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The article raises the problem of the need to study fireplaces as artistic and applied objects in modern interiors from the point of view of design design. A range of issues related to the design projects of original fireplace objects in public interiors is outlined. The subject of the study is the development of a typological approach to the study and classification of these interior objects. The object of the study is fireplaces in public interiors. Particular attention is paid in the article to the analysis of the stylistic unity of interiors and fireplaces, in connection with which the location of fireplaces in the interiors of executive class, sanatorium facilities, museum environment, libraries, hotels, restaurants and gaming establishments is shown. The main conclusions of the study are the following: the dominant functions of fireplaces in public interiors are revealed. These are primarily those that serve interior decoration as a means of aestheticization and as a means of creating solemnity and grandeur. The creation of fireplace halls in modern public interiors are designed for receptions, recreation or cultural leisure as they create a relaxed and comfortable area. The main stylistic preferences include styles that have signs of grandeur, solemnity, such as Baroque, classicism, Petrovsky style. But in any case, the stylistic characteristics are determined by the features of the interior and are interconnected with it.

In view of the tremendous emissions of toxic gases and particulate matter (PM) by low-power firewood-fueled fireplaces, there is an urgent need for effective measures to lower emissions to keep this renewable and economical source for private home heating available in the future. For this purpose, an advanced combustion air control system was developed and tested on a commercial fireplace (HKD7, Bunner GmbH, Eggenfelden, Germany), complemented with a commercial oxidation catalyst (EmTechEngineering GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) placed in the post-combustion zone. Combustion air stream control of the wood-log charge combustion was realized by five different control algorithms to describe all situations of combustion properly. These control algorithms are based on the signals of commercial sensors representing catalyst temperature (thermocouple), residual oxygen concentration (LSU 4.9, Bosch GmbH, Gerlingen, Germany) and CO/HC-content in the exhaust (LH-sensor, Lamtec Mess- und Regeltechnik für Feuerungen GmbH & Co. KG, Walldorf (Germany)). The actual flows of the combustion air streams, as calculated for the primary and secondary combustion zone, are adjusted by motor-driven shutters and commercial air mass flow sensors (HFM7, Bosch GmbH, Gerlingen, Germany) in separate feedback control loops. For the first time, the residual CO/HC-content (CO, methane, formaldehyde, etc.) in the flue gas is in-situ monitored with a long-term stable AuPt/YSZ/Pt mixed potential high-temperature gas sensor, which allows continuous estimation of the flue gas quality with an accuracy of about ±10%. This parameter is not only an essential input for advanced combustion air stream control but also provides monitoring of the actual combustion quality and logging of this value over a whole heating period. By many firing experiments in the laboratory and by field tests over four months, it could be demonstrated that with this long-term stable and advanced automated firing system, depression of the gaseous emissions by about 90% related to manually operated fireplaces without catalyst could be achieved. In addition, preliminary investigations at a firing appliance complemented by an electrostatic precipitator yielded PM emission depression between 70% and 90%, depending on the firewood load.

Anadolu tarihi konutlarında ısıtma elemanı olarak yaygın kullanılan geleneksel ocaklar, estetik önemleri yanında fonksiyonel değerler taşır. Bu elemanların ısıl özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, tarihi konutların yeniden kullanımlarında ısıl konforun sağlanması için uygulanacak olası müdahalelerin kapsamının saptanması bakımından belirleyici bir değerlendirme alanıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, geleneksel ocakların ısıl kapasitelerinin güncel kullanım senaryolarına bağlı ısıl ihtiyaçlara cevap verme potansiyelinin belirlenmesidir. İncelenen yapı türü, açık sofalı tarihi konutlardır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, kırsal ve kentsel yerleşmelerden seçilmiş örnek iki konutta yıllık ısıl ölçümlerin alınması, yapılarda kullanılan yapım malzemelerinin termofiziksel özelliklerinin laboratuvar ölçümleriyle belirlenmesi ve yapıların DesignBuilder v5.4.0.21 yazılımında modellenerek zamana bağlı ısıl analizlerinin, modelin doğrulanması yapıldıktan sonra gerçekleştirilmesi aşamalarını kapsamaktadır. Analizlerle belirlenen mekânsal birim zamandaki ısınma enerjisi ihtiyacının zamana bağlı değişim değerleri, örnek konutlarda bulunan ocakların maksimum ısıtma güçleriyle karşılaştırılmış ve ocakların ısıl ihtiyaçları karşılama oranları bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda, kentsel konutta bulunan üç ocaktan ikisinin bulundukları mekânlar için yüksek düzeyde yeterli olduğu, bir ocağın ise belirgin daha yetersiz kaldığı; kırsal konutta ise analizi yapılan her iki ocağın da yeterli ısıtma düzeyine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Böylece, olası bir ısıl iyileştirme uygulaması kapsamında, hangi mekânlarda güncel ısıtma sistemi müdahalelerine ihtiyaç duyulup / duyulmayacağı saptanmıştır. Sunulan analiz süreçlerinin, tarihi konutlar için kurgulanacak ısıtma sistemi değerlendirmelerine yöntem açısından katkı sağlaması hedeflenmiştir.

While the use of fire has long been recognised as a crucial innovation in the cultural evolution of humankind, much research has focused on the (debated) chronology of its earliest use and control, and less on the ways in which fire was used in the deep past. At its latest by the Upper Palaeolithic, hunter-gatherers routinely used fire to heat a wide range of materials, adjusting parameters like temperature, exposure time and fuel type to the specific requirements of the treated materials, for instance in food preparation or tool production. Comparing analyses of the chemical and physical properties of modern materials, heated under a range of controlled conditions in a laboratory, to archaeological ones might allow the reconstruction of the “heating history” of excavated materials and hence to infer the function of particular fires in the past - provided changes affecting the properties of the heated archaeological material during burial time are taken into consideration. To investigate the feasibility of such an approach, heated materials sampled from ~40,000 to 25,000 year old fireplaces (hearths) and their sedimentary matrices from the Upper Palaeolithic Abri Pataud rock shelter in South-Western France are used here to study (1) the fuel type(s) used by the site’s occupants, (2) the temperatures reached in fireplaces and (3) the potential changes in human activities related to fireplaces over time, with the influence of post-depositional processes taken into explicit consideration throughout. For this purpose, we used a range of methods to analyse macroscopically visible as well as “invisible” (microscopic and molecular) heat-altered materials. The results suggest that charred organic materials (COM) encountered in the samples predominantly result from the fuel used in fireplaces, including the earliest reported use of dung as fuel. Earlier suggestions about the use of bone as fuel at the Abri Pataud are not supported by this study. The heating temperature of COM increased gradually from 350 °C in the Aurignacian to 450 °C in Gravettian levels. Py-GC–MS studies identified a range of organic compounds, biomolecules derived from plant as well as animal sources, still preserved in the sediments after exposure to heat and burial in the rock shelter more than 20,000 years ago. Mammalian mtDNA was identified in sediment samples retrieved from the fireplaces, including ancient mtDNA fragments that originated from one or more modern human-like mitochondrial genome(s). This makes the Abri Pataud the first archaeological site for which ancient modern human mtDNA has been retrieved from sediment samples. The absence of specific organic compounds (furans) in the Aurignacian levels and their presence in the Gravettian ones, the changes in temperatures reached through the Aurignacian-Gravettian sequence as well as changes in the character of the fireplaces (presence/absence of lining river pebbles) suggest that the functions of hearths changed through time. These results highlight the potential of multi-proxy analyses of macro- and microscopic traces of ancient fireplaces, and especially of a shift in focus towards molecular traces of such activities. Systematic sampling of fireplaces and their sedimentary matrix should become a standard part of the excavation protocol of such features, to improve our understanding of the activities of humans in the deep past., The genetic work was funded by the Max Planck Society and the European Research Council (grant no. 694707 to Svante Pääbo). We thank B. Nickel, J. Richter, B. Schellbach and A. Weihmann for work in the ancient DNA laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology at Leipzig.

The northern Bohemian sandstone region brings an exceptionally rich record of Mesolithic settlement, particularly in the form of fireplaces as key structures to be studied when addressing cooking and consumption practices. A large number of different fireplace structures – including kettle-shaped pits and surface or sunken fireplaces, some lined with stones – can be interpreted in terms of performing roasting, boiling, steaming or smoking procedures. The organic remains directly associated with them reveal which resources were exploited and almost certainly consumed, although in many cases they seem to have been discarded into the fire after processing. A Mesolithic inland settlement of northern Bohemia was undoubtedly economically based on the exploitation of plant and animal resources occurring in varied local forest and river environments. According to the evidence, hazelnuts were a staple component of the plant diet, probably processed using roasting hearths. Some fireplaces also yielded carbonised remains of other edible plants, such as raspberry (Rubus idaeus, Rubus sp.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) and fat hen (Chenopodium album). The faunal vertebrate assemblages suggest a broad-spectrum economy, exploiting terrestrial mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. The molluscan record suggests the exploitation of edible land snails as well as thick-shelled river mussels. Rather than assuming a simple connection between fireplace type and the resources identified, a complex set of biases is considered and discussed.

An analysis of the current pace of development of hypersonic technologies for the means of launching spacecraft into Earth orbit, as well as for unmanned weapons systems, which embody both impact properties and reconnaissance functions. In order to better understand the strategic importance of technologies based on direct-flow jet engines, fragmentary coverage of the impressive path of achievements of aerospace technology, given some of the highlights of the history of its formation. The presented article analyzes the current problem - increasing the reliability, reliability and accuracy of the definition and classification of moving targets by autonomous means of aircraft on combat duty. The results of the research cover the features of the starting positions and functional action on the combat duty of aircraft of different classes and bases and are able to serve as a reliable scientific basis for improving military equipment on hypersonic technologies

The aim of the work is to study modern ways to increase the operational reliability of the furnace and hearth of blast furnaces, which largely determine the duration of the blast furnace campaign. The article analyzes the ways to increase the stability of the furnace and hearth, presents the results of the analysis of thermal work and ignition of the lining of metal receivers of blast furnaces of different designs. The modern directions of construction of the metal receiver of blast furnaces are determined. It is shown that the modern methodology of construction of blast furnace furnaces develops two main directions: the use of a coordinated combination of refractory materials with a cooling system; use of a combination of wear-resistant materials based on carbon and ceramics. However, even the improvement of the design and cooling system of the metal receiver does not allow to fully increase the duration of the campaign. To assess the service life of the furnace, it is necessary to provide regular automated control of the ignition of the furnace lining and hearth. In Ukraine, during the renovation of blast furnaces, the design of metal receivers with the use of "ceramic glass" was preferred. To date, the system of monitoring the thermal work and ignition of the furnace has been implemented in 10 blast furnaces using the automatic control system "Horn" developed by the HMI NASU. The implementation of continuous control over the ignition of the furnace in blast furnaces allowed us to assess the effect of the use of ceramic cups. The value of heat losses of the furnace and the cost of coke for their compensation are estimated. Methods and models for determining the thermal state and wear of the metal receiver lining based on a combination of calorimetric and thermometric control methods have been developed. Comparison of heat losses of the metal receiver in the cooling system of blast furnaces allows to quantify the thermal performance of controlled areas and the furnace as a whole. It is shown that the specific value of heat loss of the metal receiver per unit volume of the blast furnace can serve as an integral parameter. It is established that the value of specific heat losses per unit volume of the blast furnace with a ceramic cup is ~ 0.4-0.7 kW/m3, which is much less than blast furnaces without it (~ 0.9-1.1 kW/m3). Ceramic glass saves coke about 1 kg/t of cast iron.

The paper proposes critical summary of the current data on fireplaces, ovens and furnaces identified in protohistoric Sardinia archaeological contexts between the Middle Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The aim of the research is to offer a reflection both on the quantity and quality of data in order to the use of fire in archaeological contexts, and on the difficulties about to their recognition and to the related functional interpretation. The analysis was carried out on the basis of an updated repertory, including all the published evidence, with the aim of proposing the typological classification of combustion structures and of determining their features also in relation to the different areas of reference. It was necessary to identify a criterion for pyrotechnic structures classification that would take into account the type of context, morphology and, when possible, function. Traces of fire use have been identified in the archaeological stratifications, in more or less structured spaces and coinciding with different monumental evidences such as nuraghi, village areas, cultural complexes. In correspondence with these areas, within domestic, cultural or uncertain destination spaces, there are fireplaces and points of fire with widely varied structuring methods. Both combustion zones of different shapes and sizes without delimitation elements and structured hearths, defined by lithic elements, characterized by different levels of finishing and complexity, can be recognized. Ovens and furnaces are not well documented in quantitative terms but are better defined for their typological characteristics. The functional aspects have been examined through the recognition of indicators such as associated artifacts or other elements derived from the specific context and the spatial location of structures related to pyrotechnic activities.

This study concerns flueless fireplaces powered by liquid or gel bioethanol based fuels. These devices have a pleasant aesthetic design and can be used in indoor environments; in particular, they do not need any connection to a stack to evacuate the flue gases. This work evaluates the polluting impact of the mentioned fireplaces, with a special focus on their odour emissions, in order to assess the environmental impact of these items and to provide the European Commission information useful to define the guidelines for a dedicated legislation. For these reasons, a series of experimental tests, structured with well-defined steps, alternating operation (combustion) and shutdown phases, was performed for several fireplaces. The concentration trends of both the main combustion products and by-products as well as the odour were monitored; furthermore, specific odour emission factors (OEFs) were calculated. The combustion pollutants were mainly released during the operation phase, while the most significant odour emissions occurred during shutdown. The average OEFs reached values between 40 and 110 [*100 ouE kJ −1 ] during the shutdown, but they were below 10 [*100 ouE kJ −1 ] during the operation periods. It was found that the extent of odour emissions depends crucially on the burner design and geometry of each fireplace; in particular, the air-fuel contact surface is the most relevant parameter. Moreover, this study proved that the electronic nose can be a valid additional instrument in activities aimed at evaluating the indoor air quality, and considering its peculiarities, the idea of using it not only as an odour detector, but also as an integrated device in air ventilation systems for indoor environments, is both interesting and achievable.

The aim of the paper is to illustrate a sharing project of an on-line digital atlas of prehistoric structures, where scholars can share the products of their research or their discoveries, enrich their mind of knowledge through several updated comparisons, analyze any details of construction and related stratigraphy, identify main types, open discussions within the frame of interpretation of ancient features. Actually, particularly related to this meeting, the early phase of the project regards published protohistoric ovens and fireplaces, proposing a basic form to fill with information and documentation as well as introducing a general discussion on models and processes. Instead of proposing a classification the paper deals with indicating characters and markers recognizable in the archaeological context as well as building a conceptual map related to the ontology of use of fire in prehistory.

Autorica donosi nedavno restaurirane dijelove kamina iz palače Milesi u Splitu koji su izrađeni od kamena Rosso Verona. Raspravlja o tipologiji kamina na bočnim konzolama, s motivom spirala i lavljih šapa, što se prema renesansnim traktatima u lokalnom kamenu izvode na području pokrajine Veneto tijekom 16. i 17. stoljeća, a kao import stižu u Dalmaciju., The furnishing of Dalmatian houses and palaces has mostly vanished from their former interiors. Built-in stone fireplaces were reutilised over the course of time, moved into new premises, or re-carved to be used as building material. The household fireplaces decorated with carvings, made of a stone architrave on pillars or on moulded feet, were almost as a rule disassembled and taken away over the last two centuries, and just a few rare specimens can be found in the original space. Over the architrave and the side walls, there was a hood (cappa) in the shape of a prism on which in rather luxurious interiors, allegorical scenes and the coat of arms or motto of a noble line would be painted. Documents from the commune archives of central Dalmatia take us to commissions for fireplaces that were confided to local carvers, particularly from Brač and Korčula. For example, among the elements of architectural decoration for the Dešković Arbanasović House in Omiš in 1610, the carver Stjepan Bokanić from Pučišće made una nappa alla francese, 32 feet long. Mention is made of In carico e discarico de pilastri per camin while a house was being built for the poet Jeronim Kavanjin in Sutivan in 1692, and in 1698 Spesi in far camin, e la napa, cioè camin a campana. In bequests and property divisions, fireplaces were valued, along with stone cupboards, well heads and wash basins as valuable elements of interior decoration. When houses were pulled down, elements that had been worked with carving techniques were sold at auctions, and decorated fireplaces and coats of arms were particularly sought by traders in antiques and the richer bourgeoisie, and gradually vanished from these impoverished Dalmatian milieus. On the site of the Gothic and Renaissance houses close to the civic castello to the south west of Diocletian’s Palace in Split, at the beginning of the 18th century, the monumental palace of the Milesi family was put up, modelled on Venetian Baroque palaces. In the interior of the palace there was one of the largest Dalmatian fireplaces, made of reddish marble of the Rosso Verona type. In the central part of the high architrave a smooth central zone with an elongated S moulding of Mannerist design stands out, emphasised by the dense moulding at the bottom and a sima at the top. The monolithic architrave has a finished corner, and special elements with the same moulding were assembled as lateral supports for the hood. In the centre of the architrave there is neither coat of arms nor ornament as there is on extant Gothic-Renaissance and mannerist fireplaces. Legs with a bas relief on the upper part have moulded shallow capitals. The lower part ends with a huge lion’s paw with claws on a square base. The front side of the mantelpiece is framed with a groove with a central convex fill, and on the lateral sides an inlet strip frames a shallow volute. This outstanding decorative element is part of the architectural decoration of the palace’s interior and probably belonged to the main salon that opens with a long balconade onto the square. The fireplace consisted of five elements: architrave, lateral sides of the architrave and two mantelpieces; the right mantelpiece was broken into two parts – a volute and a lion’s paw – and was recently restored. The stone Rosso Verona is often called marble although in petrographic terms it belongs among the limestones. It has a vivid colour and layered texture with light blotches, easy to work, and after polishing and the application of wax has the brilliant appearance of marble. In Dalmatia it was particularly used in religious buildings, particularly for altars, and not so much in residential interiors. Because of the origin and the commercial connections of the Milesi family, as well as the stylistic features of the palace in the tradition of the Venetian late Baroque, the fireplace almost certainly arrived as an import from northern Italy. It belongs to the typology of fireplace that became common in the second half of the 16th century in Veneto, and is based on the treatises of Sebastiano Serlio and the architectural language of the theory of orders. A prototype for the vertical elements with developed volutes at the top and lion’s paws at the bottom was first provided by Serlio in 1537 (Libro IV, p. 157), which was a stimulus for the formulation of new rules for this architectural structure, applied by Jacopo Sansovino, Andrea Palladio and Michele Sanmicheli. In the second half of the 16th century it was taken over as the classic type of fireplace; on the front part of the pyramidal hood a rich sculptural superstructure modelled in plaster is projected/designed. Outstanding examples are of Bartolomeo Ridolfi in the Guarienti Palace in Verona and the Villa Rotonda near Vicenza, made by the workshop of Ottaviano Ridolfi, after drawings of Alessandro Vittoria. The architectural frame of the fireplace retained the typological simplicity with the more indented architrave moulding, while diversity was achieved by varying the colours of the different materials, ranging from the red tones of Rosso Verona to the grainy structure of granite and highly polished black bases. Throughout Veneto and particularly in Verona this type of fireplace lasted through the 17th century, with a large number of specimens made in local stone. The fireplace from the Milesi Palace has its roots in the same region, but without extant sources about the building it is not possible to determine if it was commissioned and made for the Split palace or bought from the demolished interior of some existing building.

We report a magnetic study of two preceramic hearths located at the southern region of Mexico City. Thermal demagnetization was applied between 200 to 540 °C to define the remanent magnetization components. The maximum unblocking temperature of the secondary magnetic component reached due to the last heating was identified in most samples. They were used to develop thermomagnetic anomaly source maps. The direction of this component was used to place the blocks to their last cooling spot and configurate a real and primal magnetic anomaly map produced by the thermoremanent magnetization acquired. A protocol to relocate blocks frame is proposed using geomagnetic secular variation curves. The thermomagnetic mapping revealed the position and temperature (220 to 460 °C) of the last heat sources. The distribution of these sources allowed to model an extensional zone of benefit and probable uses of the hearths.

In light of the enculturation of landscapes by ethnographically documented hunter-gatherers, we should expect Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to have endowed their early Holocene landscapes with meaning. Attempts to find evidence for this have focussed on the unusual and exotic – those aspects of the archaeological record that seem immediately unrelated to subsistence. In this contribution, I suggest that fireplaces, ubiquitous on Mesolithic sites and often swiftly passed over in site reports as evidence for cooking alone, had played a key role in the process of landscape enculturation. Although we cannot reconstruct the specific meanings once attached to early Holocene landscapes, by appreciating the social and cultural significance of fireplaces we gain a more holistic view of the Mesolithic than is currently the case, whether in those studies that focus on settlement and subsistence or those that cite examples of ritual. In the course of making this argument, I summarise the evidence for fireplaces from Mesolithic Britain, noting the need for more systematic reporting. Finally, I provide a case study from western Scotland that seeks to view a suite of fireplaces in the context of the landscape topography, early Holocene environments, subsistence economy, and by drawing on selected ethnographic analogies.

This study investigates fireplaces in the Neolithic settlement of Catalhoyuk in Anatolia, Turkey (levels South L–S and 4040 G–H, 6700–6100 BC). Taking a holistic view with a contextual, multi-scala...

Bei der Explosion in einer Herstellungsstätte für ein Pulver zur Reinigung industrieller Feuerungsanlagen in Deutschland ist eine Person tödlich verunglückt. Die BAM wurde gebeten, beschlagnahmte Muster des Reinigungspulvers zu bewerten. Dafür wurden verschiedene Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Diese sollten klären, ob die stoffliche Einstufung des Reinigungspulvers in die Stoffklasse 5.1 für die sichergestellten Pulverproben zutreffend ist. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die untersuchten Pulverproben explosionsgefährliche Eigenschaften aufweisen. Die von explosionsgefährlichen Stoffen ausgehenden Gefährdungen müssen ermittelt und bei der Herstellung und Verwendung berücksichtigt werden. Die Gefährdungen sind entsprechend neu eingeführter sicherheitstechnischer Kennzahlen ermittelt und anschließend klassifiziert worden. Die Klassifizierung erfolgte durch die Zuordnung zu einer so genannten Gefahrgruppe.

The main aim of this work is to show what fireplaces looked like in the Middle Ages, and more importantly, what functions they could have performed. In the archaeological literature until now, it has been claimed that they were not kitchen hearths, but could only be used to heat meals. In this paper, I show that this claim is unfounded. A long search for suitable illustrations led to the discovery of a number of unique representations of fireplaces. Thanks to its frequent presentation in medieval painting, significant differences are noticeable in the way of presenting material culture and its details. The analysis presented in this paper made it possible to identify one more important issue concerning fireplaces that has not yet received any comments. So far, it has been emphasized that religious-themed performances are marked by symbolism and show typical scenes in a fairly unified way. Other ways of presentation of religious scenes have not been taken into account. Scenes showing saints in manuscripts present them in more everyday circumstances than in the panel painting. Unfortunately, such images are extremely rare, here I present one of the more interesting scenes at the fireplace – the Holy Family having dinner.

In light of the enculturation of landscapes by ethnographically documented hunter-gatherers, we should expect Mesolithic hunter-gatherers to have endowed their early Holocene landscapes with meaning. Attempts to find evidence for this have focussed on the unusual and exotic – those aspects of the archaeological record that seem immediately unrelated to subsistence. In this contribution, I suggest that fireplaces, ubiquitous on Mesolithic sites and often swiftly passed over in site\ud reports as evidence for cooking alone, had played a key role in the process of landscape enculturation. Although we cannot reconstruct the specific meanings once attached to early Holocene landscapes, by appreciating the social and cultural significance of fireplaces we gain a more holistic view of the Mesolithic than is currently the case, whether in those studies that focus on settlement and subsistence or those that cite examples of ritual. In the course of making this argument, I summarise the evidence for fireplaces from Mesolithic Britain, noting the need for more systematic reporting. Finally, I provide a case study from western Scotland that seeks to view a suite of fireplaces in the context of the landscape topography, early Holocene environments, subsistence economy, and by drawing on selected ethnographic analogies.

This study shows that the availability, construction, shape, size, location and decommissioning of fireplaces are determined by practical requirements and that conversely variations and changes in the construction and location of fireplaces disclose daily practices and long-term circumstances of prehistoric life. It investigates fireplaces in the central Anatolian Neolithic settlements of Boncuklu (8300–7800 cal BC) and Catalhoyuk (levels South L-S, and North G-H, 6700–6000 cal BC) exploring how far fireplaces reflect the emergence of autonomous households during the sedentarizing process. Considering the fireplace mainly under the aspects of symbolic and social significance, highlighting standardisation and continuity misses the insights that a detailed observation of variations can give. This study provides a classification of fireplace-types that can be used for the analysis of fireplaces in other sites. Collating the information on fireplaces for each site chronologically according to stratigraphy reveals that the construction and availability of fireplaces met the needs of a growing or diminishing household, where available resources, light, warmth, ventilation, accessibility, room layout, cooking methods were decisive considerations. Because in Boncuklu fireplaces were frequently located in communally accessible spaces, while in Catalhoyuk fireplaces were mainly used by individual households, this study confirms a trend over the long-term to more autonomous households that relied on their own provision for heating, light, cooking and craft manufacturing in their houses.

An awareness of increasing climate and health problems has driven the development of new functional and affordable soot-oxidation catalysts for stationary sources, such as fireplaces. In this study, Al(OH)3, water glass and acidic aluminium phosphate binder materials were mixed with soot-oxidation catalysts. The effect of the binder on the performance of the Ag/La-Al2O3 catalyst was examined, while the Pt/La-Al2O3 catalyst bound with Al(OH)3 was used as a reference. Soot was oxidised above 340 &deg, C on the Ag/La-Al2O3 catalyst, but at 310 &deg, C with same catalyst bound with Al(OH)3. The addition of water glass decreased the catalytic performance because large silver crystals and agglomeration resulted in a blockage of the support material&rsquo, s pores. Pt/La-Al2O3 bound with Al(OH)3 was ineffective in a fireplace environment. We believe that AgOx is the active form of silver in the catalyst. Hence, Ag/La-Al2O3 was shown to be compatible with the Al(OH)3 binder as an effective catalyst for fireplace soot oxidation.

This paper explores resident experiences of life in PLACE/Ladywell, a “pop‐up” social housing scheme in London providing temporary accommodation for homeless families. Specifically, we consider barriers to, and assertions of, homemaking in this temporary setting through fixtures and fittings—a door lock, wall stickers, and a fireplace. The paper utilises assemblage thinking to understand homemaking within these time‐limited and constrained circumstances. Despite their seeming banality, fixtures and fittings offer a material, politicised, and lively means of studying the attempted and thwarted production of home by residents living in PLACE/Ladywell. The absence of door locks reduces parents’ ability to maintain privacy and intimate relations; restrictions on hanging pictures and other decorative measures are circumvented by the use of wall stickers; and a defiant decorative fireplace establishes a sense of home in a temporary setting. Together, these objects constitute vital elements in negotiations between fixity and impermanence in temporary accommodation.

International audience

A significant part of the world’s population (about 40%) cooks their meals and provides heating for their homes using wood-burning heating devices. Due to the relatively low cost of fuel and their aesthetic design, solid fuel stoves capable of heat accumulation are convenient and common. The use of dedicated small-scale power generators provides also additional benefits. This paper presents the results of a study conducted to verify the possibility of generating power using stove-fireplaces with heat accumulation systems. In such units, the temperature of the flue gas should be kept at a certain level for the purposes of storing heat, which results from certain limitations of the thermoelectric generators. To verify the possibility of applying thermoelectric modules in such heating devices, a dedicated system with thermoelectric generators was selected from among various microcogeneration systems and implemented. Three types of heat exchangers were studied and the most efficient unit was selected for further testing. Two types of generators, with maximum operating temperatures of 320 and 175 °C, were compared. Subsequently, the characteristics of the latter were determined. The conducted tests allowed to determine the performance and the total efficiency of the generators that were used. It has been demonstrated that the maximum power of the generator would not exceed ca. 30 We and that there is no economic justification for such a device. However, providing a self-powered and self-sufficient operation of stove-fireplaces with heat accumulation systems remains an important goal.

Fireplaces and burnt stones related to them are common features found at Stone Age settlement sites. Although information about them is present in archaeological reports and also available in publications, there has been no general research done regarding combustion features specifically. The purpose of this study was to fill the gap of relevant research and to test the hypothesis that the structural features of fireplaces reveal information on the subsistence model of settlements.The study is based on a database of Estonian Stone Age fireplaces, which was compiled by using the available data on all excavated objects. The database includes 167 fireplaces and contains quantifiable data about stones in fireplaces.The analysis of data revealed that the use of stones in fireplaces changed significantly in time. While most of the Mesolithic fire-places contain them, they become scarce in the Neolithic. It can be concluded that the use of stones in fireplaces is related to the economy of settlements and changes within time reflect the changes in general subsistence strategies. Keywords : fireplaces, hearths, quantitative analysis, reuse of data, Mesolithic, Neolithic.

After the introductory chapters on Vitruvius and Sebastiano Serlio; which also discribe component books of Serlio's architectural treatise; the chapter devoted to the history and development of heating devices is included. This is followed by the main part of the diploma thesis "Architecture of Renaissance and Mannerist Fireplaces in Bohemia and Sebastiano Serlio" dealing with the analysis and comparison of fireplaces of Renaissance buildings in Bohemia. The first circle contains Prague buildings - the Royal Summer Palace at Prague Castle; however where fireplaces didn't preserve; and the Star Summer Palace in Prague Liboc which was designed by Archduke Ferdinand of Tyrol. The second circle of buildings contains the Pilsen Town Hall, the Kaceřov Chateau and the Nelahozeves Chateau. These buildings are connected by locality (the Pilsen Town Hall, the Kaceřov Chateau) and by builder Florian Griespek (the Kaceřov Chateau, the Nelahozeves Chateau). The third circle pays attention to the South Bohemian fireplaces at the Jindřichův Hradec Chateau and at the Kratochvíle Chateau of Rosenbergs.

A partire dalla rilettura della dispositio vitruviana in stretta relazione con quella visione unitaria della disciplina che si inscrive nel solco della trattatistica e mira alla trasmissibilità del sapere in funzione della sua applicazione pratica, il saggio esamina i cambiamenti occorsi nella pratica architettonica dal Settecento in avanti per riflettere sul ruolo progettuale e disciplinare di alcuni dei dispositivi architettonici – compositivi e non-compositivi – caratteristici della postmodernità, collocandoli all’interno di una sorta di ragionamento sul linguaggio, e da qui sull’architettura in generale, a partire dai due poli dell’illuminismo e del postmoderno, quest’ultimo inteso nel senso della condizione postmoderna del pensiero. / Starting with a consideration on the Vitruvian dispositio, characterized in architectural treatises by a unified vision of Architecture as a discipline, and aimed to the transmission of knowledge in relation to its practice, the essay analyses the changes which have occurred in Architecture since the 18th century, in order to reflect upon the design and disciplinary role of some of the architectural tools (both compositional and non-compositional) typical of postmodernity. The framework is a sort of reasoning through the language and about architecture in general, starting from the two poles of Enlightenment and post-modern – the latter meant as the post-modern condition of thought.

There is an alarming lack of public awareness surrounding the safety of glass-fronted fireplaces. This has resulted in an active campaign from the American Burn Association Prevention Committee. One issue encountered while advocating for prevention among manufacturers is the lack of corroborating and accurate data. The purpose of this study was to examine the annual trends and epidemiology of glass-fronted fireplace-related burn injuries to children less than 15 years old, who presented to Canadian emergency departments between 1990 and 2010. Records of pediatric burn injuries related to glass-fronted fireplaces were extracted from the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program database for the study period (1990-2010). Cases were analyzed in terms of anatomic area affected, demographics, seasonality, safety device use, and injury severity. A total of 616 cases of burns from glass-fronted fireplaces were identified. The incidence increased at an average of 2.7 cases per year. This is a greater than 20-fold increase over 20 years. Seventy-five percentage of the cases occurred in children less than 2 years, and 95% occurred in children less than 5 years. The study demonstrated a growing risk from glass-fronted fireplace burns, likely due to the increasing popularity of household gas fireplace units. These units are a particular risk to children less than 2 years, attributable to their developing mobility and reduced reaction time. This is a preventable injury that should be addressed through changes to legislation and manufacturing.

Trabalho apresentado em 7th Iberian Meeting Aerosol Science and Technology – RICTA19, 2019, Lisbon, Portugal info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Carbon monoxide (CO) concentration in the body will be decreased after smoking cessation. However, confounding factors may influence the results. Exhaled CO (eCO) assessment of lung is a simple, noninvasive tool, but confounder factors such as gas fireplaces might influence results. We thus quantified the effect of them in two smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We described one of these confounder factors in two smokers with COPD in a clinical trial study setting with IRCT201609271457N11 coding in IRCT. The amounts of eCO and carboxyhemoglobin of these patients rose while the average daily smoking decreased (in the first patient) or stopped smoking (in the second patient). We found that they had used the fireplace to heat their home. These measures decreased in both patients by discontinuing the use of the gas fireplace. The gas fireplaces influence the results of eCO assessments in smoking cessation programs.

Glass fronted gas fireplaces (GFGFs) have exterior surfaces that can reach extremely high temperatures. Burn injuries from contact with the glass front can be severe with long-term sequelae. The Consumer Product Safety Commission reported that these injuries are uncommon, whereas single-center studies indicate a much higher frequency. The purpose of this multi-institutional study was to determine the magnitude and severity of GFGF injuries in North America. Seventeen burn centers elected to participate in this retrospective chart review. Chart review identified 402 children ≤10 years of age who sustained contact burns from contact with GFGF, who were seen or admitted to the study hospitals from January 2006 to December 2010. Demographic, burn, treatment, and financial data were collected. The mean age of the study group was 16.8 ± 13.3 months. The majority suffered burns to their hands (396, 98.5%), with burns to the face being the second, much less common site (14, 3.5%). Two hundred and sixty-nine required rehabilitation therapy (66.9%). The number of GFGF injuries reported was 20 times greater than the approximately 30 injuries estimated by the Consumer Product Safety Commission's 10-year review. For the affected children, these injuries are painful, often costly and occasionally can lead to long-term sequelae. Given that less than a quarter of burn centers contributed data, the injury numbers reported herein support a need for broader safety guidelines for gas fireplaces in order to have a significant impact on future injuries.

In order to optimize firewood combustion in low-power firewood-fuelled fireplaces, a novel combustion airstream control concept based on the signals of in situ sensors for combustion temperature, residual oxygen concentration and residual un-combusted or partly combusted pyrolysis gas components (CO and HC) has been introduced. A comparison of firing experiments with hand-driven and automated airstream-controlled furnaces of the same type showed that the average CO emissions in the high-temperature phase of the batch combustion can be reduced by about 80 % with the new control concept. Further, the performance of different types of high-temperature CO / HC sensors (mixed-potential and metal oxide types), with reference to simultaneous exhaust gas analysis by a high-temperature FTIR analysis system, was investigated over 20 batch firing experiments (∼ 80 h). The distinctive sensing behaviour with respect to the characteristically varying flue gas composition over a batch firing process is discussed. The calculation of the Pearson correlation coefficients reveals that mixed-potential sensor signals correlate more with CO and CH4; however, different metal oxide sensitive layers correlate with different gas species: 1 % Pt / SnO2 designates the presence of CO and 2 % ZnO / SnO2 designates the presence of hydrocarbons. In the case of a TGS823 sensor element, there was no specific correlation with one of the flue gas components observed. The stability of the sensor signals was evaluated through repeated exposure to mixtures of CO, N2 and synthetic air after certain numbers of firing experiments and exhibited diverse long-term signal instabilities.

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of five works of two factories — the Demidov Malachite Factory and the Imperial Peterhof Lapidary Factory — based on the same model and produced between 1847 and 1856. The author aims to provide an academic description of the recently discovered works, as well as their reliable attributions, referring to documentary sources and confirmed by some previously revealed signs of attribution (the material and character of the mosaic). The author studies the involvement of the invited foreign specialists in the work of both state and private enterprises as well as some aspects of Russian works exhibited at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. All the works in question have been thoroughly studied: the author conducted a stylistic, technical and technological analysis, as well as material studies of the pieces. A comparison of the details of products, time and place of their creation demonstrates that they follow a single model; also, that they used — though for a limited amount of time — a spectacular and very expensive technology of mosaic; and followed the established tradition of using a certain kind of malachite (relatively light-coloured, speckled with turquoise and contrasting patterns) for the works in the style of the second Rococo. This publication summarizes a six-year search for malachite pieces from the Russian section of the Great Exhibition (London, 1851), produced at the Demidov malachite factory of in Saint Petersburg between 1847 and 1851.

The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of five works of two factories — the Demidov Malachite Factory and the Imperial Peterhof Lapidary Factory — based on the same model and produced between 1847 and 1856. The author aims to provide an academic description of the recently discovered works, as well as their reliable attributions, referring to documentary sources and confirmed by some previously revealed signs of attribution (the material and character of the mosaic). The author studies the involvement of the invited foreign specialists in the work of both state and private enterprises as well as some aspects of Russian works exhibited at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851. All the works in question have been thoroughly studied: the author conducted a stylistic, technical and technological analysis, as well as material studies of the pieces. A comparison of the details of products, time and place of their creation demonstrates that they follow a single model; also, that they used — though for a limited amount of time — a spectacular and very expensive technology of mosaic; and followed the established tradition of using a certain kind of malachite (relatively light-coloured, speckled with turquoise and contrasting patterns) for the works in the style of the second Rococo. This publication summarizes a six-year search for malachite pieces from the Russian section of the Great Exhibition (London, 1851), produced at the Demidov malachite factory of in Saint Petersburg between 1847 and 1851.

Article presents usage of fireplaces with a water jacket and with an air turbine in a single-family detached home. Influence of usage of fireplaces on primary energy demand was also analysed.

Over the past few years, the number of decorative ethanol fireplaces in domestic appliances has significantly increased. This kind of fireplace, meant for domestic purposes, has different risks. The present publication highlights different risk sources investigated by experimental and numerical approaches: flash phenomena, burn injuries. The effect of such fireplaces on interior air quality was also investigated. French standards and regulations related to this type of appliances are based on this work. Fuel used in such devices is not only ethanol; it also includes a lot of compounds such as denaturants and additives. All these substances, in addition with high temperature of flame, result in forming many different gases. Numerical and experimental results highlight two families of risks: heat injuries during use or refill and effect on air quality. The first family of risks could be limited by proper use instructions such as time between refills. To address the second family of risks, it would be necessary to develop more sophisticated fireplaces, including electronic sensors, to mitigate the risks.

A4 colour report

The identification of fuel-related practices in archaeological contexts is almost always associated with the identification of fire-related structures. Charcoal analysis is the standard method of identifying wood use in the past; however, in many circumstances wood was not the primary source of fuel. In arid and semi-arid environments alternative fuels such as dung, chaff and straw and, in general, plant processing by-products were predominant. The study of these types of fuel often necessitates the application of multi-proxy analyses, involving botanical micro-remains and geochemistry. This paper presents the results of an integrated analysis of phytoliths and chemical elements of samples collected in a modern ethnographic context, a domestic compound, in North Gujarat, India. Alternative fuels have been and are still very important in this area due to the scarcity of wood and the recent ban on cutting trees imposed by the government. Within the house studied, three fireplaces were present where different types of activities were performed selectively. The differential use of fuels in the three fireplaces is highlighted by the results of descriptive and multivariate statistics. However, the opposite geochemical signals that the fireplaces produced, when they should have been similar, would be difficult to interpret in an archaeological context where the practices that had produced such signals are unknown. The combination of phytoliths and geochemistry, coupled with the ethnographic information on the activity, can help us to construct better models to help interpret the archaeological record.

International audience; Recent excavations at Corent (France) unearthed a vast Late Bronze Age settlement. The high density of fireplaces especially highlights it. The present study focuses on the archaeomagnetic study of five fireplaces. These ones were dated between 950 and 800 BCE by cross-dating of metallic and ceramic artefacts and by radiocarbon. The main objective of our study is to increase the archaeointensity database in Western Europe at the beginning of the first millennium BCE. The sampling was conducted on 64 fragments of baked clay and sherds from the fireplaces floor. The classical Thellier-Thellier protocol provides 48 successful archaeointensity results, yielding to five mean values between 58 and 69 μT at the site. Together with previously published results, our new data point out two successive maxima of the intensity of the geomagnetic field. The first maximum ~ 70 μT in the ninth century BCE and the second ~ 90 μT in ~ 700 BCE are separated by a ~ 45–50 μT minimum at ~ 800–750 BCE. The resulting fast variation of the field intensity will be very useful for archaeomagnetic dating purposes. As the direction of the geomagnetic field has also a strong variation during this period (Hervé et al. 2013a), archaeomagnetism promises to be a powerful dating tool to recover the historical processes at the transition between the Bronze and Iron Ages in Western Europe.