Search

La langue est en constante évolution et s’adapte aux différents lieux et époques. Chaque établissement de groupes humains suppose la construction de sociétés avec des caractéristiques propres. En Espagne, l’organisation géopolitique en communautés autonomes a amené des questionnements sur les identités individuelles et collectives. L’un des aspects les plus marqués du patrimoine culturel de chaque communauté est la langue et ses multiples réalités linguistiques (dialectes). Cet article sera centré sur l’étude d’une manifestation particulière du langage humain : les proverbes. Il aura pour objectif de présenter cet énoncé sentencieux, tout d’abord isolé des études grammaticales traditionnelles et catégorisé comme unité figée. Le figement laissant supposer une forme statique ne pouvant évoluer, nous introduirons la notion de « variante » afin de démontrer que le proverbe peut présenter des changements. Pour illustrer ces adaptations, nous proposerons des exemples tirés de dictionnaires de proverbes de différents dialectes et langues présents sur le territoire espagnol. The language is constantly evolving and adapts itself to different places and times. Every settling of human groups assume the construction of societies with their own characteristics. In Spain, the geopolitical organization in autonomous communities raises questions about individual and collective identities. One of the most significant aspects of the cultural heritage of each community is the language and its numerous linguistics realities (dialects). This article will focus on the study of a specific manifestation of the human language: the proveb. It’s aim is to present this sententious statement, firstly excluded from the classics grammatical studies and classified as a static or fixed unity. The fixity implies a static form not able to change. Therefore, in order to demonstrate the modification of the proverb, we will introduce the notion of « variant ». To illustrate these adaptations, we will propose some examples, from proverbs dictionaries, of the multiple dialects and languages present in Spain.

The following study will replicate the previous omniscience study but focus on the context of India.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no Ispa – Instituto Universitário para obtenção do grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Social e das Organizações. O envelhecimento populacional tem sido um dos grandes desafios da atualidade, sabendo que as pessoas são coagidas a trabalhar até mais tarde motivadas na sua essência por questões financeiras. Tendo vindo a ser documentada a discriminação contra os trabalhadores mais velhos em processos de recrutamento, achou-se importante analisar como as características estereotípicas de uma faixa etária influenciam a contratação de um colaborador com uma idade mais avançada dependentemente das características da função. Tendo como base a preferência implícita por jovens em relação aos mais velhos e também que a juventude é associada a maiores níveis de competência, espera-se que os jovens sejam julgados como mais adequados à contratação. No entanto, espera-se também que os trabalhadores mais velhos podem ser avaliados de forma mais positiva se as características da função forem consistentes com o estereotipo de idoso. Para testar estas hipóteses, realizou-se um estudo com um total de 140 participantes, todas eles de nacionalidade portuguesa, onde foi pedido que julgassem a adequação da contratação de um candidato a uma vaga, sendo distribuídos num total de 6 condições que variavam em Perfil do Trabalhador (trabalhador mais velhos vs. trabalhador jovem) e em Informações de Idade do candidato (perfil sem informação de idade vs. perfil com 25 anos vs. perfil com 56 anos). Os resultados foram de encontro as hipóteses colocadas e discute-se ainda as implicações para o mundo do trabalho e os possíveis enviesamentos do estudo ABSTRACT: The aging population has been one of the great challenges of today, knowing that people are coerced to work until later in life motivated in essence by financial issues. As discrimination against older workers in recruitment processes has been documented, it was felt important to analyze how stereotypical characteristics of an age group influence the hiring of an older employee depending on the characteristics of the job. Based on the implicit preference for young over older people and also that youth is associated with higher levels of competence, it is expected that young people will be judged as more suitable for hiring. However, it is also expected that older workers may be judged more positively if the job characteristics are consistent with the elderly stereotype. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a study with a total of 140 participants, all of them of Portuguese nationality, where they were asked to judge the appropriateness of hiring a candidate for a vacancy and were given a total of 6 conditions that varied in Employee Profile (older vs. younger worker) and Candidate Age Information (profile with no age information vs. 25 years old vs. 56 years old profile). The results were in line with the hypotheses and the implications for the world of work and possible biases of the study are discussed.

The main result of this paper is that, if Γ is a finite connected 4-valent vertex- and edge-transitive graph, then either Γ is part of a well-understood family of graphs, or every non-identity automorphism of Γ fixes at most 1/3 of the vertices. As a corollary, we get a similar result for 3-valent vertex-transitive graphs.

A presentation on PresQT at CNI Fall 2020 Virtual Membership Meeting

In October 2020, the football manager Jorge Jesus testified in a court of law, using the pronoun você to address the judge and was reprimanded for it. This episode illustrates relevant aspects regarding linguistic politeness in European Portuguese (EP): politeness as an intersubjective, socio-cultural judgement derived from a perceived “moral order” to which speakers adhere (or not) in ongoing interactions; the social penalties which EP speakers can incur when their addressive/polite behaviour is deemed to be in breach of that order; finally, the centrality of forms of address (subsumed under the intersubjectivity of politeness) in shaping interpersonal relationships in EP. In view of this, the aim of this paper is to provide a description of linguistic politeness in EP using a mixed-method approach (a number of datasets gathered via ethnographic methods, literature, media and cinema, namely a comparison of address usage in the films A Canção de Lisboa, O Pátio das Cantigas, O Leão da Estrela and their contemporary remakes). In particular, the study attempts to examine politeness as a linguistic manifestation of cultural values at the crossroads between concerns for a fixed, normative match between form and context/interlocutor (“discernment politeness” and fixity) and patterns of increased negotiation and performativity guided by localised, more equalitarian interactional goals (“volition” and fluidity). This study thus explores whether the tension between normativity and linguistic fixity and less ritualised and more performative verbal interactions evinced in the use of politeness strategies can be seen as a reflection of a growing democratisation (or lack thereof) of interpersonal relationships felt in Portugal since the 1974 Revolution.

In October 2020, the football manager Jorge Jesus testified in a court of law, using the pronoun você to address the judge and was reprimanded for it. This episode illustrates relevant aspects regarding linguistic politeness in European Portuguese (EP): politeness as an intersubjective, socio-cultural judgement derived from a perceived “moral order” to which speakers adhere (or not) in ongoing interactions; the social penalties which EP speakers can incur when their addressive/polite behaviour is deemed to be in breach of that order; finally, the centrality of forms of address (subsumed under the intersubjectivity of politeness) in shaping interpersonal relationships in EP. In view of this, the aim of this paper is to provide a description of linguistic politeness in EP using a mixed-method approach (a number of datasets gathered via ethnographic methods, literature, media and cinema, namely a comparison of address usage in the films A Canção de Lisboa, O Pátio das Cantigas, O Leão da Estrela and their contemporary remakes). In particular, the study attempts to examine politeness as a linguistic manifestation of cultural values at the crossroads between concerns for a fixed, normative match between form and context/interlocutor (“discernment politeness” and fixity) and patterns of increased negotiation and performativity guided by localised, more equalitarian interactional goals (“volition” and fluidity). This study thus explores whether the tension between normativity and linguistic fixity and less ritualised and more performative verbal interactions evinced in the use of politeness strategies can be seen as a reflection of a growing democratisation (or lack thereof) of interpersonal relationships felt in Portugal since the 1974 Revolution.

There has been presented a vast variety of theories upon the clarification of the Nature and Concept of the Condition, to which the acceptance of each has a direct effect on Ordinances as well as the Effects of the Condition. As one of the most prominent Works, there has been a Theory built by Seyed Mohammad Kazem Tabatabaei Yazdi and introduced as "The making & fixity".The purpose of this article is focused on the explanation and expansion of this Theory, the differences, criticisms and works that are accepted in terms of the Jurisprudence and Law. Finally, it is clear the Nature of Condition merely implies the making and Dictum the individuals tend to make to counterfeit them and the Religious Justifications certify their Validity. The aforementioned making takes on a different forms and in accordance with it the rights of the Person in whose favor a Condition is made against the Person who is responsible to perform a Condition are executed on the basis of the correct conditions and the status of the independent transaction over the corrupt condition

1920 wurde eine historische Aufzeichnung von Vladimir Lenin und Leo Trotzki verändert und dadurch, mit Farbe und Pinsel die Geschichte gefälscht. Langfristig aufbewahrte Daten in digitalen Archiven bieten böswilligen Akteuren die Möglichkeit, Daten zu manipulieren. Datenmanipulationen in digitalen Archiven werden in der Regel durch den Vergleich kryptographischer Hash-Werte in unterschiedlichen Zeitintervallen erkannt, sogenannten Fixitätsinformationen. Während das Generieren von Fixitätsinformationen (z. B. MD5, SHA256) relativ einfach ist, ist das Speichern schwieriger, wenn man bedenkt, dass jeder, der sie ändern kann, auch die zugrunde liegenden Daten ändern kann. Jüngste Arbeiten haben gezeigt, dass die Ethereum-Blockchain geeignet ist, Metadaten unveränderlich zu speichern, was einen guten Kandidaten für die Speicherung von Fixitätsinformationen darstellt. Aber die Kosten einer individuellen Teststrategie, bei welcher die Fixitätsinformationen für jedes Objekt einzeln persistiert werden, ist zu hoch. Eine Strategie, um den Kosten entgegenzuwirken, besteht darin, die Anzahl kostspieliger Transaktionen auf der Ethereum-Blockchain zu minimieren. Dies kann durch den Einsatz von Pool-Testing erfolgen, was erstmals 1943 präsentiert wurde und heutzutage zum Untersuchen von Populationen auf COVID-19 verwendet werden, indem einzelne Proben zu einem Pool kombiniert werden. Dieses Konzept kann auch mit Hash-Listen implementiert werden, bei denen die kryptografischen Hashes digitaler Objekte in einer Hash-Liste kombiniert werden und nur der Root-Hash auf der Blockchain persistiert werden muss. Dadurch wird die Anzahl kostspieliger Transaktionen auf der Blockchain minimiert, während die Effizienz erhalten bleibt. Durch die Verwendung von Pool-Testing können die Kosten zur Sicherstellung der Integrität des OpenPreserve format-corpus Datensatzes auf der Ethereum-Blockchain um den Faktor 3,0 reduziert und die Effizienz um den Faktor 1,28 gesteigert werden. Diese Arbeit endet mit der Erfassung des genauen Rechenaufwands und der Kosten für den Betrieb eines Fixitätsspeichers auf der Ethereum-Blockchain und einer Methode, um die Kosten dafür zu senken., In 1920, a historical record of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky was altered, thus forging history by using paint and brushes. Long term preserved data in digital archives offers malicious actors the possibility to forge history, where in the digital age data manipulation is more efficient and more exact. Data manipulation in digital archives is usually detected by comparing cryptographic hash values at different time intervals, so called fixity-information. While generating fixity information (e.g., MD5, SHA256) is relatively easy, storing it is more difficult when you consider that anyone who can change it can also change the underlying data. Recent work has shown that the Ethereum blockchain is suited for persisting metadata in an unchangeable manner, making a good candidate for storing fixity information. But, the cost of an individual testing strategy, in which the fixity information for each object is persisted is too high. A strategy to counter the cost is to minimize the amount of costly transactions on the Ethereum blockchain. This can be done by utilizing pooled testing, which was first introduced in 1943 and is now used to screen a large population for COVID-19 by combining individual samples into a pool. This concept can also be implemented with hash-lists, where the cryptographic hashes of digital objects are combined in a hash-list and only the root hash are persisted on the blockchain. This minimizes the number of costly transaction on the blockchain while still maintaining efficiency. With the usage of pooled testing, the cost of ensuring the integrity of the OpenPreserve format-corpus dataset on the Ethereum blockchain can be reduced by a factor of 3.0 and the efficiency can be increased by a factor of 1.28. From a cost perspective, this work concludes in the gathering of the exact computational effort and cost of operating a file fixity storage on the Ethereum blockchain and a method to decrease the cost of doing so.

Les proverbes espagnols sont des principes généraux prescriptifs, puisqu’induisant systématiquement un acte directif. Garants d’une logique naturelle, ils admettent cependant des exceptions et sont donc des normes didactiques souples. Ils n’en demeurent pas moins des règles de vie, qui ont cela d’exceptionnel qu’elles s’avèrent potentiellement non pertinentes pour la communication, le figement de leur signifiant pouvant s’opposer à l’évolution naturelle des langues et à l’intentionnalité du locuteur et leur signifié étant susceptible d’être ambigu en diachronie ou en synchronie. Los refranes españoles son principios generales prescriptivos, ya que inducen sistemáticamente un acto directivo. Garantes de una lógica natural, admiten, sin embargo, excepciones y resultan, por lo tanto, normas didácticas flexibles. Pero siguen siendo reglas de vida cuya excepcionalidad radica en que pueden revelarse no pertinentes para la comunicación, oponiéndose, a menudo, la fijación del significante a la evolución natural de las lenguas y a la intencionalidad del locutor, y siendo a veces ambiguo el significado, ya sea en diacronía o en sincronía. Spanish proverbs are general prescriptive principles, since they systematically induce a directive act. Guardians of a natural logic, they admit exceptions and are therefore flexible didactic norms. Nevertheless, they remain rules of life, which are exceptional because they prove to be potentially irrelevant for communication. Indeed, not only the fixity of their form may resist the natural evolution of languages and the speaker’s intentionality, but their meaning can be ambiguous in synchrony or diachrony.

Translation is not simple transpositions operations or transcoding processes from one language to another, it involves complex mental processes where linguistics alone cannot be sufficient. It is a communication situation between two languages, Arabic and French in this case, where the objective of the translator is the transmission of his final product in a clear way, respecting the meaning and the author intention of the original version. Translation of phrases is a real dilemma for translators; however, it turns out that it is a necessity in order to discover the other, and to try to keep the same effect as the source text by giving it a stylistic touch typical to the target language. To this end, we have carefully chosen the corpus that we have translated. A corpus that reflects the originality of the Arabic language and the possibility of reducing the linguistic, cultural and discursive gaps between Arabic and French through translation. The translation processes we have chosen, take into account the target language, French in this case, its idioms, phrases and proverbs inventory, its particularity and, finally, its ability to comprehend the idea contained in the idioms of the source language., La traduction n’est pas des simples opérations de transpositions ou un processus de transcodage passant d’une langue à une autre, elle implique des processus mentaux plus complexes où la linguistique, seule, ne peut pas être suffisante. Elle est une situation de communication entre deux langues, l’arabe et le français dans notre cas, où l’objectif du traducteur est la transmission de son produit final d’une manière claire, respectant le sens et l’intention de l’auteur de la version originale. La traduction du figement est considérée comme un vrai dilemme pour les traducteurs ; or, il s’avère que c’est une nécessité afin de découvrir l’autre, et essayer de garder l’effet voulu par le texte de départ en le revêtant d’une touche stylistique propre à la langue d’arrivée. À cet effet, nous avons choisi avec soin le corpus que nous avons traduit. Un corpus qui reflète l’originalité de la langue arabe et la possibilité de réduire les écarts linguistiques, culturels et discursifs entre l’arabe et le français par le biais de la traduction. Les procédés de traduction choisis ont pris en considération la langue cible, en l’occurrence le français, son répertoire d’expressions idiomatiques, de locutions et de proverbes, sa particularité et, enfin, sa capacité pour concevoir l’idée que renferment les expressions de la langue source., Переклад – це не просто операція транспозиції або транскодування з однієї мови на іншу, він має справу зі складними розумовими процесами, що виходять за межі знання мов. Переклад виступає комунікативною ситуацією між двома мовами, у нашому випадку – між арабською та французькою, де метою перекладача є передача кінцевого продукту зрозумілою для реціпієнта мовою відповідно до смислу й наміру автора оригінального тексту. Переклад фразеологізмів постає справжньою дилемою для перекладачів. Однак він необхідний для того, щоб відкрити й зрозуміти іншого, спробувати зберегти ефект вихідного тексту, надавши йому стилістичного відтінку, типового для мови, на яку цей текст перекладається. З цією метою ми ретельно відібрали групу франкомовних фразеологізмів, яку переклали арабською мовою. Дібрані переклади фразеологізмів передають оригінальність арабської мови та уможливлюють у перекладі зведення до мінімуму відхилень лінгвістичного, культурного та дискурсивного характеру, що існують між французькою та арабською мовами. Засоби перекладу, які ми використовували для передачі особливостей вихідної мови (французької) в ідіоматичних виразах, фразеологізмах та прислів’ях, покликані, передусім, передати смисл, наявний у подібних виразах вихідної мови (арабської).

One of the most important aspects of the long-term digital-image preservation strategy is maintaining data fixity, i.e., assuring the integrity and authenticity of original data. This article aims to highlight the limitations of the approaches used to maintain the fixity of digital images in the digital preservation process and to offer perceptual hashing as a way to alleviate some of the limitations of current approaches, as well as discuss some non-technical implications of the described problems. This paper is exploratory, and while it includes a simple experiment description, it only outlines the problem and testing environment for a possible solution that could be elaborated on in further research. The most commonly used fixity maintaining techniques are immutability of data and file checksums/cryptographic hashes. On the other hand, planning for long-term preservation necessitates the need to migrate data into new future formats to maintain availability and sustainability, and the concept of the file itself should not be assumed to remain forever, which calls for other tools to ascertain the fixity of digital images. The problem goes beyond one that is exclusively technical: bitstream content is not ready for human perception, and the digital preservation strategy should include all the necessary technical steps to assure the availability of stored images to human eyes. This shifts the perspective on what should be considered the digital image in digital preservation. It is not the file, but a perceptible object, or, more specifically—instructions to create one. Therefore, it calls for additional tools to maintain fixity, such as perceptual hashing, transformation logging, and others.

This paper develops a theoretical argument for how place attachments are forged and become dynamically linked to increasingly common mobility practices. First, we argue that mobilities, rather than negating the importance of place, shift our understanding of place and the habitual ways we relate to and bond with places as distinct from a conception of place attachment premised on fixity and stability. Second, we document how the body of research on place attachment has both reinforced and contested 'sedentaristic' assumptions criticized within the so-called 'mobilities turn' in the social sciences. Third, we present a conceptual framework, built around different modes of interrelation between fixity and flow, as a way to re-theorize, link and balance the various studies of place attachment that have grappled with mobility. Finally, we sketch out the main research implications of this framework for advancing our understanding of place attachment in a mobile world.

The increased ease provides by records in digital format also brings drawbacks, translated on the challenges of ensure the integrity and authenticity of these records continuously, knowing this format is very susceptible to flaws in any layers of one computational system. International organizations and standards draws recomendations about fixity to guide the Trustworthy Digital Repositories (TDRs) in yours missions of ensure the integrity and authenticity of the records kept there for the time it was defined (or indefinitely). The use of cryptography hash functions enables verify the data integrity and yours authenticity then. However, to trust in the integrity verified by a hash function also is needed trust in the hash value of reference, that eventually are susceptible to the same threats of whose data refers. Starting from this worry, this work proposes an approach in which must be made a chaining in Merkle Trees of the hashes from TDR's inumerous digital objects and the resulting root values may be registered in blockchain. The use of Merkle Trees enables the generation of a unique value that links the integrity of a large number of records and the register in blockchain ensure a reliable witness value over time for use in proof-of-timestamp, proof-of-existence and integrity check and audit of TDRs' digital heritage, enabling to ensure their fixity. This work also documents an architecture proposal to a platform for recording and auditing the fixity of digital objects, in which it provides the registration of information related to the digital objects fixity using redundant hash algorithms and blockchain networks and which still allows the record of changes in the fixity of these objects, arising from changes considered legitim on them and foreseen by the Open Archival Information System (OAIS), a reference to the treatment of digital objects in TDRs. Based on this architecture, a version of this platform was developed as a proof of concept with the main resources necessary to demonstrate the application of the proposal, enabling the performance of experiments in a simulated TDR environment, that are also documented here and which translate into practical terms some of the concerns documented in this work and the application of the platform. As novas facilidades proporcionadas pelos documentos em formato digital também trazem dificuldades, traduzidas nos desafios de garantir a integridade e autenticidade desses documentos continuamente, sabendo que esse formato é bastante sensível à falhas em alguma das camadas de um sistema computacional. Organizações e normas internacionais traçam recomendações sobre fixidez para guiar os Repositórios Digitais Confiáveis (RDC) em suas missões de tentar garantir a integridade e autenticidade dos documentos ali armazenados pelo tempo que for definido (ou indefinidamente). O uso de funções criptográficas de hash possibilita a verificação de integridade de dados e sua posterior autenticidade. Porém, para se confiar na integridade atestada por uma função de hash também é necessário confiança no valor hash de referência, que eventualmente está vulnerável às mesmas ameaças dos dados os quais representa. Partindo dessa preocupação, este trabalho propõe uma abordagem em que seja feito um encadeamento em Árvores de Merkle dos hashes de inúmeros objetos digitais de um RDC e os valores raízes resultantes sejam registrados em blockchain. O uso de Árvores de Merkle possibilita a geração de um único valor que referencia a integridade de um grande número de objetos e o registro em blockchain permite garantir um valor confiável de referência ao longo do tempo para prova de carimbo de tempo, prova de existência e verificação e auditoria da integridade dos acervos em RDC, possibilitando garantir a fixidez neles. Este trabalho também documenta uma proposta de arquitetura para uma plataforma de registro e auditoria da fixidez de objetos digitais, em que prevê o registro de informações relacionadas a fixidez de objetos digitais com o uso de algoritmos de hash e redes blockchain redundantes e que ainda permita o registro de alterações na fixidez desses objetos, oriundas de mudanças neles consideradas legítimas e previstas pelo Open Archival Information System (OAIS), referência para o tratamento de objetos digitais em RDC. A partir dessa arquitetura, foi desenvolvida uma versão dessa plataforma como prova de conceito com os principais recursos necessários à demonstração da aplicação da proposta, possibilitando a realização de experimentos em um ambiente simulado de RDC, os quais também são documentados aqui e que traduzem em termos práticos algumas das preocupações documentadas neste trabalho e a aplicação da plataforma.

In this article we explore the relationship between the phraseological unit of Fundamental French constructions and identity. Through this body of research, we aim to analyse in which both areas could be linked and to study which dynamics come into play during the process in which the traits of these constructions related to identity become fixed. To achieve this objective, we analyse examples taken from our oral or written oral corpus gathered from various media sources including adverts, radio, television and social media. Our interest is to see in which way the concept of identity is related to the field of phraseology and the concept of fixation. Key words: Identity, Fundamental French Construction, fixity, phraseology, linguistics. En el presente articulo nos cuestionamos acerca de la relación entre la unidad fraseológica de construcción francesa fundamental y la noción de identitema. En este estudio, nuestro interés es el de analizar de qué manera estas dos unidades pueden estar entrelazadas y ver qué dinámicas entran en juego durante el proceso de fijación de los rasgos identitarios en estas construcciones. Para ello, analizaremos diferentes ejemplos extraídos de nuestro corpus oral o escrito-oralizado, obtenido a partir de los medios de comunicación como publicidad, radio, televisión y redes sociales. Nuestro interés es el de indagar acerca de qué manera la noción de identidad está relacionada intrínsecamente con el ámbito fraseológico y la noción de fijación. Palabras clave: Identitema, construcción francesa fundamental, fijación, fraseología, lingüística. Dans de cet article, nous nous interrogeons à propos de la relation entre l’unité phraséologique appelée construction française fondamentale et la notion d’identitème. Nous souhaitons analyser de quelle manière ces deux unités peuvent être entrelacées et analyser quelles dynamiques entrent en jeu lors du figement des traits identitaires dans ces constructions. Pour cela, nous analyserons des exemples extraits de notre corpus oral ou écrit-oralisé obtenu à partir des médias comme les publicités, la radio, la télévision et les réseaux sociaux. Notre intérêt est de voir de quelle manière la notion identitaire est intrinsèquement liée au domaine phraséologique et à la notion de figement. Mots clés: Identitème, construction française fondamentale, figement, phraséologie, linguistique.

This study investigates an analytical beam model to improve the analyses of welded thin plates with welding-induced curved distortions. The model addresses the rigidity of a butt-welded joint and its effect on plate bending and structural stress by including a rotational spring at the welded end. The spring rotational stiffness, k a , is replaced by the fixity factor, ρ a . The validity of the model is based on the assumption of small displacement and moderate rotation of the mid-plane of the welded plate. Using the Finite Element Analysis of a two-dimensional model, a semi-analytical method for the fixity factor computation is developed. Compared with the numerical analysis, the beam model showed a maximum error of 3% in deflection and hot-spot structural stress. Results suggest that the fixity factor is mainly dependent on the width of the weld bead and the far-end constraint. The introduction of ρ a can improve the analytical solution by 9% in the evaluation of the hot-spot structural stress. Neglecting the non-ideal joint rigidity may lead up to 54% underestimation in terms of fatigue life, when the S–N curve slope, m , equals 5. However, the relevance of ρ a decreases for increasing geometric slenderness of the welded plates.

Este texto aborda la estaticidad de los objetos simples y discretos del "Tractatus logico-philosophicus", confrontándola con el gusto por lo imponderable, aquello que ni tiene medida exacta ni puede separarse del entramado de prácticas que lo respalda, o la acción enraizada en prácticas siempre en movimiento de Investigaciones filosóficas (así como de otros manuscritos producidos en su contexto). Este sobrevolar los textos rastreando determinados alejamientos y acercamientos de Wittgenstein al movimiento pondrá de manifiesto inclinaciones a la determinación y a la indeterminación que, argumento, guían, respectivamente, el "Tractatus" y las "Investigaciones". This paper examines the fixity of the simple and discrete objects of "Tractatus logico-philosophicus" by comparing it with the taste for the imponderable, which neither has an exact measure nor can be separated from the framework of human practices in which it occurs, and the action rooted in practices always in movement that are characteristic of Philosophical Investigations (as well as of other manuscripts produced in its context). I track Wittgenstein’s distances and approaches to movement. The synoptic view that I provide reveals peculiar inclinations to determinacy and indeterminacy that, I argue, guide, respectively, the "Tractatus" and the "Investigations".

Este texto aborda la estaticidad de los objetos simples y discretos del "Tractatus logico-philosophicus", confrontándola con el gusto por lo imponderable, aquello que ni tiene medida exacta ni puede separarse del entramado de prácticas que lo respalda, o la acción enraizada en prácticas siempre en movimiento de Investigaciones filosóficas (así como de otros manuscritos producidos en su contexto). Este sobrevolar los textos rastreando determinados alejamientos y acercamientos de Wittgenstein al movimiento pondrá de manifiesto inclinaciones a la determinación y a la indeterminación que, argumento, guían, respectivamente, el "Tractatus" y las "Investigaciones". This paper examines the fixity of the simple and discrete objects of "Tractatus logico-philosophicus" by comparing it with the taste for the imponderable, which neither has an exact measure nor can be separated from the framework of human practices in which it occurs, and the action rooted in practices always in movement that are characteristic of Philosophical Investigations (as well as of other manuscripts produced in its context). I track Wittgenstein’s distances and approaches to movement. The synoptic view that I provide reveals peculiar inclinations to determinacy and indeterminacy that, I argue, guide, respectively, the "Tractatus" and the "Investigations".

The relative fixity of a permutation group is the maximum proportion of the points fixed by a non-trivial element of the group and the relative fixity of a graph is the relative fixity of its automorphism group, viewed as a permutation group on the vertex-set of the graph. We prove in this paper that the relative fixity of connected $2$-arc-transitive graphs of a fixed valence tends to $0$ as the number of vertices grows to infinity. We prove the same result for the class of arc-transitive graphs of a fixed prime valence, and more generally, for any class of arc-transitive locally-$L$ graphs, where $L$ is a fixed quasiprimitive graph-restrictive permutation group., 8 pages, accepted version

Assume that, even with a time machine, Tim does not have the ability to travel to the past and kill Grandfather. Why would that be? And what are the implications for traditional debates about freedom? We argue that there are at least two satisfactory explanations for why Tim cannot kill Grandfather. First, if an agent’s behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would require F to have not obtained. Second, if an agent’s behavior at time t is causally dependent on fact F, then the agent cannot perform an action (at t) that would prevent F from obtaining. These two explanations have distinct upshots for more traditional debates over freedom. The first implies that causal determinism is incompatible with the ability to do otherwise and also raises questions about the traditional arguments for the incompatibility of divine foreknowledge and the ability to do otherwise; the second does neither. However, both explanations imply that the Molinist account of divine providence renders agents unable to do otherwise, at least in certain circumstances.

Memory is a potency which makes man to be able to fix and to deposit those data which are being grasped through senses, and to use them whenever are needed. That is why our data remain unchanged and we can clearly remember our past. For Mulla Sadra the memory is unchanged because it is an abstract entity. Based upon his theory, all corporeal entities are constantly moving. Therefore if the memory is corporeal, it has to be subject to the change. But neuroscientists do not consider all motions as change. So for them the motions at the level of subatomic or atomic world do not make any change in the biological world. Even if it is considered to be a change by transcendent theosophy, but for neuroscientists only those changes at the level of neuron sells can change the memory, thus they attribute the fixity of the memory to the fixity of coding the genes and accordingly coding the neurons, and if any kind of confusion occurs in this function, we will lose our memory. Therefore for them the memory is corporeal, and in spite of being so, in normal conditions no change occurs in its deposited data. Thus to prove the abstractness of the memory we have to utilize other reasons.

This study investigated EFL learners' formulaic competence achievements, and the extent to which the factors of non-compositionality, mutual information, socio-cultural specificity and frequency in formulaic sequences predict receptive-productive formulaic knowledge. Underrepresentation of formulaic competence construct in the existing phraseological measures motivated us to develop a receptive-productive test battery adapting Kecskes’(2007) formulaic language model. The battery was conducted on 63 upper-intermediate Iranian adult EFL learners from three different instructional settings. The majority of participants showed an underdeveloped competence. Particularly they demonstrated poor productive knowledge in writing an argumentative essay, as documented by repeated measures ANAOV and formulaic-language error-analysis. There was also a significant variation in their mastery of different types of formulaic sequences. To explain this variation, we designed a tri-dimensional cline of formulaicity on which the target formulaic sequences could be located on the basis of their quantitatively evaluated variables of formulaicity. Regression analysis revealed that non-compositionality and frequency factors in formulaic sequences affect their learnability more than mutual information and socio-cultural specificity do, which means that semantic opacity and conventionality in formulaic sequences influence their mastery more than fixity and pragmatic idiomaticity. The findings suggest an interplay between psycholinguistic reality of formulaic sequences (i.e. automaticity aspect) and their linguistic and socio-cultural realities, which offers pedagogical implications for EFL classes .

Smart materials are much discussed in the current research scenario. The shape memory effect is one of the most fascinating occurrences in smart materials, both in terms of the phenomenon and its applications. Many metal alloys and polymers exhibit the shape memory effect (SME). Shape memory properties of elastomers, such as rubbers, polyurethanes, and other elastomers, are discussed in depth in this paper. The theory, factors impacting, and key uses of SME elastomers are all covered in this article. SME has been observed in a variety of elastomers and composites. Shape fixity and recovery rate are normally analysed through thermomechanical cycle studies to understand the effectiveness of SMEs. Polymer properties such as chain length, and the inclusion of fillers, such as clays, nanoparticles, and second phase polymers, will have a direct influence on the shape memory effect. The article discusses these aspects in a simple and concise manner.

Dans cet article, la question marginalement explorée de la fluidité et de la fixité est discutée via le cas de la nouvelle musique électronique à Cologne (Allemagne). Après un bref tour d’horizon des travaux en langue allemande sur la géographie de la musique, la notion de fluidité dans la musique sera mise en parallèle avec la fluidité de l’espace, à la lumière du discours critique sur les réseaux tiré de la théorie acteur-réseau (ANT). Dans cette démonstration, nous utilisons les notions de fluidité et de son contraire, la fixité, pour une recherche sur les scènes de musique de Cologne. Nous nous intéressons plus spécialement au rapport local / global dans le Belgisches Viertel (quartier de la Belgique), quartier déshérité qui n’en est pas moins au cœur de la scène musicale de Cologne. Je conclus en présentant quelques pistes de recherche pour la géographie de la musique. In this paper an often marginally explored issue in the geographies of music, the notions of fluidity and fixity in music, is addressed through the case of the contemporary new electronic music in Köln. After a short general overview of the German-speaking contributions to the field of the geographies of music, the notion of fluidity in music will be related to the notion of the fluidity of space, by way of the critical discourse which took place in a discussion on the term « network » within Actor­Network-Theory (ANT). In the case study, I use the notions of fluidity and its – seeming – counterpart, fixity, to process the results from a research on Cologne’s music scenes; the focal point is Belgisches Viertel, an inner-city neighbourhood in Cologne where the global-local-nexus is particularly active. Finally, some new routes for possible further research in the geographies of music will be highlighted. Dieser Beitrag thematisiert am Beispiel der Geographien neuer elektronischer Musik in Kain die oftmals nur am Rande beachteten Aspekte « fluidity » und « fixity » Nach einem kurzen allgemeinen Überblick in Bezug auf deutschsprachige Arbeiten im Bereich Geographien der Musik wird Fluidität von Musik zu Fluiditat von Raum in Beziehung gesetzt. Diesem wird sich angenahert zunachst fm Rahmen emer Rekapitulation einer kritisch-konzeptionellen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Begriff « Netzwerk », die innerhalb elnes Diskurses der Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie (ANT) stattfand. In der Fallstudie verarbeite ich anhand der Aspekte « fluidity » und « fixity » Resultate einer empirischen Studie der Geographien von Musik und ihrer Szenen in Köln. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird dabei dem « Belgischen Viertel » in Köln gewidmet, einem innerstadtischen Quartier Kölns, das sich ab Mitte der 1990er Jahre für einige Jahre zu einem besonders aktiven Raum innerhalb des global-lokalen Musikgeschehens neuer elektronischer Musik entwickelte. Abschlieβend werden Anregungen für weitere Studien der Geographien der Musik aufgezeigt.

The BagIt structure, the Bagger GUI tool, and BagIt.py Python library are free and easy-to-use tools that can help your repository establish and verify fixity for born-digital archives.

大同大学, Daido University, 日本語の連濁現象に関して実際に使われたデータを調べたところ,1)形態素が2モーラの場合に連濁を受けにくくなる傾向,2)いわゆるライマンの法則が形態素境界を越えて一定程度で前部要素に及ぶ傾向,3)歯茎から硬口蓋の調音点で連濁語率が低くなる傾向,4)h>w変化がh>b変化を補うように使用される傾向,5)よく使われる形が安定である例が得られた。これらの結果に対して,1)2モーラ構造の音韻的安定性,2)有声性に関する阻害音の排他性,3)Corの音韻的安定性,4)[h]>[w]変化が連濁と併存する条件,および5)合成語形の定着について述べた。, The present study aims to survey the productivity of rendaku, a sequential voicing phenomenon in Contemporary Tokyo Japanese, based on a set of data compiled from general print media. The data show the phonological stability of the two-mora structure and the coronal place feature. The exclusion principle pertaining to [voice] in obstruents functions without exception within the final element of the native lexical stratum and, to a lesser degree, between those obstruents and the adjacent mora of the preceding element, even across morpheme junctures. Morpheme compounding can cause voiceless obstruents to change not only into their voiced counterparts but also into approximants under specific phonotactic conditions, and can likely fix those patterns, especially in cases involving highly frequent compounds., application/pdf

Recent work within mobilities studies has pointed to the ways in which mobility shapes people's identities and everyday lives. Mobility is also inherently geographical in nature, not only in the sense that movements of people and objects transcend space but that the ubiquity of mobility within society raises important questions about the fixities of place. Much of the recent geographical scholarship on mobilities has focused on the city, with ‘the urban’ constructed as the archetypal space of hyper-mobility. Less attention has been given to mobilities in the context of rural spaces and places. In this paper, we suggest that mobility represents an equally important constituent of rural lifestyles and rural places. Our contention is that the stabilities of rurality, associated with senses of belonging, tradition and stasis, are both reliant on and undermined by rather complex forms of mobility. We draw on empirical materials from a recent community study in rural Wales to reveal the nature of these mobilities, including the diverse range of movements of people to, from and through rural places, the difficulties associated with practising everyday mobilities in rural settings, the increasing significance of virtual forms of mobility associated with the roll-out of digital technologies across rural spaces, and the complicated relationship between rural mobilities, immobilities and fixities.

L’auteur analyse les rapports objectifs et subjectifs que des éleveurs nomades vivant dans l’ouest de la Mongolie entretiennent avec une portion de territoire qu’ils nomment leur « pays natal » (törsön nutag). L’attachement à ce lieu n’est pas seulement établi à la naissance, il s’actualise et se développe à travers des actions rituelles quotidiennes, occasionnelles et annuelles. L’auteur aborde les libations quotidiennes destinées aux esprits du territoire, les offrandes faites à ces esprits au camp d’hiver pendant les célébrations du Nouvel An, et l’effacement de certaines traces sur le sol lors de déménagements. Il s’agit de montrer que des actions rituelles véhiculent une certaine idée de fixité et d’ancrage dans le territoire alors que la mobilité est au cœur de l’élevage extensif de moutons et de chèvres pratiqué par les éleveurs. Cet article vise à montrer que mouvement et fixité sont complémentaires dans l’attachement au pays natal. The author analyses the objective and subjective relationships that nomadic herders living in West Mongolia entertain with a part of land, which they call their “homeland” (törsön nutag). The attachment to the homeland is not only established at birth, but also actualised and developed through daily, occasional and annual ritual actions. The author describes the daily libations to the spirits of the land, the offerings made to these spirits at the winter encampment during the New Year celebrations and the erasing of some traces left on the ground when the herders move to another pasture. Some ritual practices convey an idea of fixity and rooting in the land whereas mobility is at the heart of the extensive rearing of sheep and goats. This article aims at showing that movement and fixity are complementary aspects of the attachment to the land.

A simplified approach for modeling soil and foundation system supported bridge bents is applied to three bridges that represent three pile types and three superstructures. This point-of-fixity approach is applied by modeling the bridge bent substructure as an elastic frame. The models are compared with more refined analyses in FB-MultiPier, with SAP as an independent verification tool, using pile sections with nonlinear soil, pile, and pile cap material properties. The results for simple pile bents show that an equivalent frame model provides similar moment, shear, and displacement values as those obtained from both the SAP and MultiPier nonlinear analyses. Analysis results also indicated that the equivalent frame model parameters are particularly sensitive to the comparable selection of both axial and lateral loads. If lateral loads used to develop the equivalent model are higher than experienced, the axial and lateral deflections and moments will also be higher. For design purposes, this is conservative. © 2011 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Mobility and movement are of concern to academics working across the social sciences, and this article provides a critical evaluation of current geographical research on mobility. Mobilities are fundamental to our daily lives and to the functioning of societies and economies, and the article begins by examining how geographers have approached mobility and fixity during the past half century and why there appears to have been a resurgence of research on mobility in the past decade. Mobilities are entwined with complex power relationships and the article examines how governments and businesses have attempted to encourage and facilitate the movements of people and things, while controlling and regulating mobilities which are deemed to be threatening, out of place, and uncontrolled – such as the mobility of gypsies and illegal immigrants. The article examines how mobilities have frequently been pushed into the background in accounts of landscape and place, before showing how geographers have more recently begun to take account of movement, change, and dynamism in conceptualizing place and landscape. The final section examines how human geographers and social scientists have been paying increasing attention to the social and cultural dimensions of travel and transport, and focuses on recent work on the geographies of the car and driving.

For all their apparent differences, the colonial and nationalist discourses of the twentieth century shared a vision of the world as an aggregate of discrete bundles of land and people, hermetic units sealed off from one another and defined by their particularities. Whether they spoke in terms of nations or empires, regions or civilizations, they worked to produce the reality they described – one of bounded territories and populations, each one neatly delineated and differentiated from the next. In so doing, they created truncated histories, narrowed-down narratives shorn of wider connections. In the following pages, we will address the implications of such schemes for Middle Eastern studies, and propose an alternative, diasporic vision of this field. A consideration of the population movements that have marked the modern history of the “Middle East” can open up new avenues and approaches for research, and put into question the implicit stress upon fixity and enclosure which still underpins scholarship on the region.

Chris Lacinak's presentation from the MARAC Spring 2014 conference, "Free and Open Tools", S12 - April 25, 2014, Rochester, NY

Après l’évaluation des statuts terminologiques des notions de collocation et d’emploi approprié, nous faisons le point sur les travaux portant sur les collocations pour en dégager le statut précis en tant qu’« entité linguistique ». C’est du caractère phraséologique des collocations et ses corollaires que nous leur proposons le statut d’unités lexicales hybrides, concept qui correspond à leurs caractéristiques linguistiques., After the evaluation of the terminological status of the notions of collocation and appropriate usage, we review the work relating to collocations to determine their precise status as “linguistic units”. Based on the phraseological character of collocations and their corollaries we propose the status of hybrid lexemes, a concept that corresponds to their linguistic characteristics.

À la faveur des théories interprétatives, il n’est pas d’usage d’évoquer la dimension linguistique dans les traductions. Or, il y a un domaine où l’on ne peut en faire l’économie, celui où les énoncés à traduire impliquent des fixités linguistiques, c’est-à-dire des configurations spécifiques de la forme de la substance ou du contenu des signes linguistiques. Cela concerne des types de discours aussi variés que les séquences figées, les créations poétiques ou le discours humoristique. L’analyse des fixités linguistiques dans ces discours permet de constater que plus la stratification des fixités est importante, plus les difficultés de traduction sont complexes. Lors de la traduction de ces textes, on est le plus souvent appelé à faire des choix où l’on essaie de gérer au mieux les déficits lors du passage de L1 à L2. Toutes les illustrations concernent la traduction du français vers l’arabe., Thanks to interpretative theories, it is common practice not to evoke the linguistic dimension in translations. However, there is a domain where one cannot do without it, that is, where the utterances to be translated involve linguistic fixities, i.e., specific configurations of the form of the substance or the content of linguistic signs. That relates to types of discourses as varied as fixed phrases, poetic creations, humorous speech. An analysis of linguistic fixities in these discourses yields the conclusion that the more important the stratification of the fixities, the more complex the translation difficulties. During translation, one generally has to make choices in order to manage as well as possible the deficits in the passage from L1 into L2. All illustrations concern the translation from French into Arabic.

This essay proposes to analyse the ways in which contemporary Indian literature in English addresses the poetics of the border in the aftermath of colonialism and in the context of the new configurations of a global world viewed as a zone of transnational migrations but also as a place where communal divides are violently reasserted. On the one hand, Indian novels acknowledge the rigid lines and frames which define the individual, society and the nation, providing a sense of stability but also of fixity and enclosure. On the other hand, they suggest lines of flight which challenge binary divisions and arbitrary partitions, and favour instead the blurring and transgression of frontiers. Through this tension between the evocation and eradication of boundaries, Indian contemporary literature re-imagines the border as a contingent, transitory and fluid place, a space of becoming rather than a stable limit., Cet article propose d'analyser les modes selon lesquels la littérature indienne contemporaine aborde la poétique de la frontière après l'héritage du colonialisme et dans le contexte des nouvelles configurations d'un ordre mondial conçu comme une zone de migrations transnationales où les tensions communautaires s'affirment toutefois violemment. D'une part, les romans indiens prennent acte des lignes dures et des cadres qui définissent l'individu, la société et la nation, et offrent un sentiment de stabilité mais aussi de fixité et d'enfermement. D'autre part, ils suggèrent des lignes de fuite qui remettent en question les divisions binaires et les partitions arbitraires, et favorisent au contraire le brouillage et la transgression des limites. Par le biais de cette tension entre le rappel et la suppression des lignes de démarcation, la littérature indienne contemporaine reconfigure la frontière en tant qu'espace contingent, éphémère et fluide, un devenir-lieu plutôt qu'une limite stable.

The International Comparisons Program (ICP) compares the purchasing power of currencies through a series of regional comparisons that are then linked together to obtain results at the global level. This process of regionalization complicates the construction of price indexes by essentially forcing the adoption of a two-stage approach. In previous rounds of ICP, data constraints have largely determined how the regions are linked. These data constraints, however, are largely absent in ICP 2005. This raises the question of how best to extend existing price index formulas to cope with the regionalization process that underpins ICP 2005. This paper attempts to answer this question, while at the same time imposing some structure on the existing literature on two-stage methods.