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Purpose: This study aims to verify the impact for the solidity of accounting information system components on the knowledge robustness of accounting financial reports. the study anticipated to shed light and contribute to the ability of the interdependence, integration and homogeneity of the AIS components for providing financial reports enclose a useful knowledge for decision makers. Theoretical framework: The great development in the business environment and the need for complete, appropriate and transparent accounting knowledge and information to make various investment decisions, this need has become urgent to provide accurate and complete set of accounting reports through proficient accounting information systems. Design/methodology/approach: The study follows a quantitative research methodology by constructing a well-structured electronic questionnaire to survey 280 personnel from 70 Jordanian financial sector companies. The collected responses from sample then analyzed by arithmetic mean, simple and multiple regression to validate a set of predetermined hypotheses. Findings: The study results confirmed the availability for the six main elements of AIS in financial sector; knowledge robustness in financial reporting was also obtainable if AIS components are efficient The study also concluded that there is a single positive effect for each component of the accounting information system on the quality and coherence of financial reports. The results also affirmed the joint positive impact of all components of AIS on the knowledge robustness on financial reports. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study conveyed several contributions to AIS literature; it revealed that proper information system fundamentals supports the financial knowledge of decision makers to conduct decisions. performance enhancement can be accomplished strengthening the accounting information system. AIS increases the transparency and reliability of reported outcomes and thus reduces the future uncertainties and risks. The availability for complete set AIS fundamentals empower the communication level among company divisions and facilitate the accessibility for data necessary for work. Originality/value: The value of the study is stemed from its topic which is considered from the few topics that conducted on this area in our middle east region and particularly Jordan; moreover, this study deeply examines the accounting information system availability and its status from the viewpoints of many professionals.

In the space of a decade, a new digital communication standard, XBRL, has profoundly transformed the communication, access and processing of financial and, now, non-financial regulatory information. This article presents the XBRL standard and the key stages in its development, analyzes its contributions to the business world and proposes a discussion on the thorny issue of quality assurance for XBRL reports.; En une décennie un nouveau standard de communication digitale, le standard XBRL, est venu transformer en profondeur le reporting, l'accès et le traitement de l'information règlementaire financière et désormais extra-financière. Cet article présente le standard XBRL et fournit les points de repères essentiels de son développement, analyse ses apports pour le monde économique, et propose une discussion de la question épineuse de l'assurance qualité du reporting XBRL.

UAB „Telšių vandenys“ skiriasi savo veiklos pobūdžiu. Didžiausią ilgalaikio turto dalį sudaro materialusis turtas. Svarbu, kad įmonės materialusis turtas būtų tinkamai registruojamas apskaitoje remiantis materialaus turto pripažinimo kriterijais, skaičiuojamas nusidėvėjimas taikant apskaitos politikoje nustatytą nusidėvėjimo metodą. Nuo teisingai ir pagrįstai apskaitomo bendrovės ilgalaikio materialiojo turto priklauso įmonės finansiniai rezultatai., Telšių vandenys UAB differs in the nature of its activities. The largest part of fixed assets consists of tangible assets. It is important that the company's tangible assets are properly accounted for in accordance with the criteria for recognition of tangible assets, and depreciation is calculated using the depreciation method set out in the accounting policy. The financial performance of a company depends on the correct and reasonable accounting treatment of its tangible fixed assets.

We study the effect of the pay gap between the chief executive officer (CEO) and the next layer of executives in the top management team (TMT)—a proxy for promotion-based tournament incentives—on conditional conservatism in financial reporting. We find that higher levels of tournament incentives are associated with less conservative financial reports. Our results hold in an instrumental variable (IV) analysis and regressions using alternative measures of both pay gap and accounting conservatism. Furthermore, we find that senior executives’ engagement in tournaments for promotion is affected by their perceived probability of success. Specifically, the negative relationship between the pay gap and conservatism is stronger (weaker) when the CEO is more (less) likely to be replaced. Overall, our results indicate that pay disparities within the TMT play an important role in financial reporting.

For the effective development of an enterprise, a complete information environment must be created. Financial accounting and reporting provide information about the facts of economic activities that cannot be influenced. The information base for enterprise management is not limited to financial statements, which has led to the emergence of a new concept – management reporting. There is still no conceptual framework for its preparation. Management reporting contains accounting and calculation indicators that are calculated using methods that are not only related to accounting (methods of planning, analysis, control). It allows the company’s managers to set their own requirements for the content, structure, detail, presentation, etc.

This paper presents the results of research conducted to identify the factors that influence the decisions of company management to outsource accounting services. A transaction cost economics (TCE) model was used to analyse factors that influence high levels of outsourcing of accounting tasks in the case of Montenegro, where, based on our sample, 75.4% of companies enter outsourcing arrangements with bookkeeping agencies or with external accountants. With an adaptation of International Accounting Standards (IAS) and legal requirements for submission of standardised year-end reports, there is evident growth of bookkeeping and financial service providers on the market and an evident trend of companies entering accounting service outsourcing with those agencies. A survey was developed to investigate 12 variables that, according to the TCE model, influence outsourcing decisions. The selection of variables was based on previous research in the field using the TCE or Resource-Based View model (the most common models used for this analysis). In contrast, new variables were introduced that measure the effects of the introduction of IAS through legal reporting obligations in Montenegro. By developing the model this way, it became possible to predict 47% of the variance of the dependent variable and to identify the main factors (other than price) that influence the decision of managers to outsource accounting services.

We use a lab experiment to examine whether and how leaders influence workers’ (un)ethical behavior through financial reporting choices. We randomly assign the role of leaders or workers to subjects, who can choose to report an outcome via automatic or self-reporting. Self-reporting allows for profitable and undetectable earnings manipulation. We vary the leaders’ ability to choose the reporting method and to punish workers. We show that workers are more likely to choose automatic reporting when their leader voluntarily does so and can assign punishment. Even workers who choose self-reporting tend to cheat less when their leader chooses automatic reporting. Nonetheless, most leaders do not opt for automatic reporting in the first place: they often choose self-reporting and punish workers who rather choose automatic reporting. Collectively, our results reveal a dual effect of leadership on ethical behaviors in organizations: workers behave more ethically if their leader makes ethical choices, but often leaders do not make ethical choices in the first place. Hence, leading by example can backfire.

This study intends to examine the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on the Quality of Financial Reporting and Sustainable Energy Development in manufacturing companies in Indonesia. The research sample has it amounts of 75 manufacturing companies starting from 2017 to 2019. This study uses a regression data panel to examine the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility which is calculated with a dummy variable on the Quality of Financial Reporting. The research results on manufacturing companies in Indonesia show that there is a positive and significant relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Reporting Quality and Sustainable Energy Development. The results of this study are expected to benefit practitioners in the operational focus of CSR, which is associated with the quality of financial reporting and does not abandon its energy sustainability development. Furthermore, the results of this study can be used as the basis for forming policies related to sustainable business issues and having a good impact on the environment and the finances of a company.

The subject of the research is testing the risk of bankruptcy and assessing the validity of the assumption of going concern to compile financial reports of selected companies in the food industry during the period of Covid-19. The analysis included five companies each from different sectors of food and beverage production, which operate in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. For bankruptcy risk, testing selected companies used the Z-score model created by Edward Altman in 1993, which was adapted to developing countries. The research period includes 2019 and 2020. Data for the preparation of the paper were taken from financial reports, notes to financial reports and auditor's reports published on the website of the Serbian Business Registry Agency. The research results show that the Covid-19 pandemic affected the operations of companies in the food industry and caused the need for a more cautious assessment of the assumption of continuity of operations to compile the company's financial reports by managers and auditors. The research also established that different companies within the same sector can be affected with different intensities, hence it is not possible to isolate the production sector within the food industry that is more significantly exposed to the consequences of the pandemic.

На сучасному етапі глобального розвитку відбувається перехід від розуміння фінансової звітності підприємств не лише як джерела відображення кількісних індикаторів розвитку компанії, а й до як репутаційного інструмента її надійності та готовності до транспарентних відносин з контрагентами. Прийняття інвестиційних рішень завжди характеризувалось пошуком балансу між прибутковістю та надійністю вкладення капіталу. Відповідно, це вимагає зростання акцентів на якості та комплексності фінансової звітності компаній, що дозволяє максимізувати обсяг наданої для потенційних інвесторів інформації. Мета статті полягає в перевірці гіпотези щодо впливу якісних характеристик фінансової звітності на привабливість компаній для інвесторів. Дослідження передбачає аналіз еволюції фінансової звітності, причин та наслідків появи інноваційних підходів до її складання, поширення національних та міжнародних стандартів. Другий етап аналізу передбачає моделювання впливу фінансової звітності та інвестиційну привабливість підприємств на рівні країни за допомогою економіко-математичного моделювання (специфіку моделі визначено шляхом тестування вхідних кількісних даних). За результатами дослідження індикаторів якості фінансової звітності узагальнюючим параметром обрано індекс cили стандартів аудиту та звітності, який оцінюється Всесвітнім економічним форумом на базі опитування лідерів бізнесу. У якості залежних змінних обрано індикатори інвестиційної привабливості країни, розраховані світовим банком. Емпіричне дослідження проведено на основі панельних даних, сформованих для вибірки з 26 країн світу (Азербайджан, Бельгія, Болгарія, Канада, Китай, Чеська Республіка, Німеччина, Іспанія, Естонія, Грузія, Гана, Греція, Угорщина, Індія, Ізраїль, Італія, Японія, Казахстан, Литва, Марокко, Мексика, Монголія, Нова Зеландія, Румунія, Туреччина, США) за 10 років. Отримані результати розрахунків є підґрунтям для та пошуку шляхів подальшого удосконалення якості розкриття фінансової та не фінансової інформації компаній для підвищення їх конкурентоспроможності на інвестиційному ринку. At the present stage of global development there is a transition from understanding the financial statements of enterprises not only as a source of quantitative indicators of the company's development but also as a reputable tool for its reliability and readiness for transparent relations with counterparties. Investment decision-making has always been characterized by balancing profitability and reliability of capital investment. Accordingly, this requires increasing emphasis on the quality and complexity of companies' financial reporting, allowing you to maximize the amount of information provided to potential investors. The article aims to test the hypothesis about the impact of qualitative characteristics of financial reporting on the attractiveness of companies to investors. The study analyzes the evolution of financial reporting, the causes and consequences of innovative approaches to its preparation, and the dissemination of national and international standards. The second stage of the analysis involves modeling the impact of financial reporting and investment attractiveness of enterprises at the national level through economic and mathematical modeling (the specificity of the model is determined by testing the quantitative input data). According to the results of the study of financial reporting quality indicators, the general parameter is the strength of auditing and reporting standards, which the World Economic Forum assesses based on a survey of business leaders. Indicators of the country's investment attractiveness calculated by the World Bank's global statistical base were chosen as dependent variables. Calculations are performed on panel data for a sample of more than 20 countries (Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Morocco, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Romania, Turkey, United States) over ten years. The obtained results of calculations are the basis for finding ways to improve further the quality of financial and nonfinancial disclosure of companies to increase their competitiveness in the investment market.

The term business model (BM) is one of the topics that has recently been addressed in the area of accounting literature and seeks to explore how to improve the information content of financial statements. The present study is a qualitative research, in the first step in order to collect qualitative data, a framework for semi-structured queries with experts was developed after examining the scope of financial reporting literature and business model. Subsequently, 23 well-known academic and executive experts in the field of financial reporting and business were selected through purposeful sampling (snowball). The transcribed interviews were coded in the second phase using inductive thematic analysis. In inductive theme analysis, patterns emerge during the analysis by placing open source or sub-themes together in one main theme. In summary, in the current study out of a total of 350 open source codes and 24 sub-themes, 6 main themes were identified as transparency and narrative, social accountability, users, key drivers, justice and fairness in reporting and presentation and disclosure. All of these are as components of financial reporting based on the concept of business model. Financial reporting and information disclosure are important management tools for effectively transferring information to stakeholders. Reliable and timely financial reporting enables individuals to accurately assess their future prospects. Therefore, by re-engineering the financial statements, six key components of financial reporting, inspired by the business model approach, can be a major step in re-engineering financial statements to improve the information content of financial statements., {"references":["Afuah, A., & Tucci C. (2003). Internet Business Models and Strategies. New York: McGraw-Hill.","Afuah, A. (2004). Business Models: A Strategic Management Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.","Leisenring, J., Linsmeier, T., Schipper, K., & Trott, E. (2012). Business-model (intent)-based accounting. Accounting and Business Research. International Accounting Policy Forum, 42, 329–344.","Alex, D., & Suresh, R. (2004). The Declining Value-Relevance of Accounting Information and Non-Information-based Trading. Contemporary Accounting Research, 21(4), 795-812.","Amit, R., & Zott, C. (2001). Value Creation in E-business. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), 493-520.","Applegate, L. M. (2000). E-business models: Making sense of the internet business landscape. In I. t. G. Dickson & G. DeSanctis (Eds.). Englewood Cliffs: NJ: Prentice-Hall.","Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 7-101.","Brousseau, E., & Penard, T. (2006). The Economics of Digital Business Models: A Framework for Analyzing the Economics of Platforms. 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The paper"s purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of internal auditor"s independence on the quality of financial reporting of non-budget Agencies in Musanze District. The research employed a survey research design. The study administered 100 questionnaires randomly to respondents, 97 questionnaires were returned and analyzed. Data conducted by taking 50 nonbudget agencies from sectors, schools, and health centers in Musanze District. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the findings revealed that auditors" independence has a statistically significant positive effect on quality of financial reporting of non-budget agencies in Musanze District. The study concluded that effective and efficient internal audit attributes can affect the quality of financial reports of non-budget agencies in Musanze District based on factors analyzed in the study such as auditors" independence. Thus, the quality of financial reporting depends strongly on the attributes internal audit.

In this monograph, the authors summarized and supplemented the results of many scientific justifications and developments. Considerable attention is paid to the study of accounting and taxation issues in the context of modern management concepts and risks of martial law in Ukraine. The materials of the monograph reflect the results of research carried out as part of the research work “Improvement of accounting and taxation of business entities in the conditions of modern concepts of management and global challenges” (state registration number: 0122U201989)., {"references":["https://www.iki.bas.bg/Journals/EconomicStudies/2023/2023-2/06_Britchenko.pdf"]}

The purpose of this study is to determine the competence of human resources that affect an employee's financial reporting to be part of the management process must have three competencies, namely technical competence, human relations competence and conceptual competence. So that the financial statements have a very important meaning because it is a form of accountability in carrying out its activities during a performance-based budget year. The submitted financial statements are required to be timely, complete / complete, valid, and accountable which are prepared based on accounting principles. The unit of analysis in this study is the financial institution of universities in Palembang-Indonesia. The results show that the competence of human resources that affect an employee's financial reporting affects the value of financial reporting significantly. Furthermore, it was found that financial reporting could change because of the human resource survey survey at universities in Palembang, {"references":["Atkinson, A.A. Kaplan, R.S., Matsumurah, E.M & Young, S.M.1998. Management Accounting: Information for Decision Making and Strategy Execution, Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc","Atkinson, A.A. Kaplan, R.S., Matsumurah, E.M & Young, S.M.2012. Management Accounting: Information for Decision Making and Strategy Execution, Sixth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc","Afandi, Joni. 2008. Factors that influence the successful implementation of accounting information systems in central government agencies in South Sumatra Province. Graduate program. Thesis.Sriwijaya University. Palembang","Albarda. 2006. Implementation Strategy of Information Technology Utilization for Organizational Governance (IT - GOVERNANCE). Proceedings of the National Conference on Information & Communication Technology for Indonesia 3-4 May 2006, West & East Hall of the Bandung Institute of Technology.","Ang CL., Davies MA., Finlay PN., 2001, An Empirical Model of IT Usage in the Malaysian Public Sector, Journal of Strategic Information Systems","Annisa, Nur. 2004. Timeliness of Financial Report Submission: Study of Management Performance, Quality of Auditors, and Audit Opinion. Journal of Balance FE Univ. Atma Jaya, September 2, 42-53.","AzharSusanto. 2013 Accounting Information System. Structures - Risk Control - Development, Second Edition. Bandung Lingga Jaya"]}

The aim of the study. Investigate the analytical and regulatory support for the formation of integrated corporate reporting of business structures and the conceptual basis of its preparation; identify problems related to the development and implementation of integrated reporting model in the corporate sector; to analyze the development trends of the concept of integrated corporate reporting in the context of responding to global world challenges. Research methodology. During the research, general scientific and special methods were used, in particular: monographic – when reviewing literary sources on the topic of research; expert–logical– when choosing steps to form an integrated corporate reporting model; system–analytical – when critically analyzing the concept of integrated corporate reporting. Results. It has been identified that global challenges lead to a radical change in views on the formation of the mission and strategy of companies, the assessment of the effectiveness of their activities and require the formation of a fundamentally new methodological approach to the corporate reporting model, which should be based on responsible thinking. The pace of development of a methodological framework for integrated reporting at the global regulatory level does not meet modern world challenges. The process of standardization of approaches to the formation of an integrated corporate reporting system also requires intensification. The design of integrated reporting is just being formed, there is no agreed solution at the global level to intensify the completion of the process of creating and standardizing the regulatory framework for integrated reporting. Regulators at the global level need to accelerate the process of corporate reporting unification, which should be based on a harmonious system of financial and non–financial indicators in response to global challenges to achieve a higher goal. Practical significance. The results of the study are the basis for further improvement of the concept of integrated corporate reporting at the global and local levels.

The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) of the IFRS Foundation support the integrated reporting of companies’ financial and sustainability performance to stakeholders. This paper aims to investigate whether financial and environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) practices have a real impact on the success of the companies in the European renewable energy equipment and services industry. Using the Granger test, the causality between the market capitalization and financial indicators was established, whereas no causality was identified between the market capitalization and ESG performance. The research led to the conclusion that the investment decision is mainly based on the information provided by the financial statements of the companies, the early stages of sustainability reporting regulation, and the need for increasing the quality and availability of corporate social responsibility information for investors.

During the last quarter of 2021, there were significant fluctuations in exchange rates in Turkey, and the Turkish Lira (“TL”) experienced high depreciation compared to other foreign currencies. In order to reduce the negative effects of the depreciation in TL on the country's economy and to encourage individuals to evaluate their assets in TL, the country administration has put some measures into effect. In this context, with the Law numbered 7352 Amending the Tax Procedure Law and the Corporate Tax Law (“Law numbered 7352”), published in the Official Gazette dated 29 January 2022 and numbered 31734, temporary article 14 was added to the Corporate Tax Law No. 5520. In accordance with the relevant article, certain tax exemptions have been introduced for the gains obtained in case the institutions convert their foreign currency and gold deposits in their balance sheets into Turkish Lira. In this study, the effects of the relevant regulation on the financial statements of companies preparing financial statements in accordance with Turkish Financial Reporting Standards were examined., Türkiye’de 2021 yılının son çeyreğinde döviz kurlarında önemli düzeyde dalgalanmalar gerçekleşmiş olup Türk Lirası (“TL”)’nda diğer yabancı para birimlerine göre yüksek değer kayıpları yaşanmıştır. TL’de yaşanan değer kaybının ülke ekonomisine olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması ve kişilerin TL üzerinden varlıklarını değerlendirmesinin teşviki amacıyla ülke yönetimi bazı tedbirleri yürürlüğe koymuştur. Bu kapsamda 29 Ocak 2022 tarih ve 31734 sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanan 7352 sayılı Vergi Usul Kanunu ile Kurumlar Vergisi Kanununda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun (“7352 sayılı Kanun”) ile 5520 sayılı Kurumlar Vergisi Kanunu’na (“KVK”) geçici 14’üncü madde eklenmiştir. İlgili madde uyarınca kurumların bilançolarında yer alan yabancı para ve altın cinsinden mevduatlarını TL’ye çevirmeleri halinde elde edecekleri kazançlara ilişkin bir takım vergi istisnaları getirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ilgili düzenlemenin Türkiye Finansal Raporlama Standartları (TFRS)’na göre finansal tablo hazırlayan işletmelerin finansal tablolarına etkileri incelenmiştir.

A great deal of research focuses on issues such as financial reporting theory, quality of information for decision-making, and modelling the information field of reporting. These issues are especially relevant in the context of business achieving its sustainable development and the transition to a socio-economic reporting model. In this regard, the aim of the work is to study modern transformations of the information field of business reporting and establish the impact of the concept of social responsibility on this process. This study is based on general scientific and special methods: system approach, comparison, induction, analysis and synthesis, modelling. As a result of the study: we describe the concept of social responsibility as an integrated part of the concept of sustainable development; disclose a three-stage algorithm of transformation of the information field of reporting in the context of social responsibility implementation; substantiate the need for the fourth concluding stage, contributing to the reflection of the effect of social responsibility implementation in business financial reporting. The study concludes that the transition to an eclectic approach to the formation of information in financial reporting, combining economic and social approaches, with elements of the legal approach. The study has scientific significance for improving accounting methodology and practical relevance for modelling financial reporting., {"references":["1.\tКаз, Е., Краковецкая, И., Нехода, Е., Редчикова, Н. (2020) Бизнес-модели компаний и устойчивое развитие. – Томск: Издательство ТГУ, 2020 – 214 с.","2.\tKim J., Cho K., Park C.K. (2019) Does CSR Assurance Affect the Relationship between CSR Performance and Financial Performance? Sustainability. Режим доступа: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336584188_","3. Michel Coulmont, Sylvie Berthelot and Vincent Gagné (2022) Sustainability performance indicator trends: a Canadian industry-based analysis. Режим доступа: https://jcsr.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40991-022-00070-4","4.\tГолочалова, И. (2022). Интерпретация ассоциированной собственности и ее роль в развитии концепции капитала бизнеса. В: Вестник Полоцкого Государственного Университета, Сборник научных работ, № 14, ISSN 2070-1632, Полоцк. 2022, http://DOI 10.52928/2070-1632-2022-62-12-2","5.\tGeva, А. (2008) Three Models of Corporate Social Responsibility: Interrelationships between Theory, Research, and Practice. Режим доступа: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-8594.2008.00311.x","6. Александер, Д., Бриттон, А., Йориссен, (2005) Международный стандарты финансовой отчетности: от теории к практике. M.: Вершина. – 888 p."]}

The article analyzes the experience of domestic and foreign researchers who analyze the effectiveness of establishing an internal control system, a risk management system, and measures to combat financial reporting distortions. The object of research in this article is higher education institutions, since the revenue side of these organizations consists not only of their own funds, but also of funds received from the federal budget. The article presents a classification of misstatements in financial statements. The main methods of combating distortions in reporting are identified. В статье анализируется опыт отечественных и зарубежных исследователей, анализирующих эффективность установления системы внутреннего контроля, системы управления рисками, меры борьбы с искажениями финансовой отчётности. Объектом исследования в данной статье выступают высшие учебные заведения, так как доходная часть данных организаций состоит не только из собственных средств, но и из средств, полученных из федерального бюджета. В статье представлена классификация искажений финансовой отчётности. Определены основные методы борьбы с искажениями в отчётности.

The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the audit of financial statements, the regulatory framework and the opinions of economists, and also notes the unification of audits by audit organizations during the audit of financial statements.

Рассмотрена задача прогнозирования доходов (выручки) организаций России. Этот показатель является определяющим для прогнозирования и управления финансово-экономическим положением компаний. Рассмотрены методы прогнозирования выручки организации по ретроспективным данным предыдущих периодов. Проведена апробация метода на крупных и средних российских организациях отрасли “Производство электроэнергии”. Исследуется точность прогнозирования по обучающей выборке предыдущих периодов. Для анализа значительных отклонений ошибки прогнозирования рассмотрен ряд индикаторов (индикаторный анализ). Показано, что подмножество организаций с большой ошибкой прогнозирования может быть выявлено по индикаторам обучающей выборки. Источником информации о доходах прошлых лет служит финансовая отчетность организаций. Данная задача становится решаемой благодаря развитию информационных систем и открытым данным электронного Правительства России. Используются методы обработки больших массивов данных для поиска и выделения организаций рассматриваемой отрасли., The paper considers the problem of forecasting organizations’ income (revenue) in Russia. This indicator is crucial for forecasting and managing companies’ economic situations. We consider the methods for forecasting the organization’s revenue based on retrospective data from previous periods. We tested the large and medium-sized Russian organizations in the Electricity Generation industry. We calculate the forecasting accuracy based on previous periods’ training samples. The set of indicators is considered to analyze significant deviations in forecasting accuracy. The established forecasting accuracy could be largely clustered according to the indicators of the training sample for the considered set of organizations. The source of information about past years’ income is the organizations’ financial statements from open data sources. This task becomes solvable thanks to the development of information systems and open data of the electronic Government of Russia. Processing large data is used to search for and highlight organizations in the sample industry., Датчики и системы, Выпуск 2 (267) 2023, Pages 71-78

Svrha je financijskih izvještaja proračuna i proračunskih korisnika pružiti pravovremene informacije o financijskom položaju i financijskoj uspješnosti te novčanim tijekovima. Stoga su financijski izvještaji ključni prilikom poboljšanja odgovornosti i donošenja odluka javnih menadžera. Budući da kvaliteta informacija prezentiranih u financijskim izvještajima ovisi o računovodstvenoj osnovi, a financijski izvještaji pripremljeni na obračunskoj osnovi pružaju najkvalitetnije i najpotpunije informacije, cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi jesu li financijski izvještaji pripremljeni na modificiranoj obračunskoj osnovi korisni u procesu donošenja odluka iz dviju perspektiva: perspektive javnih menadžera te perspektive računovođa u javnom sektoru Republike Hrvatske, koji sudjeluju u procesu pripreme propisanih financijskih izvještaja. Pored financijskih izvještaja, proračunski korisnici pripremaju i izvještaje o izvršenju proračuna te često postoji nesklad između propisanih izvještaja zbog primjene različite računovodstvene osnove. U brojnim zemljama prisutan je dvojni sustav izvještavanja te su provedena istraživanja u tim zemljama ukazala na činjenicu da se preferira korištenje izvještajima o izvršenju proračuna prilikom donošenja odluka. Nadalje, svrha je rada utvrditi preferiraju li javni menadžeri korištenje izvještajima o izvršenju proračuna više nego propisanim financijskim izvještajima. Također, uzimajući u obzir da su prethodno provedena istraživanja ukazala na činjenicu da postoji razlika u korištenju i korisnosti izvještaja javnoga sektora, istraživanjem će se utvrditi je li percepcija korisnosti propisanih izvještaja veća od korištenja. Istraživanje je provedeno metodom ankete na uzorku javnih menadžera i računovođa u javnom sektoru u Republici Hrvatskoj. Utvrđeno je da financijski izvještaji ne zadovoljavaju u potpunosti potrebe javnih menadžera te se reforme u računovodstvu javnog sektora u Republici Hrvatskoj očekuju u bliskoj budućnosti., The purpose of the financial reports of public sector entities is to provide information about financial position and financial performance as well as cash flows. Therefore, financial reports are crucial when improving the accountability and decision-making of public managers. Given that the quality of information presented in financial reports depends on the accounting basis, and financial reports prepared on an accrual accounting basis provide the highest quality and most complete information, the goal of this paper is to determine whether financial reports prepared under modified accrual basis are useful in the decision-making process from two perspectives: the perspectives of public managers and the perspectives of accountants in the public sector of the Republic of Croatia, who participate in the process of preparing prescribed financial reports. Besides financial reports, public sector entities also prepare budget execution reports, and there is often a discrepancy between the prescribed reports due to the application of different accounting bases. In many countries, there is a dual reporting system, and the research conducted in these countries indicated the fact that budget execution reports are more preferred in the decision-making process. Furthermore, the purpose of the paper is to determine whether public managers prefer to use budget execution reports rather than prescribed financial reports. Also, considering that previously conducted research pointed to the fact that there is a difference in the use and usefulness of prescribed reports of public sector entities, the research will determine whether the perception of the usefulness of prescribed reports is greater than use. The research was conducted using a survey method on a sample of managers and accountants in the public sector in the Republic of Croatia. The research determined that financial reports do not fully meet the needs of public managers, and reforms in public sector accounting in the Republic of Croatia are expected in the near future.

İşletmelerin finansal tablolar yardımıyla sundukları bilgiler zaman içerisinde sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik faaliyetleri önemseyen kişi ve kuruluşlar tarafından yeterli bulunmamıştır. Bu süreçte kurumsal hesap verebilirlik açısından da finansal ve finansal olamayan bilgilerin birlikte sunulması ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmıştır. Finansal ve finansal olmayan bilgilerin eşzamanlı rapor edilmesinin gerekliliği entegre raporlama sürecini başlatmıştır. Sürdürülebilirlik raporlamasından entegre raporlamaya geçiş kurumsal raporlamayı da geliştirmiştir. Sürdürülebilirlik raporlamasının temellerinden birisi de sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesidir. Sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesi, işletmelerin sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik faaliyetlerine ait finansal bilgileri sunarak entegre raporlamanın da bilgi ihtiyacını karşılar. Sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesi, işletme yönetimine kontrol ve raporlamanın güvencesini vererek entegre raporlamayı destekler. Çalışmanın amacı, entegre raporlamanın sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesi ile olan ilişkisini belirlemek ve Türkiye’de entegre raporlama çalışmalarını değerlendirmektir. Değerlendirme Türkiye’de ilk entegre raporlama çalışmalarının başladığı 2015 yılı ile 2022 yılları arasını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmanın yöntemi, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizidir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkiye’de entegre raporlama çalışmalarının hızlı bir gelişim sürecinde olmasına rağmen az sayıda işletme tarafından hazırlandığı öğrenilmiştir. Entegre raporlamanın sağlayacağı faydaların bilinmesine rağmen algı, bilgi ve önem verilme eksikliğinden dolayı entegre raporlama uygulamasına geçişte güçlükler yaşanmaktadır. Bu güçlüklerin aşılması için kurumların, işletmelerin ve daha da önemlisi üniversitelerin birlikte çalışmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Entegre raporlamanın yakın bir gelecekte tüm dünyada zorunlu bir uygulama olacağı beklenilmektedir. Bu sürece hazırlık amacıyla Türkiye’de ilgili kuruluşlarca bir yol haritası belirlenmesinin ve entegre rapor hazırlamanın büyük işletmelerden başlayarak yaygınlaştırılmasının faydalı olacağı değerlendirilmiştir., The information provided by the enterprises with the help of financial statements has not been found sufficient by individuals and organizations that care about social, environmental, and economic activities over time. In this process, the need to present financial and non-financial information together has emerged in terms of corporate accountability. The necessity of simultaneous reporting of financial and non-financial information has initiated the integrated reporting process. The transition from sustainability reporting to integrated reporting has also improved corporate reporting. One of the foundations of sustainability reporting is sustainability accounting. Sustainability accounting also meets the information needs of integrated reporting by providing financial information about the social, environmental, and economic activities of businesses. Sustainability accounting supports integrated reporting by assuring management of control and reporting. The study aims to determine the relationship between integrated reporting and sustainability accounting and to evaluate integrated reporting studies in Türkiye. The evaluation covers the years between 2015 and 2022 when the first integrated reporting studies started in Türkiye. The method of the study is document analysis, one of the qualitative research methods. As a result of the study, it was learned that although integrated reporting studies in Türkiye are in a rapid development process, they are prepared by a small number of enterprises. Although the benefits of integrated reporting are known, there are difficulties in transitioning to integrated reporting practice due to the lack of perception, knowledge, and importance. To overcome these difficulties, institutions, businesses, and, more importantly, universities need to work together. It is expected that integrated reporting will become a mandatory practice all over the world in the future. In order to prepare for this process, it has been evaluated that it would be beneficial to determine a roadmap by the relevant institutions in Türkiye and to expand the preparation of integrated reports, starting from large enterprises.

Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of national culture on classification shifting in Eastern European Member States of EU Eastern European countries (EEU) vis-à-vis the Western Member States of EU (WEU). The EEU provides a unique sample to study the quality of financial reporting that the authors measure with classification shifting given that for more than five decades they were following the model of a centrally planned economy, where market-based financial reporting was absent. Yet, the EEU transitioned to a market-based economy and completed its accession to the EU. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a panel data set of firm year observations from 1996 and 2020 that covers the full transition of EEU. This empirical analysis is based on fixed effects panel regression analysis where the authors report a plethora of identifications. Findings This study finds classification shifting in the EEU countries since their transition to the market-based economy, though they have no long record of market-based financial reporting. This study also notices that cultural factors are associated with classification shifting across all Member States of the EU. This study further examines the impact of interactions between cultural characteristics and special items and reveal variability between WEU and EEU. As part of the robustness analysis, this study also tests the impact of culture on real earnings management measures for both WEU vs EEU, confirming the variability of the impact of culture on earnings management. Research limitations/implications Future research could explore the role of religion differences in WEU vis-à-vis EEU states, as they are also subject to cultural differences. Practical implications The findings are important for regulators, external monitors and investors, as they show that cultural factors affect earnings management with some variability across countries in the EU, and they should be acknowledged in policymaking. Social implications The findings show that cultural differences between EEU and the “old” Member States of the EU could explain classification shifting. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that sheds light on the impact of national culture on classification shifting in EEU of EU vis-à-vis the “old” WEU of EU.

В статье раскрываются процессы трансформации учетно-аналитического обеспечения транснациональных корпораций в мировой экономике, обосновывается необходимость учета как финансовых, так и нефинансовых показателей, представляемые к финансовой отчетности. Детализируется процесс формирования отчётности как качественного учетно-аналитического обеспечения транснациональных корпораций для принятия управленческих решений., The article reveals the processes of transformation of accounting and analytical support of transnational corporations in the world economy, justifies the need to take into account both financial and non-financial indicators presented to the financial statements. The process of reporting formation as a qualitative accounting and analytical support for transnational corporations for making managerial decisions is detailed., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 4 (153) 2023, Pages 29-31

Financial reporting is a source of information used as a basis for economic decisions. It is a basis for the calculation of financial indicators that serve to evaluate the financial health of a company. Statements that are accurate and provide trustworthy information are a prerequisite for an enhancement of company competitiveness on national and global markets. Research into and studies on the accuracy of the information contained in statements show that statement creators use manipulation to improve accounting entities' image. The aim of this paper is to verify whether ordinary users of financial statements can rely on the veracity of the information contained in the financial statements published in the usual way in available sources. The research subject was financial statements of entities listed in the TOP Czech and TOP Slovak ranking within the revenue category. We investigated whether statements show an indication of accounting data manipulation using the CFEBT (cash flow earning before tax) method and a method aimed at verifying the linear dependence between earning before tax (EBT) and cash flow (CF). The empirical results yielded interesting findings. They showed that the disputable item is the results of accounting estimates, which are often influenced by subjective decisions made by the financial statements creators.

В статье раскрываются парадигмы формирования учетно-аналитического обеспечения в управлении внешнеэкономической деятельностью, уточняются классификации правовых систем, регламентирующих правила ведения бухгалтерского учёта в правовых нормах общего круга отношений; обосновывается необходимость частичной трансформации национальных стандартов в направлении МСФО с целью снижения уровня сложности учета для международных рынков., The article reveals the paradigms of the formation of accounting and analytical support in the management of foreign economic activity, clarifies the classifications of legal systems regulating the rules of accounting in the legal norms of the general range of relations; substantiates the need for a partial transformation of national standards in the direction of IFRS in order to reduce the complexity of accounting for international markets., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 5 (154) 2023, Pages 904-906

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the degree of disclosure of information about the risks of economic activity of enterprises in non-financial statements and to find ways to improve the organization and methods of analysis of such risks based on the financial statements of companies. Methodology / approach. The methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, methods of generalization, comparison, abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, bibliometric analysis, cluster analysis, as well as methods of integrated economic analysis. The publications from the Scopus database, for 1988–01.04.2021, processed by VOSviewer software were the source of data for bibliographic and cluster analysis. The materials of the research on the state of disclosure of information about the risks of domestic enterprises of the food industry are based on their financial statements and management report. Results. The article analyzes the state and degree of disclosure of information about the risks of economic activity in non-financial reports of domestic food industry enterprises. It is established that the enterprises of the studied industry most often provide information about the following risks: economic, currency, financial, political, legal, judicial, interest, personnel, price, commercial, as well as liquidity risk and market risk. Originality / scientific novelty. Theoretical, methodological and organizational principles of risk analysis of companies based on non-financial and financial reports have been further developed. For the first time, we proposed our own approach to the methodology of analysis of such risks, based on financial reporting indicators. In particular, such analytical indicators include: financial risk – solvency, financial leverage; credit risk – investment coverage ratio, return on equity, return on assets; liquidity risk – coverage ratio, quick liquidity ratio, absolute liquidity ratio. Practical value / implications. The practical value of the research is that the results obtained by the authors will contribute to the disclosure of information about the risks of economic activity of enterprises in non-financial statements. Analysis of the status and level of disclosure of information about the risks of domestic food industry enterprises in non-financial reports showed that most companies provided information about the following risks: economic, currency, financial, political, legal, judicial, interest, personnel, price, commercial, and risk liquidity and the risk of changes in market conditions. As a result, the author's methodological approach to the analysis of internal risks of the studied industry (credit, financial risks, liquidity risk) is proposed. The proposed methodology is based on the indicators of financial reporting and is part of a comprehensive risk analysis of the enterprise for the purposes of the risk management system.

The purpose of this article is to analyse the impact of earnings management on audit quality, taking into consideration the transparency of financial reporting under IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). The global reporting has undergone important changes in the last decade of time. IFRS represents a revolution concerning the accounting principles and these standards were created to aid the investors and the auditors with the globalisation. Although there is a replete foundation of rules, the high degree of competition has decreased the accuracy of financial reporting through different ways and consequently the level of audit quality. Earnings management has the root in the incentives for management taking into consideration the linkage between the values of entities, the reported earnings figures and the measure of discretionary (abnormal) accruals. The main purpose of the research is represented by the investigation of accuracy of financial reporting concerning the linkage between earnings management and audit quality. The in-depth acquaintance of these elements highlights the actual circumstances of institutional context related to IFRS and ISA framework. In the present survey, a sample of 14 countries, during 2010-2019 was analysed. The study involves a quantitative model based on Jones model in order to verify the incidence of earnings management on audit quality. The results attest that the positive relationship between earnings management and audit quality is highly influenced by the accuracy of financial reporting under IFRS. At the same time, the present paper argues a continuous improvement of the financial reporting under audit inspections by Public Interest Oversight Board (PIOBs).

This study attempts to provide a general overview on the use of accounting information in Albania. An extensive use of accounting information by different stakeholders would be a testimony of the quality and reliability of accounting information, but the opposite would indicate otherwise calling for improvement in the area of financial reporting. Data are collected by means of a questionnaire. All respondents are certified accountants, members of the biggest and most prominent-certified accountants association in Albania. The questionnaire reveals that in general accounting, information is not heavily used neither by entities’ management nor by other users. Surprisingly, users of accounting information that are closest to the entity use it very little or not at all, raising big questions on the quality and trustworthiness of accounting information. The study is just an initial assessment of the perceived usefulness of accounting information in Albania. The questionnaire is addressed to certified accountants who answer on behalf of their client companies. The study investigates the usefulness of accounting information as perceived by various stakeholders in Albania. Even though this is a well-researched topic worldwide, to the knowledge of the authors there are no such studies in Albania.

Through this paper, the authors want to mark the centenary of the accounting profession in our country (1921-2021). They aim to analyze the evolution of financial reporting, at the national level, in the last three decades, parallel to the natural development of the accounting profession and to bring into the spotlights: – how developments at the national level have kept pace with the ever-changing European and international financial reporting requirements; – the current challenges for the accounting profession in general and financial auditors, in particular, generated by the frequent and particularly complex changes of international standards in the field, changes generated precisely by the need to strengthen the quality of the information provided by financial reporting; – the natural steps to be taken to strengthen professional cooperation and collaboration within and in the interest of the accounting profession, to respond effectively to the expectations of all stakeholders in the development of financial reporting.

Doktora Tezi, Günümüzün değişen ulusal ve uluslararası piyasa şartlarında şirketlerin etkili ve başarılı olabilmek için kendilerini yerinde ve yeterince ifade edebiliyor olmaları gereklidir. Hem piyasa şartlarıyla başa çıkmak hem rekabet edebilmek hem de muhataplarına kendilerini şeffaf, anlaşılabilir, karşılaştırılabilir ve güvenilir bir şekilde anlatılmak için şirketler uluslararası muhasebe standartlarını uygulamaya ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Bu standartların uluslararası olması tüm dünyada şirketlerin ortak bir dili konuşuyormuşçasına birbirlerini anlamalarını sağlamaktadır. Bu standartları uygulamanın şirketler açısından faydaları bulunmakla birlikte bu standartlara geçiş aşamasında ve bu standartların kullanılması aşamalarında şirketler bazı zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Bu zorlukların bilinmesi ve açıklanması şirketlerin Uluslararası Finansal Raporlama Standartları (UFRS)’na daha kolay geçişini ve UFRS’yi daha etkili kullanmalarını sağlayacağından önemlidir. Bu nedenle bu araştırmada şirketlerin UFRS’ye geçişte karşılaştıkları zorlukların ve bu zorluklarla ilişkili etkenlerin açığa çıkartılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri SANAYİ 500’deki farklı sektörlerdeki ve farklı özelliklerdeki şirketlerde çalışan 351 şirket çalışanından anket yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları şirketlerin UFRS’ye geçiş yapmaya ve UFRS’yi uygulamaya çok istekli olmadıklarını ve bir zorunluluk olmasa pek çok şirketin UFRS’ye geçmeyeceğini göstermiştir. Şirket çalışanlarının UFRS’nin olumlu ve olumsuz yanlarıyla ilgili de net bir fikirlerinin bulunmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Araştırmanın bulguları UFRS’ye geçişte ve UFRS’nin uygulanmasında bazı etkenlerin ve değişimlerin şirketler tarafından daha fazla dikkate alındığını göstermiştir. Ayrıca araştırmanın bulguları şirketlerin UFRS’ye geçişte insan kaynağı, yalnızlık, yetersizlik, hazırlıksızlık, maliyetlilik ve anlaşılmazlık zorluklarını yaşadıklarını ve zorlukların yaşanma düzeylerinin benzer olduğunu, ancak zorluk yaşanma düzeylerinin düşük olduğunu göstermiştir. Şirketlerin UFRS’ye geçişte yaşadıkları bu zorluklarının yaşanma düzeyinin şirketin yaşına, aile şirketi olmasına, iştirak durumuna, sektörüne, finans kaynakları türüne, son 5 yılda geçirdiği denetimlerin türlerine, UFRS’yi uygulama nedenine, UFRS’ye geçişteki yardımcı/rehber türüne, UFRS’ye geçişteki uzmanlaşmış muhasebeci bulundurma durumuna, adaptasyon süresinin yeterlilik algısına ve UFRS’yi uygulamaya gönüllülük durumuna göre farklılaşmadığı görülmüştür. Diğer taraftan, şirketlerin UFRS’ye geçişte yaşadıkları bu zorluklarının yaşanma düzeyinin şirketin yurtdışı kredisi kullanımın durumuna, yurtdışına ticaret yapma durumuna, muhasebe ve finansal raporlama standartlarının şirket için önem derecesine, UFRS’nin yabancı yatırımcı çekmedeki önem derecesine ve şirketlerin UFRS’ye geçişte destek almaları durumuna göre kısmen de olsa farklılaştığı görülmüştür., In today's changing national and international market conditions, companies need to be able to express themselves adequately and appropriately in order to be effective and successful. Companies need to apply international accounting standards in order to cope with market conditions, to compete and to explain themselves to their interlocutors in a transparent, understandable, comparable and reliable way. The fact that these standards are international ensures that companies all over the world understand each other as if they are speaking a common language. While there are benefits for companies to implement these standards, companies face some difficulties during the transition to these standards and the use of these standards. Identifying and explaining these difficulties is important as it will enable companies to transition to International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS) more easily and use IFRS more effectively. Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to reveal the difficulties faced by companies in the transition to IFRS and the factors associated with these difficulties. The data of the research were collected from 351 company employees working in companies in different sectors and with different characteristics, by survey method. The findings of the study showed that companies are not very willing to adopt and implement IFRS, and many companies would not adopt IFRS if it were not a necessity. It has been found that the employees of the company do not have a clear idea about the positive and negative aspects of IFRS. The findings of the study showed that some factors and changes are taken into account more by companies in the transition to and application of IFRS. In addition, the findings of the research showed that companies experienced difficulties in human resources, loneliness, inadequacy, unpreparedness, cost and incomprehensibility in the transition to IFRS, and the level of experiencing difficulties was similar, but the level of difficulty was low. It has been found that the level of experiencing these difficulties experienced by companies in transition to IFRS did not significantly change according to age of the company, being a family company, affiliation status, sector, type of financial resources, types of audits it has undergone in the last 5 years, reason for applying IFRS, type of assistant/guide in transition to IFRS, the status of having a specialized accountant, the adaptation period, and the perception of competence and the willingness to apply IFRS. On the other hand, it has been found that the level of experiencing these difficulties experienced by companies in transition to IFRS significantly changed albeit partially according to the status of the company's use of foreign credit, the status of trading abroad, the importance of accounting and financial reporting standards for the company, the importance of IFRS in attracting foreign investors, and the companies getting support in the transition to IFRS.

Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) are one form of economic development in rural areas that the government is currently intensively undertaking. One of the rural areas that already has its own BUMDes in Bogor Regency is Tonjong Village. The purpose of this Community Service is to empower community in Tonjong Village in the field of financial reporting by utilizing the financial application, namely Sistem Informasi Aplikasi Akuntansi Pencatatan Informasi Keuangan (SIAPIK). The benefits obtained from the implementation of this community empowerment are encouraging the maximization of the business units of the Tonjong Village community, especially BUMDes Kurnia Abadi through good financial reporting so that their business can operate in accordance with BUMDes values, namely Tariffs (Transparency, Accountability, Responsibility, Independence, and Fairness). The method used to empower residents of Bogor Regency, especially those affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, is to prepare learning materials in the form of manual books and video tutorials on how to use the SIAPIK through simulation of company financial transactions that are similar like real conditions. Furthermore, in the learning process, several learning methods are used, including the distribution of manual books, demonstrations through video tutorials, and discussions via short messages.

The purpose of this study was to design a BI system. The methodology used in this study uses the BI roadmap approach (Moss and Atre 2003). The BI roadmap approach is used because it is agile and adaptive with changes in building BI products and is fully aimed at supporting BI development. In BI technology, there is a data integration process: Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL) which can help the process of converting the Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) system into Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). The results of the study obtained that the transaction data warehouse designed using PDI (Pentaho Data Integration), is very helpful in collecting transaction data from the original transaction data that already has a database and only as OLTP (Online Transactional Processing) data so that it can be used as OLAP (Online Analysis Processing) data so that it is analyzed using OLAP.

Bu kitab Maliyyə Hesabatlarının Beynəlxalq Standartları növü üzrə peşəkar mühasib sertifikatı almaq üçün hazırlaşan müdavimlər üçün vəsaitdir. Kitabın mövzuları Peşəkar Mühasib Sertifikatının MHBS növü üzrə Dövlət İmtahan Mərkəzinin elan etdiyi imtahan proqramı əsasında hazırlanmışdır. Kitab hazırlanarkən beynəlxalq təcrübə və resurslar-dan istifadə edilmişdir. MHBS və MUBS ingilis dilindən Azərbaycan dilinə tərcümə edildiyinə görə istifadə edilən terminlərin daha düzgün anlaşıla bilməsi üçün terminlər ingiliscə qarşılıqları ilə birlikdə verilmişdir. Bundan əlavə kitabda istifadə olunan azərbaycanca və ingiliscə terminlərin lüğəti verilmişdir. Müdavimlərin tələb və ehtiyacını diqqətə alaraq kitabın artıq 17 fəsildən ibarət ikinci nəşri çap olunmuşdur. Bu nəşrə “Qeyri-maddi aktivlər”, “Maliyyə alətləri”, “Mənfəət vergisi”, “Xarici valyuta əməliyyatların dəyişməsinin təsirləri” və “Yaradılmış ehtiyat fondları, şərti öhdəliklər və şərti aktivlər” standartlarını əhatə edən yeni fəsillər yazılmışdır. Həmçinin birinci nəşrdə yer alan fəsillərə yeni suallar əlavə edilmişdir. İkinci nəşrdə 71 nümunə, 63 qapalı test və 159 açıq sual olmaqla cəmi 293 praktiki izah təqdim edilmişdir. Kitabın növbəti nəşrlərində “Maliyyə hesabatlarının təqdimatı”, “Satış üçün saxlanılmış uzunmüddətli aktivlər və dayandırılmış əməliyyatlar”, “Kənd təsərrüfatı” və digər standartların əhatə olunduğu fəsillərin əlavə olunması planlaşdırılır.

The information provided by the enterprises with the help of financial statements has not been found sufficient by individuals and organizations that care about social, environmental and economic activities over time. In this process, the need to present financial and non-financial information together has emerged in terms of corporate accountability. The necessity of simultaneous reporting of financial and non-financial information has initiated the integrated reporting process. The transition from sustainability reporting to integrated reporting has also improved corporate reporting. One of the foundations of sustainability reporting is sustainability accounting. Sustainability accounting also meets the information needs of integrated reporting by providing financial information about the social, environmental and economic activities of businesses. Sustainability accounting supports integrated reporting by assuring management of control and reporting. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between integrated reporting and sustainability accounting and to evaluate integrated reporting studies in Turkey. The method of the study is qualitative research. Data were collected by document analysis method. As a result of the study, it was learned that although integrated reporting studies in Turkey are in a rapid development process, they are prepared by a small number of enterprises. Although the benefits of integrated reporting are known, there are difficulties in transitioning to integrated reporting practice due to the lack of perception, knowledge and importance. In order to overcome these difficulties, institutions, businesses and, more importantly, universities need to work together. It is expected that integrated reporting will become a mandatory practice all over the world in the near future. In order to prepare for this process, it has been evaluated that it would be beneficial to determine a roadmap by the relevant institutions in Turkey and to expand the preparation of integrated reports, starting from large enterprises., İşletmelerin finansal tablolar yardımıyla sundukları bilgiler zaman içerisinde sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik faaliyetleri önemseyen kişi ve kuruluşlar tarafından yeterli bulunmamıştır. Bu süreçte kurumsal hesap verebilirlik açısından da finansal ve finansal olamayan bilgilerin birlikte sunulması ihtiyacı ortaya çıkmıştır. Finansal ve finansal olmayan bilgilerin eşzamanlı rapor edilmesinin gerekliliği entegre raporlama sürecini başlatmıştır. Sürdürülebilirlik raporlamasından entegre raporlamaya geçiş kurumsal raporlamayı da geliştirmiştir. Sürdürülebilirlik raporlamasının temellerinden birisi de sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesidir. Sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesi, işletmelerin sosyal, çevresel ve ekonomik faaliyetlerine ait finansal bilgileri sunarak entegre raporlamanın da bilgi ihtiyacını karşılar. Sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesi, işletme yönetimine kontrol ve raporlamanın güvencesini vererek entegre raporlamayı destekler. Çalışmanın amacı, entegre raporlamanın sürdürülebilirlik muhasebesi ile olan ilişkisini belirlemek ve Türkiye’de entegre raporlama çalışmalarını değerlendirmektir. Çalışmanın yöntemi, nitel araştırmadır. Doküman analizi yöntemiyle veriler toplanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, Türkiye’de entegre raporlama çalışmalarının hızlı bir gelişim sürecinde olmasına rağmen az sayıda işletme tarafından hazırlandığı öğrenilmiştir. Entegre raporlamanın sağlayacağı faydaların bilinmesine rağmen algı, bilgi ve önem verilme eksikliğinden dolayı entegre raporlama uygulamasına geçişte güçlükler yaşanmaktadır. Bu güçlüklerin aşılması için kurumların, işletmelerin ve daha da önemlisi üniversitelerin birlikte çalışmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Entegre raporlamanın yakın bir gelecekte tüm dünyada zorunlu bir uygulama olacağı beklenilmektedir. Bu sürece hazırlık amacıyla Türkiye’de ilgili kuruluşlarca bir yol haritası belirlenmesinin ve entegre rapor hazırlamanın büyük işletmelerden başlayarak yaygınlaştırılmasının faydalı olacağı değerlendirilmiştir.

The article examines the impact of updated IFRS on the current convergence of national accounting and reporting rules in Japan, the USA, China, France, Germany, the UK, and Ukraine based on a theoretical analysis of 59 rules and concepts of IFRS. The new differences between the updated IFRS and GAAP of these countries based on the comparative analysis were revealed. The results of the study show currently Ukraine (51%) and the United Kingdom (47%) are the most convergent with IFRS, although their degree of convergence has decreased significantly after recent innovations in IFRS; a new question arises for the UK after Brexit regarding the further application of IFRS; countries with strong national accounting traditions continue to avoid rapid changes in their GAAP; 4) the increase in the convergence of GAAP Japan with IFRS will not be possible shortly. The conclusion states that the main obstacle in the convergent process GAAP and IFRS is that: 1) IFRS are changing based on GAAP USA, rather than vice versa; 2) IFRS do not belong to the “stable to change standards”, so users have a certain distrust of the declared high quality of IFRS. The study results add significant novelty to scientific and practical research on the impact of frequent changes in IFRS both locally and internationally.

Objective: This article examines the impact of accounting norm reminders on a decision about the impairment of two groups of assets: receivables and inventories. It also inves-tigates the ethical judgment of a non-compliant decision. Method: The examination is performed via a laboratory experiment. Results: A non-compliant decision was found to have a significant impact in the groups of males and females. Men’s propensity to non-compliance was higher regardless of the group of assets, suggesting that imprecise accounting regulations are perceived as a gateway to manipulations. Women’s propensity to make a non-compliant decision after recalling a norm was different, depending on the type of asset. The ethical evaluation was affected by gender: women evaluated a non-compliant decision of two groups of assets differently after recalling a norm. The main contribution of the study indicates that accountants may decide the opposite to the norm’s intention when the norm is less precise. Limitations: The study was conducted in one country and among masters’ degree ac-counting students. The number of males was relatively small. Practical implications: The results should be of interest to behavioral researchers, academic teachers, and Polish standards setters as they continue to develop national accounting standards. Contribution: We provide evidence that the interaction of norm recall, the type of asset, as well as the gender of the decision-maker impacts non-compliant decisions.

Riscul de audit reprezinta unul dintre cele mai controversate elemente cu care se confrunta auditorii in misiunile de audit. Acesta se refera la probabilitatea ca denaturari semnificative sa existe in situaţiile financiare ale companiilor, iar auditorul sa emita o opinie fara rezerve, deci o opinie eronata. Pentru auditor, riscul de audit poate fi considerat un risc economic, ceea ce impune ca profesionistul contabil sa incerce sa diminueze cât mai mult acest risc. Identificarea si evaluarea cu acurateţe a factorilor de risc care caracterizeaza cele trei componente ale riscului de audit - riscul inerent, riscul de control si riscul de nedetectare - contribuie la o planificare riguroasa a demersului de audit. Cu alte cuvinte, riscurile identificate vor sta la baza orientarii eforturilor auditorului spre acele domenii unde denaturarile pot duce la alterarea imaginii fidele raportata utilizatorilor prin situaţiile financiare. In acest studiu, sunt identificaţi si ierarhizaţi, pe baza rapoartelor financiare, in general, si a celor de audit, in special, factori de risc care caracterizeaza riscul de audit pe cele trei componente: risc inerent, risc de control si risc de nedetectare. Esantionul luat in studiu este reprezentat de companii listate la Bursa de Valori Bucuresti pe piaţa reglementata, iar analiza de tip cauza-efect, dar si transversala, efectuata are in vedere perioada 2019-2020, ante criza generata de Covid-19, si anul instalarii acestei crize. Prin testarea si validarea ipotezelor de cercetare cu ajutorul metodelor de regresie si de analiza multivariata a datelor este scos in evidenţa faptul ca se poate face o ierarhizare a componentelor riscului de audit, riscul inerent având o influenţa mai importanta asupra planificarii auditului decât riscurile de control si de nedetectare. De asemenea, la nivelul esantionului analizat este identificat un profil al companiei, in funcţie de obiectul de activitate, auditor, marimea riscului de audit si opinia formulata in raportul de audit pentru exerciţiul financiar incheiat la finele anului 2020.Alternate abstract:Risk is one of the most controversial elements that auditors face in audit missions. This refers to the probability that significant misstatements will exist in the financial statements of companies, and the auditor will issue an unqualified opinion, therefore an erroneous opinion. For the auditor, the audit risk can be considered an economic risk, which requires the professional accountant to try to minimize this risk. Accurate identification and evaluation of the risk factors that characterize the three components of the Audit Risk - Inherent Risk, Control Risk and Detection Risk - contribute to a rigorous planning of the audit approach. In other words, the identified risks will be the basis for orienting the auditors efforts towards those areas where distortions can lead to the alteration of the true image reported by the users' financial statements. In this study are identified and prioritized, based on financial reports in general, and of the audit, in particular the risk factors that characterize Audit Risk on three components: Inherent Risk, Control Risk and Detection Risk. The sample studied is represented by companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange on the regulated market, and the cause-effect analysis, but also cross-sectional analysis takes into account the period 2019-2020, before the crisis caused by Covid-19 and year of installation of the crisis. By testing and validating research hypotheses using regression methods and multivariate data analysis, it is highlighted that a ranking of audit risk components can be made, the inherent risk having a greater influence on audit planning than control risks and detection risks. Also, at the level of the analyzed sample, a company profile is identified, depending on the object of activity, auditor, the size of the audit risk and the opinion formulated in the audit report for the financial year closed at the end of2020.

Objavom financijskih izvještaja putem interneta korisnicima istih pruža se uvid u poslovanje kompanije, njena trenutna ali i buduća financijska stabilnost ili ne. Ovim radom i istraživanjem, koje je obuhvatilo 27 listanih kompanija te 54 kriterija kojim su kompanije ocijenjene, rezultati su pokazali raspon ocjena od 23 do 46 (maksimum 54). Ovim rezultatom i pripadnosti gospodarskim granama kojima pripadaju, zaključilo se da kompanije iz sektora turizma imaju najveću ocjenu dok one iz prijevoza imaju najlošiju. Dobivenim rezultatima postavljene hipoteze su odbačene. Ovaj rad temeljem istraživanjem Internet izvještavanja listanih kompanija u Republici Hrvatskoj mijenja smjer i pogled na internet samo kao izvor izvještavanja, nego sredstvo kojim se kompanije mogu služiti u budućnosti ne bi li brže i jeftinije došle do svog cilja. The publication of financial statements with Internet provides users an insight into the company's operations, its current and future financial stability or not. With this work and research, which included 27 listed companies and 54 criteria by which the companies were evaluated, the results showed a range of grades from 23 to 46 (maximum 54). Based on this result and the affiliation to the economic branches to which they belong, it was concluded that companies from the tourism sector have the highest rating, while those from the transport sector have the worst. Based on the obtained results, the hypotheses set were rejected. This paper, based on the research of Internet reporting of listed companies in the Republic of Croatia, changes the direction and view of the Internet not only as a source of reporting, but as a means that companies can use it in the future in order to reach their goals faster and cheaper.

Diese Dissertation umfasst drei Studien über Finanzberichterstattung gemäß International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) und Wirtschaftsprüfung. Da die IFRS ein prinzipienbasiertes Standardsystem sind, haben Abschlussersteller beabsichtigte Ermessensspielräume bei der Erstellung ihrer Finanzberichte. Die ersten beiden Studien widmen sich den Fragen, wie genau Abschlussersteller entsprechende Ermessensspielräume ausüben und inwieweit dies von der Wahl des Abschlussprüfers abhängt. Die erste Studie untersucht die Anhangangaben zu Ermessensentscheidungen und Schätzunsicherheiten (gemäß IAS 1). Sie liefert deskriptive Belege für ein insgesamt zunehmendes Niveau der Offenlegung dieser Anhangangaben und dafür, dass das Offenlegungsniveau über verschiedene Abschlussprüfer hinweg variiert. Inspiriert durch die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie widmet sich die zweite Studie der Frage, welche Arten von Abschlussprüfern (d.h. dominierende im Vergleich zu nicht dominierenden Abschlussprüfern) Unternehmen dazu motivieren, (mehr) relevante Angaben zu den erwarteten Auswirkungen der erstmaligen Anwendung des neuen IFRS 16 „Leasingverhältnisse“ im Erstanwendungsjahr offenzulegen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Mandanten dominierender Abschlussprüfer weniger standardisierte Angaben („boilerplate disclosures“) machen und der Zusammenhang zwischen der Leasingintensität und dem Detaillierungsgrad der Angaben bei diesen Mandanten stärker ist. Die dritte Studie nimmt die Ergebnisse der ersten beiden Studien zum Anlass, die Struktur des Prüfungsmarktes zu untersuchen. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf der Entwicklung der Konzentration des Abschlussprüfermarktes in Großbritannien und Deutschland rund um eine regulatorische Änderung auf EU-Ebene, die neue Prüfungsanforderungen mit sich bringt, einschließlich der obligatorischen regelmäßigen Rotation von Prüfungsgesellschaften. Während die Ergebnisse auf einen etwa gleichstarken Rückgang der Konzentration der Prüfungsmärkte in beiden Ländern hindeuten, zeigen weitere statistische Tests, dass dieser Rückgang auf nationale Besonderheiten zurückzuführen ist., This dissertation comprises three papers on financial reporting and auditing. The first two papers examine whether the extent to which the principles-based character of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) allows management to exercise judgement in the preparation of firms’ disclosures is contingent on auditor-type. The first paper explores judgment and estimation uncertainty disclosures (IAS 1) and provides descriptive evidence on an overall increasing trend of disclosure levels and that disclosure levels vary in the cross-section, among other things, by auditor. Inspired by that, the second paper goes a step further and emphasises on the question what type of auditors (i.e., dominant in comparison to non-dominant auditors) motivate firms to provide (more) relevant disclosures on how they expect IFRS 16 – a new standard on leasing – to affect their financial statements in the period of initial application. Results suggest that clients of dominant auditors use less boilerplate disclosures and that the association between leasing intensity and disclosure detail is stronger for those clients. Due to the results of both papers suggesting that the auditor choice matters when firms face judgement in the preparation of their disclosures, the (development of the) audit market structure underlying certain regulations becomes relevant. Thus, the third paper takes these findings of the first two papers as motivation to examine the audit market concentration in the UK and Germany around a regulatory change at the EU level that entails new audit requirements including mandatory audit firm rotation on a regular basis. While aggregate statistics suggest a decrease in market concentration of similar size in both countries, further tests reveal that these decreases are driven by national peculiarities.

Nefinancijsko izvještavanje postaje sve važnija komponenta korporativnog izvještavanja na globalnoj razini. Obveza objavljivanja nefinancijskih informacija koje podrazumijevaju prije svega informacije o utjecaju poduzeća na okoliš i društvo, odnosno informacije o društvenoj odgovornosti poduzeća koje je uređeno Direktivom 2014/95/EU koja je posljednjom izmjenom Zakona o računovodstvu (NN, br.120/16.) implementirana u nacionalni zakonodavni okvir. Posljednjih godina povećava se svijest zainteresiranih korisnika (investitora, regulatora, zaposlenika, kupaca, dobavljača) da sve informacije koje su navedene u financijskim izvještajima nisu dovoljne za razumijevanje i prikaz cjelovitog poslovanja određenog poduzeća. Informacije koje se navode u financijskim izvještajima prikazuju financijski položaj poduzeća, njegovu uspješnost i novčane tokove koji su nastali kao rezultat prošlih poslovnih odluka menadžmenta. No, financijski izvještaji ne sadrže informacije o tome kakav utjecaj poslovanje poduzeća ima na okoliš, društvo i gospodarstvo u cjelini te osigurava li upravljanje poduzećem održivo poslovanje u dugom roku. Kroz rad navedeni su obveznici sastavljanja nefinancijskog izvješća te su navedeni oblici objavljivanja nefinancijskih izvještaja. Važno je napomenuti da se okolina poduzeća danas iznimno brzo mijenja te svi oni koji idu putem prema konkurentnosti i efikasnosti poslovanja, u svojoj će praksi sve više isticati način svog poslovanja, održivost poslovanja, stvaranje vrijednosti za kupce. Non-financial reporting is becoming an increasingly important component of corporate reporting globally. The obligation to publish non-financial information, which primarily includes information about the company's impact on the environment and society, respectively information about corporate social responsibility, which is regulated by Directive 2014/95/EU, which was implemented by the latest amendment to the Accounting Act (NN 120/16.) into the national legislative framework. In recent years, the awareness of interested users (investors, regulators, employees, customers, suppliers) has increased that all the information provided in the financial statements is not sufficient to understand and present the complete business of a particular company. The information provided in the financial statements shows the financial position of the company, its performance and the cash flows that have arisen as a result of the management's past business decisions. However, financial statements do not contain information about the impact of the company's operations on the environment, society and the economy as a whole, and whether the company's management ensures sustainable operations in the long term. Throughout the work, the obligees of compiling the non-financial report are listed and the forms of publication of non-financial reports are listed. It is important to note that today's business environment is changing extremely quickly, and all those who are following the path towards competitiveness and business efficiency will increasingly emphasize the way they do business, the sustainability of business, and the creation of value for customers.

In the context of sustainable development, the activities of the business unit have come to be seen as a three-component system designed to provide useful information about the contribution of business to the social and environmental segments of the economy. This trend led to the transition to the socio-economic paradigm of financial reporting, which predetermines innovative transformations in the accounting system, one of which is to find models for disclosing information about all drivers of business value growth - financial, social and natural capitals. Hypothesis H is put forward within the framework of the article: the conceptual provisions of the accounting and reporting system in force in the Republic of Moldova contradict the basic principles of the socio-economic paradigm. The hypothesis was substantiated according to the scheme: on the basis of content analysis, a discrepancy between the conceptual provisions of the national accounting system and the modern system - IFRS was revealed; shortcomings of the Statement of Changes in Equity model were identified; the assessment of the effectiveness within the framework of the socio-economic reporting paradigm of alternative options for the direct method of preparing the Cash Flow Statement was carried out. As a result of the study, a conclusion is formulated on the need to modify the national accounting system of the Republic of Moldova to comply with modern trends.&nbsp

I examine whether banks manage syndicated loan originations to achieve financial reporting goals. Using a large sample of loans and relying on a within-quarter analysis, I find that publicly traded banks that narrowly beat earnings benchmarks initiate more loans in the last month of the fiscal quarter to book origination fees. Relative to otherwise similar loans, these loans are associated with front-end fees that are 4.2% higher but have credit spreads that are 3.3% lower, resulting in a net price discount of 2.5%. The findings are stronger for bigger banks, for lenders that are funding-constrained, and for banks whose managers’ pay is more sensitive to stock performance. Further, these loans underperform in terms of future defaults and rating downgrades. Finally, I find that while the hypothesized earnings management helps banks raise capital in the short term, it is costly in the longer term, as it is associated with lower capital and profitability ratios. Overall, I provide model-free evidence on banks’ real earnings management and the costs of this behavior.

Throughout the last three decades, the published literature has been drawing attention towards the ongoing deterioration of the quality of the summary financial statements published by the economic entities. Nevertheless, the financial statements provide conclusive information regarding the companies’ fraud potential. In this article, we aim to illustrate the utility of analytical models for fraud risk assessment by leveraging the information presented in the financial statements. These analytical procedures are even more useful in the current environment of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Although other comprehensive income did not exist in the conceptual framework until 2018, it has been a part of IFRS for many years, and it has not been defined based on accounting theory. This paper considers arguments for the current use of other comprehensive income under IFRS and finds that matching and prudence are at the core of other comprehensive income in IFRS despite not being elements of the conceptual framework. This suggests that the concept of other comprehensive income exists because the IFRS standards are founded on a mix of balance sheet-based and income statement-based accounting principles. Based on the characteristics of other comprehensive income and the IASB's arguments for the recognition of gains and losses in other comprehensive income, this paper proposes a definition of other comprehensive income that can be used to ensure a uniform application of the concept across accounting standards and to reduce risks of inconsistency.

The purpose of this study is to use expert opinions to identify and clarify the obstacles to the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards in Iran. Methods: In this study, interviews were conducted with 32 expertsIncluding auditors, auditing standards committee members, executives and experts from Stock Exchange's Financial Reporting department, bank and insurance financial managers, university professors and stock sector financial managers using Depth Interview tools and the data were analyzed using open, axial and selective three-step coding based on the Grounded theory. Results:The Lack of model and systematic standards for determining fair value, lack of evaluation system, lack of conceptual-theoretical framework, weakness of education, weakness of infrastructure and technology, lack of expert staff and expert audit firms, fluctuations in economic indicatorsand political uncertainties were identified as causal conditions and other concepts in the form of interventionist conditions, contextual conditions, strategies and consequences of obstacles to implementation of international financial reporting standards in Iran. Conclusion: According to the results of the research »Harmonization Obstacles« is a central category and include "Fundamental Obstacles" and "Technical Obstacles". In order to implement international financial reporting standards, in addition to technical obstacles such as infrastructures and technology, paying attention to fundamental obstacles such as economic, political and evaluation factors seems to be very important and necessary.

This work was funded by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, whose support is gratefully acknowledged here. This paper examines how financial reporting modes are determined within a company, from the perspective of perceived costs and benefits. The modes investigated include financial reporting regimes (e.g. International Financial Reporting Standards, UK Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and the financial reporting techniques which support them (e.g. valuing intangibles and investments, treatment of development costs). A stated preference approach is adopted and applied to a fieldwork analysis of the functioning of a large port authority, which was a member of a group and prepared both consolidated and subsidiary accounts. The analysis is largely qualitative, exploring in-depth such matters as key factors in making choices, the decision-making processes behind choices, and the staging of decisions, but underpinned by a quantitative basis, using a metric for determining net benefits of financial reporting regimes and techniques. Our analysis aims to improve our understanding of a company's choice processes underlying its financial reporting, including its handling of complexity and uncertainty, and its use of innovations in techniques and organisational forms for decision support. Publisher PDF