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Forte des succès de sa lutte contre les pavillons de complaisance, l’ITF s’est dotée d’une équipe de permanents importante qui lui permet de déployer des stratégies standardisées alliant communication percutante et coordination entre les sections professionnelles. Toutefois, il apparaît que les identités professionnelles et les enjeux régionaux restent trop marqués pour susciter une réelle cohésion. La bureaucratisation des appareils syndicaux nourrit une incompréhension réelle des intérêts et des enjeux de la base comme de la démocratie syndicale. L’analyse de cette stratégie permet de réinterroger les voies du syndicalisme comme outil de contre-pouvoir des travailleurs. Bolstered by its fight against flags of convenience, the ITF has developed a very large paid staff that allows it to deploy standardized coordinated campaigns combining powerful communication and solidarity between industrial sections. However, it appears that professional identities and regional stakes are too deeply rooted to allow real cohesion. Bureaucratization of the trade unions’ apparatuses feeds a real misunderstanding of the interests and stakes of the rank-and-file, as well as of trade union democracy. This case study suggests reexamining the paths of trade unionism as a tool of counter-power for workers.

International audience; En avril 2022, lors d’une assemblée générale extraordinaire, les fédérations membres de l’International Esports Federation (IESF) se prononcèrent sur le sort des esportifs russes. À la suite d’un vote et de l’adoption de mesures, des membres s’indignèrent et décidèrent de boycotter les championnats organisés par l’IESF.Historiquement présentes depuis un quart de siècle, les fédérations de l’esport exercent un rôle dans l’écosystème esportif (Peng et al., 2020) mais peinent à se faire reconnaître par les instances politiques et sportives (Martinelli, 2019 ; Scholz, 2019). L’absence d’une gouvernance internationale unifiée semble être l’un des freins dans cette légitimité politico-sportive (Kim et Manoli, 2022). Aujourd’hui, l’esport est le miroir du conflit russo-ukrainien. La chimère de l’apolitisme olympique (Augustin et Gillon, 2021) se reflète dans l’esport qui fait face à des prises de position inédites au sein de son écosystème. Quelle position adoptent les fédérations vis-à-vis du conflit russo-ukrainien ? Comment sont accueillies les sanctions émises par l’IESF contre les joueurs russes au sein des fédérations ?Les objectifs de cette communication s’orientent vers une explication des sanctions contre les esportifs russes, mais aussi vers une compréhension du positionnement des fédérations nationales. Pour cela, un dépouillement des communiqués de ces entités est envisagé, permettant de catégoriser le positionnement de chaque entité nationale. Puis, une enquête qualitative par entretiens semi-directifs questionnant les dirigeants des fédérations permettra de récolter leur point de vue. Cette méthode mixte devrait mettre en évidence des disparités entre le communiqué officiel et les propos des dirigeants d’une même fédération.Cette communication permettra une mise en exergue du positionnement politico-esportif des fédérations d’Europe. L’orientation de ces dernières semble bien souvent liée à celle du gouvernement et/ou du mouvement sportif, comme en témoigne la volonté de Vlad Marinescu (IESF) de suivre les directives olympiques afin d’obtenir une reconnaissance et une légitimité auprès du CIO (Houston, 2022, 8 décembre).Cette étude ouvre des perspectives sur la gouvernance et sur l’institutionnalisation de l’esport par le biais d’événements extérieurs impactant son écosystème. Enfin, des recherches futures permettraient de mettre en exergue le rôle et l’action de la gouvernance esportive face à d’autres conflits politiques internationaux.

National audience; Depuis une vingtaine d’années, des fédérations nationales liées au sport électronique voient le jour à travers le monde. Ces entités souhaitent jouer un rôle majeur dans le processus d’institutionnalisation et de normalisation de l’esport. Or, ces entités ne semblent pas faire l’unanimité au sein de la gouvernance esportive internationale. Si le mouvement sportif s’organise en fédérations placées sous la tutelle d’un ministère, majoritairement celui des sports, ou d’un service public (Bayle, 2010), l’esport ne possède pas un tel rattachement puisqu’il n’est pas reconnu comme un sport, moderne ou olympique (Parry, 2019 ; 2021), ou pourvu d’une fédération internationale légitimée par les instances politiques (Martinelli, 2019). Toutefois, dans le monde, d’autres gouvernements nationaux ont fait le choix de reconnaître l’esport comme un sport (Paberz, 2012), comme une pratique professionnelle (Kane et Spradley, 2017 ; Vansyngel et al., 2018), ou encore comme une discipline universitaire (Funk et al., 2018 ; Jenny et al., 2021). Quel rôle ces fédérations nationales d’esport, bien souvent autoproclamées, jouent-elles dans la gouvernance de l’esport ? Quelle légitimité institutionnelle possèdent-elles au sein de l’écosystème esportif ? auprès de leur gouvernement ? ou encore vis-à-vis des acteurs économiques, industriels et associatifs du sport électronique ? Il est alors pertinent de questionner la raison de leur existence, d’identifier les conditions, les modalités et les leviers de leur reconnaissance institutionnelle. Ce questionnement entend utiliser les théories sur la légitimité institutionnelle des organisations soutenues par DiMaggio et Powell (1983), et plus précisément la notion d’isomorphisme mimétique. Les principaux objectifs de cette communication s’orientent vers une mesurabilité de la légitimité institutionnelle de ces fédérations nationales, dont environ une quarantaine sont ancrées dans l’Europe, au sein et en-dehors de leur pays respectif, après une étude approfondie du champ de rayonnement de ces organes. Ce travail encore en préparation, qui s’inscrit dans notre thèse de doctorat, devrait permettre de comparer et de catégoriser les fédérations nationales de l’esport par le biais de leurs missions et/ou de leur indice de gouvernance (Andreff et Poupaux, 2007). Enfin, en effectuant des parallèles avec le sport, et à travers des critères objectivant la légitimité des fédérations sportives, une étude pourrait être mise en place afin d’observer les différences et les similitudes du processus d’institutionnalisation de ces deux mondes. Pour cela, le corpus de cette recherche se compose des sites Internet des fédérations esportives nationales, des rapports et communiqués du gouvernement local vis-à-vis de la structure concernée, et enfin des différents témoignages de dirigeants de ces entités. La grille de lecture permettra de recenser les attributions de régulation, de réglementation et de promotion accordées, ou encore les délibérations issues de réunions communes. Tandis que les entretiens avec des membres de ces fédérations nationales permettront d’appréhender le discours de leurs dirigeants et représentants, ainsi que les ambitions institutionnelles et individuels de ces derniers.

[ES] Proposito ¿ El prop osito de este art ¿culo es discutir algunas de las estrategias de innovaci on utilizadas por las federaciones nacionales latinoamericanas como respuesta a la pandemia COVID-19. Diseno/metodolog ~ ¿a/enfoque ¿ La metodolog ¿a consiste en una entrevista. La entrevista se dividi o en tres secciones adem as de la de consentimiento: una parte descriptiva, otra con 30 preguntas que evaluaban las actitudes y percepciones, y una secci on final que inclu ¿a preguntas abiertas. Despu es de que la informaci on fuera recogida, se utiliz o el software SPSS para comprobar la distribuci on de la muestra. Hallazgos ¿ Los resultados sugieren que las organizaciones analizadas han utilizado diversas estrategias de innovaci on durante este periodo sin precedentes. Estas estrategias se han aplicado en areas como la informaci on, la participaci on, la comunicaci on y la digitalizaci on. Research limitations/implications ¿ The first limitations related to the sample size of executives who completed the questionnaire. The second limitation refers to the details provided in the open section of the questionnaire. Specifically, the space allocated for the answers and the degree of detail required could have been optimized by providing further instructions on the importance of facilitating information related to the implementation of the programs. Limitaciones del estudio/Implicaciones ¿ La primera limitaci on est a relacionada con el tamano de la ~ muestra de los ejecutivos que completaron el cuestionario. La segunda limitaci on se refiere a la informaci on que se proporciona en la primera secci on del cuestionario. Espec ¿ficamente, el espacio donde se situan las respuestas y el grado de detalle requerido podr ¿an haber sido optimizados a trav es de la provisi on de instrucciones m as detalladas sobre la importancia de facilitar la informaci on relacionada con la implementaci on de los programas. Originalidad/valor ¿ El estudio ayuda a la mejor comprensi on de la gesti on de los deportes. Adem as, el hecho de desarrollar el estudio en el contexto del COVID arroja luz a la problem atica del deporte en el contexto de una pandemia como la actual., [EN] Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the most relevant innovation strategies used by the Latin American national tennis federations as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of a survey. The survey consisted of three sections apart from the consent one: a general descriptive part, one with 30 questions to assess attitudes and perceptions and a final section which included open questions. After the data were collected, the SPSS software was used to test the distribution of the sample. Findings Results show that executives' perception toward their need for involvement in the decision-making process varies. Research limitations/implications The first limitation relates to the sample size of executives who completed the questionnaire. The second limitation refers to the details provided in the open section of the questionnaire. Specifically, the space allocated for the answers and the degree of detail required could have been optimized by providing further instructions on the importance of facilitating information related to the implementation of the programs. Practical implications The results demonstrate that, although traditional management, organizational and administrative behaviors are still present in the tennis ecosystem, a more innovative mentality should embed these organizations. It is then relevant that sport and tennis organizations commit to the implementation of innovative strategies for the optimization of the administration of their ecosystems. Originality/value The paper adds more understanding to the brand of sports management. Furthermore, the fact of developing the study in a COVID-19 context sheds light on the issues faced by sports in a pandemic like this one.

National, regional and international professional ICT societies, associations and federations have played important roles in the past in advancing the computing field. The ways these roles can be fulfilled and the ways these bodies are organized depend on the state of technology and of society in general. Technological and societal developments make it necessary for these bodies to evolve, both in their roles and in their structure. This chapter is addressing challenges facing ICT societies and opportunities for change.

This article examines cross-national coordination on foreign and security policy among political parties of the same family. Drawing on resource dependence theory, it presents a case study of German political parties and their transnational activities on the controversial EU military operation to combat human trafficking in the Mediterranean Sea, EU Naval Force Mediterranean. The article finds evidence for transnational information exchange and coordination among the opposition parties, radical left and the greens, but less so among the government party, social democrats. The degree of transnational party activities can be understood by not only the extent to which parties share a common view in the first place but also the different resource needs of the government and opposition parties.

This qualitative study traces the development and activities of two organizations of Mexican migrants in Chicago: the Federation of Michoacan Clubs in Illinois (FEDECMI) and the Federation of United Zacatecan Clubs in Illinois (FCUZI). These federations are composed of hometown clubs, which are membership organizations formed by Mexican migrants who originate from the same town in Mexico. Originally, hometown clubs primarily centered their activities on executing development projects in their communities of origin. As they started to conglomerate into federations of clubs from the same home state in the 1990s, members of these organizations acquired a capacity to negotiate with local, state, and federal political actors both in the U.S. and Mexico. The study examines how the federations responded to the elimination of a Mexican federal program in 2019 that had served as a motivator for hometown clubs, and how this response was conditioned by the ties that the organizations have with local actors in Mexico and the U.S. While both federations have ties to important political actors in both countries, FEDECMI has had longstanding ties with a local Illinois migrant rights coalition, which has allowed the federation to adapt its organizational strategy and become a services center for migrants in Illinois. FCUZI, however, has largely kept the same activities since its founding, partly because it has mainly sustained strong connections with Mexican government officials.

Данная статья посвящена рассмотрению аспектов, касающихся правотворческой деятельности Российской федерации и ее субъектов по вопросам совместного ведения., This article is devoted to the consideration of aspects concerning the law-making activities of the Russian Federation and its subjects on issues of joint management., Вестник научной мысли, Выпуск 6 2022, Pages 648-650

National audience

Although the year 1918 marked the beginning of the great unification of Romania, and for Poles a total rebirth of statehood after 123 years of slavery, between these processes one can find both differences and similarities. This applies in particular to the problems of political and legal integration of Polish territories into one state and the „new“ Romanian provinces with the „old“ Kingdom. At the end of WW I independent Polish and Romanian national councils were established in areas inhabited by Poles and in the lands postulated by the Romanians. Some of them immediately declared their affiliation to their Homelands - this was especially visible in the Polish lands, others were more cautious, took a waiting position - the example of Bessarabia and Transylvania - which was caused by the geopolitical situation, fear of the Bolsheviks, a complex national structure in the region. They also hoped for reforms in Russia, Austria and Hungary towards the federation, and then for autonomy in their home countries. On the other hand, the Germans in Upper Silesia and Hungarians in the areas postulated by Romania were known from the typical separatist movements, who in the projects of their quasi-states created a chance to maintain their positions. The demand for autonomy by the inhabitants of some regions (Bessarabia, Transylvania, Upper Silesia) was also the result of previous experiences of life in countries with a higher civilization level. It was not easy to combine different regions in terms of economic and mental, which makes itself known to this day. Poland and Romania, as well as other Central European countries have become national states, but Romania was more centralized. There were fears about decentralization and national minorities. There were disputes between the center and the regions about how to manage them and it was often heard in such provinces as supranational slogans such as „Basarabia for Basarabian“ and „Bukovina for Bukovinians“. Similar terms appeared in Upper Silesia, although this region was the only one in Poland that gained territorial autonomy.

The article investigates the political accountability of the EU’s executive power (the elephant). It starts from a discussion of some recent contributions to the analysis of the EU’s executive powe...

— The State Haryana is known for its major crops like wheat and rice and stands at the second largest contributor of food grains in India. Just like that Haryana ranks second in milk production. Dairy farming is also a form of agriculture in which milk is extracted from cow, buffalo, goat etc. then it sell by vendors from different rural and suburb regions to informal sector agents or to cooperative agents. This milk distributed further in different ways. Milk production is no more subsistence in nature and organized sector is a best example to prove it because cooperatives is an independent association of persons those fulfill their economic needs and distribution of milk and milk products is all a business as we can see it in “Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd.” This federation is famous by vita brand which was opened by the Haryana govt. on the pattern of Amul.

This paper presents an analytical framework to identify and understand grassroots water governance practices, which we call ‘rooted water collectives’ (RWC). RWCs can be multi-scalar organizations that engage in common property resources management or multi-scalar social movements that advocate for common property resources governance. The framework, which we open for discussion, scrutinizes (1) the extent to which ‘rooted water collectives’ are ‘grounded’ in the sense they address locally perceived water control problems and resort to water-context embedded meaning, values, identities, belonging and vernacular knowledge; (2) their internal decision-making dynamics; and (3) their effectiveness in achieving impact at multiple scales. It also considers five contextual factors that enable and constrain RWC development. RWC can be deployed as a conceptual lens, but also as an empirical manifestation constituting the object and subject of research. It differs from wide-spread top-down-implemented participatory water management approaches and common property resources management research, in the importance it gives to politics, advocacy and multi-scale social movements. The framework is illustrated with a cursory analysis of four cases: irrigators' federations in Peru; the ‘new water culture’ movement in Spain; collective irrigation in oases in North Africa; and loosely structured networks of irrigation water users in Cambodia.

International audience; National, regional and international professional ICT societies, associations and federations have played important roles in the past in advancing the computing field. The ways these roles can be fulfilled and the ways these bodies are organized depend on the state of technology and of society in general. Technological and societal developments make it necessary for these bodies to evolve, both in their roles and in their structure. This chapter is addressing challenges facing ICT societies and opportunities for change.

Federations are not static; they are constantly being modified and adjusted to accommodate pressures, both from outside and from within. Creation of federal structures is a 'matter of concrete actions at specific times.' Federal structures were created in Belgium because of the need to deal with existing conflicts. In Belgium, federation was intended to ease internal tensions and prevent any potential for conflict. As Deschouwer notes, federation was not the result of 'a deliberate choice, but of incremental conflict management.' This article analyses federal institutional design of Belgium. It sheds light on the internal dynamics that paved the way for federalisation of Belgium. The purpose of this article is to understand the main features of the Belgian federal architecture, how it functions and how it has evolved over time.

In the past two decades spaces for user participation have been opened within water governance structures at many scales. In this contribution, based on a case study of the Provincial Water Users Federation Interjuntas-Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Highlands, I explore how and why formal participation of water users in itself is problematic in terms of democracy. The case shows that for organised peasant water users to work on more democratic water governance, the creation of upscaled federations, alliances, networks and sometimes street protests is crucial to open up spaces in which their interests are represented. This suggests that democracy is not merely about participation, but more importantly, it is about the politics of how democracy is made through conflicts, protests, negotiations and the creation of strategic alliances that challenge the structures and processes through which decisions are taken.

Realicé y culminé con éxito las pasantías profesionales en la unidad de coordinación de afiliados de la Federación Nacional de Comerciantes FENALCO seccional Meta. Es allí donde conozco ampliamente las funciones que ejercen la federación más grande del país, a nivel comercial con sus agremiados de todos los sectores de la economía en Villavicencio, Acacias, granada y Restrepo. Este documento recopila las diversas experiencias en la cuales estuve inmerso y a su vez intenta explicar cómo es el mecanismo de actuación de una federación con empresarios y para los empresarios. I successfully completed and completed professional internships in the affiliate coordination unit of the National Federation of Merchants Sectional FENALCO Meta. It is there that I know extensively the functions that the largest federation of the country, commercially with its members of all sectors of the economy in Villavicencio, Acacias, Granada and Restrepo. This document compiles the various experiences in which I was immersed and in turn tries to explain how the mechanism of action of a federation with businessmen and for entrepreneurs. Profesional en Negocios Internacionales http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

Cuvinte-cheie: Polonia şi România în 1918, integrarea teritorială a Poloniei renăscute şi a României unite, federaţie, autonomie, separatism, problema naţională după Primul război mondial. Rezumat: Deşi anul 1918 a marcat începutul marii uniri a României, iar pentru polonezi o renaştere totală a statalităţii după 123 de ani de sclavie, între aceste procese se găsesc atât diferenţe, cât şi asemănări. Aceasta se referă, în special, la problemele integrării politice şi juridice a teritoriilor poloneze într-un stat şi la „noile” provincii româneşti cu „vechiul” regat. La sfârşitul Primului Război Mondial, în zonele locuite de polonezi şi pe terenuri postulate (aşezate) de români s-au înfiinţat consiliile naţionale independente poloneze şi româneşti. Unii dintre ei au anunţat imediat apartenenţă ţinuturilor lor natale – în special, acest lucru a fost marcat în teritoriile poloneze, iar alţii au fost mai precauţi şi erau în aşteptarea schimbărilor – de exemplu, Basarabia şi Transilvania. Această situaţie era cauzată de condiţia geopolitică, de teama bolşevicilor şi de structura naţională complicată din regiune. De asemenea, ei aşteptau reformele în Rusia, Austria şi Ungaria în privinţa federaţiei şi autonomiei, pentru a prelua experienţa. De altă parte, erau mişcările separatiste germane din Silezia de Sus şi ale maghiarilor în România, care, în cadrul proiectelor create de cvasi-state au avut şansa de a-şi menţine poziţiile. Necesitatea de autonomie în rândul locuitorilor din unele regiuni (Basarabia, Transilvania, Silezia Superioară) a fost, de asemenea, rezultatul experienţei anterioare a existenţelor în ţările imperiale (cu un nivel mai înalt de civilizaţie). Procesul de unire, economic şi mental, a diferitelor regiuni a fost foarte complicat, fapt care este evident până în prezent. Polonia şi România, precum şi alte ţări din Europa Centrală au devenit state naţionale, însă, România a fost mai centralizată. A fost un pericol şi teama privind descentralizarea minorităţilor naţionale. Au fost disensiuni între centru şi regiuni cu privire la modul de gestionare a acestora. Acest lucru se întemeia, uneori, pe sloganuri naţionaliste, cum ar fi „Basarabia pentru basarabeni” şi „Bucovina pentru bucovineni”. Sloganuri similare au apărut în Silezia de Sus, deşi această regiune a fost singura în Polonia care a primit autonomie teritorială.

The deliverable D3.3 documents the final version of all supported features, sequence diagrams, component descriptions and implementation needed for IoT platforms to become symbIoTe Level 2 compliant.

In this paper aims at reviewing the national legislative process about the insertion cooperative principle of cooperation among cooperatives from its representative aspect, pointing out the answers which have been given by the national legislator to the inclination to cooperative association, as well as other current legislative policies that, indirectly, promote representative cooperation, in addition it will be noted the present relationship between cooperative societies with other legal structures with which compete in the market for the same defensive role of their attention and projection, creating a symbiosis between former opposing entities, joined by business. En el presente trabajo se revisa el proceso legislativo nacional de la inserción del principio cooperativo de cooperación entre cooperativas desde su vertiente representativa, señalando las soluciones que ha ido dando el legislador nacional al asociacionismo cooperativo, así como otras políticas legislativas actuales que, de forma indirecta, potencian la intercooperación representativa, así como señalar la presente interrelación de las sociedades cooperativas con otras estructuras jurídicas con las que concurre en el mercado para el mismo papel de defensa de sus intereses y proyección, produciéndose una simbiosis entre estructuras que en principio resultan antagónicas, pero unidas por el interés.

O presente trabalho, tem como objetivo apurar a situação desportiva do judo em Portugal no quadro da institucionalização do Olimpismo moderno, bem como fazer o levantamento de dados que permitam conceber as grandes linhas estratégicas de desenvolvimento, que devem orientar o futuro da modalidade. Nestes termos, é necessário verificar o que se passa a nível da base do sistema desportivo no que diz respeito ao judo tendo em atenção a mudança estrutural acontecida em 2004/2005. The objective of this work is to determine the sportive situation of judo in Portugal in the framework of the institutionalization of modern Olympism, as well as to collect data that allow to conceive of the great strategic lines of development that should guide the future of the modality. In these terms, it is necessary to verify what is happening at the level of the base of the sports system regarding judo taking into account the structural change happened in 2004/2005.

In the past two decades spaces for user participation have been opened within water governance structures at many scales. In this contribution, based on a case study of the Provincial Water Users Federation Interjuntas-Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Highlands, I explore how and why formal participation of water users in itself is problematic in terms of democracy. The case shows that for organised peasant water users to work on more democratic water governance, the creation of upscaled federations, alliances, networks and sometimes street protests is crucial to open up spaces in which their interests are represented. This suggests that democracy is not merely about participation, but more importantly, it is about the politics of how democracy is made through conflicts, protests, negotiations and the creation of strategic alliances that challenge the structures and processes through which decisions are taken.

El artículo analiza la repercusión de las normativas sectoriales en la licencia federativa. The paper analyzes the repercussion of the sectorial regulations in the federative license.

Two opposing tendencies of a vertical power structure in territories of Russian federations and Ukraine are being discussed in this theses. Based on articles of some experts, the basic functional differences between the unitary state and federation are explained. They are then applied on two specific cases. In this theses there is described the development of Russian federalism as well as formation of a vertical system structure in Ukraine. Based on adopted laws, the difference between constitutional standards and real-life practice are examined. According to this theses, we can see in Russia, especially since inauguration of president Putin, rising centralization tendencies, while Ukraine has gone through the process of decentralization reform since 2014. There is introduced federalization of Ukraine as a possibility for future development in the end of this theses.

En el presente trabajo se revisa el proceso legislativo nacional de la inserción del principio cooperativo de cooperación entre cooperativas desde su vertiente representativa, señalando las soluciones que ha ido dando el legislador nacional al asociacionismo cooperativo, así como otras políticas legislativas actuales que, de forma indirecta, potencian la intercooperación representativa, así como señalar la presente interrelación de las sociedades cooperativas con otras estructuras jurídicas con las que concurre en el mercado para el mismo papel de defensa de sus intereses y proyección, produciéndose una simbiosis entre estructuras que en principio resultan antagónicas, pero unidas por el interés. In this paper aims at reviewing the national legislative process about the insertion cooperative principle of cooperation among cooperatives from its representative aspect, pointing out the answers which have been given by the national legislator to the inclination to cooperative association, as well as other current legislative policies that, indirectly, promote representative cooperation, in addition it will be noted the present relationship between cooperative societies with other legal structures with which compete in the market for the same defensive role of their attention and projection, creating a symbiosis between former opposing entities, joined by business.

The concept of nationalisation' is vigorously discussed in the literature and three dimensions have been proposed. A first dimension considers the extent to which a party's vote in territorial units varies across time and this is labeled dynamic nationalisation'. Distributional nationalisation' focuses on the degree to which there is an equal distribution of party votes across territorial units. Finally, party-linkage nationalisation' concerns the extent to which candidates link together under common party labels. In addition to a conceptual debate there has been a simultaneous debate on the measurement of the various forms of nationalisation. This article contributes to both debates and argues that most of the literature on nationalisation suffers from a methodological nationalism bias that is, the tendency of many scholars to choose the statewide level and national election as the natural unit of analysis. This claim is supported by a conceptual and empirical analysis regarding the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation. The conceptual analysis shows that the non-robust findings of many studies concerning the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation can be related to the methodological nationalism bias. An effect of decentralisation is found once nationalisation is conceptualised with regard to its multilevel dimension and the measurements of nationalisation are differentiated according to parties, regions and type of elections (national or regional). An empirical analysis on the nationalisation of party systems, parties and regions in 18 countries for national and regional elections held between 1945 and 2009 shows that regional authority has a significant and robust effect on regions and regional elections but not on parties, party systems and national vote shares.

The concept of nationalisation' is vigorously discussed in the literature and three dimensions have been proposed. A first dimension considers the extent to which a party's vote in territorial units varies across time and this is labeled dynamic nationalisation'. Distributional nationalisation' focuses on the degree to which there is an equal distribution of party votes across territorial units. Finally, party-linkage nationalisation' concerns the extent to which candidates link together under common party labels. In addition to a conceptual debate there has been a simultaneous debate on the measurement of the various forms of nationalisation. This article contributes to both debates and argues that most of the literature on nationalisation suffers from a methodological nationalism bias that is, the tendency of many scholars to choose the statewide level and national election as the natural unit of analysis. This claim is supported by a conceptual and empirical analysis regarding the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation. The conceptual analysis shows that the non-robust findings of many studies concerning the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation can be related to the methodological nationalism bias. An effect of decentralisation is found once nationalisation is conceptualised with regard to its multilevel dimension and the measurements of nationalisation are differentiated according to parties, regions and type of elections (national or regional). An empirical analysis on the nationalisation of party systems, parties and regions in 18 countries for national and regional elections held between 1945 and 2009 shows that regional authority has a significant and robust effect on regions and regional elections but not on parties, party systems and national vote shares.

The objective of this thesis is the design of federations of agents in a pervasive hybrid service ecosystem. A distributed approach based on a social metaphor of a natural ecosystem is proposed with the aim of building open agent federations, where agents interact with each other to achieve their goals through dynamic composition and adaptation of services. In this approach, each agent governs a wireless mobile device. Each agent within the eco- system is self-interested, and its behaviors are based only on local interaction tasks. The interaction and cooperation among agents are guided by a set of social norms, established by members of the ecosystem. Two approaches based on constraint satisfaction were designed to compare the results of strategies of service adaptation with existing proposals based on the reconfiguration of services from scratch. The first is based on a distributed model of the constraint satisfaction problem. The second is an extension of the distributed model to address the dynamics of open environments. The simulations show the perform- ance of the algorithms regarding the consumption of time and the number of messages required for the composition and adaptation of services., L'objectif de cette thèse est la conception des fédérations d'agents dans un écosystème omniprésent de service hybride. Une approche distribuée basée sur une métaphore sociale d'un écosystème naturel est proposé dans le but de construire des fédérations d'agent ouvert, où les agents interagissent les uns avec les autres pour atteindre leurs objectifs grâce à la composition dynamique et l'adaptation des services. Dans cette approche, chaque agent régit un appareil mobile sans fil. Chaque agent au sein de l'écosystème est intéressée, et ses comportements sont basés uniquement sur des tâches d'interaction locales. L'interaction et la coopération entre les agents sont guidés par un ensemble de normes sociales établies par les membres de l'écosystème. Deux approches fondées sur la satisfaction de contraintes ont été désignés pour comparer les résultats des stratégies d'adaptation de service avec les propositions existantes basées sur la reconfiguration des services à partir de zéro. La première est basée sur un modèle distribué du problème de satisfaction de contraintes. La seconde est une extension du modèle distribué pour aborder la dynamique des environnements ouverts. Les simulations montrent les performances des algorithmes concernant la consommation de temps et le nombre de messages requis pour la composition et l'adaptation des services.

Las federaciones de identidad están surgiendo en los últimos años con el fin de facilitar el despliegue de entornos de uso compartido de recursos entre las organizaciones. Como una característica común de estos entornos es el uso de mecanismos de control de acceso basado en la identidad del usuario, desafortunadamente, la mayoría de las federaciones se han dado cuenta que la identidad del usuario no es suficiente para ofrecer un control de acceso más grano y el valor agregado. Por lo tanto, la información adicional, como los atributos de usuario, deben ser tenidos en cuenta. En este artículo se hace la descripción de los componentes de un sistema federativo tipo Eduroam, teniendo en cuenta el uso de atributos de usuarios adoptando las decisiones de autorización durante el control del proceso de acceso.

Somalis face a daunting development challenge to overcome the legacy of two decades of sustained conflict and fragility, but substantial progress is now being made. Since 1991 and the collapse of the Siad Barre regime, Somalia has experienced cycles of conflict and fragility that fragmented the country, undermined legitimate institutions, and created widespread vulnerability. The new government that emerged following the Transitional Federal Government and the Roadmap to End the Transition in 2012 inherited a dysfunctional economy facing high levels of poverty and inequality, a youth bulge, high unemployment, and large infrastructure gaps. Against a backdrop of political progress marked by the emergence of new Federal Member States (FMSs) within the new constitutional framework and continued insecurity, the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) has embarked on a process of structural, legislative, and institutional reform. The economy is starting to respond: Somalis are returning from abroad to invest, shops are opening, and the property market is booming. This is the first economic update for Somalia since the 2005 World Bank country economic memorandum for Somalia. The long conflict made monitoring of economic and social data nearly impossible since the late 1980s. With the relative stability of the past few years, new data have become available. The update is divided into two parts. Part one presents information on the social, economic, and governance status of Somalia. Part two focuses on intergovernmental fiscal relations.

This paper reports on the results of the survey regarding the Research and Education (R&E) clouds in a number of world regions covered by the CHAIN-REDS project, including the sub-Saharan Africa. The survey includes the technical aspects of R&E clouds, as well as issues related to interoperation, interoperability, compatibility, orchestration and federation. Results obtained show a high interest in standards, thus pointing to the fact that the cloud solutions offered by CHAIN-REDS, which include a global cloud federation test-bed and the use of OCCI and CDMI standards, provide a building block for global cloud federated environment.

This study identifies key requirements for NRENs towards future network architectures that become apparent as users become moremobile and have increased expectations in terms of availability of data. In addition, cost saving requirements call for federated use of, inparticular, the optical spectral resources. In this work, the key findings from related projects are integrated to provide the building blocks forefficient use and sharing of spectrum. A new network architecture is derived to support exactly the service orchestration and the federated useof resources. It comprises four layers from the heterogeneous multi-technology physical layer up to the service provisioning and orchestration.

Las Federaciones de repositorios de objetos de aprendizaje aumentan las posibilidades de localizar, acceder, archivar y reutilizar contenido educativo que brindan apoyo a los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, descritos por sus metadatos y que se encuentran almacenados en repositorios que posibilitan su búsqueda y recuperación. Las federaciones se encargan de centralizar el acceso a los objetos y ofrecer servicios de valor agregado. En este artículo se presenta FROAC (Federación de Repositorios de Objetos de Aprendizaje Colombia), una iniciativa colombiana para integrar repositorios de objetos de aprendizaje, que ha surgido como una plataforma que además de permitir acceso a recursos que se encuentran en repositorios distribuidos, ofrece servicios y aplicaciones que benefician a los usuarios aprovechando resultados de investigaciones de los grupos vinculados. Se proponen dos funcionalidades principales que son la gestión de los repositorios asociados y un mecanismo de búsqueda y recuperación de los OA. El objetivo principal de FROAC es el acceso por parte de los usuarios a múltiples recursos educativos que se encuentran almacenados en repositorios heterogéneos y distribuidos, además ha permitido el desarrollo de aplicaciones y servicios que permiten el mejoramiento en los procesos de gestión relacionados con los OA A Learning Object Repositories Federation increases the possibility of localization, access, storage and reuse Learning Objects LOs that support the teaching and learning process, the LO are described by their metadata and they are stored in repositories that facilitate search and retrieval. The federations are responsible for centralizing access to objects and provide value-added services. This article is presented the FROAC (Learning Object Repositories Federation, Colombia), a Colombian initiative to integrate learning object repositories, FROAC was created as a platform and it allows access to resources that are distributed repositories, FROAC provides services and applications that benefit users by taking advantage results of the related research groups. Two main features are proposed, the first one is the management of associate repositories and the second one is the search and retrieval mechanism of LOs.The main objective of FROAC is to allow user access to multiple educational resources that are stored in heterogeneous and distributed repositories, also FROAC enables the development of applications and services that enable improved management processes associated with LOs

Las Federaciones de repositorios de objetos de aprendizaje aumentan las posibilidades de localizar, acceder, archivar y reutilizar contenido educativo que brindan apoyo a los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje, descritos por sus metadatos y que se encuentran almacenados en repositorios que posibilitan su búsqueda y recuperación. Las federaciones se encargan de centralizar el acceso a los objetos y ofrecer servicios de valor agregado. En este artículo se presenta FROAC (Federación de Repositorios de Objetos de Aprendizaje Colombia), una iniciativa colombiana para integrar repositorios de objetos de aprendizaje, que ha surgido como una plataforma que además de permitir acceso a recursos que se encuentran en repositorios distribuidos, ofrece servicios y aplicaciones que benefician a los usuarios aprovechando resultados de investigaciones de los grupos vinculados. Se proponen dos funcionalidades principales que son la gestión de los repositorios asociados y un mecanismo de búsqueda y recuperación de los OA. El objetivo principal de FROAC es el acceso por parte de los usuarios a múltiples recursos educativos que se encuentran almacenados en repositorios heterogéneos y distribuidos, además ha permitido el desarrollo de aplicaciones y servicios que permiten el mejoramiento en los procesos de gestión relacionados con los OA, A Learning Object Repositories Federation increases the possibility of localization, access, storage and reuse Learning Objects LOs that support the teaching and learning process, the LO are described by their metadata and they are stored in repositories that facilitate search and retrieval. The federations are responsible for centralizing access to objects and provide value-added services. This article is presented the FROAC (Learning Object Repositories Federation, Colombia), a Colombian initiative to integrate learning object repositories, FROAC was created as a platform and it allows access to resources that are distributed repositories, FROAC provides services and applications that benefit users by taking advantage results of the related research groups. Two main features are proposed, the first one is the management of associate repositories and the second one is the search and retrieval mechanism of LOs.The main objective of FROAC is to allow user access to multiple educational resources that are stored in heterogeneous and distributed repositories, also FROAC enables the development of applications and services that enable improved management processes associated with LOs

Reform represents a distinct mode of change within federal systems that can be distinguished from passive adaptation. Through reform, political actors deliberately seek to alter parts of the federal institutional architecture so as to modify or even reverse an established historical trajectory. This study systematically explores the variety of reform patterns in federal systems by looking at instances of institutional reforms in four federations (Australia, Canada, Germany and Switzerland) since the early 1990s. It demonstrates that reform patterns exhibit interesting similarities and differences. To a great extent, these are largely contingent on the nature of problems that different types of federalism tend to produce. The study detects similarities between Australia and Canada, where federal reforms sought to strengthen mechanisms of collaboration and to address the vertical fiscal imbalance, and between Germany and Switzerland, where dis-entanglement occurred as the leitmotiv of federal reforms. At the same time, the study finds no systematic connection between one of the two identified reform patterns on the one hand, the sustainability of federal reforms on the other hand. While Australia and Switzerland seem to represent examples of rather sustainable reform pathways, in Canada and Germany the gap between reform rhetoric and reform impact remains large., La réforme représente un mode distinct de changement à l’intérieur des systèmes fédéraux qui peut être distinguée de l’adaptation passive. À travers une réforme, les acteurs politiques cherchent délibérément à altérer des parties de l’architecture institutionnelle fédérale pour modifier ou même renverser la trajectoire historique établie. Cette étude explore de façon systématique la variété des modèles de réformes dans les systèmes fédéraux par l’observation d’exemples de réformes institutionnelles dans quatre fédérations (Australie, Canada, Allemagne et Suisse) depuis le début des années 90. Elle démontre que les modèles de réformes ont des similarités et des différences intéressantes qui, dans une large mesure, sont grandement dépendantes de la nature des problèmes que tendent à produire les différents types de fédéralismes. L’étude dénote des similarités entre l’Australie et le Canada où les réformes fédérales ont cherché à renforcer les mécanismes de collaboration et à répondre au déséquilibre fiscal vertical, et entre l’Allemagne et la Suisse où le dés-enchevêtrement a été le leitmotiv des réformes fédérales. Dans un même temps, l’étude ne trouve aucun lien systématique entre ces deux types de réforme et leur durabilité. Alors que l’Australie et la Suisse semblent représenter des exemples d’avenues de réformes plutôt durables, au Canada et en Allemagne l’écart entre la rhétorique de la réforme et l’impact de celle-ci reste important., Série de l'Observatoire des fédérations

The concept of nationalisation' is vigorously discussed in the literature and three dimensions have been proposed. A first dimension considers the extent to which a party's vote in territorial units varies across time and this is labeled dynamic nationalisation'. Distributional nationalisation' focuses on the degree to which there is an equal distribution of party votes across territorial units. Finally, party-linkage nationalisation' concerns the extent to which candidates link together under common party labels. In addition to a conceptual debate there has been a simultaneous debate on the measurement of the various forms of nationalisation. This article contributes to both debates and argues that most of the literature on nationalisation suffers from a methodological nationalism bias that is, the tendency of many scholars to choose the statewide level and national election as the natural unit of analysis. This claim is supported by a conceptual and empirical analysis regarding the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation. The conceptual analysis shows that the non-robust findings of many studies concerning the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation can be related to the methodological nationalism bias. An effect of decentralisation is found once nationalisation is conceptualised with regard to its multilevel dimension and the measurements of nationalisation are differentiated according to parties, regions and type of elections (national or regional). An empirical analysis on the nationalisation of party systems, parties and regions in 18 countries for national and regional elections held between 1945 and 2009 shows that regional authority has a significant and robust effect on regions and regional elections but not on parties, party systems and national vote shares.

En aquesta tesi es pretén comprendre l’actuació de la Federació Portuguesa de Bàsquet en els models de gestió durant el període que va des de l’any 2000 al 2010. Es una anàlisi des d’una perspectiva d’estudi de cas de tipus 2 (Yin, 2003). L’estudi ha buscat respondre a les qüestions següents: (Q1) Quins són els factors que incideixen d’una manera més important en els resultats de la Federació?. (Q2) Quin és el grau d’eficiència dels resultats que s’han obtingut? (Q3) Quins són els factors (drivers) més rellevants en relació a la gestió de la Federació? (Q4) A que responen els diferents graus d’eficiència observats per les persones interessades (stakeholders) en el context de la Federació Portuguesa de Bàsquet? Des de la perspectiva de la metodologia s’ha utilitzat un sistema de multitriangulació, basat principalment en la triangulació de les dades i amb una aproximació tant qualitativa com quantitativa (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000; Flick, 2005; M. Miles & Huberman, 1994). En una primera etapa es van definir els factors, les dimensions, les components i els indicadors d’avaluació; després es va avaluar la productivitat general; com a tercera etapa es va interpretar la relació causa-efecte de les diverses actuacions portades a terme en el marc de la Federació; i en quart lloc, es va avaluar l’actuació de la Federació des d’una perspectiva dels (stakeholders). Amb les dades obtingudes es va poder comprovar que durant el període estudiat es va produir un augment important de la productivitat degut principalment a la capacitat econòmica dels districtes; a les mesures de resposta que la Federació introduïa en funció de les modificacions de l’entorn; i a les mesures de relació existents amb les persones interessades. En aquest darrer aspecte, la promoció i els aspectes financers són les dimensions que menys valoració han obtingut per part dels stakeholders i, en canvi, els “resultats esportius” és la dimensió que va obtenir una avaluació de millor acompliment. En atenció a les dades obtingudes en cadascuna de les quatre fases de l’estudi, s’evidencia o es constata que existeix una elevada homogeneïtat a l’hora de la productivitat i del manteniment de les condicions d’actuació. No hi ha hagut grans alteracions ni a la productivitat, ni a l’evolució del progrés tecnològic en el període estudiat. Es pot concloure que les mesures de gestió introduïdes durant aquest període no acaben provocant els canvis i la repercussió desitjada i per les quals foren dissenyades., En el presente trabajo se pretende comprender a través de un estudio de caso, de tipo 2 (Yin, 2003), se visa comprender el desempeño de la Federación Portuguesa de Baloncesto, en el período de 2000 a 2010. Concretamente se busca respuesta a las siguientes cuestiones: (QI1) ¿Cuáles los factores más importantes en la obtención del desempeño? (QI2) ¿Cuál el grado de eficiencia de los diferentes resultados obtenidos? (QI3) ¿Cuáles son los factores más reveladores del desempeño de gestión? (QI4) ¿Cuál la explicación para los grados de eficiencia encontrados, por parte de las partes interesadas, en la Federación Portuguesa de Baloncesto? El enfoque metodológico utilizado ha sido el de la multi-triangulación, la triangulación de perspectivas teóricas, datos y métodos, cualitativos y cuantitativos (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000; Flick, 2005; M. Miles & Huberman, 1994). En primer lugar, se definieron los factores, dimensiones, componentes y criterios de evaluación; en segundo lugar, se evaluó la productividad general; en tercero lugar, se interpretó la relación causal, determinante del desempeño; y, en cuarto lugar, se evaluó el desempeño desde el punto de vista de los stakeholders. Se comprobó que, en el período de estudio, hubo aumentos de productividad como resultado, principalmente, del poder adquisitivo de los distritos, de las disposiciones de la Federación para hacer frente a las alteraciones del ambiente externo y de las normas de relación con las diferentes partes. En relación a esto último, los aspectos que peor valoraron los stakeholders fueron la promoción y los temas financieros; los “resultados deportivos” fueron la dimensión que obtuvo una valoración de desempeño más alta. Gracias a una combinación de fuentes de evidencia y comprobaciones para cada una de las cuatro fases del estudio, los resultados obtenidos reflejan una elevada homogeneidad en cuanto a la productividad y el mantenimiento de las condiciones de intervención, sin que haya habido grandes alteraciones en la productividad y en el progreso tecnológico en el período temporal estudiado. El impacto de las medidas de gestión no parece haber tenido la repercusión deseada en el desempeño., In this study, on the perspective of a case study, type 2 (Yin, 2003), it is intended to understand the performance of the Portuguese Federation of Basketball, between 2000 and 2010. Specifically, it is seek to answer the following questions: (QI1) Which are the factors that matter most on the achievement of the performance? (QI2) Which is the level of efficiency of the different results obtained? (QI3) Which are the most revealing drivers on the management performance? (QI4) Which is the explanation for the levels of efficiency found, by stakeholders, on Portuguese Federation of Basketball? The multi triangulation, using the triangulation of theorical perspectives, data and methods, qualitative and quantitative, was the used methodological approach (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000; Flick, 2005; M. Miles & Huberman, 1994). At first it were defined the evaluation factors, dimensions, components and indicators; at second it was evaluated the overall productivity; at third it was interpreted the causal relation of performance determinants; and, at fourth, it was evaluated the stakeholders perspective of the performance. It was found that on the period studied there were productivity gains, which mainly depend upon the districts purchasing power; the federation response measures for any in the external environment and the relation measures with the different stakeholders. In the latter case, the promotion and the financial aspects were the less evaluated dimensions by the stakeholders and the sportive results were the dimension which had the best performance evaluation. By the combination of evidence and finding sources, from each of the four phases of the study, the obtained results reveal a high homogeneity on the productivity and maintenance of the intervention conditions without major changes of productivity and technological progress in the period studied. The impact on management measures does not appear to have the desired impact on performance.

The emergence of large-scale federated Cloud computing environments and of dynamic resource pricing schemes presents interesting saving opportunities for service providers, that could dynamically change the placement of IT service components in order to reduce their bills. However, that calls for smart management solutions able to respond to pricing changes by dynamically reconfiguring IT service component placement in federated Cloud environments so to enforce highlevel business objectives defined by the service providers. This paper proposes a novel adaptive and business-driven IT service component reconfiguration solution based on what-if scenario analysis and on genetic-algorithm optimization. Our solution is able to model complex Cloud computing IT services and to evaluate their performance in a wide range of alternative configurations, by also detecting the optimal placement for their components. The paper presents the experimental evaluation of our framework in a realistic scenario that consists of a 2-tier service architecture with real-world pricing schemes. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our solution and the suitability of business-driven IT management techniques for the optimal placement of service components in federated Clouds.

El artículo contiene una síntesis del proceso de creación y difusión de la empresa cooperativa en la Comunidad Valenciana, así como del modelo de organización a escala local, regional, nacional y europeo. El cooperativismo agrario católico valenciano, bajo la dirección del P. Vicent, desarrollará al máximo sus posibilidades económicas marcando la diferencia con otras regiones de España. Los acontecimientos históricos repercuten en modificaciones legales que afectan a la estructura y funcionamiento de las cooperativas: desde la revolución liberal de 1868 hasta la integración en la Unión Europea. Mérito del cooperativismo agrario es haber conseguido la apertura de esta sociedad tradicional a nuevos métodos de trabajo y organización, lo que ha permitido a los campesinos ampliar sus derechos políticos y, especialmente, la mejora del nivel de vida como consecuencia de los aportes técnicos, comerciales y de gestión. En esta línea se valora la adhesión a la UE, destacando tanto las ayudas recibidas como las dificultades que puedan sobrevenir en razón de las negociaciones con los mercados exteriores y de la nueva PAC. Por último, el trabajo de campo hecho se concreta en breves reseñas de las cooperativas más destacadas comercialmente. The article it’s a synthesis of the creation and diffusion process of the cooperative venture at the Comunidad Valenciana, including the organization model on a global, regional, national and European scale.The catholic agricultural cooperativism, under the management of P. Vicent, will develop the maximum of its economical possibilities, setting with it the difference with other Spanish regions.The historical events have an impact on legal modifications that affects the cooperatives’ structure and operation: from the liberal revolution on 1868 to the integration into de European Union.The agricultural cooperativism’s merit it’s been reach the opening of this traditional society to new working and organization methods, which let the farmers widen them politics rights and, specially, to improve them life style as a consequence of the technician, commercial and administration contributions. In this level it’s valuable the adhesion to the UE, emphasizing any help received as the difficulties that could strike because of the negotiations with the external markets and the new PAC. Finally, the fieldwork made is concreted on a short review of the most relevant commercially cooperatives.

This thesis aims to contribute to a historical reconstruction of african-brazilian religions and afrrican-amerindian in Paraíba, namely: Jurema, Umbanda and Candomblé, respectively. The methodology of the study was basically the source of oral testimonies gathered through interviews with Mothers and Fathers-to-Saint, as well as with representatives of Federations african-brazilian. We also use various resources, primary sources, documents, laws, resources iconographic, photographic, etc. Through rich material published on the subject, we reconstructed, part of the history, demonstrating also tabulate some pictures. The use of the ancestral language, through pontos, prayers, corimas, is recurrent in the course of work, beyond the narrative of African myths in the same corpus. We made a historic reconstruction of the secular cult of the Jurema Preta, in the Site Acais, in Alhandras City , the traditional Catimbó Jurema, training Umbanda Paraibana, with the contribution of woman priests as Mother Rita Preta and Mother Laura of Santa Rita, Mother Marinalva and Father Osias of João Pessoa City. One of the most important research, takes place with the 3.434 Law, signed by Governor João Agripino (1966-1971), guaranteeing freedom of worship African-paraiba. The trajectory of militants as Mother Rita Preta, Mother Marinalva, Cícero Tomé and Carlos Leal Rodrigues (In Memorian) and had to arise on the first African-federation of Paraíba. Bellow, we recorded the arrival of traditional Candomblé the State of Paraíba, through Father Jackson of Oyá (Cajazeiras), Father Erivaldo d’Osum, both from the Ketu nation, Mother Beata of Yemonjá (In Memorian), the nation of Angola, and Mother Renilda of Alaketu (Jeje Savalú), both of João Pessoa, between the decades of 1960-1990. Finally we analyze the appearance and role o federations, usually created dissent. Nenhuma A presente dissertação pretende contribuir para uma reconstrução histórica das religiões afro-brasileiras e afro-ameríndias na Paraíba, a saber: Jurema, Umbanda e Candomblé, respectivamente. A metodologia utilizada no trabalho foi basicamente a fonte oral, através de depoimentos colhidos em entrevistas com Mães e Pais-de-Santo, bem como, com representantes de Federações afro-brasileiras. Utilizamos também de recursos diversos, fontes primárias como, documentos, leis, recursos iconográficos, fotográficos etc. Através de rico material publicado sobre a temática, reconstruímos parte da história, tabulamos alguns quadros demonstrativos também. O uso da língua ancestral, através de pontos, rezas, corimas, é recorrente no transcurso do trabalho, além da narrativa de mitos africanos no corpus do mesmo. Fizemos uma reconstrução histórica do culto secular da Jurema Preta no Sítio Acais em Alhandra, do tradicional Catimbó de Jurema, da formação da Umbanda paraibana, com a contribuição de sacerdotisas como Mãe Rita Preta e Mãe Laura de Santa Rita, Mãe Marinalva e Pai Osias de João Pessoa. Um dos pontos mais importantes da pesquisa, dá-se com a Lei 3.434, assinada pelo governador João Agripino (1966-1971), garantindo a liberdade dos cultos afro-paraibanos. A trajetória de militantes como Mãe Rita Preta, Mãe Marinalva, Cícero Tomé e Carlos Leal Rodrigues (In Memorian), fizeram com que surgisse a primeira federação afroparaibana. A seguir, registramos a chegada do tradicional Candomblé ao Estado paraibano, através de Pai Jackson de Oyá (Cajazeiras), Pai Erivaldo d’Osum, ambos da nação Ketu, Mãe Beata de Yemonjá (In Memorian), da nação Angola e Mãe Renilda de Alaketu, do Jeje Savalú, ambas de João Pessoa, entre as décadas de 1960-1990. Por fim, analisaremos o surgimento e papel das federações, criadas geralmente por dissidências.

Este estudio abarca la historia de la Educación Física y el Deporte de la ciudad de Huelva en el período histórico que muchos autores denominan como época franquista, correspondiente a los treinta y seis años que van desde el final de la Guerra Civil hasta la muerte del general Franco en noviembre de 1975. Este trabajo se enmarca entre los intentos de varios profesores de esta Universidad por recuperar la historia de la educación en nuestra ciudad. En el Primer Capítulo se pretende enmarcar la Educación Física y el Deporte, junto a la situación política, económica y social de la época. En el segundo estudiamos el caso concreto de Huelva en referente al capítulo anterior y la diferencia del panorama deportivo onubense en relación con el caso español, desde los primeros terrenos deportivos y las instituciones deportivas. En el Tercero comprobamos cómo era la educación física, tanto en el ámbito escolar como no escolar, desde las disposiciones legales, los centros de formación y los profesores de Huelva. En el Cuarto tratamos el nacimiento de las federaciones deportivas onubenses y los mejores deportistas de la época, que aporta una panorámica más real de la situación del por qué de la situación actual.----------------------------------------This study includes the history of the Physical education and Deporte of the city of Huelva in the historical period that many authors denominate like time pro-Franco, corresponding to the thirty and six years that go from the end of the Civil War to the death of general Franco in November of 1975. This work frames between the attempts several professors of this University to recover the history of the education in our city. In the First Chapter it is tried to frame the Physical education and Deporte, next to the political situation, economic and social of the time. In the Second we studied the tactical mission of Huelva in referring to the previous chapter and the difference of the onubense sport panorama in relation to the Spanish case, from first sport lands and the sport institutions. In Third we verified as much how it was the physical education, in the scholastic scope as nonstudent, from the legal dispositions, the centers of formation and the professors of Huelva. In the Quarter we dealed with the birth the onubenses sports federations and the best sportsmen of the time, that contributes panoramic the most real one of the situation of so that of the present situation.

This document describes the requirements for CONTRAIL concerning Federation Support, Identity, and Security. The federation is at the core of CONTRAIL services. Without it, users would need to be concerned with the details of accessing individual service providers, thus, adding the burden of account and resource management to their workload. The CONTRAIL project believes that end users should focus on their work rather than on resource management. It is the role of the federation to broker access to resources, to ensure that the best available resource is selected, and that diverse resources are accessed consistently. The federation thus plays an enabling role for the user. Via the federation, the user accesses resources without being concerned with how this is done. The user typically defines usage policies: limits on the amount of resources to be consumed, privacy requirements, etc. Then, the CONTRAIL federation ensures that the resources are allocated as needed, matching the user's requirements against the published SLAs. Furthermore, users can establish collaborations with other users. It does not matter what the user's home institution is, whether from academia or industry, how they logged in, which country they are based in - unless users want it to matter. The federation must enable users to collaborate across boundaries, but must also let the users impose restrictions based on these boundaries. For example, some data must not leave national (or EU) borders, academic software licenses are often different from commercial, etc. Beyond the user's view, it is also the role of the federation to bring together service providers and users. The cloud model makes resources available on-demand, and users don't have to negotiate directly with individual service providers be- cause the federation establishes contracts between them as needed. The service providers provide services knowing that users agree to acceptable use policies, misuse can be tracked, and use of their resources is accounted. Users, conversely, need not investigate the policies of individual providers, because the federation has examined their published SLAs and selected providers accordingly (and possibly taking in other factors, such as past performance). The CONTRAIL federation provides the potential to make cloud-bursting (scaling out to multiple cloud providers) a routine activity. If required, the federation can also be used to hide information, thus helping preserve privacy. A service provider knows that a legitimate and traceable user has logged in, but do not necessarily need to know who it was. Interactions between all parties are greatly simplified provided that the various actors trusts the federation. In this respect, the federation has a significant responsibility: it must define policies that build trust. In particular, users may entrust the federation with potentially valuable information, such as login details for a remote service provider. The user must be able to place this data into the federation with confidence. The requirements then are gathered from the individual case studies, but also those arising from best practice for operating federations. The case studies focus on end users, but the federation ties together many different actors: users, internal and external service providers, service operators and administrators, owners of datasets. At the same time, the federation must preserve constraints imposed by users, different legislative domains, and cloud infrastructure administration policies. The CONTRAIL project does not aim to build all of this from scratch. When- ever possible, we build on existing work, preferring open and interoperable solutions. CONTRAIL Federations should also improve upon existing SW platforms, which already provide Cloud-bursting functionality and Cloud inter-operation. This document includes a brief survey of existing results. It is worth pointing out there is some overlap with work from other work packages, notably, WP3 (SLAs), WP7 (security), and WP10 (architecture.) There are federation aspects of other work packages as well: for example, a global file system (GAFS, D6.1) requires a global security infrastructure (authentication, access control, logging, etc.)

This document describes the requirements for CONTRAIL concerning Federation Support, Identity, and Security. The federation is at the core of CONTRAIL services. Without it, users would need to be concerned with the details of accessing individual service providers, thus, adding the burden of account and resource management to their workload. The CONTRAIL project believes that end users should focus on their work rather than on resource management. It is the role of the federation to broker access to resources, to ensure that the best available resource is selected, and that diverse resources are accessed consistently. The federation thus plays an enabling role for the user. Via the federation, the user accesses resources without being concerned with how this is done. The user typically defines usage policies: limits on the amount of resources to be consumed, privacy requirements, etc. Then, the CONTRAIL federation ensures that the resources are allocated as needed, matching the user's requirements against the published SLAs. Furthermore, users can establish collaborations with other users. It does not matter what the user's home institution is, whether from academia or industry, how they logged in, which country they are based in - unless users want it to matter. The federation must enable users to collaborate across boundaries, but must also let the users impose restrictions based on these boundaries. For example, some data must not leave national (or EU) borders, academic software licenses are often different from commercial, etc. Beyond the user's view, it is also the role of the federation to bring together service providers and users. The cloud model makes resources available on-demand, and users don't have to negotiate directly with individual service providers be- cause the federation establishes contracts between them as needed. The service providers provide services knowing that users agree to acceptable use policies, misuse can be tracked, and use of their resources is accounted. Users, conversely, need not investigate the policies of individual providers, because the federation has examined their published SLAs and selected providers accordingly (and possibly taking in other factors, such as past performance). The CONTRAIL federation provides the potential to make cloud-bursting (scaling out to multiple cloud providers) a routine activity. If required, the federation can also be used to hide information, thus helping preserve privacy. A service provider knows that a legitimate and traceable user has logged in, but do not necessarily need to know who it was. Interactions between all parties are greatly simplified provided that the various actors trusts the federation. In this respect, the federation has a significant responsibility: it must define policies that build trust. In particular, users may entrust the federation with potentially valuable information, such as login details for a remote service provider. The user must be able to place this data into the federation with confidence. The requirements then are gathered from the individual case studies, but also those arising from best practice for operating federations. The case studies focus on end users, but the federation ties together many different actors: users, internal and external service providers, service operators and administrators, owners of datasets. At the same time, the federation must preserve constraints imposed by users, different legislative domains, and cloud infrastructure administration policies. The CONTRAIL project does not aim to build all of this from scratch. When- ever possible, we build on existing work, preferring open and interoperable solutions. CONTRAIL Federations should also improve upon existing SW platforms, which already provide Cloud-bursting functionality and Cloud inter-operation. This document includes a brief survey of existing results. It is worth pointing out there is some overlap with work from other work packages, notably, WP3 (SLAs), WP7 (security), and WP10 (architecture.) There are federation aspects of other work packages as well: for example, a global file system (GAFS, D6.1) requires a global security infrastructure (authentication, access control, logging, etc.)

This deliverable analyses both functionality and algorithms for Contrail Federations and provides an architectural design which takes into account aspects of Identity management and Security. The Federation plays a central role in Contrail: users access Contrail resources through the Federation, which is one the main selling points of Contrail. A Federation can be seen as a bridge between cloud users and cloud providers, since it mediates between users' requests and providers owning the resources. The document starts with an overview of the key functionality offered by a Federation; then it introduces a model describing the relationships between the entities involved in a Federation. The analysis takes into account aspects of security, administration of user identities and management of cloud providers, as well as tracing those aspects and functions to the requirements gathered in the first phase of the Contrail project. In the final release, the Contrail Federation will manage multiple providers, possibly including external cloud providers such as Amazon and Azure. The analysis of the coordination of different cloud providers by means of their SLA is not a trivial problem and it requires the utilization of optimization algorithms. For this reason, as implementing all the functionality at once is not realistic, two different scenarios - a basic one and an advanced one - have been identified; the two Federation prototypes to be released according to the Description of Work aim at implementing those two scenarios. The Federation architecture is discussed from different perspectives: a static view showing Federation layers and internal components, a dynamic view showing the interactions between modules and a deployment view showing how software components are deployed into available hardware. In the analysis of Federation algorithms, a big issue is the management of SLAs on different cloud providers. The difficulty comes from the fact that a Federation is not just a simple broker, but plays an active role and mediates between the aims of the final user and those of the set of providers. A Federation, in addition, may be seen itself as a provider. Once understood the real added value offered by the Federation in a cloud ecosystem, it becomes apparent that a Federation may also be a business entity earning money from its services. This implies that a Federation should also handle typical business issues, such as risk management, for being profitable. For instance, when a SLA is split between several providers, the Federation must manage prices but also penalties, both with users and providers: a SLA violation from a provider may result in an economic loss for the Federation. Finally, flexibility and usability of the interfaces play a critical role in a Cloud, hence they also do in Contrail Federations. Three different kinds of interfaces have been defined: a graphical web User Interface, a REST interface and a command-line interface. In CONTRAIL, the same REST interface could be used to access both providers and the Federation, thus simplifying the overall implementation, and allowing for all standard interfaces (e.g. OCCI) to be laid on top of both. A further advantage is in the opportunity to compose Federations and providers in a transparent way, allowing to exploit the Federation as a single cloud provider. As already pointed out in D2.1, WP2 activities intrinsically overlap with other work packages, especially WP3, WP7 and WP10; Federation details on topics discussed in other deliverables are properly referenced in this document.

This deliverable analyses both functionality and algorithms for Contrail Federations and provides an architectural design which takes into account aspects of Identity management and Security. The Federation plays a central role in Contrail: users access Contrail resources through the Federation, which is one the main selling points of Contrail. A Federation can be seen as a bridge between cloud users and cloud providers, since it mediates between users' requests and providers owning the resources. The document starts with an overview of the key functionality offered by a Federation; then it introduces a model describing the relationships between the entities involved in a Federation. The analysis takes into account aspects of security, administration of user identities and management of cloud providers, as well as tracing those aspects and functions to the requirements gathered in the first phase of the Contrail project. In the final release, the Contrail Federation will manage multiple providers, possibly including external cloud providers such as Amazon and Azure. The analysis of the coordination of different cloud providers by means of their SLA is not a trivial problem and it requires the utilization of optimization algorithms. For this reason, as implementing all the functionality at once is not realistic, two different scenarios - a basic one and an advanced one - have been identified; the two Federation prototypes to be released according to the Description of Work aim at implementing those two scenarios. The Federation architecture is discussed from different perspectives: a static view showing Federation layers and internal components, a dynamic view showing the interactions between modules and a deployment view showing how software components are deployed into available hardware. In the analysis of Federation algorithms, a big issue is the management of SLAs on different cloud providers. The difficulty comes from the fact that a Federation is not just a simple broker, but plays an active role and mediates between the aims of the final user and those of the set of providers. A Federation, in addition, may be seen itself as a provider. Once understood the real added value offered by the Federation in a cloud ecosystem, it becomes apparent that a Federation may also be a business entity earning money from its services. This implies that a Federation should also handle typical business issues, such as risk management, for being profitable. For instance, when a SLA is split between several providers, the Federation must manage prices but also penalties, both with users and providers: a SLA violation from a provider may result in an economic loss for the Federation. Finally, flexibility and usability of the interfaces play a critical role in a Cloud, hence they also do in Contrail Federations. Three different kinds of interfaces have been defined: a graphical web User Interface, a REST interface and a command-line interface. In CONTRAIL, the same REST interface could be used to access both providers and the Federation, thus simplifying the overall implementation, and allowing for all standard interfaces (e.g. OCCI) to be laid on top of both. A further advantage is in the opportunity to compose Federations and providers in a transparent way, allowing to exploit the Federation as a single cloud provider. As already pointed out in D2.1, WP2 activities intrinsically overlap with other work packages, especially WP3, WP7 and WP10; Federation details on topics discussed in other deliverables are properly referenced in this document.

This dissertation deals with the topic of bailouts in federations. Institutions and instruments helping to alleviate the incentive problems arising from bailouts are analyzed. In particular, the role of the timing of elections, bailout restrictions and the exploitation of budgetary information from comparable jurisdictions is considered.

The investigation presented in this paper was prompted by the need to provide a manageablesolution for secure access to computing clusters with a federated authentication framework.This requirement is especially important for scientists who need direct access to computingnodes in order to run their applications (e.g. chemical or medical simulations) with proprietary,open-source or custom-developed software packages. Our existing software, whichenables non-Web clients to use Shibboleth-secured services, has been extended to providedirect SSH access to cluster nodes using the Linux Pluggable Authentication Modules mechanism.This allows Shibboleth users to run the required software on clusters. Validationand performance comparison with existing SSH authentication mechanisms confirm that thepresented tools satisfy the stated requirements.

Even today, our political life is built on an interaction between command and submission, to which we are bound by political Sovereignty. But it is a particular form of the political power, that raised in the 16th century with Bodin’s intellectual contribution, from a precise historical juncture. How this concept, referring to the absolute and unconditional submission from the « free subjects » to the Sovereign, also pertains to modern democratic societies? Are the indivisibility and transcendence of this power appropriate to express people’s sovereignty too? Identifying a first metamorphosis of this concept is necessary, while assessing its transcription into the republican form of government set up by the two American and French Revolutions in the 18th century. Then it became relevant to question how to combine the necessary obedience to public powers with human liberty. Isn’t the obligation to submit to which we are compelled by a sovereign autority, a limitation of this liberty? Isn’t it in the nature of every power to turn abnormally large and invasive? How to ensure both the preservation of the subjective rights of the citizens and the citizen’s coexistence in a society? The study of the American Federal Republic allows us to describe the particular interaction between a certain representation of the political power’s fonctions, and an efficient enterprising social dynamic. By dividing the sovereignty, the Americans contradict one of its essential presumed features, initiating its second metamorphosis. To what extend, then, can we challenge the attributes of sovereignty, without losing the specific relation of power that its inception inaugurated; Aujourd’hui encore, notre vie politique est organisée autour de la relation de commandement à obéissance à laquelle nous oblige la souveraineté politique. Mais ce rapport d’obligation est une forme particulière du pouvoir politique, qui émerge au XVIe siècle à travers la pensée de Bodin, dans une conjoncture historique précise. Comment ce concept, renvoyant à l’obéissance absolue et inconditionnée des « francs sujets » à leur Souverain, a-t-il pu être conservé par les sociétés démocratiques modernes? L’indivisibilité et la transcendance de ce pouvoir peuvent-elles exprimer la souveraineté du peuple? C’est une première métamorphose de ce concept qui est requise pour traduire la forme républicaine instituée suite aux deux révolutions américaine et française du XVIIIe siècle. Se pose alors la question de savoir comment conjuguer la nécessaire obéissance aux pouvoirs publics avec la liberté humaine. L’obligation d’obéir à laquelle nous sommes tenus par l’autorité souveraine n’est-elle pas en effet assimilable à une limitation de cette liberté? Et tout pouvoir ne tend-il pas, par nature, à s’hypertrophier? Comment assurer les citoyens de la préservation de leurs droits subjectifs, tout en veillant à leur coexistence en communauté? L’étude la république fédérale américaine permet d’appréhender l’interaction particulière qui existe entre une certaine représentation des fonctions du pouvoir politique, et une dynamique sociale puissante et entreprenante. En divisant la souveraineté, les Américains en contredisent un des traits posés comme essentiels, provoquant ainsi sa deuxième métamorphose. Jusqu’où peut-on alors aller dans la remise en cause des attributs souverains, sans perdre la relation de pouvoir spécifique qu’elle inaugure