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PurposeDespite the importance of sustainability, some conservative religious groups do not believe and support climate change. There is a continuous debate on the role of religion on people’s attitudes toward the environment. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to (1) explore the impact of consumers’ religious orientation on motivation and commitment toward recycling; (2) examine the impact of economic motivation, commitment and love for nature toward intention to recycle; (3) investigate the mediating effect of motivation, commitment and love for nature on the relationship between consumer religiosity and their intention to recycle; and (4) examine the impact of consumers’ intention toward its subsequent behavior.Design/methodology/approachUsing convenience sampling methods, participants were recruited through an online survey platform (MTurk). The total completed respondents are 827 participants.FindingsThe results show consumers’ religiousness influence their motivation, commitment and love for nature. This study shows that consumers with high intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness are more likely to be motivated by economic motivation. Being religious does not make consumers more environmentally friendly.Research limitations/implicationsThis study did not separate religion and between religious and non-religious consumers. Each religion may perceive environments differently. Future research may investigate each religion separately.Originality/valueThis paper has several contributions: (1) it contributes to the debate on the impact of religiousness on consumers’ attitudes toward sustainable-related behavior such as recycling. Does it matter? (2) the results show the most effective way to increase people’s intention to recycle; and (3) the results of this study will have implications for government, religious institutions on how to increase positive attitude toward the environment especially among religious consumers.

International audience; Based on Hunt and Vitell's theory of ethics, using three vignettes, we tested intrinsic and extrinsic religiosities and five ethical principles (justice, deontology, relativism, egoism, and utilitarianism) in the ethical decisionmaking process of 232 Indian business professionals. Intrinsic religiosity is positively related to ethical recognition and intent and extrinsic religiosity is negatively related to ethical intent in the vignette concerning duty of care. Although intrinsic religiosity predicted justice, deontology and relativism in three vignettes, it is also positively related to utilitarianism in one vignette. Egoism is not related to intrinsic and extrinsic religiosities. Extrinsic religiosity is negatively related to justice (one vignette), deontology (two vignettes), relativism (two vignettes) and utilitarianism (one vignette). Moreover, the intrinsic religiosity-ethical recognition and extrinsic religiosity-ethical intent relationships are varyingly mediated by the ethical principles. We extend Hunt and Vitell's theory in a multi-faith context and our findings have implications for Indian business leaders and employees.

Widowhood affects the social networks and well-being of older adults. Religion might moderate the relationship between a stressor and well-being. This study aimed to identify the moderating roles of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on the relationship between social networks and flourishing among widowed older people and whether this relationship varied across gender. This study involved 655 community-dwelling widowed older Malaysians from Wave 1 (2012–2013) of “Identifying Psychosocial Risks and Quantifying the Economic Costs of Age-Related Cognitive Decline among Older Malaysians” in Peninsula Malaysia. The moderated hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the moderating roles of religiosity. Results showed that the moderating effect of religiosity on the relationship between social networks and flourishing was only observed for extrinsic religiosity, not intrinsic religiosity. In terms of gender differences, extrinsic religiosity moderated the relationship between social networks, flourishing only among widows but not widowers. Widows with low levels of extrinsic religiosity should join activities or programs that could expand their social networks to promote higher well-being despite widowhood.

The present study examines and explores the indirect effects of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on well-being, namely self-esteem and life satisfaction, through presence of and search for meaning in life, and its gender difference among adolescents. 301 girls and 395 boys from Hong Kong participated in this cross-sectional survey study. Independent t-test, correlation and four mediation model analyses with a bootstrap of 5000 samples were conducted. Girls score higher in extrinsic religiosity (personal) and search for meaning in life; lower in self-esteem compared with boys. Presence of meaning in life was found to positively mediate the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic personal religiosity on self-esteem and life satisfaction for boys but is not significant for girls. However, intrinsic religiosity promotes higher search for meaning in life, which in turn lowers self-esteem only for girls. The indirect effect of extrinsic social religiosity on well-being was not significant for both genders. Finding suggests that boys benefit more from religiosity on well-being.

This study is among the first to investigate the religiosity patterns, identity motives and attitudes towards Christians and non-believers among recent Muslim refugees in Finland (N = 128). There are two novelties in this study. First, it applies the religious orientation framework to study religious identities among Muslim refugees in Europe. Second, it combines a variable- and person-centred approach to study religiosity in the context of intergroup relations. Using the variable-centred approach with a multiple mediation analysis, we found that refugees’ extrinsic religiosity was associated with more positive attitudes towards Christians. Neither intrinsic religiosity nor participants’ religious identity motives were associated with out-group attitudes. Using the person-centred approach with a Two-Step cluster analysis, we showed that individuals with higher levels of intrinsic as compared to extrinsic religiosity and those with pronounced religious identity motives were more biased towards non-believers than towards Christians. Attitudes towards Christians and non-believers were similarly positive in a group characterised by equal levels of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. We discuss these findings in light of the role of religiosity in understanding Muslim refugees’ attitudes towards receiving societies.

Multitudinous studies conducted on organizational commitment and work values have emphasized a great significance of these concepts. In recent years considerable attention has also been accentuated on religiosity and its influence. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of religiosity on organizational commitment through work values. Organizational commitment scale developed by Meyer and Allen (1991), religiosity scale developed by Hoge (1972) and work values scale developed by Elizur (1996) wasused for measuring the variables. Data were collected by using convenience sampling technique through questionnaires from 261 participants employed in various companies located in Istanbul, Turkey. Results indicate that both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity has a positive effect on work values. Also, these two dimensions of religiosity have a positive direct effect on continuance commitment, whereas normative commitment is positively affected by only intrinsic religiosity. Work values is found to be mediator of the relationship between extrinsic religiosity and continuance commitment. The findings extend current theories of the role of religion in working environment by examining the possible influence on work values.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of religiosity (intrinsic and extrinsic) and halal literacy on the intention of Muslim consumers to purchase halal branded food products in India. An extended version of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was used as a framework. Apart from religiosity and halal literacy, the influence of attitude, social norms and perceived behavioural control of halal on buying intention were also tested. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a survey design. The data were collected from 350 individual respondents, using a closed-ended, structured questionnaire. The quality of the measurement model has been assessed through reliability testing, factor loading, average variance extracted and Fornell-Larcker criterion. The test of hypotheses was conducted by performing the partial least square structural equation modelling. Findings The result of hypotheses testing shows that both intrinsic and extrinsic types of religiosities did not have a direct influence on buying intention. However, religiosity (extrinsic and intrinsic) and halal literacy have significant relationships with most of the antecedents of the intention of the TPB. In addition, both kinds of religiosities (extrinsic and intrinsic) and halal literacy had a significant indirect effect (through TPB antecedents) on buying intention. Originality/value Muslim population in India is one of the largest in the world, yet there is a lack of popular halal branded food products in the market. Nevertheless, few researchers have attempted to study the consumer behaviour of the Muslim population for halal products in India. A large amount of research work on halal food behaviour is from countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, where the Muslim population is in the majority and halal brands are already popular. Further, this paper studies the impact of dimensions of religiosity, which has been overlooked by researchers studying the halal food purchasing behaviour. The study also explores the impact of halal literacy, an understudied construct in halal marketing literature. The present study is amongst the earliest empirical research based on Muslim consumers in India on the topic of halal branded food products.

Purpose: Drawing on self-determination theory (SDT), this article aims to examine the impact of customers’ intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on purchase intentions for luxury brands. Moreover, this study delves into the moderating effect of customer brand loyalty in these relationships. Methodology: To this end, we tested our hypotheses with a student sample (N = 169) from Pakistan. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modeling (SEM), and moderation analysis techniques were used to analyze the data using SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0. Findings: The results of data analysis indicated that a customer’s purchase intention for luxury brands is significantly influenced by extrinsic religiosity, while intrinsic religiosity has trivial influence in boosting purchase intention for a luxury brand. Our results for moderation analysis further show that customer purchase intention for a luxury brand is reinforced by intrinsic religiosity when customer brand loyalty is high but not when customer brand loyalty is low, whereas purchase intention for a luxury brand is fortified more by extrinsic religiosity when customer brand loyalty is low than when customer brand loyalty is high. Research Limitations: As with any set of cross-sectional studies, our research is not without limitations. For instance, the sample size in the current study is purposefully small. This limits the generalizability of findings across a wider population. Implications/originality/value: This study has provided a framework to explain how customers’ intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity affected the purchase intentions of luxury brands in the emerging market.

This study examined the relationship between religious orientation and death attitudes in Christian U.S. students and Muslim Turkish students. It also assessed whether meaning in life mediated these relationships. Multivariate statistics and path analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors of death attitudes in these groups. Intrinsic religiosity was more consistently associated with positive attitudes toward death than extrinsic religiosity, and these patterns remained consistent across groups. Meaning in life mediated some of these relationships, although not consistently. Evidence suggesting differential relationships between religiosity and death attitudes across groups was found, although the overall results suggest more similarities than differences.

Purpose: This study investigates the impact of retailers’ religious affiliation and religiosity on consumers’ purchasing patterns. The moderated mediation model of this study contemplates a) the mediating role of buying motives of consumers based on thoughts, feelings, emotions, which help them make decisions, and b) the moderating role of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity dimensions. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were obtained from consumers from metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Simple Linear Regression and Pearson Correlation Coefficients were used to investigate the relationships with the help of SPSS and AMOS software. ArcMap was used to represent the selected sample size. Findings: Drawing on the belief-congruence theory, the findings of this study suggest that religious affiliation of the retailer (RAR) has a significantly positive impact on consumer purchase intentions (CPI) and that consumer buying motives (CBM) have a strong mediating role between RAR and CPI. The study also reveals that the impact of CBM on CPI is stronger in consumers with high intrinsic religiosity. However, data analysis shows that consumers’ extrinsic religiosity is not a significant moderator of the relationship between consumers’ buying motives and purchase intentions. Implications/Originality/Value: The findings of this study can help retailers make better policies to attract consumers and sustain their businesses.

The primary purpose of this study was to explore the indirect effect of intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity on ethical intention through ethical judgment. A review of the literature shows the need for more research at the intersection of religiosity and ethics, especially in non-Western, highly religious contexts. This research, therefore, addresses the research question: Do intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity indirectly impact ethical intention through influencing the ethical judgment of management professionals? Data were gathered from members of the Management Association of Pakistan through a questionnaire. Pearson correlation results show the overall trend between the constructs of interest. Multiple regression results show that both intrinsic religiosity and extrinsic religiosity are significant positive predictors of ethical judgment. Ethical judgment was also found to be a significant, positive predictor of ethical intention. The main contribution of the study is evidence that ethical judgment acts as a mediator between religiosity (whether intrinsic or extrinsic) and ethical intention in a non-Western highly religious context. This research also found that intrinsic religiosity impacts ethical intention directly as well as indirectly through ethical judgment, but extrinsic religiosity influences ethical intention only through its effect on ethical judgment. We discuss our results along with practical and research implications, and limitations of this research are highlighted to guide future research.

The belief-as-benefit hypothesis holds that spirituality and religiosity strengthen resilience and increase personal well-being. This spiritually-based account of resilience informed the development of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), which includes a spiritual influences factor. In keeping with this general account it was hypothesized that measures of spirituality and religiosity will be positively correlated with scores on the 23 secular items of the CD-RISC (i.e., the 25 item CD-RISC minus the 2 items that define the spiritual influences factor). Participants (n = 338) were administered the CD-RISC, the spirituality subscale of the 16-Strength Questionnaire and the Intrinsic/Extrinsic-Revised scale. Scores on the 23-item CD-RISC showed a significant positive correlation with spirituality scores (r = .224, p

The article presents the results of an empirical study of religiosity and time perception in a sample of Muslims, Christians, and Atheists. The study involved 77 respondents from 18 to 44 years old. There was used the Religious Orientation Scale of G. Allport and D. Ross for the study of religiosity. There were used Zimbardo time perspective inventory and “time semantic differential” for the study of time perception. We obtained following results: the indicators of “extrinsic religiosity” among Muslims are higher than among Orthodox Christians; Muslims have higher indicators of “present hedonistic” than Orthodox Christians; Atheists have higher indicators of “present hedonistic” than Muslims; Orthodox Christians have higher indicators of “time amount” of the present than Atheists; Muslims have higher indicators of “time amount” of the future than Atheists.

The present study examined the relationship between religiosity and competitive anxiety in college athletes and whether there were differences in competitive anxiety for intrinsically relig...

Studying on sales of products that have Halal Logo are very attractive in Indonesia, putting Halal Logo on products are expected to improve consumers purchase intention. This study examines the effect of religiosity moderation to halal logo increasing purchase intention especially in Muslims consumer. From the results of several previous studies on the concept of halal and Muslim ways, there are three proposed variables, namely halal logo, religiosity and purchase intention. Where products with a halal logo which is moderated by religiosity will increase purchase intention of Muslims consumer. The data in this study were collected through online surveys using a google form questionnaire with a total of 120 Muslim consumers living in Jakarta with ages ranging from seventeen to forty years. The study was conducted in November 2018 using a research method that is moderate with a comparative approach of two groups of data samples to see the relationships between variables. Data analysis method use in this study is Univariate Analysis of Variance (Univariate ANOVA). The results of this study indicate that products with Halal Logo which is moderated by intrinsic religiosity will increase purchase intention but in the other hand Halal Logo which is moderated by extrinsic Religiosity does not increase purchase intention.

Same-gender attracted Christians can arrive at very different conclusions as to how to live in congruence with their religious values. In an attempt to understand what might contribute to this difference a quantitative examination of God concept (rational knowledge of God), God image (experiential knowledge of God), and the role of religion was conducted. A total of 156 gay-affirming and 59 traditional-believing same-gender attracted (SGA) Christians completed an online God adjective checklist and intrinsic/extrinsic religiosity questionnaire. Results indicated that within both populations there was a statistically significant difference between God concept and God image. A statistically significant difference was also found between the two groups in both God concept and God image. Traditional-believing SGA Christians reported a God concept and God image that was significantly more wrathful than their gay-affirming counterparts. Results also indicated that traditional-believing SGA Christians were significantly more intrinsically religiously oriented than were the gay-affirming participants. Together these findings suggest that there are significant differences between the way traditional-believing and gay-affirming SGA Christians understand and experience both God and religion.

In this modern era, many product companies are competing to produce food products that contain halal-labeled ingredients for food products made by the wider community.The population in this study were Islamic students in the city of Semarang who had issued halal products. The sample in this study are some Islamic students who have spent halal food products. Techniques in sampling in this study, using purposive sampling techniques or sampling. The purposive sampling technique is a sampling technique that adjusts to certain criteria (intentional). Analysis tools that are multiple linear regression.The results showed that Instrinsik Religiosity positively and significantly toward the assessment of halal products, extrinsic religiosity positively and significantly towards the assessment of halal products, halal product knowledge had a positive and significant effect on halal products, instrinsic significant religiosity to buy halal products, extrinsic religiosity significantly and significantly on the purchase price of halal goods, halal has a positive and significant influence on the purchase price and an assessment of halal products has a positive and significant effect on the purchase price of halal products Keywords: religiosity and knowledge of halal products, halal products and interest in purchasing products

This paper extends the growing research on the influence of religion and spiritualism on consumer behaviour by exploring the relationship between spirituality and religiosity (intrinsic vs. extrinsic) as well as their effects on consumers' purchase of Fast Moving Consumer Goods brands promoted by spiritual leaders (spiritual brands). Results from an online survey of 238 Indian consumers across four food product categories (honey, cheese, biscuits and cooking oil) shows that both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity have significant positive effects, but spirituality has no significant effect on the purchase of spiritual brands. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings as well as some limitations of our study and useful directions for future research usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This study was aimed at exploring the impact of religiosity on purchase intention towards counterfeit products by investigating the mediating role of consumer attitude. This study investigated religiosity as an independent variable, attitude towards counterfeit as a mediator while predicting the purchase intentions of the consumers. A self-administered questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale was used to collect data from the sample of 420 respondents who were from twin cities (Rawalpindi and Islamabad) of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling technique was used to achieve the set objectives. The results reveal a statistically significant effect of religiosity along with the significant mediating role of consumer attitude and the significant moderating role of hedonic benefits while predicting the purchase intentions of the consumers. This study also provides important insights for the researchers and the practitioners.

— A lot of individuals have lived their lives with a strong attachment towards religion; however some of them still have a high aggressive behavior. This phenomenon is also evident in the youth communities within the church. The core teaching of the Christianity is love, in which love is supposed to inhibit individuals to initiate aggressive behavior. This study aims to explore the correlation between religiosity, which has two components (intrinsic religiosity orientation and extrinsic religiosity orientation), towards aggressive behavior in youth communities within the church. This study used quantitative method. To obtain and collect the data, we used the aid of questionnaire distributed through purposive technique towards 87 subjects. The instruments included the Verbal Aggressive Scale for the aggressive behavior, the I/E-R Scales to measure religious orientation, and Faith Development Scale to measure the development of faith in each individual. The result of this research pointed out that there is no significant correlation between intrinsic religious orientation and aggressive behavior and that is a positive correlation between extrinsic religious orientation and aggressive behavior. Abstrak — Banyak individu yang memiliki hidup dengan keterkaitan yang erat dengan agama, namun di sisi lain perilaku agresivitas mereka tetap tinggi. Fenomena ini juga terjadi dalam komunitas pemuda gereja. Inti dari ajaran agama Kristen adalah kasih, di mana idealnya kasih tersebut menahan individu untuk tidak melakukan perilaku agresif. Untuk menjelaskan fenomena ini, dilakukan penelitian mengenai hubungan antara religiositas, yang di dalamnya terdiri dari orientasi religiositas intrinsik dan ekstrinsik, dengan agresivitas pada pemuda gereja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner di mana sampel diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling kepada 87 responden. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Verbal Aggressiveness Scale untuk mengukur agresivitas, I/E-R Scales untuk mengukur orientasi religiositas, dan Faith Developmental Scale untuk mengukur perkembangan iman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak adanya korelasi yang signifikan antara religiositas intrinsik dengan agresivitas, namun terdapatnya korelasi positif antara religiositas ekstrinsik dengan agresivitas.

Religion and spirituality are important components of life for many older adults; however, religious practices and involvement can be cognitively demanding. Those older adults who develop c...

This study aims to explore the environmental sustainability intentions of family-owned businesses in Fiji. We developed a conceptual model that extends the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by incorporating intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and ethical judgment as moderating variables. We used a quantitative research methodology to collect data from 374 family-owned businesses in Fiji. We further tested the proposed model of this study using structural equation modeling. The empirical results showed that intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity positively influence the attitude of family-owned businesses toward environmental sustainability. Attitude and subjective norms were found to influence environmental sustainability intention positively. Furthermore, it was found that ethical judgment strengthens the positive relationship between attitude and subjective norms on environmental sustainability intentions. This study makes practical and theoretical contributions by giving insights into the drivers of the environmental sustainability intentions of family-owned businesses.

Religious practice and green consumption seem inherently related, as each activity purportedly benefits society. Despite this, few studies have explored the possibility that religion influences green purchase intentions. Further, individuals often struggle to reconcile their religious and nonreligious motives in their day-to-day activities. Toward this end, the current study investigates the roles that religion, price, and social motives may play as factors that influence green consumption. The study also examines the possible intervention of other altruistic motives such as attitude toward charitable institutions in determining green consumption. The study develops a new perspective on how green products should be marketed while delivering actionable theoretical and managerial implications.

The goal of the current study was to examine the association between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and psychological well-being and determine the mediating effects of social support on the re...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of religiosity in consumer ethics. This objective will be achieved by investigating the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity on consumer ethics, and segmenting consumers’ religiosity and explore differences between each segment. Design/methodology/approach The surveys were distributed to undergraduate students, their friends and members of their immediate families, through a large public university in Australia. Of 700 paper questionnaires, participants returned 651. Incomplete surveys with too many missing values were removed from the sample. Of these, 517 were usable, yielding a response rate of 74 per cent. Singles accounted for 53.9 per cent of the sample, followed by married people (26.8 per cent). Of the respondents, 49.9 per cent were men. The majority of respondents were between 18 and 24 years old (52 per cent), followed by 15-34 years (16.4 per cent). Finally, most respondents had an income level of less than $20,000 (36.6 per cent) followed by $21,000-$40,000 (20.5 per cent) and $41,000-$61,000 (19.7 per cent). Overall, despite being dominated by younger consumers, the sample is relatively representative of the entire adult population of Australia. Findings The results show that both intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity had an impact on consumers’ ethical beliefs. Moreover, the results show significant differences between the two segments studied. The religious segment was more likely than the non-religious segment to reject various unethical beliefs, but no significant differences were found in the behavioural dimensions of recycling and doing good deeds. Originality/value This is one of the first few studies to explore the impact of religiosity on consumer ethics in Australia. The results of this study have several implications for academic researchers, religious leaders and managers working in the area of consumer ethics.

İçinde bulunduğumuz çağın başat problemlerinden birisi şüphesiz çevre sorunlarıdır. Sorunların meydana gelmesindeki en büyük rol insanoğluna aittir. Kişilerin düşünce, tutum ve davranışlarına yön veren etkenlerden birisi de dindir. Dolayısıyla çevre sorunlarının çözümüne yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda insan ve tabiat ilişkilerini belli bir sisteme oturtan dinlerin göz ardı edilmesi düşünülemez. Bu araştırma Müslüman bireylerin çevreci davranışlarda bulunma durumları ile dindarlık yönelimleri arasındaki ilişkiyi çeşitli değişkenler açısından ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Teorik ve alan araştırması olmak üzere iki bölümden oluşan araştırmanın birinci bölümünde, araştırmanın yöntemi ve kavramsal çerçevesi, çevre, çevre bilinci, çevre sorunları ve sebepleri, din ve dindarlık tanımları, çeşitli dindarlık tipolojileri, çevre ve din ilişkileri dokümantasyon yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise araştırma bulguları ortaya konulmuştur. Dindarlık yönelimi ile çevreci davranışlarda bulunma arasındaki ilişkiyi tespit etmek üzere farklı demografik özelliklere sahip 378 kişiden oluşan örneklem grubuna `Çevreci Davranışlar Ölçeği` ve `Dini Yönelim Ölçeği` nden oluşan bir anket formu uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, iç güdümlü dindarlık ile `israftan kaçınma` arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğunu; dış güdümlü dindarlık ile çevreci davranışlar arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığını göstermiştir. Yine bulgulara göre, çevreci davranışlar ile bazı demografik değişkenler arasında olumlu ilişkiler bulunmaktadır. One of the major problems in this day and age is undoubtedly environmental problems. Human beings play a major role in the emergence of problems. Religion is one of the factors that shapes people's thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors. Therefore, it is unthinkable not to include the religions that place human and nature's relations in a certain system in the studies conducted for the solution of environmental problems. This study aims to reveal the relationship between the environmental behaviors of Muslim individuals and their religiosity orientations in terms of various variables. The study consists of two parts. In the first part, theoretical and field research, the method and conceptual framework of the research, environment, environmental awareness, environmental problems and causes, definitions of religion and religiosity, various religious typologies, environment and religion relations are examined with documentation method. In the second part, findings are presented. In order to determine the relationship between religious orientation and environmental behaviors, a questionnaire consisting of `Environmental Behaviors Scale` and `Religious Orientation Scale` are applied to a sample of 378 individuals with different demographic characteristics. The findings indicate that intrinsic religiosity has a positive effect on `avoiding wastefulness`; and there is no significant relationship between extrinsic religiosity and environmental behaviours. We also found significant relationship positive relationships between environmental behaviors and some demographic variables. 82

This study investigated the effects of spirituality and religiosity on subjective well-being. Religiosity was measured as intrinsic and extrinsic orientations using the Revised Religious Life Inventory (RLI-R) and spirituality was measured using the Spiritual Transcendence Scale (STS). Fifty-four participants were recruited from an all-female undergraduate population. Participants completed the RLI-R and STS followed by measures of subjective well-being including life satisfaction, self-esteem, positive and negative affect, and perceived stress. Participants were separated into groups using a median split based on their scores on the subscales of the RLI-R and combined STS scores. The results of the MANOVA indicated that low extrinsic religiosity mediates the relationship between high intrinsic religiosity, and low spirituality with the measures of subjective well-being, including high self-esteem, low negative affect and low perceived stress. Past research has not often separated intrinsic, extrinsic religiosity and spirituality, these findings indicate a need for such separation.

Religion is known for transforming human behaviour in many ways. This research investigates the influence of religiosity on two unrestrained buying constructs; impulsive and compulsive buying. The focus of this paper is on both intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions of religiosity. The first study provides important insights into the differential impact of these two dimensions of religiosity on unrestrained buying constructs. The second study explores the underlying mechanism of the relationship between extrinsic religiosity and unrestrained buying behaviours. Results show a negative relationship of intrinsic religiosity and a positive relationship of extrinsic relationship with unrestrained buying constructs. We also found that this relationship for extrinsic religiosity is mediated by susceptibility to interpersonal influence and moderated by long-term orientation. This research explains the differential impact of religion on unrestrained buying behaviour.

Although there has been considerable theoretical support outlining a positive relationship between religiosity and voluntary simplicity, there is limited empirical evidence validating this relationship. This study examines the relationships among religious orientations (Allport and Ross in J Pers Soc Psychol 5(4):432–443, 1967) and voluntary simplicity in a sample of Australian consumers. The results demonstrate that intrinsic religiosity is positively related to voluntary simplicity; however, there is no relationship between extrinsic religiosity and voluntary simplicity. Furthermore, this research investigates the processes through which intrinsic religiosity affects voluntary simplicity. The relationship between intrinsic religiosity and voluntary simplicity is sequentially mediated by communal/personal well-being and environmental well-being. The findings not only identify a prosocial role of intrinsic religiosity in motivating voluntary simplicity, but also indicate that secular pursuits that enhance communal/personal well-being and environmental well-being may also motivate voluntary simplicity.

The purpose of the present study was to predict ambivalent sexism (including hostile sexism and benevolent sexism) with religious orientation types as intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity and quest religiosity. In addition, the effect of demographic variables (including sex, age and education level) on sexist attitudes was tested. 583 (Nfemale= 318; Nmale= 265) university students who study in different universities of Ankara/Turkey (Mage= 22.10; SD = 2.33) completed Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, and Religious Orientation Scale. Findings indicated significant gender differences on study variables and significant associations between religious orientation types and ambivalent sexism within university students sample in Turkey.

This study aims to find out the influence of money ethics on tax evasion with intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity, and materialism as moderating variables. The sample is selected by using convinience sampling method with sample size of a 100 respondents as primary data. This study uses simple regression and moderated regression analysis for hypothesis testing. The result of this study shows that money ethics has an effect on tax evasion, intrinsic religiosity moderarates the relationship between money ethics and tax evasion. Extrinsic religiosity does not moderate the relationship bertween money ethics and tax evasion. Materialism moderates the relationship between money ethics and tax evasion.

Na podlagi podatkov Svetovne raziskave vrednot (1999-2001), podatkov popisa prebivalstva iz let 1991 in 2002 ter primerjalne raziskave študentske populacije, izvedene leta 2005 na vzorcih iz štirih verskih okolij, smo proučili kazalnike vernosti na Slovenskem. Iz rezultatov študije izhaja, da je vernost Slovencev v evropskem merilu podpovprečna in da so družbeni pritiski na vernost v slovenskem okolju majhni. Čeprav nekoliko pod normativnim povprečjem, se je molitev izkazala kot najbolj razširjena oblika prakticiranje vernosti slovenskih katoličanov. Lojalnost do verske ustanove je pri slovenskih katoličanih manjšinski pojav, zlasti ko gre za oceno njene ustreznosti današnjemu času. Glede verske motivacije prevladuje odsotnost tako intrinzične kot ekstrinzične motivacije, v čemer so slovenski katoličani nasprotje bosanskim muslimanom. Izstopa tudi nepripravljenost slovenskih vernikov na žrtvovanje in podobna dejanja, ki naj bi ugajala bogu. To velja tudi, če opazujemo zgolj tiste, ki so sebe opredelili za zelo verne - tudi ti opazno zaostajajo v pripravljenosti na žrtvovanje za sicer drugo najnižje pripravljeno skupino, tj. skupino srbskih pravoslavnih. The current study tried to identify the nature of religiousness in present day Slovenia on the basis of World Value Survey data (1999-2001), population census data (1991 and 2002) and on the basis of our own research regarding the student population in four religious environments carried out in 2005. The results indicated that the religiosity of Slovenians is below-average in a European comparison, that social pressures in the direction of religion are also low, and that prayer is the most common form of religiosity among Slovenian Catholics. With regard to motivation, the rejection of both intrinsic and extrinsic orientations prevailed. Namely, the results indicated that Slovenian Catholics are true opposites of indiscriminately pro-religiously-oriented Bosnian Muslims. The loyalty to the religious institution on the part of Slovenian Catholics is a minority phenomenon, particularly when assessing how up to date the Church is. The results also indicated a significantly greater absence of readiness to make sacrifices, 'deeds' for religious purposes, even when very religious Slovenian Catholic were observed. They lag significant1y behind their Serbian Orthodox fellows, the second group in terms of a low level of readiness to do religious 'deeds'.

El presente trabajo se centra en la ética del consumidor y su objetivo principal es estudiar y profundizar el comportamiento ético de los consumidores, mediante la Consumer Ethics Scale (ces, por sus siglas en inglés). Para ello, se propone un modelo, que relaciona las escalas religiosidad y espiritualidad con la ética del consumidor, y que permite contrastar tres proposiciones y 15 hipótesis, utilizando una muestra de 286 encuestados españoles. La CES (Vitell y Muncy, 1992, 2005) consta de cinco dimensiones, y la escala de religiosidad y espiritualidad, desarrollada por Allport y Ross (1967), consta de tres dimensiones que reflejan la religiosidad extrínseca, la religiosidad intrínseca y la espiritualidad. La metodología seleccionada para este estudio son las ecuaciones estructurales, aplicando la técnica Partial Least Squares (PLS). Los resultados demuestran que existe una relación entre la religiosidad/espiritualidad y el comportamiento ético y poco ético del consumidor. El trabajo muestra dos grandes aportaciones: la primera es el propio modelo y la segunda, la metodología empleada para estudiarlo. Los resultados, conclusiones e implicaciones logrados a partir de ambos son de importancia, tanto para profesionales del mundo de los negocios, como para académicos y gobiernos. This study focuses on consumer ethics and its main goal is to analyze and deepen on the understanding of consumers’ ethical behavior through the use of the Consumer Ethics Scale (ces). To do this, a model that relates religiosity and spirituality scales with consumer’s ethics is proposed. Such model allows to contrast three propositions and 15 hypothesis through a sample of 286 Spanish respondents. CES (Vitell and Muncy, 1992, 2005) is made up by five dimensions, while the Religiosity and Spirituality scale designed by Allport and Ross (1967) comprises three dimensions, which reflect extrinsic religiosity, intrinsic religiosity and spirituality. Structural equation modelling by Partial Least Squares (pls) technique is the methodology selected for this research. Results show an existing relation between religiosity/spirituality and ethical and little-ethical consumer’s behaviors. In that sense, this paper makes two major contributions: first, the very own model and, second, the methodology used for its study. Results, conclusions and implications obtained from both contributions are relevant for business world professionals, scholars and governments.

Nonmarital parity is associated with several negative outcomes, including health problems, educational problems, and poverty. Understanding the risk and protective factors associated with nonmarital parenthood can inform policy and interventions, reducing both the incidences and associated consequences. The current study focuses on how intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity (the degree to which individuals or groups employ religious ideology in forming values and making decisions) are related to the timing of nonmarital parity using discrete time hazard modeling of a nationally representative sample of adolescent females (N = 7,367) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The majority of the sample (86 %) claimed a religious affiliation and almost a third (32 %) had a nonmarital birth during the study. Even though the majority of the sample is White (67 %), Black and Hispanic females were more likely to experience a nonmarital birth. Results indicate that intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and religious affiliation assert protective effects for some populations while religious affiliation increases risk in the full model. Recommendations for policy, intervention, and future research are offered.

Ethics plays an important role in human life, including in the millennial generation. Ethical assessment in the millennial generation needs attention from producers, considering this generation is a potential market. Thus the purpose of this study is to see the effect of religiosity on consumer ethics in the millennial generation. This study will use primary data and the questionnaireinstrument. The results showed that intrinsic religiosity had a negative effect on ethical judgment while extrinsic religiosity had a positive influence on ethical judgment.Keywords: religiosity, generation milenial, ethic judgement

This paper aims at exploring the extent to which Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) orientations are influenced by the level of religiosity among business professionals. Previous empirical research has highlighted the influence of personal values and belief systems on managerial CSR orientations, presenting mixed evidence in relation to the influence of religious ethics on responsible business orientations. Our paper advances knowledge in this important area of research by (1) synthesizing scattered available literature on the topic and (2) presenting fresh empirical insights from the Lebanese multi-religious context in relation to how an individual’s type of religiosity (intrinsic/extrinsic) affects their views of CSR. The results suggest that social extrinsic religiosity is related to a broader perspective of CSR, while intrinsic religiosity is related to a narrow view of CSR. Relevant insights and implications are synthesized accordingly.

Two studies conducted in the United States investigated whether individuals’ religious characteristics (e.g., orthodoxy, evangelism, literal interpretism, quest, extrinsic religiosity) affect their attitudes toward gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) individuals and GLB rights (marriage, adoption, sexual behavior). Orthodoxy, literal interpretism, evangelism, and extrinsic religiosity were all related to less support for GLB rights and less positive attitudes toward GLB individuals. Quest was not related to any measure. Results highlight the complexity of attitudes; for instance, a religious characteristic might predict attitude toward one right, but might not predict attitudes toward other rights. Findings further show what is known about how religious characteristics relate to support for GLB individuals and GLB rights.

Religious characteristics are often related to attitudes about legal issues (e.g., death penalty). This study investigated whether U.S. university students’ religious beliefs (i.e., fundamentalism, devotionalism, evangelism) and religious motivations (i.e., intrinsic, extrinsic religiosity) were associated with responses to vigilantism (i.e., whether the vigilante is justified, should be legally responsible, should receive a lighter sentence). Participants read three scenarios describing vigilantism in response to different crimes (murder, drug dealing, child molestation). More punitive responses to vigilantism were associated with being low in fundamentalism, extrinsic religiosity, and evangelism, and with being high in devotionalism and intrinsic religiosity. Motivations were more frequent predictors of responses to vigilantism than beliefs. Results are the first step in explaining relationships between religious characteristics and responses to vigilantism.

The authors meta-analytically examined the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and internal locus of control. Thirty-seven independent samples, comprising 9,924 participants, yielded an average effect size of r = .06, which was small, but significant, indicating a positive correlation between intrinsic religiosity and internal locus of control. Moderation analyses showed a significant trend of effects becoming weaker over time (from 1971 to 2011). The judged religiousness of samples significantly predicted the strength of the correlation, such that more religious samples showed stronger effect sizes.

This study examined relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity, reasons for using Internet pornography, frequency of using Internet pornography during the last year, and the degree to which participants believed they were both confident in their efficacy and were willing to intervene to help prevent a sexual assault from occurring. Students volunteered to take an online survey as one of several options for course credit in a research participation system in a School of Education at a midwestern public university. Men's extrinsic religiosity was positively correlated with their use of Internet pornography and negatively correlated with willingness to intervene as a bystander. Men's intrinsic religiosity was negatively correlated with how many reasons they had for using pornography and negatively correlated with their use of pornography. Women's extrinsic religiosity negatively correlated with their bystander efficacy. Women's intrinsic religiosity was negatively correlated with their reasons for using pornography and their use of pornography. Women's use of pornography was negatively correlated with bystander efficacy. A regression revealed that three religiosity variables and two pornography variables predicted 19% of the variance in women's bystander efficacy.

In this paper, we examine the relationship between Christian religiosity, attitudes towards corporate social responsibility (CSR), and CSR behavior of executives. We distinguish four types of CSR attitudes and five types of CSR behavior. Based on empirical research conducted among 473 Dutch executives, we find that CSR attitudes mediate the influence of religiosity on CSR behavior. Intrinsic religiosity positively affects the ethical CSR attitude and negatively affects the financial CSR attitude, whereas extrinsic religiosity stimulates the philanthropic CSR attitude. Financial, ethical, and philanthropic CSR attitudes significantly affect some types of CSR behaviors. However, because religiosity has opposing effects on the three attitudes, the joint mediation effect of the three attitudes is negligible. Furthermore, we find a direct negative influence of intrinsic religiosity on diversity and a direct positive influence on charity.

The present study investigated the influence of religiosity on just world maintenance strategies. We expected that extrinsic religiosity would relate to general endorsement of just world strategies while intrinsic religiosity would correlate positively to the “benevolent” strategies and negatively to negative strategies. Following a vignette that manipulated just world threat, participants completed measures of victim blaming, victim derogation, benefit finding, restitution and perpetrator demonizing. While extrinsic religiosity was positively correlated to overall strategy use, intrinsic religiosity was positively correlated with benefit finding and restitution but negatively correlated with perpetrator demonization. The results suggest that intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity influence just world beliefs differently, providing an explanation for the discrepancies among past findings in just world and religiosity research.

This paper studies the influence of religiosity on corporate risk-taking. The study uses unique micro-level data on religious devotion and distinguishes between manager religiosity, firm intrinsic religiosity, firm extrinsic religiosity, and social capital. Analysis shows that manager religiosity is associated with lower risk-taking. Firm intrinsic religiosity however, moderates this association. Further analysis shows that managers of Islamic firms are more likely to make risky decisions as compared to managers of other firms due to socio-religious pressure. Manager religiosity is also associated with lower firm equity risk. The results also suggest that strong external monitoring weakens the negative relationship between religiosity and risk-taking. This study shows how religious managers may be a double-edged sword. Religious managers are not risk-takers but are susceptible to social pressure. They are however, also more well-adjusted to a changing environment which inspires confidence in the markets.

This study set out to profile an Anglican congregation in the south of England in terms of religious orientation, assessed by the New Indices of Religious Orientation, and in terms of psychological type, assessed by the Francis Psychological Type Scales, in order to test the hypothesis that motivation for church attendance (religious orientation) is related to personality (psychological type). The data demonstrated that this congregation (N = 65) displayed clear preferences for judging (72%) over perceiving (28%) and for sensing (62%) over intuition (39%), slight preference for extraversion (54%) over introversion (46%) and a fairly close balance between feeling (51%) and thinking (49%), and included attenders who reflected all three religious orientations: intrinsic, extrinsic, and quest. Moreover, extraverts recorded significantly higher scores than introverts on the measure of extrinsic religiosity, while introverts recorded significantly higher scores than extraverts on the measure of intrinsic religiosity, demonstrating a link between psychological type and religious orientation.

This article responds to Glicksman's critique that researchers studying older adults' religiousness and spirituality employ measuring instruments that fail to recognize the theological, cultural, and historical factors affecting scale development. Reflections on the ways psychologists of religion have conceptualized and measured intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity offers additional insight into the unacknowledged tacit assumptions underlying many research tools used to study religion, spirituality, and aging. Especially problematic are efforts to measure so-called universal aspects of religiousness and spirituality without reference to the particularities of religious traditions and spiritual practices.

Religion has long been acknowledged as an important social force that influences human behavior but yet in the secular society its influence on consumer behavior appears to be underestimated. Of the sporadic research conducted, findings indicated that religion can be a significant factor in relation to consumption patterns, innovativeness, media usage, family decision-making, purchase risk aversion and selected store patronage behavior. The current research is exploratory in nature and attempts to investigate the influence of religiosity on attitudes towards green products especially among young Malaysian consumers. Religiosity, the independent variable, was measured by the intrinsic/ extrinsic religious orientation scale adopted from Allport and Ross (1967). The dependent variable was derived from a study on attitudes towards green product (Mostafa, 2007). The questionnaires were distributed to students in a large private university located in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Reliability analysis and multiple linear regressions were conducted. The results from the multiple linear regression analysis indicate that intrinsic religiosity has a significant relationship on consumer’s attitude towards green product. However, in the case of extrinsic religiosity, there is no significant relationship on consumer’s attitude towards green product.

Critical life events lead to a lasting disturbance in the relationship between A person and THE environment, which must be reorganised. The object of the present study was to assess the effect of the critical life event on religiosity, i. e. on the fitting structure between A human being and God. 30 stroke patients were tested in a longitudinal study. The religiosity was investigated with the scales „intrinsic religiosity”, „extrinsic religiosity” and „quest religiosity”. Assessments concerning the significant differences in the pre-stroke and post-stroke phases. Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity were significantly more pronounced in the pre-stroke phase than in the acute phase. This is different where quest religiosity is concerned. Both in the acute phase and 3 months later quest-religiosity is still significantly higher than in the pre-stroke phase. Thus it was possible to show that religiosity is disorganised through the critical life event „stroke” and must slowly be reorganised.