6 probability distributions namely; Normal, Log-Normal, Pearson Type III, Log-Pearson Type III, Gumbel Extreme Value Type I and Log-Gumbel probability distributions. The best-fit probability distribution model at the study area was selected based on the results of 4 goodness of fit tests namely; Mean Absolute Deviation Index (MADI), Chi-Squared ) test, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Relative Root Mean Square Error (RRMSE). The performance of the 6 distributions were ranked and the total scores of 8, 23, 16, 12, 21 and 4 were allocated to Normal, Log-Normal, Pearson Type III, Log-Pearson Type III, Gumbel Extreme Value Type I and Log-Gumbel probability distributions, respectively. The results indicate that the best-fit probability distribution model was Log-Normal, which was used to predict rainfall values of 566.8, 664.0, 721.6, 788.1, 834.4, 878.4, 920.7, 974.8 and 1014.4 mm for different return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 years, respectively. It is, therefore, recommended that Log-Normal distribution is the preferred model for frequency analysis of rainfall data for the planning and design of hydraulic structures in the study area. This is necessary for effective flood prevention and mitigation interventions. &nbsp

У раду се даје кратак приказ холистичког приступа смањењу ризика од поплава помоћу природи блиских решења. Овакав приступ узима у обзир не само смањење ризика као основни циљ мера заштите од поплава, већ и друге циљеве заједнице као што су заштита животне средине, добробит и здравље људи и друштвено-економски развој. На примеру слива реке Тамнаве, а као резултат истраживачког рада у међународном пројекту RECONECT у оквиру H2020 програма ЕУ, приказују се прелиминарни резултати примене овог концепта уз разматрање неколико сценарија могућих мера заштите и користи које оне могу донети у погледу смањења ризика од поплава и унапређења екосистемских услуга на сливу. Приказана методологија укључује новчано вредновање ефеката мера са гледишта смањења ризика (избегнутих штета), као секундарних ефеката од смањења ерозије додатним пошумљавањем. Ово друго вредновање је такође искоришћено за прелиминарну процену свих релевантних екосистемских услуга на сливу, што указује на вредност природног капитала овог слива. Овакве процене су важне за процес доношења одлука о мерама заштите од поплава. This paper presents briefly a holistic approach to reducing flood risks using the nature-based solutions. This approach takes into account not only the reduced risk as the primary goal of flood mitigation, but also involves other goals such as the protection of the environment, human well-being, socio-economic goals etc. The Tamnava River basin is used as a pilot case to demonstrate the methodology of such an approach, resulting from the work within the RECONECT project from the EU Horizon 2020 programme. The paper presents preliminary results for the Tamnava River basin by considering several scenarios for flood mitigation measures and potential benefits from these measures in flood risk reduction and in improved ecosystem services in the basin. The methodology includes monetary valuation of the effects of the proposed flood mitigation measures in terms of the avoided damages, as well as of the secondary benefits from the erosion control by additional afforestation. The latter also provides basis for preliminary valuation of all relevant ecosystem services in the basin, thus indicating the value of the basin’s natural capital. Such an evaluation is important for the decision-making process on possible flood mitigation strategies. Рад је добио Награду за најбољи научни рад са Прве меморијалне научно-стручне конференције ,,Предраг Марић". Конференција је одржана 11.2.2022. године. у просторијама Института за међународну политику и привреду, Македонска 25, у Београду. Годишњак Факултета безбедности 2022 (Faculty of Security Studies Annual), издавач Факултет безбедности Универзитета у Београду; адреса - Господара Вучића 50, Београд; обим 434 стране, штампани тираж 100 примерака, припрема и штампа ,,Чигоја штампа". Категорија часописа - M52. UDK 556.166(282)(497.11) COBISS.SR-ID 112460809 https://aseestant.ceon.rs/index.php/fb_godisnjak/article/view/37341/22674

Nowadays, flood and drought will become more common as climate change causes. Due to climate change consequences, flood occurrence and its impact on Gaza people have been of great concern to the Palestinian water authority, as it has a negative influence on various humanitarian and social issues. The hazards and damages resulted by flooding cause loss of life, property, displacement of people and disruption of socioeconomic activities. This research focuses on assessing Gaza Strip vulnerability to flooding using analysis of GIS-based spatial information. Not only did it consider the physical-environmental flood vulnerability, it also investigated social flood vulnerability aspects e.g., population densities. Soil and slope were considered to have the highest weight in the vulnerability mapping, as they represent the main factors in urban hydro-ecosystem structure. The long term average rainfall, a climate function factor, has the lowest weight, because it could be considered as a threat factor in addition to a vulnerability factor. This research demonstrates that urban area and population density as strong factors influencing flood vulnerability for humanitarian and saving life purposes. The findings of Geospatial analysis were used to map vulnerable areas likely to be affected in the event of flood hazard and suggest future interventions and related adaptation strategies in Gaza areas for flood mitigation.

Coastal cities are under rising pressure to adapt to climate change. They suffer from the severe effects of increased frequencies and intensities of coastal hazards, particularly flooding, while oftentimes continuing to sprawl into hazard-exposed areas and grow beyond the pace of sufficient infrastructure development. Even though these problems have been quite well understood for a while, there is still comparatively little knowledge and scientific assessment of the solution space, i.e., on the options available for adaptation and the ways in which they are being perceived, framed and evaluated in the scientific literature. Focusing on Jakarta, this study presents findings from a systematic assessment of peer-reviewed scientific literature on the adaptation solution space with regard to current and future flooding. Jakarta is chosen as a case study since it is among the cities with the highest flood risk and adaptation pressure globally while also being one of the most heavily researched coastal cities in this regard, certainly in the Global South. Based on a structured keyword search, we assess 339 articles. Results indicate that the perceived solution space is skewed towards hard protection against flooding, while measures to accommodate flooding or retreat from exposed areas are less widely considered in the scientific debate. Soft adaptation measures for the reduction of social vulnerability receive less attention in the literature than those measures targeting the taming of flood hazards, often through engineering solutions. Likewise, hybrid adaptation approaches, which combine soft and hard measures in a complementary way, are only rarely considered. Looking into the future, the findings suggest that despite the importance of hard flood protection as a main adaptation solution in Jakarta, other fields of the solution space deserve increased scientific attention. This relates in particular to urgently needed feasibility and effectiveness assessments of ecosystems-based solutions for flood mitigation and adaptation options targeting social vulnerability. While the empirical results are specific to Jakarta, heuristic observations from research on other coastal cities suggest that similar scoping exercises of the predominantly perceived solution space might be of relevance in many cities beyond Jakarta.

Throughout the centuries flood disasters have taken a loss of human lives property damage, and economic impacts all over the world. In Jakarta, Indonesia, various alternatives of strategies after flood disasters have been implemented during the past reconstruction project due the high severe damage losses. Unfortunately the programs just issues, based on the damage and losses assessment after recent disasters happened, it indicated the necessity of better flood disaster management for future life’s people in Indonesia. The research focused on flood disaster mitigation program and used as some implementation program from other countries for comparison to propose an appropriate design of mitigation and planned. The approaches use the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a decision analysis tool, in order to develop a Program Evaluation Model (PEM) for flood disaster management in Jakarta. In addition, data will be gathered through direct survey with experts. The PEM’s concept is concerned with the selecting the major factors which influence the management of flood disaster in Jakarta, and use the identified factors to evaluate different flood mitigation program from other countries (Taiwan, Japan, Netherlands, United States, and United Kingdom).

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence community participation in training and sensitization on household livelihood in Kano Plains in Nyando Sub-County, Kisumu County. The study adopted descriptive survey design and targeted household heads in Nyando plains, village elders and chiefs of the locations under study, local government authority representatives, District Disaster management officer representative in Nyando and the NGOs. A sample size of 385 was sufficient for a target population of 11,050. Multistage sampling was used to sample locations and sub locations while proportional sampling was used to sample the number of selected household where the households were grouped into different classifications. The sample size was 370 household heads plus 15 officers were working in Nyando flood plains. Purposive sampling was used to identify the 4 village elders and 4 chiefs, 1 Sub-County Local Authority Management Officer who represented the government, 1 Disaster Management Officer, and 5 managers from the NGOs. Questionnaires for household heads and interview schedules key informants were used for primary data collection. The study found that majority of the households had never attended training and sensitization programmes concerning floods with 42.1% and that the training and sensitization received was not of high quality (60.6%).The study found a strong positive correlation R = 0.582 which was statistically significant as p

Rapid urbanization throughout the globe increases demand for fresh water and the ecosystem services associated with it. This need is conventionally met through the construction of infrastructure. Natural infrastructure solutions have increased to provide freshwater ecosystem services, but little global research has examined the intricate relationships between built and natural infrastructure for providing freshwater ecosystem services to cities across the globe. Using network analysis, here we examine the interrelationships between built and natural infrastructure in 2,113 watersheds for 317 cities worldwide, focusing on four key freshwater ecosystem services: freshwater provision, sediment regulation, flood mitigation and hydropower production. Our results indicate that protected wetlands contribute to sustaining freshwater provision to cities. Forest cover in protected areas can improve the capacity of large dams in reducing sediment loads and producing hydropower, but cities mainly depend on reduced impervious surfaces and more green spaces within urban areas for flood mitigation. Improved understandings of the role of natural infrastructure in urban water networks must underpin strategic decision-making to sustainably provide freshwater ecosystem services to global cities. Ecosystems that provide fresh water for cities also impact sediment flows, flood mitigation and hydropower provision. This Article looks at over 300 cities globally to gauge the interactions of natural ecosystems with built infrastructure.

One of the anticipation actions that can be done before the flood disaster comes is to determine the evacuation route and evacuation location or shelter for flood relief and spread to the public in order to accelerate the process of evacuation of disaster victims so as to minimize losses from the flood itself. This research was conducted by approaching Geographic Information System (SIG) The purpose of this research is (1) Knowing the flood-prone agihan in Laweyan Subdistrict based on SIG. (2) Analyze the Availability of Shelter Locations (Educational Buildings and Buildings of Worship) of flood victims in Laweyan Subdistrict. It is expected that in the research to know the potential of the best temporary evacuation shelter / protection and evacuation design so that it can be considered and help the relevant agencies, especially local BPBD in order to improve flood mitigation in Sumber Village, Banjarsari District, Surakarta City. To reduce or overcome the impact caused by flood disasters on the comfort and safety of the community in Laweyan Subdistrict, researchers need to raise the title, " Determination of Flood Victim Shelter in Lawean District of Surakarta City Based on Geographic Information System".

Pluvial floods have become common in recent times due to climate change leading to heavy rainfall, and high rate of urbanization, preventing the natural infiltration of water into the ground. Within this work, measures are selected, designed and implemented, which consider all the relevant stakeholders and other environmental limitations, with the aim of mitigating pluvial floods caused by heavy rainfall in urban areas. Lohbrugge, an urban region situated in Hamburg, Germany, is used as the study area in which the flood investigation is carried out and adequate measures to curb pluvial flooding are implemented and assessed using the ArcGIS software. The measures selected and implemented include Green Roofs, Roof Catchment Rain Water Harvesting Systems, Sewer Grate Inlet, Retention Basins, Swales and the Dredging Measure, through the use of the delineation tools in the ArcGIS software. Results obtained show that the Dredging Measure had the most significant impact on the mitigation of the potential pluvial flooding, with a 100-year rainfall event data corresponding to a heavy rainfall used for analysis. Other measures implemented showed limited capacity to curb pluvial flooding under heavy rainfall conditions. It was concluded that urban areas should have adequate flood mitigation measures incorporated in their design and planning, to help curb flooding in anticipation of heavy rainfall, while more research need to be carried out to develop state-of-the-art technologies to further combat pluvial flooding in urban areas.

The national highways (NHs) play a significant role in the economy of Bangladesh. However, natural disasters, especially floods, interrupt the traffic flow almost annually affecting the sustainable growth of the economy. Therefore, understanding the extent and patterns of historical flood risk over the NHs is important to identify the most affected areas. The study combined remote sensing and GIS to map the flooding risks over the NHs. To conduct the analysis this study selected flood events with over 100 deaths from the past 20 years. The results identified not only the NH location but the affected lengths as well. With further analysis, it was obvious that a single impact of the flood may appear insignificant, but the cumulative risk is severe. The study area received a cumulative risk of 1400 km and the average flood affected approximately 200 km of the area. Five NHs (i.e. N1, N5, N6, N7, and N8) received a cumulative risk of over 200 km from seven floods. The 2007 July to October flood affected 15% of the study area and reached the highest risk in this study. A similar pattern of risk was also noticed over five NHs (i.e. N3, N4, N6, N7, and N8) multiple times. Further investigation of similarly affected road locations created an opportunity to address repeated impacts. The results of this study can contribute to the establishment of a reliable historical database that identifies the most flood-affected roads with specific lengths and locations for further decision-making regarding relevant flood mitigation policy formulation.

Urban areas are increasingly getting vulnerable to floods due to high-intensity precipitation and increasing concretization. To identify the flood vulnerability status of urban micro-watersheds for an improved mitigation strategy, we propose a Flood Vulnerability Index (FVI) with readily available urban infrastructure and hydrological data. The criteria variables for FVI calculation include urban infrastructure data (building and road density), run-off retention capacity, the fraction of vegetation cover, and open spaces. The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method has been applied to estimate run-off retention using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) model. The weighted linear combination of the criteria variables was used to derive the FVI of each micro-watershed. The Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) has been utilized for the weight assignment. This method is applied to the Hyderabad City area, India. The city is densely populated and often devastated by urban floods. Results indicate that out of 85 micro-watersheds classified in the region, 24 are highly vulnerable with FVI > 3, requiring immediate flood mitigation action. A near-future flood mitigation strategy is required for 36 micro-watersheds with FVI in the range of 2–3. The remaining 25 micro-watersheds are relatively less vulnerable with FVI

Fluvial and surge-tide extremes can occur synchronously resulting in compound flooding in estuaries, greatly intensifying the hazard. This flood risk has the potential to increase in the future as the frequency, phasing and/or intensity of these drivers change. Improved understanding of how extreme fluvial discharge and surge-tides interact will help inform future flood mitigation methodology. In this paper, therefore, we resolve for the first time intra-estuary sensitivities to fluvial and surge-tide extremes, for two contrasting UK estuaries (Humber and Dyfi). Model simulations at hyper-spatial resolution (

With climate change and rising sea levels, the coastal zone’s flood risk is deteriorating. Previous researches have shown a gradually degrading capacity of traditional hard engineering structures (e.g., seawall, dikes, etc.) on flood mitigation due to problems such as land subsidence and insufficient maintenance. To remedy the defects, the “building with nature concept” for coastal protection with saltmarshes was examined by combining field measurements and numerical simulations. The advantages of saltmarsh over traditional seawall on flood protection was demonstrated from the perspective of both flood area mitigation and economic gain, based on scenario simulations. Results show that tidal wetlands are essential in mitigating significant wave heights (Hs) and current velocities even during storm conditions. The storm wave and current velocity reduction ratio ( \begin{document}$R{R}_{{\rm{w}}}$\end{document} and \begin{document}$R{R}_{{\rm{c}}}$\end{document} ) by saltmarshes on Chongming Dongtan Shoal (CMDS) during Typhoon 9711 is approximately 11% and 51%, respectively. The wave and current mitigation by Scirpus mariqueter are more efficient than Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis during measurements in 2010, which were approximately 0.3 m and 0.2 m/s, 0.125 m and 0.155 m/s, 0.086 m and 0.128 m/s per kilometer width, respectively. The summer saltmarsh area 54.2 km2 on CMDS protects approximately 32 km2 land area behind the seawall from being flooded, equivalent to the seawall heightening of approximately 0.42 m on equivalent flood mitigation. The performance of cost-and-benefit analysis shows a relatively higher (by 3%–7%) net present value (NPV) and a higher (by 1.5 times) benefit-cost ratio (BC) of nature-based solution (i.e., saltmarsh restoration) compared with traditional hard engineering solution (i.e., seawall construction). Thus, building seawall with nature, such as a hybrid flood protection measure, should be implemented in the future coastal redesign and maintenance.

Many cities are vulnerable to flooding due to their high proportion of impervious surfaces and lack of vegetated land cover. This vulnerability will often be exacerbated by changing rainfall and storm patterns due to climate change. Using the principles of urban biomimicry, this study aims to show an ecosystem service-based approach to designing an urban green infrastructure network for stormwater management in densely built areas that more closely emulates natural hydrology processes. Nature Braid (next-generation LUCI) is an ecosystem services assessment tool that was used to simulate flood mitigation ecosystem services in a 13.7 km2 urban water catchment in Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand. The simulation results revealed that 59% of the catchment does not contain or benefit from flood-mitigating land cover features. Adding 0.6 km2 (4% of the catchment) of green roofs alongside major stormwater flow paths resulted in a nearly three-fold decrease (11%) in the unmitigated flooding area. These results suggest that green roofs could help manage stormwater and mitigate flooding in the densely built areas of the catchment. Using ecosystem service assessment tools, like Nature Braid, can inform the design of more regenerative and resilient urban green infrastructure networks that help mitigate climate change impacts on urban residents.

In the recent years, the impacts of floods have gained importance because of the increasing number of people who are affected by its adverse effects, especially in Beaufort area, Sabah, Malaysia. Flood destroyed critical infrastructures that are needed as shelter and also emergency relief for victim. This paper presents the findings of flood modelling undertaken to establish baseline and post mining flooding conditions during upstream storm and combination of upstream and downstream storm, respectively. A hydrologic model was established and calibrated based on 2014 flood. A structural approach by changing the physical dimension through dredging or sand mining between 2m to 3m is used for hydrology modelling is added into the existing floodgates and bunds. The outcome from sustainable sand is prevailing when it is able to reduce flood level for normal flow, upstream case, and both upstream and downstream case. Other findings are changes in velocity, shear and the significantly reduced power generated by the river during flooding.

Recently, Hyogo Prefecture in Japan has expanded its paddy field dam activity within the prefecture using wood weir plates. A wood weir plate was placed at the drainage outlet of a paddy field to limit drainage from the field, thus enabling the paddy fields to store rainwater to a certain extent. As the effect on flood mitigation was not appropriately estimated, we carried out a field experiment using a wood weir plate to estimate the weir coefficient, which determines the drainage discharge from the paddy according to the water depth. Then, using the estimated weir coefficient, we developed a 3,000 m2 paddy field dam model. Thereafter, we applied the model to the Suse region (approximately 33 ha) considering the 2009 and 2011 rainfall events. It was observed that the paddy field dam has a relatively large effect on reducing the peak discharge (approximately 25.2% for 2009 and 48.5% for 2011) within the proximal downstream areas of the paddy dam site. However, the simulation showed that when the rainfall is extreme, as was the case in 2009, the paddy dam activity may cause erosion of the paddy levee due to the increase in the paddy water depth.

A technical solution is developed to control stormwater runoff from plots in order to mitigate pluvial flood risk. Climate change alters precipitation patterns, which increase a risk for urban drai...

Flooding affects more people than any other environmental hazard and hinders sustainable development1,2. Investing in flood adaptation strategies may reduce the loss of life and livelihood caused by floods3. Where and how floods occur and who is exposed are changing as a result of rapid urbanization4, flood mitigation infrastructure5 and increasing settlements in floodplains6. Previous estimates of the global flood-exposed population have been limited by a lack of observational data, relying instead on models, which have high uncertainty3,7–11. Here we use daily satellite imagery at 250-metre resolution to estimate flood extent and population exposure for 913 large flood events from 2000 to 2018. We determine a total inundation area of 2.23 million square kilometres, with 255–290 million people directly affected by floods. We estimate that the total population in locations with satellite-observed inundation grew by 58–86 million from 2000 to 2015. This represents an increase of 20 to 24 per cent in the proportion of the global population exposed to floods, ten times higher than previous estimates7. Climate change projections for 2030 indicate that the proportion of the population exposed to floods will increase further. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the satellite observations will improve our understanding of where floods are changing and how best to adapt. The global flood database generated from these observations will help to improve vulnerability assessments, the accuracy of global and local flood models, the efficacy of adaptation interventions and our understanding of the interactions between landcover change, climate and floods. Satellite imagery for the period 2000–2018 reveals that population growth was greater in flood-prone regions than elsewhere, thus exposing a greater proportion of the population to floods.

Urban areas are vulnerable to flooding as a result of climate change and rapid urbanization and thus flood losses are becoming increasingly severe. Low impact development (LID) measures are a storm management technique designed for controlling runoff in urban areas, which is critical for solving urban flood hazard. Therefore, this study developed an exploratory simulation–optimization framework for the spatial arrangement of LID measures. The proposed framework begins by applying a numerical model to simulate hydrological and hydrodynamic processes during a storm event, and the urban flood model coupled with the source tracking method was then used to identify the flood source areas. Next, based on source tracking data, the LID investment in each catchment was determined using the inundation volume contribution ratio of the flood source area (where most of the investment is required) to the flood hazard area (where most of the flooding occurs). Finally, the resiliency and sustainability of different LID scenarios were evaluated using several different storm events in order to provide suggestions for flooding prediction and the decision-making process. The results of this study emphasized the importance of flood source control. Furthermore, to quantitatively evaluate the impact of inundation volume transport between catchments on the effectiveness of LID measures, a regional relevance index (RI) was proposed to analyze the spatial connectivity between different regions. The simulation–optimization framework was applied to Haikou City, China, wherein the results indicated that LID measures in a spatial arrangement based on the source tracking method are a robust and resilient solution to flood mitigation. This study demonstrates the novelty of combining the source tracking method and highlights the spatial connectivity between flood source areas and flood hazard areas.

Detention dams are one of the most effective practices for flood mitigation. Therefore, the impact of these structures on the basin hydrological response is critical for flood management and the design of flood control structures. With the aim of providing a mathematical framework to interpret the effect of flow control systems on river basin dynamics, the functional relationship between inflows and outflows is investigated and derived in a closed form. This allowed the definition of a theoretically derived probability distribution of the peak outflows from in-line detention basins. The model has been derived assuming a rectangular hydrograph shape with a fixed duration and a random flood peak. In the present study, the undisturbed flood peaks are assumed to be Gumbel distributed, but the proposed mathematical formulation can be extended to any other flood-peak probability distribution. A sensitivity analysis of parameters highlighted the influence of detention basin capacity and rainfall event duration on flood mitigation on the probability distribution of the peak outflows. The mathematical framework has been tested using for comparison a Monte Carlo simulation where most of the simplified assumptions used to describe the dam behaviours are removed. This allowed demonstrating that the proposed formulation is reliable for small river basins characterized by an impulsive response. The new approach for the quantification of flood peaks in river basins characterized by the presence of artificial detention basins can be used to improve existing flood mitigation practices and support the design of flood control systems and flood risk analyses.

Extensive hydrological analysis is carried out to estimate floods for the Batu Dam, a hydropower dam located in the urban area upstream of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The study demonstrates the operational state and reliability of the dam structure based on hydrologic assessment of the dam. The surrounding area is affected by heavy rainfall and climate change every year, which increases the probability of flooding and threatens a dense population downstream of the dam. This study evaluates the adequacy of dam spillways by considering the latest Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) and Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) values of the concerned dams. In this study, the PMP estimations are applied using comparison of both statistical method by Hershfield and National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) Envelope Curve as input for PMF establishments. Since the PMF is derived from the PMP values, the highest design flood standard can be applied to any dam, ensuring inflow into the reservoirs and limiting the risk of dam structural failure. Hydrologic modeling using HEC-HMS provides PMF values for the Batu dam. Based on the results, Batu Dam is found to have 200.6 m3/s spillway discharge capacities. Under PMF conditions, the Batu dam will not face overtopping since the peak outflow of the reservoir level is still below the crest level of the dam.

As the global climate continues to change, extreme weather events such as hurricanes and heavy rainfall are becoming more frequent. Subsequently, flooding and standing water disrupt and negatively impact many communities. The use of nature-based solutions (NBS) is an innovative and sustainable approach to flood mitigation. Geospatial research and applications have developed rapidly to identify and map broad regions in the world, as well as specific locations for NBS. We conducted a geospatial analysis in ArcGIS Pro to identify areas where NBS, referred to as “FloodWise” practices in this study, could be sited in the North Carolina Coastal Plain to strategically reduce flooding and provide water quality and habitat improvement. The study provides a spatially explicit application of integrated remote sensing, scientific and professional knowledge, and extant databases to screen diverse variables and identify potential specific NBS opportunities and sites. The practices modeled in this study are wetland restoration, afforestation, agroforestry, “water farming” (which uses a combination of dry dams and berms), and stream restoration. Maps of specific areas and tracts in the county for the NBS practices in Robeson County, North Carolina were developed based on the land ownership size, biophysical characteristics, current land uses, and water management opportunities. Land suitability locations revealed in these maps can be used in future resilience planning initiatives to reduce floodwaters on North Carolina’s rural landscapes. The geospatial analysis methodologies employed in this study can be followed to model NBS locations for flood reduction and water storage opportunities in other counties in Eastern North Carolina or other regions with similar topographies and land-type characteristics.

Puerto Boyacá tiene distintas herramientas que hacen que el municipio posea potencial de crecimiento económico a nivel regional. A proyección el crecimiento urbano también va ir de la mano, como un factor determinante en el imaginario de la ciudad. La enseñanza de las grandes urbes nos deja que, hay que resolver el crecimiento de la ciudad desde un pensamiento urbanístico sostenible, entendiendo la ciudad como ser superficial que se relaciona simbióticamente con la naturaleza dejando una huella de bajo impacto. Por tanto, la propuesta urbana persigue que el crecimiento de la ciudad gire en torno a las actividades de recreación, ecoturismo y ambiente como motor de crecimiento urbano con relación al río Magdalena. Mediante la idea de Ciudad esponja, se logrará una comprensión mayor en la adaptación resiliente del entorno urbano a fenómenos naturales como las inundaciones, de esta manera, se busca crear una nueva experiencia enfocada a la vivencia del agua. Puerto Boyacá has different tools that make the municipality have potential for economic growth at the regional level. A projection urban growth will also go hand in hand, as a determining factor in the imaginary of the city. The teaching of large cities tells us that we must solve the growth of the city from a sustainable urban thinking, understanding the city as a superficial being that is symbiotically related to nature, leaving a low-impact footprint. Therefore, the urban proposal pursues that the growth of the city revolves around recreation, ecotourism and environment activities as an engine of urban growth in relation to the Magdalena River. Through the idea of Sponge City, a greater understanding will be achieved in the resilient adaptation of the urban environment to natural phenomena such as floods, in this way, it seeks to create a new experience focused on the experience of water Pregrado

The management of the riverine water has always remained an open challenge. The variation of water flow creates hurdles to determine the exact time and the quantity of water flow caused by the spatio-temporal complex streamflow and flood risk reduction domain. From a management perspective, irregular flow patterns generate various challenges and the development of irrigation water distribution schemes without contextual knowledge integration adversely affect the relevant community. The river streamflow and flood mitigation domains are interdisciplinary that require coordination from the various stakeholders. Coordination limiting factors includes native data acquisition methodology of each stakeholder for their specific needs, the complexity of the domain involving a heterogeneous group of managers, spatio-temporal context, region-specific terminologies, data sharing, and reusability support. Earlier proposed research and developed ontologies by the esteemed researchers focused to address these challenges in a domain-specific context. In this research, we review the challenges of a large scale spatio-temporal system for streamflow of watersheds and flood disaster management based on the ontological semantic models. This research also examines the proposed ontological models for streamflow and/or flood domain, and how they address such challenges. Furthermore, a systematic review of the last two decades’ research articles is conducted and the findings are presented to assess the mappings of the challenges to proposed solutions through ontological modeling for streamflow and flood domain.

Flooding that occurred recently has become a very detrimental disaster for the victims. This flood disaster is still a concern for people in Indonesia. Flood mitigation needs to be done to all levels of society, especially vocational school students. Vocational school students must be responsive in any situation because, after graduation, they are ready to work. Disaster mitigation is essential to be included in learning at school. Disaster mitigation is also related to the Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) to always be ready and alert. In measuring vocational school students' understanding of disaster mitigation, initial research was carried out related to disaster mitigation and HOTS. The research subjects were 100 students of Vocational School in Jakarta who were randomly selected. This study used Google Forms as a data collection technique. The results showed that the students’ HOTS score was still low. The results showed that the Students’ HOTS scores on flooding were still low. The average score obtained by the whole students was 43.34. The male students obtained 30.27, and the female students obtained 45.97. All schools in Indonesia should implement early mitigation education that is integrated with HOTS learning.

The water catchment area also indirectly impacts on flood control for areas that are lower than it because rainwater does not fall to the lower areas but is absorbed as groundwater. Increased development of Padang City will be inversely proportional to the reduction in water catchment areas and become an area that is impermeable that makes rainwater stagnate on the surface and flood occurs. The development of remote sensing technology and geographic information systems has made it possible to study the spatial patterns of potential water catchment areas in a wide range, including mapping the potential of water catchment areas in Padang City. This study aims to analyze the condition of the availability of water catchment areas for controlling water management and flood disasters in Padang City based on data on spatial parameters such as rainfall data, slope, soil type maps, and land use obtained from Landsat 8 OLI imagery data. This study uses the scoring and overlay method with the Geographical Information System. The results show that the condition of the water catchment area in the western part of Padang City have been critical, reaching 18.29% of the total area of ​​Padang City, this is due to land use that has undergone a change of function. If the water infiltration condition worsens (critical), it gives more opportunities for flooding and inundation. Thus the areas with the potential for water absorption which are categorized as critical and very critical in the research location can be said to be areas that are potentially prone to flooding and inundation, because the ground surface is no longer able to absorb water. Monitoring the potential of water catchment areas is one form of flood mitigation efforts.

Flood-control infrastructures—channelization, levees, and dams—are considered as the flood mitigation which can control flood disturbances of rivers. However, the flood mitigation, which is deemed as a rigid and one-dimensional approach, not only increases the frequency and severity of floods but also destroys the ecological and societal aspects of rivers. The Kan River, in Tehran, is one of the rivers which is equipped by channels, but it is still considered as one of the chaotic rivers in Tehran. Therefore, an alternative plan instead of channelization is required in order to mitigate the floods of the river. In this regard, we seek to propose an indigenous and flood-friendly plan for the river against flood disturbances. To this purpose, the theoretical foundation of social-ecological resilience is considered as an appropriate approach; thus, the theory of social-ecological resilience is reviewed, and its indicators are extracted. Then, based on the inherent characteristics and landscape of the river, a resilient plan in the face of floods is proposed. We argue that the river should be considered as a dynamic and social-ecological phenomenon. Such a view would help to overcome the disturbances of the river and avoid the one-dimensional planning and approaches. In addition, we suggest that the indicators of social-ecological resilience can be utilized to provide and suggest large-scale, middle-scale, and micro-scale strategies in order to improve the resiliency of the river against floods. The findings of this paper can be applied to the rehabilitation of chaotic urban rivers globally.

This paper shows a detailed, advanced procedure to implement cost–benefit analyses (CBAs) in order to assess the effectiveness of flood mitigation measures. The town of Lodi (North of Italy) has been selected as a case study for the research work, as it was hit by a large flood in 2002 for which several data are available. In order to compute the benefits, in terms of avoided damage with the mitigation measure in place, micro-scale damage models developed within the Flood-IMPAT + project were used. The great amount of input data for such models comes from results of a two-dimensional river modelling, for what concern the hazard parameters, and from open-source database, to evaluate the vulnerability and the exposure of the hit area. The research highlights that technological-advanced, high-performance hydraulic models allow taking into account a variety of hazard scenarios, with reasonable computational time, supporting the proper accounting of the probabilistic nature of risk in CBAs. Nonetheless, such high-resolution tools support the implementation of micro-scale damage assessment models, which can provide information on the distribution of benefits in the investigated area, increasing the effectiveness of CBAs for policy making.

Despite the high historical losses attributed to flood events, Canadian flood mitigation efforts have been hindered by a dearth of current, accessible flood extent/risk models and maps. Such resources often entail large datasets and high computational requirements. This study presents a novel, computationally efficient flood inundation modeling framework (“InundatEd”) using the height above nearest drainage (HAND)-based solution for Manning's equation, implemented in a big-data discrete global grid system (DGGS)-based architecture with a web-GIS (Geographic Information Systems) platform. Specifically, this study aimed to develop, present, and validate InundatEd through binary classification comparisons to recently observed flood events. The framework is divided into multiple swappable modules including GIS pre-processing; regional regression; inundation models; and web-GIS visualization. Extent testing and processing speed results indicate the value of a DGGS-based architecture alongside a simple conceptual inundation model and a dynamic user interface.

Urbanization has been a worldwide development trend, which regulates river courses, impervious surfaces and drainage systems. Urbanization causes hydrological effects, including increased runoff volumes, peak discharges and flow concentrations. This manuscript selects the Malaysian Sungai Pinang watershed as a case study to illustrate these land use, channel and flooding changes of Asian coastal cities. The Landsat satellite remote sensing images were first used to estimate the land use/land cover changes of the Sungai Pinang watershed by using SVM algorithm, and the results shows the urbanization was very rapid in the past decades, with the urbanization rate reached 46.41% in 2018 based on the build area rate. River channel characteristics also changed significantly, from natural river to concrete channel. Some flood resilience measures for coastal cities experiencing urbanization are also proposed for development and flood mitigation. Moreover, a flood forecasting model of the Sungai Pinang watershed is established herein. The simulation results of the Liuxihe model constructed in this study conforms to hydrological regularities and can provide a technical reference for flood control and disaster reduction. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the uncertainty of the forecast results.

To quantify the discharge capacity of grate inlets causing urban flooding due to insufficient drainage capacity, 285 experiments for six grate inlets under different approaching discharges, transve...

Decreasing flood damages in a basin and achieving sustainable development reveal the necessity of integrated management of flood. Integrated flood management requires the co-implementation of both structural and non-structural flood mitigation strategies. Watershed management, building dams and levees, and increasing channel capacity are considered among structural measures. While, flood forecasting, developing flood early warning systems, and establishing reservoir operation rules can fall into the non-structural measures group. The main goal of this study is to reveal the importance of co-implementation of structural and non-structural measures for managing the flood in the whole system. Structural measures are divided here into two main groups (1) dams and (2) watershed management, and non-structural measures focus more on reoperation of the system of reservoirs. The system dynamics (SD) approach has been used to model the integration of a series of structural and non-structural flood control measures for the Karkheh Basin, Iran. The performance of the developed model is evaluated based on historical floods, including the recent 2019 flooding event in this basin, and the performance of flood mitigation strategies is evaluated facing these flood events. Results indicate that both structural and non-structural solutions should be considered in flood management portfolios simultaneously, and none solely can be the silver bullet. The magnitude of a 200-year flood can be reduced from 7956 to 3021 m3/s, if integrated structural and non-structural strategies would be considered in Karkheh Basin. This study identifies the key role of structural and non-structural measures for integrated flood management in Karkheh Basin, which and provides effective information for appropriate and timely operation and decision making in the future.

Number of natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone, landslide, pandemics etc are known to have devastating impact on human life but flood hazards are severe and frequent in nature. Every year, floods strike many parts of the world and result in huge loss of life and property. The trends in flood damages have been increasing exponentially mainly due to growing population, investments in flood affected areas and changes in land-use land cover patterns in upstream regions. Climate change is also playing a major role in increased number of flood events so it is also likely that flooding would be more frequent and widespread in future due to the extreme weather events perceived to be induced by changing climate. In addition, the social and environmental changes are further expected to increase the risk and cost of these natural disasters. This paper presents the overview of different factors related directly or indirectly with flood risk assessment, different strategies adopted by Government for mitigation of flood, flood damage statistics, impact on social, economic and infrastructural perspective.

High population density has been associated with disease susceptibility. To address this problem many suggest that the negative effects of population density can be reduced by interacting with nature as a restorative activity. This study aims to determine how the elderly in the residential areas on the banks of the Winongo river, Ngampilan District, Yogyakarta City with high population density interact with nature in the riverside environment, and what form of space is needed. This study uses a deductive exploratory method with elderly respondents who are active on the riverbank. The results showed that the riverside space which is used as a space for interaction between the elderly and nature is a room with sitting facilities, walls that are not closed, and shade that is not too tight. Interactions with nature that occur can be in the form of physical restoration, recreation, domestic, and mitigation activities. The activity of seeing water levels as flood mitigation is the most dominant form. Physical limitations make elderly people more aware of disasters along the riverbanks. A space that makes it easier for the elderly to do disaster anticipation activities needs to be prepared for long-term planning.

Flooding is a natural phenomenon that often occurs in tropical countries. Drainage design is one of the efforts to prevent floods, however, when the rainfall is high, there are still several inundation points that occur. This requires comprehensive handling to reduce the impact of these inundations, to get an adaptive solution, the use of internet of things based (IoT) tools is one of the alternatives proposed. This study proposes an IoT-based flood inundation monitoring system, which includes a water level reader, a web-based inundation monitoring system, a flood inundation area and depth reporting system as evaluation materials for the government city. The sensor module that we propose is a series of sensors in a hollow cylinder design to reduce water ripples. The server application is displayed in the form of an interactive area mapping which is divided into 4 layers for 4 different analyzes so that central officers can quickly coordinate with field officers to carry out mitigation actions in the affected area. The module requires a low cost and easy installation process compared to a liquid sensor, besides that the display in the form of a web makes it easier for officers to access monitoring applications anywhere compared to geographic information system based (GIS) applications. This research has been carried out and tested in one of the major cities in Indonesia.

As a result of climate change, urban areas are increasingly vulnerable to flooding, which can cause devastating effects, both in terms of loss of life and property. Therefore, an accurate assessment of urban flood processes and improved pre-disaster mitigation strategies in threatened areas is essential. Urban flood modeling enables users to understand, assess, and forecast flood conditions as well as their impact. For effective flood modeling, especially in highly urbanized floodplains, model selection based on the contextual requirements is a challenge. This review provides a systematic overview of the application of urban flood modeling approaches from the perspective of urban flood strategy design sequences. In this review, recent research advances are presented as well as suggestions for future research topics that will improve the availability and reliability of urban flood modeling methods. The results of this review will help urban flood managers and potential users balancing model complexity and needs while undertaking effective flood modeling tasks.

This paper aims to forecast the Nyabugogo River flood risk and to propose mitigation measures that can reduce flood impacts using hydrological and hydraulic models. The annual Nyabugogo River floods that have led to human and economic losses are mainly due to the high topography, rainfall, soil texture and urbanization. It was found that the medium to high flood vulnerability is located in cropland, open grassland, open shrubland, settlement, sparse forest and wetlands. The results for 10-, 30- 50- and 100-year return periods show a slight increase in the flood inundation area and in water depth. The simulation shows that the 100-year return period gives a water depth of 3.24 m. Therefore, flood mitigation measures are needed, which can include the construction reservoirs upstream, relocation of infrastructures within the flood plain area, buffer zoning around the river, rainwater harvesting and raising public awareness. This paper provides basic support for decision-makers and can help in land use planning and flood management within the basin.

The inventory of dams in Germany contains information on name, date of construction, the start of operation, state, river, dam height, crest length, lake area, lake volume, purpose of the dam, dam type, building characteristics, and coordinates. The inventory is a zip-file composed of 3 tab-delimited files and 1 shapefile. The shapefile contains all 530 dams with all 15 columns and can be opened with every GIS program. The geographic coordinate system used is WGS 1984. The file 2020-005_Speckhann-et-al_Dams_in_Germany_v.1.0.txt has the same information as the shapefile, i.e. contains 530 dams with the same 15 columns and it is delimitated using tab. The 2020-005_Speckhann-et-al_Abreviation.txt file contains 4 different tables which presents every abbreviation used at the inventory. The abbreviations were used for several applications: dam building characteristics, purpose of the dams, German states, and dam’s type. They were separated in 4 different tables (Building characteristics, Purpose, States and Type). The Building Characteristics are related to the structural formation of the dams, for example embankment dam is listed as “EDD”. All abbreviations regarding the building characteristics of the dam can be visualized at Table 2 at the Data description. The Purpose of the dams was divided into 8 categories: energy production, flood control, recreational use, water supply, industrial and agricultural water supply, fishing, transport and nature protection. At the inventory there are multi-purposes dams and single-purposes dams, i.e. a dam might have more than one purpose. The States in Germany were also abbreviated at the inventory using 2 letters. Due to no observed entries at the inventory for Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg, those states are not shown at Table 4. The types of dams were also abbreviated. 2020-005_Speckhann-et-al_Source_v.1.0.txt contains the name of every dam and the main source used for the obtention of the information.

Flash floods are serious phenomenon that attacks and troubles people in many areas’ under-mountain region, so the society should deal with these extreme natural events. This article is showing an example of flash flood modeling to protect the urban bani wasil village from the flash flood risk, so obstacle dam with channel have been used to flash flood mitigation purpose. A design flood wave that used, is for recommence period of 100 years, which estimate by HEC-HMS to be 456,000 m3 total runoff volume. EPA’s SWMM software was used for numerical modeling, which includes flood mitigation calculation. Additionally, the cost for dam with channel construction was estimated as early stage for the project.

In recent years, flood risk map has been widely accepted as a tool for flood mitigation. The risk of flooding is normally illustrated in terms of its hazard (flood inundation maps), while vulnerability emphasizes the consequences of flooding. In developing countries, published studies on flood vulnerability assessment are limited, especially on flood damage. This paper attempts to establish a flood damage and risk assessment framework for Segamat town in Johor, Malaysia. A combination of flood hazard (flood characteristics), exposure (value of exposed elements), and vulnerability (flood damage function curve) were used for estimating the flood damage. The flood depth and areal extent were obtained from flood modeling and mapping using HEC-HMS/RAS and Arc GIS, respectively. Expected annual damage (EAD) for residential areas (50,112 units) and commercial areas (9,318 premises) were RM12.59 million and RM2.96 million, respectively. The flood hazard map shows that Bandar Seberang area (46,184 properties) was the most affected by the 2011 flood. The flood damage map illustrates similar patterns, with Bandar Seberang suffering the highest damage. The damage distribution maps are useful for reducing future flood damage by identifying properties with high flood risk. HIGHLIGHTS In developing countries, literature on flood vulnerability assessment are limited especially on flood damage. Nowadays, vulnerability is considered as important as hazard.; The paradigm shifts from the conventional to a risk-based approach focus more on generating flood risk map instead of flood hazard map. However, the type of maps that includes the consequences of flooding has yet to be satisfactorily developed by most of the developing countries including Malaysia which still depend on hazard maps, while a risk map that illustrated the risk of flooding in terms of monetary is rarely available.; Hence an attempt have been made to develop flood damage map showing the impact of flooding in monetary term. The novelty of this research is the estimation of flood damage for an urban area in Malaysia using a site specific damage curve. As the study on flood vulnerability assessment are limited, these frameworks also serve as useful guidelines to initiate flood risk management practice in Malaysia, especially in producing a risk map showing the expected damage in monetary terms.

Registering as one of the most costly storms in the U.S., Hurricane Harvey resulted in massive damages along the Texas coast with catastrophic winds and storm surges from record rainfall totals and...

The provision of the heterogeneous information acquisition and managing of emerging technologies with IoT, cloud-based storage, and improved communication services have filled the data scarcity gap on one hand but raised the challenge to extract, process, and comprehend relevant data of complex integrated multiple domains involving a large number of participants with diverse spatial terminologies and methodologies. To resolve this challenge various big data and natural language processing techniques were applied. Another widely used approach to resolve the challenges of heterogeneity, interoperability, and complexity of integrated domain is ontology-based semantic modeling. We proposed Ontology for River Flow and Flood Mitigation (ORFFM) for semantic knowledge formalization with semantic understandability of irrigation, disaster management, related administrative and agricultural domain concepts by humans and machines. The semantic modeling of distributed river flow network and associated flood disaster mitigation for effective coordination, collaborative response activities leads to reduce the impact of a disaster and improve information representation among stakeholders. Furthermore, semantic formalization and inference are supported by explicitly annotated information. We populated ORFFM with Pakistan’s Indus river system, flood disaster management, and Sindh administrative authorities to develop a knowledgebase for knowledge sharing and representation. The formal semantically enriched knowledgebase would contribute towards streamflow optimization and flood mitigation through effective coordination and common conceptualization during disaster management phases. The semantic model of irrigation networks would also be useful for academic purposes to acquire domain knowledge for new entrants in the irrigation and disaster management field.