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Additional file 1: Table S1. Lag-cumulative relative risks for total adult asthma hospitalizations associated with extreme heat exposure [97.5th percentile (29 ��C) relative to MAT (22 ��C)] and cold exposure [2.5th percentile (��� 6 ��C) relative to MAT] over lag 0���30 days using different degrees of freedom of confounders. Table S2. Lag-cumulative relative risks for adult asthma hospitalizations associated with extreme heat exposure [97.5th percentile (29 ��C) relative to MAT (22 ��C)] and cold exposure [2.5th percentile (��� 6.5 ��C) relative to MAT] over lag 0���30 days using different degrees of freedom of natural cubic spline in the log scale for the lag-response space. Table S3. Lag-cumulative relative risks for adult asthma hospitalizations associated with extreme cold exposure (2.5th percentile relative to MAT) and heat exposure (97.5th percentile relative to MAT) using different maximum lag days in the distributed lag non-linear model. Table S4. Lag-cumulative relative risks for adult asthma hospitalizations associated with extreme cold exposure (2.5th percentile relative to MAT) and heat exposure (97.5th percentile relative to MAT) over lag 0���30 days employing different temperature metrics.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Lag-cumulative exposure���response associations between daily mean temperature and total adult asthma hospitalizations in Beijing, 2012���2015 using different maximum lag days in the distributed lag non-linear model. Figure S2. Lag-cumulative exposure���response associations between daily minimum temperature and total adult asthma hospitalizations in Beijing, 2012���2015. Figure S3. Lag-cumulative exposure���response associations between daily maximum temperature and total adult asthma hospitalizations in Beijing, 2012���2015. Figure S4. Lag-cumulative exposure���response associations between daily mean apparent temperature and total adult asthma hospitalizations in Beijing, 2012���2015.

Loess Plateau is one of the natural test sites to carry out the research of hazards induced by human activities. The loess landslide at Liuwanjia, Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province of China was observed to occur after continuous excavation and rainfall. The Liuwanjia landslide was selected as a case study and then detailed field mapping, 3D laser scanning and laboratory tests were carried out to study the formation characteristics and mechanism of this type of landslide. Based on the analysis of field investigation, excavation was a direct causing factor and the rainwater was a significant influencing factor in the formation of the landslide. The unloading fissures caused by excavation were preferential paths for infiltration of rainwater. Soil compression in the slope induced by excavation and the infiltration of rainwater played an significant role in the formation of local failure. Finally, the formation mechanism of Liuwanjia landslide has been discussed.

Mounting evidence supports that fine particulate matter adversely affects cardiometabolic diseases particularly in susceptible individuals; however, health effects induced by the extreme concentrations within megacities in Asia are not well described. We enrolled 65 nonsmoking adults with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in the Beijing metropolitan area into a panel study of 4 repeated visits across 4 seasons since 2012. Daily ambient fine particulate matter and personal black carbon levels ranged from 9.0 to 552.5 µg/m(3) and 0.2 to 24.5 µg/m(3), respectively, with extreme levels observed during January 2013. Cumulative fine particulate matter exposure windows across the prior 1 to 7 days were significantly associated with systolic blood pressure elevations ranging from 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 0.3-3.7) to 2.7 (0.6-4.8) mm Hg per SD increase (67.2 µg/m(3)), whereas cumulative black carbon exposure during the previous 2 to 5 days were significantly associated with ranges in elevations in diastolic blood pressure from 1.3 (0.0-2.5) to 1.7 (0.3-3.2) mm Hg per SD increase (3.6 µg/m(3)). Both black carbon and fine particulate matter were significantly associated with worsening insulin resistance (0.18 [0.01-0.36] and 0.22 [0.04-0.39] unit increase per SD increase of personal-level black carbon and 0.18 [0.02-0.34] and 0.22 [0.08-0.36] unit increase per SD increase of ambient fine particulate matter on lag days 4 and 5). These results provide important global public health warnings that air pollution may pose a risk to cardiometabolic health even at the extremely high concentrations faced by billions of people in the developing world today.