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Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious disease mortality; however, clinicians in the United States are increasingly unfamiliar with TB and the recommended tests and treatment for latent TB infection. Compared with adults, children who develop TB more often develop severe disease, and children < 2 years are particularly susceptible to developing TB disease after initial infection. Nurse practitioners who work in primary care are on the front lines of identifying children at high risk and obtaining testing and treatment. This article reviews the clinical course for identifying children at risk for TB and provides updated guidelines for testing and treatment.

Background: The American Thoracic Society, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, European Respiratory Society, and Infectious Diseases Society of America jointly sponsored this new practice guideline on the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). The document includes recommendations on the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) as well as isoniazid-resistant but rifampin-susceptible TB. Methods: Published systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and a new individual patient data meta-analysis from 12,030 patients, in 50 studies, across 25 countries with confirmed pulmonary rifampin-resistant TB were used for this guideline. Meta-analytic approaches included propensity score matching to reduce confounding. Each recommendation was discussed by an expert committee, screened for conflicts of interest, according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results: Twenty-one Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes questions were addressed, generating 25 GRADE-based recommendations. Certainty in the evidence was judged to be very low, because the data came from observational studies with significant loss to follow-up and imbalance in background regimens between comparator groups. Good practices in the management of MDR-TB are described. On the basis of the evidence review, a clinical strategy tool for building a treatment regimen for MDR-TB is also provided. Conclusions: New recommendations are made for the choice and number of drugs in a regimen, the duration of intensive and continuation phases, and the role of injectable drugs for MDR-TB. On the basis of these recommendations, an effective all-oral regimen for MDR-TB can be assembled. Recommendations are also provided on the role of surgery in treatment of MDR-TB and for treatment of contacts exposed to MDR-TB and treatment of isoniazid-resistant TB.

This article describes a pilot screening program to detect Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng) sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescent and adult males newly incarcerated in New York City jails using urine-based nucleic acid amplification technology (NAAT). Between December 8 and 22, 2003, 2,417 males were tested; 162 (6.7%) were found positive for Ct and/or Ng STIs, with 138 (86.8%) exhibiting no STI signs or symptoms and 102 (63%) treated prior to jail release. Younger age, positive urine leukocyte esterase test, and ≥11 recent sex partners were predictors of STI. Urine-based screening and treatment was feasible in this setting and identified STI that would otherwise have been undetected. Jails may thus be important venues for targeted male STI screening.

Social Science & Medicine 99 (2013) 205e208 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Social Science & Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/socscimed Enhancing the public impact of ethnography This special issue concludes with pragmatic advice for ethnogra- phers seeking to have an impact on public perceptions of health problems, and to influence public policy. We asked four people with different disciplinary perspectives e an academic anthropolo- gist who launched a popular interest anthropology magazine, a journalist for an internationally cited newswire, a policy maker- cum-visual-ethnographer, and a health official in a national gov- ernment agency e a single question: What is an immediate step that ethnographers of health might take to affect social change? Publish in Popular and General Education Presses Emily Martin Professor of Anthropology, New York University Founding Editor, Anthropology Now I have long seen ethnography as useful for educating broader pub- lics. In The Woman in the Body I analyzed the account of menstruation in early editions of the women’s health movement classic, Our Bodies, Our Selves (Collective, 1984) which was much the same as distressing medical text books’ accounts of menstruation as failed production (Martin, 1987, p.229). Eventually the message got through to the women’s health movement and subsequent editions of Our Bodies, Our Selves were rewritten to reflect this (Collective,1998). Just as grat- ifyingly, a children’s book reflecting knowledge of the misleading ste- reotypes in the canonical story of the egg and the sperm has recently been published (Silverberg, 2012). More recently I developed a graduate course in “Anthropology and its Publics”. I have taught it on my own and jointly with Leith Mullings at the City University of New York. We introduced stu- dents to classic works on intellectuals in the public sphere, to different forms of practicing anthropology in collaboration with fieldwork interlocutors, and to specific genres of writing for the public, such as the Op-ed. To achieve this last, we are indebted to training from The Op-ed Project, an organization that runs highly effective workshops on how to write an Op-ed. 1 Weber cautioned against demagoguery e or any form of politics e in the classroom because the professor has authority over the student and can punish his or her failure to conform. But he went on to say that in a public meeting it is your “damned duty” to enter the fray and express your personal point of view (Weber, 2004, p.20). It is for this reason among others that I have put energy dur- ing the last decade and more to develop a general interest maga- zine for anthropology. This product cannot determine how it is used: it can be bought, borrowed, or stolen; it can be read and shared or ignored and discarded. Hence it is a forum in which the lessons each researcher wishes to conclude from the ethnographic method can be espoused in as convincing a way as possible. Anthro- pology Now is, in 2012, in its 4th year. It is growing in circulation and reach, both in its print form and its web form. Growth in circulation has been helped by the General Anthropology Division of the Amer- ican Anthropology Association, which recently adopted Anthropol- ogy Now as its official journal and by JSTOR, which accepted the magazine into its electronic offerings. A large number of faculty and graduate students have given labor (editing, organizing, pro- moting, soliciting, designing) and original materials (essays, photo- graphs, book reviews, field notes, poems, memoirs). Dean Birkenkamp, president of the independent publishing company, Paradigm Publishers, has enabled financial backing because he be- lieves in the efficacy of anthropology to shed original light on public issues. 2 Our collective goal is both to show the public what the labor of ethnography actually is (a social/cultural version of an archaeolog- ical dig or fossil exploration) and to illustrate some of the conclu- sions anthropologists have reached about matters of social justice in contemporary life. We believe that these interventions into the “marketplace of life” will lead to many forms of social change (Weber, 2004, p.25). The audience for anthropology is also growing internationally. Anthropology Now has been in correspondence with the UK Royal Anthropological Institute about the newly established provision for high school students to take an A-level exam in an- thropology: this means that anthropologists are developing a cur- riculum for anthropology in UK high schools, an exciting prospect that I hope will inspire anthropologists in other countries as well. 3 For example, the meetings of the American Anthropological Association in Chicago in 2013 will feature “Anthropologists Back to School,” a program to bring scholarship in anthropology into the Chicago public schools. The Back to School program focuses on African history; Anthropology Now articles in print and on the web have covered current issues such from the Haitian earthquake to climate change and shed unconventional light on the cultural meaning of such things as football or Hopi songs. In these times when public values, critical thinking, and liberal arts education are all under attack, we should cherish this sign that the perspec- tive of anthropology is gaining a wider audience, and as a result, is expanding the public’s vision of what is socially and politically possible. Build a Following Online Gideon Litchfield See http://www.theopedproject.org. 0277-9536/$ e see front matter O 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.020 See http://anthronow.com for a current list of contributors and past issues. See http://web.aqa.org.uk/qual/gce/humanities/anthropology-_overview.php.

Background Breastfeeding rates of incarcerated women in the United States are unknown but are likely to be low. Little is known about the breastfeeding views and experiences of incarcerated women. This exploratory study examined the breastfeeding knowledge, beliefs, and experiences of pregnant women incarcerated in New York City jails. Methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 pregnant women in a New York City jail. Research methods were inspired by grounded theory. Results Three main themes emerged from women's collective stories about wanting to breastfeed and the challenges that they experienced. First, incarceration removes women from their familiar social and cultural context, which creates uncertainty in their breastfeeding plans. Second, incarceration and the separation from their high-risk lifestyle makes women want a new start in motherhood. Third, being pregnant and planning to breastfeed represent a new start in motherhood and give women the opportunity to redefine their maternal identity and roles. Conclusions Breastfeeding is valued by incarcerated pregnant women and has the potential to contribute to their psychosocial well-being and self-worth as a mother. Understanding the breastfeeding experiences and views of women at high risk for poor pregnancy outcomes and inadequate newborn childcare during periods of incarceration in local jails is important for guiding breastfeeding promotion activities in this transient and vulnerable population. Implications from the findings will be useful to correctional facilities and community providers in planning more definitive studies in similar incarcerated populations. (BIRTH 39:2 June 2012)

About 25% of New York City jail inmates are tested for HIV despite a universal offer of rapid testing at medical intake. Health care workers were surveyed to examine provider-related challenges to testing at medical intake. Of the 291 eligible staff, 215 (73.9%) responded. Most (87.0%) felt confident recommending rapid HIV testing; however, only 85.5% of medical professionals and 70.8% of nurses felt confident providing negative rapid HIV test results. Identified barriers are those common to other medical settings (insufficient staffing, inadequate privacy or space, and ''too much'' paperwork) and those specific to correctional settings (limited time for medical intake and competing Department of Correction priorities). Staff have been given extended training to address their lack of confidence with key aspects of the HIV testing process, including providing negative results.

OBJECTIVE Since 2004, when all New York City jail entrants began being offered rapid testing at medical intake, HIV testing has increased 4-fold. To guide further service improvement, we determined HIV prevalence among jail entrants, including proportion undiagnosed. METHODS Remnant serum from routine syphilis screening was salvaged for blinded HIV testing in 2006. Using HIV surveillance data and electronic clinical data, we ascertained previously diagnosed HIV infections before permanently removing identifiers. We defined "undiagnosed" as HIV-infected entrants who were unreported to surveillance and denied HIV infection. RESULTS Among the 6411 jail entrants tested (68.9% of admissions), HIV prevalence was 5.2% overall (males 4.7%; females: 9.8%). Adjusting for those not in the serosurvey, estimated seroprevalence is 8.7% overall (6.5% males, 14% females). Overall, 28.1% of HIV infections identified in the serosurvey were undiagnosed at jail entry; only 11.5% of these were diagnosed during routine jail testing. Few (11.1%) of the undiagnosed inmates reported injection drug use or being men who have sex with men. CONCLUSIONS About 5%-9% of New York City jail entrants are HIV infected. Of the infected, 28% are undiagnosed; most of whom denied recognized HIV risk factors. To increase inmate's acceptance of routine testing, we are working to eliminate the required separate written consent for HIV testing to allow implementation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-recommended opt out testing model.