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Objectives: To assess the knowledge of patients with acute renal failure concerning dietary pattern forkidney failure in dialysis unite in AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospital at AL-Kut City and Find out relationshipbetween demographic data and knowledge of patient with acute kidney failure. By a non- probability sampleaccount of (30) subjects is selected for the purpose of the present study. A questionnaire as aincomes fordata gathering, it consist of two parts; include demographic data and knowledge of patients with acuterenal failure concerning dietary pattern which composed of (18) items. By self-administration, data arecollected from those who patients with renal failure come in dialysis unite in AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospitaland analyzed through the used descriptive and inferential statistic approach. The study results indicatedthat the most of the participants are within married (60%), and most of them are male. In regarding levelof education, they most of them formally graduation, and administrative patients, as well the subjects havechronic disease such as diabetes mellitus and find statistical high significant between level of education andknowledge of patient at p-value

Background: reporting medication administering errors (MAEs) among nursing staff can improve patient's safety and quality of nursing care. Objectives: to assess the causes of medication errors as well as barriers to report (MAEs). Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out at Kirkuk city hospitals. From the period August 1st 2016 until of February 1st, 2017. A non-probability (convenience) sample of (150) nurses working at Kirkuk city hospitals was used. The tool used in the study called Medication Administration Errors (MAEs) Reporting Questionnaire was developed by Wakefield et al. It consisted of three parts. The data was collected by self-reporting technique. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis. Conclusions: the study concluded that most of nurses report that pharmacy reasons and medication packaging reasons leading to medication errors. Also the result of the study revealed that the most common barriers to report medication errors were fear reason and administrative reason. Recommendation: Administrative systems should support nurses, pharmacists, or physicians to report medication errors the when errors occurs

Background: Today's smartphones have become like the shadow of life. Many of us cannot give up or reduce their use despite awareness of side effects of it.Aim of the study: To find out relationship of smartphone addiction among Kirkuk nursing undergraduate students with variables underlining in the study.Methods: Quantitative study (descriptive design) was implemented on undergraduate students in University Kirkuk College of nursing from all four years of study, during the period from (10 March 2017 up to 1 April 2018).To measure the variables underlying the present study, cluster sampling (probability sampling) is executed to select 204 students. The Smartphone Addiction Scale questionnaire had used in this study. The Data was analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 and the analysis included descriptive (Frequencies and Percentages) and inferential procedures (t- test and ANOVA).Results: by using t- test the finding shows highly significant differences between gender and type of the study in compare with Smartphone addiction at p value (=0.007) and (=.001) consequently, and non-significant relationship with having chronic disease at p value (= 0.49). On the other hand by using ANOVA, the result find-out that the age was significant in comparing with Smartphone addiction and Self-report of Smartphone addiction was highly significant in comparing with Smartphone addiction. On the other hand, marital status, Years of Study and Economic Status were statistically nonsignificant.Conclusion: The present study figured out that Smartphone addiction in male students was higher in compare with female students, and Morning students were less addictive on smartphone. Moreover, Smartphone addictions showed significant relationship with Student age's and Self-report of Smartphone addiction.Recommendations: Customizing seminars or debates about Smartphone addiction for students in universities. And performing other studies on Smartphone addiction in associated with the physical and psychological problems

The Drosophila melanogaster enzymes juvenile hormone esterase (DmJHE) and its duplicate, DmJHEdup, present ideal examples for studying the structural changes involved in the neofunctionalization of enzyme duplicates. DmJHE is a hormone esterase with precise regulation and highly specific activity for its substrate, juvenile hormone. DmJHEdup is an odorant degrading esterase (ODE) responsible for processing various kairomones in antennae. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that the JHE lineage predates the hemi/holometabolan split and that several duplications of JHEs have been templates for the evolution of secreted β-esterases such as ODEs through the course of insect evolution. Our biochemical comparisons further show that DmJHE has sufficient substrate promiscuity and activity against odorant esters for a duplicate to evolve a general ODE function against a range of mid-long chain food esters, as is shown in DmJHEdup. This substrate range complements that of the only other general ODE known in this species, Esterase 6. Homology models of DmJHE and DmJHEdup enabled comparisons between each enzyme and the known structures of a lepidopteran JHE and Esterase 6. Both JHEs showed very similar active sites despite low sequence identity (30%). Both ODEs differed drastically from the JHEs and each other, explaining their complementary substrate ranges. A small number of amino acid changes are identified that may have been involved in the early stages of the neofunctionalization of DmJHEdup. Our results provide key insights into the process of neofunctionalization and the structural changes that can be involved.

Soil salinity and phosphorus (P) deficiency both have adverse effects on crop growth and productivity, but the interaction of soil salinity and P deficiency is not well known. Two P-inefficient wheat cultivars, Janz (salinity-tolerant) and Jandaroi (salinity-sensitive), grown in soil in rhizoboxes, were treated with either 100 &micro, M P (control), 100 mM NaCl (saline stress), 10 &micro, M P (low P stress), or both NaCl and low P (combined stress), from 10 days after sowing (DAS) until harvest at 40 DAS. Significant reductions in leaf area, shoot and root biomass, tissue water and chlorophyll contents, gas exchange, and K+ and P acquisition at harvest were observed in the three treatments. The reduction was greater for low P supply than for salinity alone, but their interaction was not additive. The detrimental effects on root growth became apparent 10 days earlier in Jandaroi compared to Janz. Root length, root number, root length densities, and root number densities were higher in the upper 10 cm soil layer than in the lower layers for both cultivars. This study demonstrated that 10 &micro, M P is more detrimental than 100 mM NaCl for shoot and root growth of both wheat cultivars irrespective of their difference in salinity tolerance.

Objectives: The present study aims to assess Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes toward Cancer Pain Management at Baghdad Hospitals. Methodology: Descriptive study was conducted during the period of December 29th 2014 to July 1st 2015. The sample was selected purposive (non probability) of 95 nurses of Al-Amal National Hospital for Cancer Management and Baghdad Teaching Hospital. The study instrument consisted of two major parts constructed for the purpose of the study (socio-demographic characteristic and Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (KASRP). Reliability of the questionnaire form was determined through a pilot study while the content validity of the questionnaire was determined through a panel of experts; and collected data in 30th of March to 10th of May 2015. The data were analyzed by used descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, mean, S.D), inferential statistical analysis (correlation coefficient and chi- square test,). Results: Results of the study showed that, the knowledge and attitudes towards pain management were poor. The correct answer rate for the entire scale, on average, was 37.4%, ranging between (9.5% to 82.1%), And found that (7.4%) of nurses score were more than 50%, and (92.6 %) of nurses score were less than 50% level, In socio-demographic characteristics has no significant relationship with knowledge and attitudes, about cancer pain management, while training session in cancer pain management out Iraq has found significant differences at (P value < 0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that, the knowledge and attitudes of nurses in oncology units towards the toward cancer pain management is unaccepted to the importance of the patients disease. Recommendation: The researcher recommends the establishment of regular courses for nurses about pain control and conduct studies on the impact of cancer pain treatments for the long term and activating pain measurement chart.

The metabolism of volatile signal molecules by odorant degrading enzymes (ODEs) is crucial to the ongoing sensitivity and specificity of chemoreception in various insects, and a few specific esterases, cytochrome P450s, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) have previously been implicated in this process. Significant progress has been made in characterizing ODEs in Lepidoptera but very little is known about them in Diptera, including in Drosophila melanogaster, a major insect model. We have therefore carried out a transcriptomic analysis of the antennae of D. melanogaster in order to identify candidate ODEs. Virgin male and female and mated female antennal transcriptomes were determined by RNAseq. As with the Lepidoptera, we found that many esterases, cytochrome P450 enzymes, GSTs and UGTs are expressed in D. melanogaster antennae. As olfactory genes generally show selective expression in the antennae, a comparison to previously published transcriptomes for other tissues has been performed, showing preferential expression in the antennae for one esterase, JHEdup, one cytochrome P450, CYP308a1, and one GST, GSTE4. These largely uncharacterized enzymes are now prime candidates for ODE functions. JHEdup was expressed heterologously and found to have high catalytic activity against a chemically diverse group of known ester odorants for this species. This is a finding consistent with an ODE although it might suggest a general role in clearing several odorants rather than a specific role in clearing a particular odorant. Our findings do not preclude the possibility of odorant degrading functions for other antennally expressed esterases, P450s, GSTs and UGTs but, if so, they suggest that these enzymes also have additional functions in other tissues.

Previous electrophysiological and behavioural studies implicate esterase 6 in the processing of the pheromone cis-vaccenyl acetate and various food odorants that affect aggregation and reproductive behaviours. Here we show esterase 6 has relatively high activity against many of the short-mid chain food esters, but negligible activity against cis-vaccenyl acetate. The crystal structure of esterase 6 confirms its substrate-binding site can accommodate many short-mid chain food esters but not cis-vaccenyl acetate. Immunohistochemical assays show esterase 6 is expressed in non-neuronal cells in the third antennal segment that could be accessory or epidermal cells surrounding numerous olfactory sensilla, including basiconics involved in food odorant detection. Esterase 6 is also produced in trichoid sensilla, but not in the same cell types as the cis-vaccenyl acetate binding protein LUSH. Our data support a model in which esterase 6 acts as a direct odorant degrading enzyme for many bioactive food esters, but not cis-vaccenyl acetate.

Insect carboxylesterases from the α Esterase gene cluster, such as αE7 (also known as E3) from the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina ( Lc αE7), play an important physiological role in lipid metabolism and are implicated in the detoxification of organophosphate (OP) insecticides. Despite the importance of OPs to agriculture and the spread of insect-borne diseases, the molecular basis for the ability of α-carboxylesterases to confer OP resistance to insects is poorly understood. In this work, we used laboratory evolution to increase the thermal stability of Lc αE7, allowing its overexpression in Escherichia coli and structure determination. The crystal structure reveals a canonical α/β-hydrolase fold that is very similar to the primary target of OPs (acetylcholinesterase) and a unique N-terminal α-helix that serves as a membrane anchor. Soaking of Lc αE7 crystals in OPs led to the capture of a crystallographic snapshot of Lc αE7 in its phosphorylated state, which allowed comparison with acetylcholinesterase and rationalization of its ability to protect insects against the effects of OPs. Finally, inspection of the active site of Lc αE7 reveals an asymmetric and hydrophobic substrate binding cavity that is well-suited to fatty acid methyl esters, which are hydrolyzed by the enzyme with specificity constants (∼10 6 M −1 s −1 ) indicative of a natural substrate.

International audience; Reception of odorant molecules within insect olfactory organs involves several sequential steps, including their transport through the sensillar lymph, interaction with the respective sensory receptors, and subsequent inactivation. Odorant-degrading enzymes (ODEs) putatively play a role in signal dynamics by rapid degradation of odorants in the vicinity of the receptors, but this hypothesis is mainly supported by in vitro results. We have recently shown that an extracellular carboxylesterase, esterase-6 (EST-6), is involved in the physiological and behavioral dynamics of the response of Drosophila melanogaster to its volatile pheromone ester, cis-vaccenyl acetate. However, as the expression pattern of the Est-6 gene in the antennae is not restricted to the pheromone responding sensilla, we tested here if EST-6 could play a broader function in the antennae. We found that recombinant EST-6 is able to efficiently hydrolyse several volatile esters that would be emitted by its natural food in vitro. Electrophysiological comparisons of mutant Est-6 null flies and a control strain (on the same genetic background) showed that the dynamics of the antennal response to these compounds is influenced by EST-6, with the antennae of the null mutants showing prolonged activity in response to them. Antennal responses to the strongest odorant, pentyl acetate, were then studied in more detail, showing that the repolarization dynamics were modified even at low doses but without modification of the detection threshold. Behavioral choice experiments with pentyl acetate also showed differences between genotypes; attraction to this compound was observed at a lower dose among the null than control flies. As EST-6 is able to degrade various bioactive odorants emitted by food and plays a role in the response to these compounds, we hypothesize a role as an ODE for this enzyme toward food volatiles.

Prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) has been associated with deleterious clinical outcomes. Characteristics of the patient and various peri-operative factors can predispose individuals to PMV leading to prolonged hospitalization, increasing costs, morbidity and mortality. We investigated specific predictors of PMV in children who underwent cardiac surgery in a tertiary care centre in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Method: Retrospective analysis of 413 pediatric cardiac surgeries performed during a 12 months period. Cases were divided in group-A (MV > 7 days) and group- B (MV