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Contains fulltext : 238955.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Radboud University, 02 november 2021 Promotores : Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G., Hest, J.C.M. van Co-promotor : Felix Lanao, R.P. 243 p.

The main objective of this work is to present different laboratory test methods to quickly determine the moisture content of solid biofuels. In this study, fast methods for moisture determination (using a microwave oven –MW-, an infrared stove –IR-, a near-infrared spectrophotometer –NIR-, and a thermogravimetric analyzer –TGA-) were evaluated and compared with the reference method described in the standard ISO 18134-2. Five different fuels were tested: olive stones, almond shells, wood pellets, wood chips and wheat straw. The method performance characteristics (accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility), including the measurement of the uncertainty were evaluated. NIR was the most accurate and precise fast method, with recoveries ranging 96-99% and expanded uncertainties below 2%. However, NIR instruments need to be calibrated for each particular type of fuel, as they strongly depend on the sample typology and particle size. MW method also offered good recoveries (=93%) and expanded uncertainties of =7%, similarly to those offered by the reference method. The IR stove method offers recoveries =85%, but consistently lower than those provided by NIR and MW methods., Proceedings of the 29th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 26-29 April 2021, Online, pp. 682-686

RESUMEN Antecedentes: España por su situación geopolítica no está exenta de amenazas y desafíos asociados a enfermedades infecciosas víricas como las «fiebres hemorrágicas víricas». Implementar acciones para disminuir estos riesgos frente a agentes víricos con el desarrollo de un tratamiento de urgencia por vía intravenosa resulta de gran interés. Objetivos: Desarrollar dos formulaciones de Ribavirina 100 mg/ml con distintos excipientes y condiciones de fabricación para buscar la formulación más estable. Material y métodos: Se ha utilizado ribavirina, distintos tampones y agua para inyectables. Se ha evaluado alteraciones físicas, riqueza y pH siguiendo especificaciones de la monografía de la Farmacopea Europea. Resultados: Se exponen resultados de pH y riqueza de ambas formulaciones con y sin esterilización terminal. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos cumplen especificaciones para ambas formulaciones, demostrando una estabilidad química tras su conservación en condiciones de estudios a largo plazo durante 12 meses y acelerados durante 6 meses. El desarrollo de la ribavirina 100 mg/ml (10% w/v) inyectable satisface una necesidad terapéutica relacionada con el tratamiento de primera elección en enfermedades víricas altamente contagiosas que carecen de tratamientos eficaces. SUMMARY Background: Spain, due to its geopolitical situation, is not exempt from the threats and challenges associated with viral infectious diseases such as the «viral hemorrhagic fevers». Implementing actions to reduce these risks with the development of an emergency treatment against these viral agents for intravenous is of great interest. Objective: Develop two formulations of Ribavirin 100 mg/ml with different excipients and manufacturing conditions to look for the most stable formulation. Material and methods: Ribavirin, various buffers and water for injections have been used. Physical alterations, richness and pH have been evaluated following specifications of European Pharmacopoeia monograp. Results: Results of pH and richness of both formulations are exposed with and without terminal sterilization. Conclusions: The results obtained meet specifications for both formulations, demonstrating chemical stability after preservation under long-term study conditions for 12 months and accelerated for 6 months. The development of injectable 100 mg/ml ribavirin (10% w/v) satisfies a therapeutic need related to the treatment of first choice in highly contagious viral diseases that lack treatments.

En este trabajo se exponen los medios técnicos a través de los cuales se ha llevado a cabo cada uno de esos criterios, y en qué medida se puede considerar que los medios empleados conducen a alcanzar el objetivo pretendido (la celeridad y gratuidad de los procesos de nulidad, con el fin de servir mejor a la salvación de las almas). Las medidas tendentes a reforzar la responsabilidad del Obispo en su diócesis son claras y eficaces para obtener ese fin: tanto por los procesos en los que actúa como juez, como por la mayor discrecionalidad de la que goza para nombrar juez único y jueces laicos (sin compartir su responsabilidad con la Conferencia Episcopal). Ahora bien, esta mayor discrecionalidad en el nombramiento de jueces, puede ser considerada también como medida que favorece la colegialidad episcopal menos que las previsiones anteriores a la reforma. A partir de la reforma cada Obispo diocesano goza de mayor autonomía en su diócesis, sin necesidad de contar con la aprobación de la Conferencia episcopal, que es una estructura de gobierno, al servicio de la colegialidad y la comunión episcopal. This paper presents the technical means by which each of the criteria has been framed, and to what extent the means employed may be regarded as leading to the achievement of the desired objective (efficiency and cost-free nature of nullity processes, so as to better serve the salvation of souls). Measures that strengthen the responsibility of the bishop in his diocese are clear and effective in achieving this end: both in the processes in which he acts as a judge and in the greater discretion he enjoys in appointing a single judge and lay judges, without sharing such responsibility with the Episcopal Conference. However, greater discretion in the appointment of judges may also be read as a measure that favors episcopal collegiality less than was foreseen prior to the reform. Following the reform, each diocesan Bishop enjoys greater autonomy in his diocese, with no requirement of approval from the Episcopal Conference, which is a structure of government at the service of episcopal collegiality and communion.

Objective To estimate cut-off points and to establish response criteria for the Hospital Universitario La Princesa Index (HUPI) in patients with chronic polyarthritis. Methods Two cohorts, one of early arthritis (Princesa Early Arthritis Register Longitudinal PEARL] study) and other of long-term rheumatoid arthritis (Estudio de la Morbilidad y Expresión Clínica de la Artritis Reumatoide EMECAR]) including altogether 1200 patients were used to determine cut-off values for remission, and for low, moderate and high activity through receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. The areas under ROC (AUC) were compared to those of validated indexes (SDAI, CDAI, DAS28). ROC analysis was also applied to establish minimal and relevant clinical improvement for HUPI. Results The best cut-off points for HUPI are 2, 5 and 9, classifying RA activity as remission if =2, low disease activity if >2 and =5), moderate if >5 and

Thomas NEUMANN, Die sogenannten Konkordatsprofessuren. Genese und aktuelle Problemfelder, Beihefte zum Münsterischen Kommentar zum Codex Iuris Canonici, Ludgerus Verlag, Essen 2013, 181 pp.

Since its foundation, 100 years ago, the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) has been observing and measuring the ocean characteristics. Some systems like the tide gauges network has been working for more than 60 years. The IEO standard sections began at different moments depending on the local projects, and nowadays there are XXX coastal stations and XXX deep ones that are systematically sampled, taking physical as well as biochemical measurements. At this moment, the IEO Observing System (IEOOS) includes 4 permanent moorings equipped with currentmeters, an open-sea ocean-meteorological buoy offshore Santander and an SST satellital image reception station. It also supports the Spanish contribution to the ARGO international program with 47 deployed profilers, and continuous monitoring thermosalinometers, meteorological stations and ADCP installed on the IEO research vessels. All these networks are linked to international iniciatives like SeaDataNet, Emodnet, IbiROOS and MONGOOS. The system is completed with the IEO contribution to the RAIA and Gibraltar observatories, and the development of regional prediction models. All these systematic measurements allow IEO to give responses to ocean research activities, official agencies requirements and industrial and main society demands.

Se trata de un libro que pretende divulgar a la sociedad las principales investigaciones multidisciplinares llevadas a cabo por el Instituto Español de Oceanografía durante su primer siglo de vida, y dar a conocer la historia del organismo, de su Sede Central y de los nueve centros oceanográficos repartidos por los litorales mediterráneo y atlántico, en la península y archipiélagos., Kongsberg 200

This work presents an overview of the objectives and the main results of the BIOMASUD Project, Mechanisms for the sustainability and valorization of the solid biomass market in the SUDOE region. The main objective of the BIOMASUD project is the creation and implementation of a certification scheme for the quality and sustainability of typical solid biofuels of Southern Europe, whose use is widespread in residential heating applications. Among the results of the project, it can be highlighted an inventory of stakeholders related to the solid biomass market in SUDOE, including more than 7500 records of resource industries generating by­products of timber, olive oil, nuts, etc., and nearly 900 other stakeholders involved in the trading, installation, energy services, research, etc. All these records are included in the GIS application BIORAISE (http://bioraise.ciemat.es/bioraise/) which has capabilities such as the search and summary of biomass resources and costs in different geographic areas. The handbook that establishes the requirements for the companies to gather the BIOMASUD quality and sustainability distinction was launched in November 2012, and can be downloaded in the BIOMASUD project web page. Some preliminary pilot audits have been performed in Spain during April 2013, and the two first certifications for solid biofuels producers are expected to be granted by June 2013., Proceedings of the 21st European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 June 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 1787-1791

El título de la tesis “El buen profesor. Efectividad en el laboratorio de física de la Universidad Estatal de Nuevo Méjico [NMSU]”, indica los dos objetivos que nos queremos proponer en este trabajo de investigación: de una parte, conocer la forma de enseñar de los profesores de los laboratorios de física del primer año de la carrera de la NMSU; de otra, comprobar su efectividad. Inicialmente nos centraremos en buscar y caracterizar al buen profesor; para en un segundo momento exponer los resultados de los casos particulares investigados.

Short rotation high density plantations were established in the provinces of Soria and Madrid in 2009. Three poplar clones (I-214 and two improved new clones Oudenberg and Baldo) together with willow, black locust and sycamore species were included in the study. Representative samples were collected after a three year cycle. Species harvested in Madrid lead to a higher yield (10.9 odt/ha year as average of all species and/or clones) than species harvested in Soria (9.3 odt/ha year), as a consequence of better climate conditions and soil characteristics in Madrid. In general, the best yields were obtained for willow and I-214 poplar clone (higher than 16 t/ha year), followed by the others poplar clones, black locust and sycamore. Calorific value shows statistical differences among species and/or clones, although variations are lower than 0.4 MJ/kg. N, S and Cl contents are higher in Madrid than in Soria. The S contents obtained in Madrid usually exceed the limits of high quality pellets or briquettes for being utilised in the domestic sector (EN 14961-part 2 or part 3). The SRCs considered in this work show a good ash melting behaviour., Proceedings of the 21st European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 June 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 134-139

Partiendo de que en el Derecho español el legatario adquiere la propiedad del legado de modo automático, se estudia la naturaleza de la renuncia al legado por parte de una persona jurídica pública. Al tratarse de un acto de administración extraordinaria, requerirá licencia de la Santa Sede, si excede de la cuantía determinada por la Conferencia Episcopal. Se estudia asimismo la eventual aplicación a este supuesto del régimen de renuncia a las ofrendas. The legal status of the renunciation of a bequest on the part of a public legal entity is discussed in the context of the fact that under Spanish law legatees are automatically awarded the property set out therein. As an act of extraordinary administration, written permission from the Holy See is required if the amount of the bequest exceeds that established by the Episcopal Conference. The possible application of this principle to the renunciation of gifts or offerings is also explored.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of repeated windrowing using a wheel rake on the quality of two varieties of sorghum biomass considering its further combustion. Biomass yield and the influence of windrowing were evaluated when sorghum was mowed at two phenological stages, an early cut during the stage of panicle initiation and later on, when the grains were in a dough development stage. Tests were simultaneously performed by triplicate in small experimental units and in a larger demonstration plot of 2 ha. A delay of one month in mowing led to a remarkable increase in dry matter (d.m.) yield from 8-10 to 12-14 t d.m. ha-1. When biomass was cut, moisture content was as high as 70-80%. After 15 days, moisture was reduced to 15-25% with repeated windrowing, though minimum achievable moisture and minimum duration of field drying are highly dependent on meteorological conditions in the production area during the drying process. Mean ash content of biomass increased slightly (, Proceedings of the 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 18-22 June 2012, Milan, Italy, pp. 242-251

Recensión de: . Florian GANSLMEIER, Kirchliche Interessenvertretung im pluralistischen Staatswesen. Die «Katholischen Büros» als Verbindungsstellen zwischen Staat und Kirche, Münsterischer Kommentar zum Codex Iuris Canonici, Beiheft 57, Ludgerus Verlag, Essen 2010, IX + 187 pp.

The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of windrowing on the ash content of triticale and rye biomass, and thus how the quality of the biofuel can be influenced by the biomass collection methods. 162 biomass samples (straw+grain) were analyzed for their ash content: 42 samples were collected manually before mowing to avoid contamination (and set as reference values) and compared to 120 samples collected from 33 bales. Two different sampling methods of bales were tested, finding similar results for both methods. When biomass was windrowed before baling using a rotary rake at a working height below 5 cm, ash content between reference and baled samples differed strongly. Moreover, a high variability was observed among samples taken from the same bale, obtaining ash content values for some samples as high as 26.8%, as a consequence of an uneven distribution of the mineral impurities which were introduced during the process. Ash content of baled biomass increased to a much lesser extent when biomass was windrowed using a wheel rake at a working height of 5-10 cm. When biomass was not swathed before baling, the ash content of the baled biomass was not found to increase significantly., Proceedings of the 20th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 18-22 June 2012, Milan, Italy, pp. 495-502

Esta obra ofrece una síntesis de la información recogida en las series temporales de observaciones oceánicas del IEO en la región atlántica del norte de España iniciadas en 1943 con el registro mareográfico; muestra evidencias de cambios interanuales en la física, la química y la biología del océano en relación con los factores climáticos, y estima los impactos más probables del clima en el océano futuro. Este volumen continúa la serie de estudios de la influencia del cambio climático en el mar iniciada con el Cambio climático en el Mediterráneo español (Vargas Yánez et al., 2010). En este caso, el enfoque es multidisciplinar, empleando, por primera vez, series de observaciones recogidas de forma coordinada y simultánea. A lo largo de sus ochos capítulos, se analiza la variabilidad climática atmosférica reciente y su influencia sobre las condiciones oceanográficas de la región, especialmente en relación con la intensidad y frecuencia del afloramiento de aguas profundas que determina, en gran medida, el aporte estacional de nutrientes a la superficie y, por tanto, la producción biológica. Se describen las tendencias en el nivel del mar a partir de las medidas de los mareógrafos de la zona con una estimación de los niveles extremos esperados a largo plazo. Se realiza un análisis comparativo –entre Galicia y el Cantábrico– de la variabilidad en los nutrientes inorgánicos y se determinan los elementos limitantes de la producción primaria en cada zona. Finalmente, se analizan las variaciones en las comunidades de fitoplancton, picoplancton y zooplancton como indicadoras de cambios en el ecosistema pelágico, destacando las fluctuaciones en la biomasa y producción primaria, base de la red trófica pelágica de la región, y la presencia de medusas y salpas y su relación con el clima. This book presents a synthesis of the oceanic time-series observations of IEO in the Atlantic region of northern Spain. These series, starting in 1943 with tide-gauges, reveal evidence of interanual changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of the ocean that were related to climatic factors, allowing to estimate future impacts of climate on the ocean. The volume continues the series started with “Climate Change in the Spanish Mediterranean” (Vargas Yánez et al., 2010). In this case the study is multidisciplinary, including for the first time series obtained in coordinated and simultaneous observational programs. The eight chapters first analyse recent climatic variability and its influence on the regional oceanography, particularly in relation to the intensity and frequency of the deep-water upwelling that largely determines the seasonal inputs of nutrients and primary production in this region. Next, the main trends in sea level revealed by tidal gauges along with the estimates of expected extreme levels are described. The variability in inorganic nutrients and the identification of limiting elements for primary production were presented as a comparative analysis between Galicia (in the West) and the Mar Cantábrico (in the east). Finally, the variability in the composition of the plankton communities, including phytoplankton, picoplankton and zooplankton, is analysed as indicative of changes in the pelagic ecosystem. Particular attention is given to the fluctuations in primary biomass and production and to the presence of salps and jellyfish in relation to climate. Versión del editor

Recensión de: Patrik HUBERT, De preasumptionibus Iurisprudentiae. Zur Enwicklung ständiger richterlicher Vermutungen in der neueren Rota-Rechtsprechung und deren Anwendung an untergeordneten Gerichte, Editrice Pontificia Università Gregoriana, Roma 2009, 316 pp.

Recensión de: "BIBLIOGRAFÍA" Enrica MARTINELLI, L’azione penale nell’ordinamento canonico. Uno studio di Diritto comparato. Collana di Studi di Diritto Canonico ed Ecclesiastico, G. Giappichelli Editore, Torino 2011, XIX + 211 pp."

Esta obra ofrece una síntesis de la información recogida en las series temporales de observaciones oceánicas del IEO en la región atlántica del norte de España iniciadas en 1943 con el registro mareográfico; muestra evidencias de cambios interanuales en la física, la química y la biología del océano en relación con los factores climáticos, y estima los impactos más probables del clima en el océano futuro. Este volumen continúa la serie de estudios de la influencia del cambio climático en el mar iniciada con el Cambio climático en el Mediterráneo español (Vargas Yánez et al., 2010). En este caso, el enfoque es multidisciplinar, empleando, por primera vez, series de observaciones recogidas de forma coordinada y simultánea. A lo largo de sus ochos capítulos, se analiza la variabilidad climática atmosférica reciente y su influencia sobre las condiciones oceanográficas de la región, especialmente en relación con la intensidad y frecuencia del afloramiento de aguas profundas que determina, en gran medida, el aporte estacional de nutrientes a la superficie y, por tanto, la producción biológica. Se describen las tendencias en el nivel del mar a partir de las medidas de los mareógrafos de la zona con una estimación de los niveles extremos esperados a largo plazo. Se realiza un análisis comparativo –entre Galicia y el Cantábrico– de la variabilidad en los nutrientes inorgánicos y se determinan los elementos limitantes de la producción primaria en cada zona. Finalmente, se analizan las variaciones en las comunidades de fitoplancton, picoplancton y zooplancton como indicadoras de cambios en el ecosistema pelágico, destacando las fluctuaciones en la biomasa y producción primaria, base de la red trófica pelágica de la región, y la presencia de medusas y salpas y su relación con el clima., This book presents a synthesis of the oceanic time-series observations of IEO in the Atlantic region of northern Spain. These series, starting in 1943 with tide-gauges, reveal evidence of interanual changes in physical, chemical and biological properties of the ocean that were related to climatic factors, allowing to estimate future impacts of climate on the ocean. The volume continues the series started with “Climate Change in the Spanish Mediterranean” (Vargas Yánez et al., 2010). In this case the study is multidisciplinary, including for the first time series obtained in coordinated and simultaneous observational programs. The eight chapters first analyse recent climatic variability and its influence on the regional oceanography, particularly in relation to the intensity and frequency of the deep-water upwelling that largely determines the seasonal inputs of nutrients and primary production in this region. Next, the main trends in sea level revealed by tidal gauges along with the estimates of expected extreme levels are described. The variability in inorganic nutrients and the identification of limiting elements for primary production were presented as a comparative analysis between Galicia (in the West) and the Mar Cantábrico (in the east). Finally, the variability in the composition of the plankton communities, including phytoplankton, picoplankton and zooplankton, is analysed as indicative of changes in the pelagic ecosystem. Particular attention is given to the fluctuations in primary biomass and production and to the presence of salps and jellyfish in relation to climate.

Introducción: la crisis económica y sus consecuencias están suponiendo dificultades para la sostenibilidad de la prestación farmacéutica y del propio sistema sanitario. Entre los grupos terapéuticos de mayor consumo en población infantil se encuentran los antibióticos. Objetivo: descripción y análisis del coste del tratamiento en antibióticos prescritos a la población pediátrica de Castilla y León en la última década, en el ámbito extrahospitalario. Material y métodos: las bases de datos de gasto de antimicrobianos con cargo al Sistema Nacional de Salud provienen de Concylia. Indicadores de consumo: Euros (€)/dosis definida/día y €/1000 habitantes/día. Resultados: se ha registrado un gasto en antibióticos de 15 750 829,26 €. Las penicilinas asociadasa inhibidores de la betalactamasa (amoxicilina con clavulánico) son responsables del 32,62% del gasto, seguidas de las cefalosporinas y los macrólidos. En último lugar se encontrarían las penicilinas de amplio espectro (amoxicilina), pese a ser las más prescritas. La evolución interanual refleja un llamativodescenso en el precio de la mayoría de los antibióticos, principalmente durante los últimos cinco años. El análisis del gasto disgregado por áreas de salud muestra también importantes diferencias. Conclusión: las variaciones en el gasto están motivadas principalmente por la frecuencia de uso y por modificaciones en los precios de venta al público. La amoxicilina-clavulánico es el antibiótico que supone más gasto. Los macrólidos son los antibióticos de mayor precio y la amoxicilina el de menor. Se observa una tendencia descendente del gasto en la mayoría de los antibióticos a lo largo del decenio. Introduction: the economic crisis and its consequences are posing difficulties for the sustainability of providing a pharmaceutical and health care system. Antibiotics are the therapeutic groups with the highest consumption in children. Objective: description and analysis of the cost of prescribed antibiotics in the paediatric populationof Castilla and Leon in the last decade, in the community setting. Methods: the databases of antimicrobials' expenditure financed by the NHS come from Concylia. Consume indicators: Euro (€)/DDD and €/1000 inhabitants/day. Results: there has been an antibiotic cost of € 15,750,829.26. Penicillins associated with beta lactamase inhibitors (amoxicillin with clavulanic acid) are responsible for 32.62% of spending, followedby cephalosporins and macrolides. In the last place are the broad-spectrum penicillins (amoxicillin),although they are the most prescribed antibiotics. The annual evolution reflects a sharp drop in the price of most antibiotics mainly during the last five years. Disaggregated analysis of spending by Health Areas also shows important differences. Conclusions: variations in spending are driven primarily by the frequency of use and changes in retail prices. Amoxicillin clavulanate is the antibiotic responsible for the highest expense. Macrolides are the most expensive antibiotics and amoxicillin the lowest ones. There is a downward trend in spending in most antibiotics along the decade.

Conocer la calidad de vida laboral de los trabajadores es muy importante porque tiene relación con el rendimiento laboral, la obtención de mejores resultados y una elevada productividad. Objetivo: Conocer la Calidad de Vida Profesional percibida por las enfermeras en el Hospital Geriátrico Virgen del Valle de Toledo. Metodologia: Diseño: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Ámbito de estudio: Hospital geriátrico de Toledo. Población del estudio: Todas las enfermeras asistenciales del hospital un total de 69. Instrumento de medida: Se ha utilizado el cuestionario Calidad de Vida Profesional 35. Resultados: En total se obtuvieron 45 respuestas (65,2%). La valoración global medida sobre la Calidad de Vida Profesional percibida es baja. En relación con las tres dimensiones valoradas la media más alta se encuentra en la "motivación intrínseca" con 7,08, la "carga de trabajo" con una media de 6,56, siendo la dimensión con la media más baja el "apoyo directivo" con 5,59. En el análisis multivariante el apoyo directivo se mostró como el factor más influyente en la calidad de vida profesional con un 23% (P

The main objective of this work is to show the behaviour during combustion of oat and triticale straw compared to wheat straw, related to emissions and differences in slagging and fouling of boiler components, working under similar conditions. Several combustion tests have been carried out in a 500 kWth moving grate boiler as preliminary tests before using these biomass straws in a 25 MWe power generation plant. Three combustion tests with a stationary period of 6 hours using wheat, oat and triticale straw are included in this work. Biomass has been characterised physically and chemically and the most important operating parameters have been measured (temperatures, air flow and flue gas composition: CO, NO, SO2, HCl, O2, CO2). SO2 emissions obtained in the combustion of oat and triticale straw are three times higher than those measured with wheat straw (485, 522 and 150 mg/Nm3 at 10% O2 as reference, respectively). HCl also increases in the combustion tests with oat and triticale straw compared to wheat straw (43, 18 and 4 mg/Nm3 at 10% O2 as reference, respectively). Fouling and particle emissions are also higher when burning oat and triticale., Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 1358-1363

Recensión de Gerald GRUBER, Ludex est iudex peritorum. Zum Sachvertändigengutachten im kirchlichen Ehenichtigkeitsprozess, Münsterischer Kommentar zum Codex Iuris Canonici, Beiheft 52, Ludgerus Verlag, Essen, 2008, VII + 169 pp.

There is a large interest in Spain surrounding the maximum variability that can be obtained in the main physico­chemical properties of biomass, when it is produced or used for energy purposes. Multiple sources could cause that expected variability. Winter cereals might be considered as a potential biomass source for energy purposes, particularly triticale and rye. On the one hand, a statistical study was carried out, and differences between varieties cultivated in the same location and cereal development states were evaluated. On the other hand, different varieties of cereals were cultivated in 11 different locations around the north and central part of the country under multiple conditions. A Cochran´s test was run to check up on variances (variance of same location vs. variance of different locations) and compare the variability originated by the genetics of cereals, and that caused by the different growing conditions. Some parameters as carbon or heating values seem to be dependent on the variety cultivated, while the variability associated to some others like ash, nitrogen, sulphur, and chlorine contents increases significantly by being directly influenced by some other factors like the different growing and farming conditions., Proceedings of the 19th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 6-10 June 2011, Berlin, Germany, pp. 569-578

The quality of the biomass obtained from different small grain cereal species (oat, lopside oat, triticale, and rye) that can be used as solid biofuels was evaluated by means of a statistical study. In this context, 13 varieties were evaluated at two different Spanish locations. Yield and parameters influencing the quality of the biomass, namely calorific value, carbon, nitrogen, chlorine, sulphur, and ash contents, as well as major elements contained in the ashes and the ash sintering behaviour were determined. Most of the properties were found not to vary among the studied cereal species. Nevertheless, significant differences were encountered when evaluating the ash and chlorine contents, much higher for oat species. When all varieties were separately considered for each species, statistical differences were only found for the sulphur content. The use of triticale or rye was found much more preferable in terms of fuel quality than the use of oats. In terms of yields, also the species triticale has higher values., Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 534-537

The aim of this work is to investigate the effects of the type of clone, fertilization and harvest alternative on quality and yield of poplar biomass on short rotation conditions. The plantation was established on March 2006 with four poplar clones: I­214 and AF2 (P. x euramericana); and UNAL and USA 49­177 (P. x interamericana). Poplar biomass is considered a suitable biofuel due to its appropriate ash melting behaviour, and its low content of sulphur, chlorine, nitrogen and ash. Calorific value shows statistical differences among clones and with the harvest alternatives, although mean values among clones and harvest type are small. Taking into account the elemental results with more than 15 elements analysed, only nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus increase their contents as a function of the fertilization. With regard to the biomass yield, important differences are found among clones, harvests and fertilization. The highest yields (higher than 14000 kg/ha year) are found for clones UNAL and USA 49­ 177., Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 244-248

The aim of this work is to study the influence of outdoor storage conditions on the Brassica napus straw properties for solid biomass production. The study has been performed in two Spanish locations representing different meteorological conditions. Two piles were built in each location, one of the piles was top­covered with a plastic film while the other remained uncovered during all the storage period. Weather conditions were monitored monthly. The following parameters were determined: moisture, dry matter losses, energy losses, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents, calorific values, ash, volatile matter, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, and chlorine contents, as well as the composition of ashes formed from biomass and their fusibility. Results showed that the highest dry matter and energy losses were obtained in the uncovered piles compared to the covered ones. In addition, the highest moisture contents were found in the biomass samples collected from the bales placed on top of the uncovered piles, being in some cases as much as 80 %. However, moisture from bales of the covered piles placed at the same position was maintained below 16 %., Proceedings of the 18th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 3-7 May 2010, Lyon, France, pp. 183-189

The first edition of the report “Climate Change in the Spanish Mediterranean” acknowledged the necessity of monitoring environmental conditions within the Mediterranean Sea and it stated that initiatives aimed at preserving and achieving a sustainable development of its resources should be based on a rigorous and scientific knowledge. The first edition of this report attempted to establish the basis for future works and detected and quantified the sea level rise of waters surrounding the Mediterranean Spanish coasts, the temperature and salinity increase of deep waters, and the warming of the air and sea surface waters. The study of these and other man-made threats on the marine environment is an open question and requires a continuous monitoring effort. Thanks to the collaboration with other Spanish institutions such as ICM (CSIC), Puertos del Estado (PE), IMEDEA (CSIC), UMA, UIB and AEMET, as well as the own monitoring programs from the Instituto Español de Oceanografía (RADMED program), this second edition continues the previous report, analyzing time series extended to July 2008 and evidencing the persistence of the above mentioned warming trends in the Spanish Mediterranean. This and future updated reports, the activities of the IEO Mediterranean Group on Climate Change, and the collaboration with the already mentioned institutions intend to be a tool for the continuous surveillance of the Mediterranean Spanish waters and the assessment for its sustainable exploitation.

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los diferentes componentes ópticos oculares y la emetropización en función de la longitud axial (LA). Métodos: Participaron 109 jóvenes universitarios divididos en cinco grupos según el error refractivo: emétropes, hipermétropes, miopes bajos, miopes moderados y miopes altos. La medida de los parámetros intraoculares y el análisis de la topografía corneal se realizó mediante ultrasonografía y videoqueratoscopia respectivamente. Resultados: Se encontró una correlación estadísticamente significativa entre la profundidad de la cámara anterior (PCA) y la LA en ojos con LA menor de 24 mm (r = 0,441; p < 0,001). Sin embargo en ojos con LA mayor no se encontró tal relación (r = 0,098; p = 0,527). El espesor del cristalino (EC) mostró una correlación inversa con la LA para los ojos con LA < 24 mm (r = 0,391; p < 0,001), siendo nula en el caso de ojos con LA ≥ 24 mm. La curvatura corneal (RC) sólo mostró una débil correlación con la profundidad de la cámara vítrea (PCV) en ojos con LA < 24 mm (r = 0,363; p < 0,003). Conclusión: Los parámetros ópticos del ojo humano se relacionan de distinta forma según el tamaño del ojo, encontrándose en los ojos más miopes una ausencia de coordinación entre los componentes ópticos oculares, que según los resultados de este estudio, es a partir de 2,00 D. Purpose: To report the relationship between different optical ocular components and the influence of axial length on emmetropization. Methods: 109 young university students, divided into five groups, were enrolled in this study: emmetropes, hyperopes, low myopes, moderate myopes and high myopes. Intraocular parameters and topographic corneal analyses were performed by ultrasonography and videokeratoscopy respectively. Results: Anterior chamber depth and axial length were found to correlate significantly in eyes with axial lengths less than 24 mm (r = 0.441; p < 0.001) However this correlation was not found in eyes with longer axial lengths (r = 0.098; p = 0.527). Lens thickness showed an inverse correlation with axial length for shorter eyes (r = 0.391; p < 0.001), whereas any correlation in longer eyes was associated with moderate to high levels of myopia. Anterior corneal curvature only correlated, although weakly, with vitreous chamber depth for shorter eyes (r = 0.363; p < 0.003). Conclusion: Differences in optical parameters of the human eye displayed different associations in longer eyes. A lack of correlation was seen between ocular components in eyes with higher myopia, corresponding to myopia in excess of 2.00 D.

Objetivo: La topografía y espesor de la córnea tienen una gran importancia clínica en la adaptación de lentes de contacto y en cirugía refractiva. Sin embargo, la repetibilidad en las medidas de estos parámetros se ve comprometida por el fenómeno natural de las variaciones diurnas. Nuestro objetivo es determinar las variaciones diurnas de espesor y curvatura corneal central y paracentral durante un periodo de 10 horas. Material y método: Se determinó la curvatura y espesor corneal en los ojos derechos de 10 varones jóvenes mediante Orbscan y videoqueratoscopio respectivamente. Ambos parámetros fueron determinados para la zona central y paracentral a 1 y 2 mm del centro de la córnea, cada dos horas durante un periodo de 10 horas. Resultados: La córnea presentaba su espesor máximo y curvatura mínima al abrir el ojo. Se observó una variación estadísticamente significativa de espesor (ANOVA, método de Schefféc p< 0,05) y de curvatura (ANOVA, método de Tamhane p < 0,05) a lo largo del día en todas las localizaciones estudiadas, si bien la variación y los rangos de valores en la zona paracentral eran mayores. Los valores mínimos para ambos parámetros se observaron a las 10 y 8 horas después de abrir los ojos para las zonas central y paracentral respectivamente. Las variaciones de espesor y curvatura estaban altamente correlacionadas excepto para la localización nasal y superior a 2 mm del centro. Conclusiones: Estos datos evidencian un cambio en espesor y curvatura que pueden ser de relevancia clínica atendiendo a la variación individual encontrada. Objective: Corneal topography and thickness has clinical importance in contact lens fitting and refractive surgery, however repeated measurement of corneal thickness and curvature is complicated by the natural phenomenon of diurnal variation. Our aim was determine diurnal variations of central and paracentral corneal thickness and curvature over a period of ten hours. Materials and methods: Corneal thickness and curvature of 10 right eyes of 10 young healthy men were determined by Orbscan Topography System and EyeSys videokeratoscope respectively. Both parameters were determined for central and paracentral regions 1 mm and 2 mm from the centre of the cornea at 2-hour internals for ten hours. Results: The cornea was thickest and flattest on awakening. There was a difference in corneal thickness (ANOVA, Schfféc method p< 0.05) and curvature (ANOVA, Tamhane method p< 0.05) over time for all the corneal locations studied, with greater changes observed in the peripheral corneal data. The minimum value was 10 and 8 hours after eye opening for central and paracentral zones, respectively. Change in central and paracentral corneal thickness was strongly correlated with corneal curvature, except for the 2 mm nasal and superior semi-meridians. Conclusions: These data indicate a shift in corneal thickness and curvature that can be of clinical relevance as individual changes vary greatly.

Objetivo: Obtener pautas de diagnóstico de la ciclitis heterocrómica de Fuchs (CHF) en ausencia de heterocromía utilizando metodología bayesiana. Métodos: Se obtienen las probabilidades pre-test y post-test de que un determinado paciente sin heterocromía pero con otros síntomas característicos de la enfermedad, tales como nódulos iridianos, cataratas, glaucoma o vitritis anterior, tenga CHF. Para ello se utiliza el teorema de Bayes para la probabilidad condicionada. Los valores de la prevalencia de la CHF y de la frecuencia de presentación de los síntomas en la CHF y en el total de las uveitis anteriores se obtienen de los datos de la literatura publicada. Resultados: En ausencia de heterocromía, la combinación de nódulos iridianos junto con cataratas, vitritis o glaucoma, así como la asociación de estos tres últimos síntomas aún sin nódulos supone una probabilidad acumulada de más del 50% de tener la enfermedad. Conclusiones: La coincidencia en un paciente de varios síntomas indicativos aún en ausencia de heterocromía puede hacer que la CHF sea una opción diagnóstica probable. Objective: To obtain diagnostic guidelines of Fuchs’ heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) in the absence of heterochromia using Bayesian methods. Methods: The pre-test and post-test likelihood that a certain patient without heterochromia (but with other characteristic symptoms of the disease such as iris nodules, cataracts, glaucoma or vitritis) has FCH, was assessed by the Bayes’ theorem for conditioned likelihood. The prevalence values of FCH and the presentation rate of symptoms in FCH and in other forms of anterior uveitis were obtained from published literature data. Results: In the absence of heterochromia, the combination of iris nodules together with cataracts, vitritis or glaucoma, and the association of the last three symptoms in the absence of nodules, resulted in an accumulated likelihood of more than 50% of subjects having the disease. Conclusions: The coincidence in one patient of several indicative symptoms, even in the absence of heterochromia, may make FCH a likely diagnostic option.

Objetivo: Estudiar el cambio en el número y perfil de los pacientes que acuden a las urgencias oftalmológicas de un hospital de segundo nivel durante los ocho últimos años. Método: Se estudian dos grupos de pacientes que acudieron a urgencias en los mismos días, escogidos al azar, en los años 1997 y 2005. Se utilizan distintas variables: número de visitas por día, sexo, edad, franja horaria, número de exploraciones realizadas, diagnósticos y tipo de tratamiento prescrito.La comparación de proporciones se realiza mediante el estudio del intervalo de confianza y el test Chi Cuadrado. Resultados: Son resultados estadísticamente significativos los siguientes: Aumento del número de pacientes vistos en urgencias (p< 0,05). Aumento del diagnóstico de cuerpo extraño corneal (25%); disminución del diagnóstico de conjuntivitis (12%). Aumento de los casos en los que se realizan una sola exploración (19%);aumento de la frecuencia de visitas en la franja horaria entre 18:00-21:00; disminución entre 9:00-12:00; menor frecuencia del sexo femenino (13%) y aumento del masculino (13%); aumento de los pacientes entre 31 y 40 años (9%); disminución del uso de tratamientos como la oclusión y la pomada epitelizante (7% y 6% respectivamente); aumento del uso de analgésicos (5%), lágrimas artificiales (5%) y AINES (8%); aumento de las remisiones de pacientes a su médico de atención primaria (17%) y disminución de las revisiones oftalmológicas (34%). Conclusiones: El número de urgencias oftalmológicas ha aumentado en nuestra muestra en los últimos ocho años, sobre todo a expensas de pacientes varones jóvenes, con patología de origen laboral, que acuden por la tarde. Han aumentado tratamientos como las lágrimas artificiales y son remitidos a su médico de atención primaria con más frecuencia. Objective: To study the change in number and profile of patients who came to the Emergency Department of a level 2 hospital with ophthalmic emergencies in the years 1997 and 2005. Method: Two groups of randomly selected patients who came to the Emergency Service on the same day in the years 1997 and 2005 were studied. The study focused on the following variables: number of visits per day, gender, age, time period, number of examinations done, diagnoses and type of treatment prescribed. Comparison of proportions was carried out with a confidence interval study and Chi Square Test. Results: The statistically significant changes (p

La discusión que se planteó en Centroeuropa acerca de la conveniencia de mantener la obligatoriedad del 'primado' del matrimonio civil, ofrece nuevas reflexiones sobre la relación entre la forma del matrimonio y sus elementos estructurales básicos, como la heterosexualidad. Del estudio de las leyes de matrimonio civil de Austria se concluye que para el respeto de las formas religiosas de celebración del matrimonio parece mejor la fundamentación en la libertad religiosa de los contrayentes que en la vertiente institucional. La doctrina de Lutero considera el matrimonio una cuestión civil, por ello los fieles evangélicos aceptan el régimen matrimonial establecido por la autoridad secular, si se respetan los elementos del matrimonio natural. El Derecho civil alemán no ha llamado a las uniones homosexuales matrimonio. Si la normativa civil del matrimonio se aparta de los elementos comunes con el matrimonio natural, los ciudadanos evangélico-luteranos se verán obligados a influir más eficazmente en el régimen del matrimonio civil o a impulsar el cambio hacia un sistema de matrimonio electivo. ------ The discussion that was raised in Central Europe about the expediency of maintaining the obligatory nature of 'primado' of civil marriage, offers new reflections about the relationship between the form of marriage and its structural basic elements, like heterosexuality. From the study of civil marriage laws in Austria, it is concluded that for the respecte of the religious forms of celebration of marriage it seems better the foundation in religious liberty of the contracting parties than in the institutional point of view. Luther's doctrine considers marriage a civil question. The evangelicals accept the marriage regulations established by the secular authority if the elements of natural marriage are respected. German civil law has not called to homosexual marriages. If the civil norms of marriage separate from the common elements of natural marriage, the Lutheran evangelicals will be obliged to influence more efficiently in the rules of civil marriage or impel a change towards a system of elective marriage.

Reseña de: Künzel, Heike, Die «Missio Canonica» für Relionslehrerinnen und Religionslehrer. Kirchliche Bevollmächtigung zum Religionsunterricht an staatlichen Schulen, Colección «Münsterischer Kommentar zum Codex Iuris Canonici Beihefte», editor: Klaus Lüdicke, Ludgerus Verlag, 2004, IX + 136 pp.

Reseña de: Kalb, Herber - Potz, Richard - Schinkele, Brigitte, Religionsrecht, Wien 2003, LII + 695 pp.

Reseña de: Pack, Heinz, Methodik der Rechtsfindung im staatlichen und kanonischen Recht. Relations und Urteilstechnik im kanonischen Recht, Ludgerus Verlag, 2004, IX + 180 pp.

An enormous work of data recovery is being made at the historical records of IEO tide gauges. The main objective is to avoid losses due to paper records damages and facilitate an easy access to information. In addition, a future digitalisation of near-continuous data will permit to identify high-frequencies signals like tsunamis or seiches. Identification and study importance of these phenomena is closely related with their possible impacts on coast: floodings, economical losses, etc. As example, a previous analysis of the tsunami associated to Algeria earthquake on 21-may -2003 is shown