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The article analyzes Robert K. Merton’s theory of the self-fulfilling prophecy, focusing on how the theory was used in US legal proceedings after 1954 concerning how state authorities should enforce racial desegregation in public schools. In those encounters, Merton's theory was used to support both immediate integration of schools and a much more gradualist reform program. The article argues that the self-fulfilling prophecy served opposite political ends because of its endogenous properties, notably its generality and ambiguity, and because of certain exogenous factors, notably the adversarial nature of U.S. court proceedings and the different political cultures that theory users inhabited., Sociologica, Vol. 16 No. 3 (2022)

Opladen; Berlin; Toronto : Verlag Barbara Budrich 2023, 338 S. - (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zur Arbeit der Stiftung „Haus der kleinen Forscher“; 9), “Scientific Studies on the Work of the ‘Haus der kleinen Forscher’ Foundation” is a regularly published series of scientific reports authored by distinguished experts from the field of early education. This series serves to pursue professional dialogue between the Foundation, academia and practice, with the aim of lending sound support to all child-care centres, after-school care centres and primary schools in Germany in their educational mission. This ninth volume of the series, with a foreword by Ilan Chabay, deals with the goals and requirements of computer science education in the elementary and primary sector. In their expert report, Nadine Bergner, Hilde Köster, Johannes Magenheim, Kathrin Müller, Ralf Romeike, Ulrik Schroeder and Carsten Schulte specify the pedagogical and content-related goal dimensions of computer science education at child-care centres and primary schools. In addition to establishing a theoretical basis for various goal dimensions, the authors discuss the success criteria for effective and efficient early computer science education in practice. They also provide recommendations for the further development of the Foundation’s offerings and scientific accompaniment of the work of the Foundation in the field of computer science. In their expert recommendation, Nadine Bergner and Kathrin Müller describe a selection of informatics systems for children at child-care centres and primary schools and offer suggestions for particularly suitable systems and their use in elementary and primary education based on professional criteria. The final chapter of the volume describes the implementation of these professional recommendations in the programmes of the “Haus der kleinen Forscher” Foundation – with and without computers. (DIPF/Verlag)

Objective Since the 2000s, “mental health” policies in France have to be based on evidence. A report on various forms of psychotherapy, published by the INSERM (the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research) in 2004, and whose conclusion was that there is no evidence of effectiveness for psychoanalysis, remains an important reference. The aim of this article is to re-examine its scientific value, fifteen years later. Method After returning to the context in which this report was written and the controversies surrounding its publication, we propose a review of the efficacy studies that have since evaluated psychoanalysis. This recent literature, mostly international, remains relatively little known in France. Results The INSERM's expert report – whose status could in part be promoted at the time of its publication – now appears to be relatively dated, both in terms of methodology and in its conclusions. The majority of current efficacy studies show that psychoanalytical and cognitive-behavioral therapies do not show any significant differences in efficacy for all known disorders. Discussion These results give rise to debate. Some scientists believe that they are only due to a lack of rigor in the experimental protocols. Others, on the contrary, maintain that the search for specific factors of efficacy is a dead end and promote studies in natural conditions, in order to assess the cumulative contextual factors of therapeutic effectiveness. Conclusions Without prejudging future research orientations and results, it nevertheless appears that the INSERM report can no longer be the dominant reference in France today for recommending psychotherapeutic “good practices.” Research has progressed considerably. In view of the international scientific literature available today, psychoanalysis is one offer of care to be advocated among others – a position to which many countries subscribe.

In cases requiring special or technical knowledge, the court decides to obtain the opinion and vote of an expert (Art. 266, I CCP). Thereupon, the expert shall submit the court verbally or in writing of their opinion on the matters falling within the scope of their duties (Art. 279, I CCP). Expert evidence differs from the expert witness regulated under Article 293 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Expert witness comes into question when one of the parties obtain a scientific statement from an expert about the dispute subject to the proceedings (Art. 293, I CCP). In some cases, there may be a contradiction between the findings in the expert report and the situation revealed by the expert witness. It is emphasized that the elimination of this contradiction is a requirement of the right to be heard. The subject of this study is how this contradiction should be resolved. Based on the jurisprudence of the German Federal Court of Appeal, it is explained how this contradiction should be eliminated with a step-by-step procedure., Die Befugnis über den Rechtsstreit zu entscheiden, liegt beim Richter. Um über einige Streitigkeiten entscheiden zu können, reicht es jedoch nicht aus, dass der Richter nur das Gesetz kennt. In Angelegenheiten, deren Lösung besondere und technische Kenntnisse außer dem Recht erfordert, kann der Richter auf Antrag einer der Parteien oder von Amts wegen ein Expertenvotum und Stellungnahme des Sachverständigenbeantragen. Darüber hinaus können die Parteien ein wissenschaftliches Sachverständigengutachten zum Gegenstand des Falles einholen. Das wissenschaftliche Gutachten, das die Parteien vom Sachverständigen erhalten haben, wurde als Privatgutachten in Artikel 293 der Zivilprozessordnung anerkannt., Mahkeme, özel veya teknik bilgiyi gerektiren hâllerde, bilirkişinin oy ve görüşünün alınmasına karar verir (HMK m. 266, I). Bunun üzerine bilirkişi, görevi kapsamında kalan konular hakkında oy ve görüşünü sözlü veya yazılı olarak mahkemeye bildirir (HMK m. 279, I). Bilirkişi delili, Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu’nun 293’üncü maddesinde düzenlenen uzman görüşünden farklıdır. Uzman görüşü, tarafların, yargılama konusu uyuşmazlıkla ilgili olarak uzmanından bilimsel mütalâa alması durumunda ortaya çıkar (HMK m. 293, I). Bazı durumlarda, bilirkişi raporunda yapılan tespitler ile uzman görüşüyle ortaya çıkan durum arasında çelişki olabilir. Bu çelişkinin giderilmesi hukukî dinlenilme hakkının bir gereğidir. Bu çalışmanın özünü söz konusu çelişkinin nasıl giderilmesi gerektiği oluşturmaktadır. Alman Federal Temyiz Mahkemesi’nin içtihadından yola çıkılarak aşamalı bir prosedürle bu çelişkinin nasıl giderilmesi gerektiği izah edilmiştir.

[ES]El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar desde un punto de vista más criminalístico que criminológico, el ámbito de la investigación criminal, y para ello, se ha hecho hincapié en la dactiloscopia, técnica relevante a la hora de llevar a cabo la identificación de una persona. Por todo esto, este trabajo recoge los profesionales capacitados para elaborar una investigación criminal, asi como sus funciones, las obligaciones que tienen y las limitaciones con las que se encuentran. Asimismo, se ha hecho referencia también tanto a las åreas técnicas de la investigación criminal, como a los pasos generales y específicos que se han de llevar a cabo para poder elaborarla. A su vez, se han recogido los aspectos mas relevantes de la dactiloscopia, para la posterior realización de un caso práctico, donde se ha empleado dicha técnica de investigación criminal. Por todo lo mencionado, las premisas fundamentales de este trabajo son, por un lado, la investigación criminal, y por otro, la dactiloscopia; es decir, la dactiloscopia como técnica de identificación personal, y por tanto, como parte fundamental de una investigación criminal. [EU]Lan honen helburu nagusia da ikerketa kriminala ikuspuntu kriminologikotik baino gehiago, ikuspuntu kriminatistiko batetik lantzea, eta horretarako, daktitoskopiari ekin zaio, pertsona bat identifikatu ahal izateko teknika oso garrantzjtsua dena. Horregatik guztiagatik, lan honek ikerketa kriminal bat aurrera eramateko gaitasuna duten profesionalak biltzen ditu, bai eta euren funtzioak ez ezik, dituzten betebeharrak eta mugak ere. Era berean, ikerketa kriminalaren arloei eta teknikei egin zaie erreferentzia, bai eta ikerketa hori egin ahal izateko eman beharreko urrats orokor eta zehatzei ere. Halaber, daktiloskopiaren alderdi garrantzitsuenak jaso eta landu dira, ondoren kasu praktiko bat gauzatu ahal izateko, non aipatutako ikerketa kriminaleko teknika hori erabili den. Hori horrela, esan daiteke lan honen funtsezko premisak direla, alde batetik, ikerketa kriminala, eta bestetik, daktiloskopia; hau da, daktiloskopia identifikazio pertsonaleko teknika gisa eta beraz, ikerketa kriminal baten funtsezko alderdi gisa. [EN]The aim of this paper is to approach the field of criminal investigation from a criminalistic rather than criminological point of view, and for this purpose, emphasis has been placed on dactyloscopy, a relevant technique when carrying out the identification of a person. For all these reasons, this work includes the professionals qualified to carry out a criminal investigation, as well as their functions, the duties they have and the limitations they face. Likewise, reference has also been made to the areas and techniques of criminal investigation, as well as to the general and specific steps that have to be carried out in order to elaborate it. At the same time, the most relevant aspects of dactyloscopy have been collected, for the subsequent realization of a practical case, where this technique of criminal investigation has been used. For all the above mentioned, the fundamental premises of this work are, on the one hand, criminal investigation, and on the Other hand, dactyloscopy; that is, dactyloscopy as a personal identification technique, and therefore, as a fundamental part of a criminal investigation.

The present paper arises from wider research which focused on various manifestations of destructive and malicious speech behavior in spontaneous oral or written dialogs, related to the processes of information concealment and falsification in police interviews and court testimonies. A number of analytical methods were used to generate this paper: a retrospective analysis of scientific literature, comparative legal and logical analysis, extrapolation methods, and content analysis. Despite numerous experimental researches devoted to acoustic-phonetic or psycholinguistic features of lies, their results are not sufficiently reliable for forensic purposes as the expert report should not rely on assumptions. The author disputes the evidence admissibility of experts’ conclusions about utterances implying speech parameters correlating with lies detected via psycholinguistic examination in oral speech audio or video recording of a police interview or a court testimony. Forensic psycholinguistic methods and comprehensive algorithms used in some forensic experts’ reports to detect speech signs of lying demonstrate a great variety that contradicts with the principals of evidence admissibility. The insufficient development of the currently used expert approach and the lack of a unified methodology for solving expert tasks on a strictly scientific basis creates a demand for developing comprehensive methods for studying lies on the basis of forensic speech science and cognitive theory.

The purpose of the article is to clarify the place and role of the expert report based on the results of forensic computer and technical expertise as a source of evidence in criminal proceedings. The subject of the study: The subject of research is forensic computer and technical expertise as a source of evidence in criminal proceedings. Methodology: The method of system analysis, formal and logical, system and structural methods, the methods of modeling and forecasting were used in the course of the research were used in the course of the study. The results of the study: According to the results of the study, the authors conclude that forensic computer and technical expertise is the main procedural form of using special knowledge in the area of computer technology, and its results may be the most important part of the evidence base in the specific criminal proceedings. Practical consequences: It is concluded that the use of the expert report based on the results of forensic computer and technical expertise in criminal proceedings is its application by the subjects of evidence during the qualification of criminal offense to establish facts and circumstances relevant to criminal proceedings and subject to proof, as well as to resolve other tactical tasks. Value / originality: The authors’ definition of assessing expert report based on the results of forensic computer and technical expertise is offered.

Crime Scene Investigation is the backbone of any criminal investigation. Expert report generated by Crime Scene Investigators are based on scientific evidence and are reported in a standard form. The content, when published should be reviewed rigorously by its peers. The expert report is a document detailing out how the investigation process of a crime scene was performed. The process of collecting and evidence processing do not only entail identifying, collecting and storing evidences for later analysis but it is a step by step process that is well structured in a document called Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Crime Scene Investigator. SOP is a complex document and sometimes overwhelmingly technical for the uninitiated. But if understood, it can be a good guide for law practitioners to determine if a piece of evidence should be included in a case. This article details out the SOP which entails groundwork before entering a crime scene, processing of a crime scene and wrapping up of the crime scene investigation. At each step, this paper will look at how it is adopted in current practices, its weakness and suggested improvement that should be adopted to ensure a final quality expert report.

Criteria for a forensic expert report evaluation in criminal proceedings are considered. Modern practice of applying special knowledge for the purpose of proof in criminal cases is analyzed. Forensic experts’ report evaluation problems connected with violations of current procedural legislation and qualification level verification of state and non-state forensic experts are considered. Proposals for possible solutions to the identified problems are formulated.

Nový zákon o znalcích, znaleckých kancelářích a znaleckých ústavech a navazující předpisy k provedení tohoto zákona přinesly celou řadu změn v oblasti znalectví. Nová právní úprava přináší mj. i podrobnější úpravu postupu znalce při zpracování znaleckého posudku a rovněž podrobnější požadavky na obsah znaleckého posudku. V návaznosti na tyto nové požadavky jsou v tomto příspěvku shrnuty požadavky nových znaleckých předpisů na činnost znalce. V potřebném kontextu jsou k příslušným ustanovením právních předpisů doplněna vysvětlení, která vycházejí z důvodových zpráv k novému znaleckému právu. Tento právní rámec je provázán se systémovým pojetím činnosti znalce při zpracování posudku, ve kterém se zdůrazňuje praktický obsah jednotlivých činností v návaznosti na ověřené dobré praxe při výkonu znalecké činnosti zejména v technických a technickoekonomických oborech. Příspěvek byl prezentován na konferenci ExFoS 2022. New legal act on expert, expert office and expert institutes and subsequent legal acts brought a whole range of changes in expert activity. New legislation shows among others also more detailed adjustment of procedure of expert in course of elaboration of expert report. In connection with these new requirements, the necessary requirements coming from new legislation are summarized. The useful explanation coming from subsidiary explanatory reports were added. This legal framework is linked to system approach of expert activity during the elaboration of report. The practical content of expert acts in connection to verified good practices at expert activity especially in technical and technical-economical fields was emphasized.

Professional activity of intensivists consistently ranks high among the most «risky» areas of medicine. In 6 out of 89 criminal «iatrogenic» cases initiated by investigative authorities in the Moscow region in 2016–2018 anesthesiological or intensive care in the ICU was the subject of investigation. In 4 of these 6 cases, iatrogenic complications were detected during the forensic examination. Intensivist is considered an attending doctor and therefore holds responsibility for defects in the provision of medical care and its adverse outcome.The purpose of the study is to outline the professional risks in the work of an intensivist and identify ways to reduce them by using a case study with a fatal outcome, which led to criminal proceedings.Materials and methods. We studied and analyzed the criminal case files which included the complaint of the patient’s relatives with the prosecutor’s office, the explanations and interrogation records of the patient’s relatives (4) and healthcare workers (6), the minutes of the Morbidity and Mortality conference, the expert report on patient care quality issued by health insurance company, the final report of sanitary and epidemiological examination, autopsy protocol, emergency call files (3), the inpatient medical records, outpatient records and the final report of Commission of forensic medical examination.Results. Defects in the provision of medical care were not identified. The differential diagnosis was performed correctly. The severity of the patient's condition was due to brain infarction and associated abnormalities. Underdiagnosis of botulism did not affect the outcome of the disease and was not the cause of death of the patient.Conclusion. The reasons for filing a complaint with the Prosecutor's office and initiating a criminal case were organizational shortcomings and ethical and deontological aspects.

Within the public health sector of Hong Kong (China), there is a consensus around the important role of traditional Chinese medicines. For Hong Kong (China) to play a bridging role to bring Chinese medicines to the global market requires a concerted effort from the government, academic institutes and industries. The release of the final version of the European Medicines Agencies guidance document, which details the acceptance of minimum requirements to nonclinical package in bibliographical applications, grants the opportunity for well-established and traditional herbal medicines to demonstrate an ‘acceptable safe’ status for registration in the European Union. It is anticipated that this minimum nonclinical package can be applied to demonstrate the safe use of many traditional Chinese medicines regardless of their eligibility to be registered under the simplified procedure within the European Union. This paper conceptualizes an integration of a simplified evaluation route for eligible proprietary Chinese medicines (pCm) with long history of use into the existing drug regulatory framework in Hong Kong (China). Such integration utilizing the minimum nonclinical package, based on bibliographical data or expert report, as proof of evidence to demonstrate safety for pCm with long history of use requires less demand in scientific resources. With Hong Kong (China) conducting ‘first hand’ review for eligible pCm, it provides an option for overseas and local pharmaceutical companies to register their products in Hong Kong (China) without the need to rely on issuance of Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product from other countries. This could bring eligible pCm with long history of use to reach international risk-based standard and to be marketed globally as ‘medicines’ to reach their full therapeutic potential. An important process to positioning Hong Kong (China) to compete with other countries in promoting importation and exportation of pCm to better serve the global health.

The article is devoted to interaction of forensic experts and jurists as bearers of different epistemic cultures. Circulation of a forensic expert report represents production of knowledge in the process of interaction between epistemic cultures and its transition from one professional group to another. Drawing on approaches of contemporary sociology of science the author demonstrates that encounters of different viewpoints and practices are an essential part of production and presentation of expert evidence in legal proceedings. Employing Bourdieu’s theory of the juridical field allows the author to reveal an asymmetry of power relations within that field and a relatively weak position of forensic experts. The empirical basis of the study is formed by data of non-participant observation in several Russian courts and interviews with jurists and forensic experts. The article demonstrates an entanglement of structurally and epistemically defined disagreements between representatives of these professional groups. Translation as a form of explication of the results of forensic expert’s analysis is presented in the article as a main means of overcoming these disagreements. At the same time various tactics are used by forensic experts who have to take into account both the peculiarities of epistemic culture of jurists and structural characteristics of the juridical field.

Bonn : SWK 2022, 185 S., Erfolgreiche individuelle Entwicklungsprozesse über die Lebensspanne sind aus heutiger Sicht ohne die kompetente Nutzung digitaler Medien in Schule, Freizeit und Beruf nahezu unmöglich. Das Gutachten beleuchtet für zentrale Bildungsetappen – frühe Bildung in der Kindertagesstätte, allgemeinbildende Schule, berufliche Bildung, Hochschule und daraus folgend für die Lehrkräftebildung – welche Maßnahmen und Strategien in den kommenden Monaten und Jahren umgesetzt werden müssen, um erfolgreiche Lehr- und Lernprozesse und eine erfolgreiche Teilhabe in einer von Digitalisierung geprägten Lebens- und Arbeitswelt zu ermöglichen. Aus einer Situationsanalyse und der Aufarbeitung des Forschungsstands leitet das Gutachten insgesamt 14 Handlungsempfehlungen ab. Inhaltlich fokussiert das Gutachten in allen Bildungsetappen auf vier zentrale Linien: (1) Veränderungen in den Bildungszielen und Bildungsinhalten, (2) Forschungsbasierte Entwicklung von Lehr-Lernmaterialien, (3) Professionalisierung des Bildungspersonals und (4) Organisationsentwicklung. Die Ständige Wissenschaftliche Kommission (SWK) ist ein unabhängiges wissenschaftliches Beratungsgremium der Kultusministerkonferenz. Ihr gehören 16 Bildungsforscher:innen aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen an. (DIPF/Orig.)

Bonn : SWK 2022, 26 S., Erfolgreiche individuelle Entwicklungsprozesse über die Lebensspanne sind aus heutiger Sicht ohne die kompetente Nutzung digitaler Medien in Schule, Freizeit und Beruf nahezu unmöglich. Das Gutachten „Digitalisierung im Bildungssystem“ der Ständigen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission der Kultusministerkonferenz (SWK) beleuchtet für zentrale Bildungsetappen – frühe Bildung in der Kindertagesstätte, allgemeinbildende Schule, berufliche Bildung, Hochschule und daraus folgend für die Lehrkräftebildung – welche Maßnahmen und Strategien in den kommenden Monaten und Jahren umgesetzt werden müssen, um erfolgreiche Lehr- und Lernprozesse und eine erfolgreiche Teilhabe in einer von Digitalisierung geprägten Lebens- und Arbeitswelt zu ermöglichen. Inhaltlich fokussiert das Gutachten in allen Bildungsetappen auf vier zentrale Linien: (1) Veränderungen in den Bildungszielen und Bildungsinhalten, (2) Forschungsbasierte Entwicklung von Lehr-Lernmaterialien, (3) Professionalisierung des Bildungspersonals und (4) Organisationsentwicklung. Diese Zusammenfassung gibt eine Übersicht über die 14 Handlungsempfehlungen des Gutachtens. Die Ständige Wissenschaftliche Kommission (SWK) ist ein unabhängiges wissenschaftliches Beratungsgremium der Kultusministerkonferenz. Ihr gehören 16 Bildungsforscher:innen aus unterschiedlichen Disziplinen an. (DIPF/Orig.)

Bonn : SWK 2022, 26 S., Die Ergebnisse des IQB-Bildungstrends (2021) zeigen, dass eine bedeutende Zahl an Grundschüler:innen die Mindeststandards in Deutsch und Mathematik verfehlt (18-22 Prozent). Diesen Kindern fehlt die Voraussetzung für erfolgreiches Weiterlernen und damit eine wichtige Grundlage für gesellschaftliche und berufliche Teilhabe. Das Gutachten „Basale Kompetenzen vermitteln – Bildungschancen sichern. Perspektiven für die Grundschule“ der Ständigen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission der Kultusministerkonferenz (SWK) gibt Handlungsempfehlungen hin zu einer systemischen Veränderung der Grundschule. Auf der Grundlage eines Kapitels zur Gestaltung frühkindlicher Bildungsprozesse werden Maßnahmen zur Förderung der basalen sprachlichen und mathematischen Kompetenzen in der Grundschule beschrieben und – korrespondierend – wird die Notwendigkeit der systematischen Implementation der Bildungsstandards begründet. Daran schließen sich Kapitel zur Förderung sozial-emotionaler Kompetenzen, zur Entwicklung von Lern- und Bildungspartnerschaften mit Eltern und zur Zusammenarbeit multiprofessioneller Teams, zur Qualifizierung von Lehrkräften, zur Schulentwicklung sowie zur Reduktion und Kompensation von Segregationseffekten an. Die Handlungsempfehlungen lassen sich vier übergeordneten strategischen Ansatzpunkten zuordnen: (1) Fokussierung der Zielperspektiven auf das Erreichen der Mindeststandards und Förderung dafür erforderlicher basaler Kompetenzen, (2) Fokussierung der Bildungs- und Unterrichtspraxis auf die Förderung basaler Kompetenzen und das Erreichen der Mindeststandards, (3) Qualifizierung des pädagogischen Personals für die Diagnose und Förderung insbesondere basaler Kompetenzen und (4) Schaffung organisatorischer Voraussetzungen als Grundlagen für das Erreichen der Mindeststandards. Diese Zusammenfassung gibt eine Übersicht über die Handlungsempfehlungen des Gutachtens. (DIPF/Orig.)

Bonn : SWK 2022, 190 S., Die Ergebnisse des IQB-Bildungstrends (2021) zeigen, dass eine bedeutende Zahl an Grundschüler:innen die Mindeststandards in Deutsch und Mathematik verfehlt (18-22 Prozent). Diesen Kindern fehlt die Voraussetzung für erfolgreiches Weiterlernen und damit eine wichtige Grundlage für gesellschaftliche und berufliche Teilhabe. Das Gutachten „Basale Kompetenzen vermitteln – Bildungschancen sichern. Perspektiven für die Grundschule“ der Ständigen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission der Kultusministerkonferenz (SWK) gibt Handlungsempfehlungen hin zu einer systemischen Veränderung der Grundschule. Auf der Grundlage eines Kapitels zur Gestaltung frühkindlicher Bildungsprozesse werden Maßnahmen zur Förderung der basalen sprachlichen und mathematischen Kompetenzen in der Grundschule beschrieben und – korrespondierend – wird die Notwendigkeit der systematischen Implementation der Bildungsstandards begründet. Daran schließen sich Kapitel zur Förderung sozial-emotionaler Kompetenzen, zur Entwicklung von Lern- und Bildungspartnerschaften mit Eltern und zur Zusammenarbeit multiprofessioneller Teams, zur Qualifizierung von Lehrkräften, zur Schulentwicklung sowie zur Reduktion und Kompensation von Segregationseffekten an. Die Handlungsempfehlungen lassen sich vier übergeordneten strategischen Ansatzpunkten zuordnen: (1) Fokussierung der Zielperspektiven auf das Erreichen der Mindeststandards und Förderung dafür erforderlicher basaler Kompetenzen, (2) Fokussierung der Bildungs- und Unterrichtspraxis auf die Förderung basaler Kompetenzen und das Erreichen der Mindeststandards, (3) Qualifizierung des pädagogischen Personals für die Diagnose und Förderung insbesondere basaler Kompetenzen und (4) Schaffung organisatorischer Voraussetzungen als Grundlagen für das Erreichen der Mindeststandards. (DIPF/Orig.)

Ist unser Bildungssystem ausreichend auf Krisen vorbereitet? Die COVID-19-Pandemie hat offengelegt, dass dies nur sehr bedingt der Fall ist. Komplexe Veränderungen der äußeren Bedingungen stellen Individuen und beziehungsreiche Systeme wie Bildungseinrichtungen vor die Herausforderung, sich schnell und effizient anzupassen. Die Fähigkeit, sich angesichts disruptiver oder kontinuierlicher Stressoren nicht nur zu erholen und in den ursprünglichen Zustand zurückzukehren, sondern daran zu wachsen oder sich weiterzuentwickeln, wird als Resilienz bezeichnet. Doch was genau zeichnet resiliente Individuen und ein resilientes Bildungssystem aus? Wie lässt sich die Resilienz des Bildungspersonals steigern und wie kann die Resilienz der Lernenden gestärkt werden? Der Aktionsrat Bildung beantwortet diese und weitere Fragen auf der Grundlage einer empirisch abgesicherten Bestandsaufnahme. Für die einzelnen Bildungsphasen wird aufgezeigt, welche Reformen wirksam dazu beitragen können, auch in Krisenzeiten gute Bildungsergebnisse zu erzielen. Der Aktionsrat Bildung leitet konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen ab und richtet diese an die politischen Entscheidungsträger. (DIPF/Orig.)

This report deals with the estimation of the measurement uncertainty contribution by way of quantisation for digitally indicating measuring instruments. Its aim is to describe quantisation processes in the best possible way based on the available information, and to make use of this information in practice. In addition to the usual consideration of the uncertainty influence of the readability of the last digit of a display value as a rectangular distribution within the limits of aR = ±0.5 Digit, this report is intended to provide information to better describe the quantisation process from a technical point of view. The profound analysis of the measurement uncertainty of a digitally indicating measuring device shows that it makes sense to apply a triangular distribution density with a width 2aD of two quantisation steps (code jumps) for the entire measurement process. This yields a combined standard deviation (combined standard uncertainty) σD = uMU(dUKombD) = 2aD ∙ 0.41. Assuming a normal distribution instead of a triangular distribution as an approximation, the estimated combined standard measurement uncertainty would be slightly too large. For this case, the standard deviation is σN = uMU(dUKombN) = 2aN ∙ 0.5 (with a coverage probability of 95 %), again with a width of distribution 2aN of two quantisation steps. This report represents a kind of alternative approach or consideration to the methods used in practice when dealing with quantisation processes (or rounding). It is not so much to be understood as a binding procedure or replacement of previous estimates.

À la fin du Moyen Âge, les juges du Parlement de Paris consultent l’avis d’experts médicaux sur la gravité des blessures d’une victime, sur les causes de la mort mais aussi sur la capacité professionnelle d’un praticien qui souhaite exercer la médecine ou la chirurgie à Paris. L’examen de quelques procès dans lesquels la cour diligente des expertises civiles sur la compétence permet d’interroger le statut et l’autorité des experts sollicités ainsi que les liens entre l’expertise médicale et la qualification professionnelle obligatoire, traditionnellement délivrée à Paris par les médecins de la faculté ou par les chirurgiens et les barbiers jurés des métiers. Après avoir entendu les rapports d’expertise, la cour peut prononcer des interdictions d’exercer, protégeant le public de l’activité de praticiens sans titre jugés incapables ; ponctuellement, elle confère aussi le droit de soigner à des individus qui sont en conflit avec les groupes de soignants, refusant de priver la population des services d’un praticien capable lorsqu’un rapport d’expertise favorable démontre son aptitude. At the end of the Middle Ages, the judges from the Parliament of Paris consulted medical experts for advice on the severity of victims’ physical injuries, or the causes of their death but also on the professional competence of the practitioners wishing to have license to practise medicine or surgery in Paris. The analysis of a collection of lawsuits during which the court required civilian assessments of proficiency, allows us to question the summoned experts’ status and authority as well as the relevance of the medical expertise to the required professional certification, usually delivered in Paris by the physicians from the Faculty of Medicine or by the sworn surgeons and barbers from the trade associations. Having heard the expert reports, the court could issue prohibitions to practise, thereby protecting the population from uncertified practitioners who had been disqualified as incompetent. Occasionally, the court could also grant some individuals who were in conflict with the medical groups a license to practise medicine, thus refusing to deprive the population of a proficient practitioner’s help when a positive expert report proved his abilities. A fines de la Edad Media, los jueces del Parlamento de París consultaban la opinión de los expertos médicos sobre la gravedad de las lesiones de una víctima, sobre las causas de la muerte, pero también sobre la capacidad profesional de un practicante que deseaba ejercer la medicina o la cirugía en París. El examen de algunos juicios en los que el tribunal encargó peritajes civiles de competencia permite cuestionar el estatuto y la autoridad de los peritos solicitados, así como los vínculos entre la pericia médica y la cualificación profesional obligatoria, tradicionalmente concedida en París por los médicos de la facultad o por los cirujanos y barberos jurados de los oficios. Tras conocer los informes periciales, el tribunal puede dictar prohibiciones de ejercicio, protegiendo al público de la actividad de los profesionales no cualificados considerados incompetentes; ocasionalmente, también confiere el derecho a tratar a las personas que están en conflicto con los grupos de tratantes, negándose a privar al público de los servicios de un profesional capaz cuando un informe pericial favorable demuestra su aptitud.

The fall of the Liberdade building, a 20-story commercial building, also caused the collapse of the two adjacent buildings, the Colombo and Treze de Maio buildings, located in downtown Rio de Janeiro. Initially, the building had no apparent causes that would lead to its ruin and the focus turned to irregular work carried out on the 9th floor. During the civil and criminal liability process, several causes were found that may have culminated in the accident. Even with the performance of judicial expertise and the opinions of several engineering specialists, all through indirect analysis, to date, the cause of the accident has not been defined. However, the civil liability of the manager allowed several modifications to the building over the decades. Liability in cases of accidents may fall on the engineer or architect of the work and, in his absence, on the owner or manager. The study concludes the importance of direct expertise in accident sites, the role of the city hall and inspection bodies, and the changes in infra-legal norms related to works and renovations after the accident. La caída del edificio Liberdade, un edificio comercial de 20 pisos, también provocó el derrumbe de los dos edificios adyacentes, los edificios Colombo y Treze de Maio, ubicados en el centro de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, el 25 de enero. Inicialmente, el edificio no tenía causas aparentes que lo llevaran a su ruina y el foco se centró en una obra irregular realizada en el noveno piso. Durante el proceso de responsabilidad civil y penal. Inicialmente, se discutieron varias posibles causas del accidente, a través de análisis indirectos. Incluso con la actuación de peritajes judiciales y las opiniones de diversos especialistas en ingeniería civil, hasta la fecha no se ha definido la causa exacta del accidente. Sin embargo, el administrador fue civilmente responsabilizado por el derrumbe y sus consecuencias por haber permitido varias modificaciones al edificio a lo largo de las décadas. Después de todo, la responsabilidad en casos de accidentes puede recaer en el ingeniero o arquitecto de la obra y, en su ausencia, en el propietario o gerente. El estudio concluye la importancia de la experiencia directa en los lugares de los accidentes, el papel del ayuntamiento y los órganos de inspección y los cambios en las normas infralegales relacionadas con las obras y renovaciones posteriores al accidente. A queda do edifício Liberdade, um prédio comercial de 20 andares, fez desabar também os dois prédios ao lado, os edifícios Colombo e Treze de Maio, localizados no Centro da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Inicialmente o prédio não apresentava causas aparentes que fizessem culminar em sua ruína e o foco se voltou para uma obra, irregular, realizada no 9º andar. No decorrer do processo de responsabilização civil e penal, foram encontrados diversas causas que podem ter culminado no acidente. Mesmo com a realização de perícia judicial e os pareceres de diversos especialistas de engenharia, todos através de análise indireta, até a presente data não foi definida a causa do acidente. Entretanto, a responsabilização civil do síndico que permitiu diversas modificações no prédio no decorrer de décadas. A responsabilização em casos de acidentes pode recair sobre o engenheiro ou arquiteto da obra e, na ausência deste, sobre o proprietário ou síndico. O estudo conclui a importância da perícia direta em locais de acidentes, do papel da prefeitura e órgãos fiscalizadores e as mudanças nas normas infralegais relacionadas a obras e reformas após o acidente.

[ES]La identificación de una persona mediante el estudio de una huella dactilar es una técnica que ha ido evolucionando a lo largo de la historia sin que la sociedad apenas tenga conocimiento de ello. Sin embargo, esta técnica es muy relevante en una investigación criminal. Por ello, este trabajo aborda, desde un punto de vista criminalístico, las diferentes profesiones que realizan una investigación criminal y sus diferentes aportaciones, así como las diferentes técnicas utilizadas para el procedimiento de esta. Dentro de estas técnicas destacará la aplicación de la Dactiloscopia donde se verán los aspectos más relevantes de esta (funciones, dactilogramas y sus características, etc.) y se analizará un caso práctico en el que se ha empleado dicha técnica de investigación criminal. También se mencionarán algunos aspectos sociológicos relativos a esta materia como consecuencia del avance evolutivo de la técnica y el desarrollo de las tecnologías. [EU]Pertsona bat hatz-marka baten bidez identifikatzea historian zehar eboluzionatuz joan den teknika bat da, gizarteak horren berri ia izan gabe. Hala ere, teknika hori oso garrantzitsua da ikerketa kriminal batean. Horregatik, lan honek, ikuspegi kriminalistikotik, ikerketa kriminala egiten duten lanbideak eta haien ekarpenak jorratzen ditu, bai eta ikerketa kriminalaren prozedurarako erabiltzen diren teknikak ere. Teknika horien barruan, Daktiloskopiaren aplikazioa nabarmenduko da. Bertan, Daktiloskopiaren alderdirik garrantzitsuenak ikusiko dira (funtzioak, daktilogramak eta ezaugarriak, etab.), eta ikerketa kriminaleko teknika hori erabili den kasu praktiko bat aztertuko da. Halaber, arlo horri buruzko alderdi soziologiko batzuk aipatuko dira, teknikaren bilakaeraren eta teknologien garapenaren ondorioz. [EN]The identification of a person through the study of a fingerprint is a technique that has evolved throughout history without society being aware of it. However, this technique is very relevant in a criminal investigation. For this reason, this work addresses, from a criminalistic point of view, the different professions that carry out a criminal investigation and their different contributions, as well as the different techniques used for the procedure. Within these techniques, the application of dactyloscopy will be highlighted, where the most relevant aspects (functions, dactylograms and their characteristics, etc.) will be discussed and a practical case will be analysed in which this criminal investigation technique has been used. Some sociological aspects related to this subject will also be mentioned as a consequence of the evolutionary advance of the technique and the development of technologies.

[ES]La Documentoscopia es una disciplina relativamente nueva centrada en el estudio del documento, tanto en su contenido como en su continente. Este trabajo trata de describir esta disciplina desde diversas perspectivas. Por una parte, se ofrece una visión general de la ciencia en la que se enmarca esta disciplina, la Criminalística. Por otra parte, se analiza la regulación del Código Penal sobre los delitos de falsedad documental y el papel de la policía científica y judicial en la investigación criminal. Se ofrecerá, además, una visión general de las bases, técnicas y métodos utilizados en la Documentoscopia para el análisis de los documentos, para lo cual, se empleará como ejemplo el caso práctico de un dictamen pericial (centrado en la falsedad de un pasaporte) llevado a cabo en el Practicum del grado. Por último, se lleva a cabo una reflexión sobre la situación actual y la visión de futuro de esta disciplina. [EU]Dokumentoskopia nahiko diziplina berria da dokumentuaren azterketan oinarritzen dena, bai edukian, bai edukitzailean. Lan honek diziplina hori hainbat ikuspegitatik deskribatzeko herlburua du. Alde batetik, Kriminalistikaren ikuspegi orokor bat eskaintzen da, Dokumentoskopia zientzia horretan kokatza bait da. Bestalde, dokumentu faltsukeriaren delituei buruzko Zigor Kodearen erregulazioa aztertzen da, bai eta polizia zientifikoak eta judizialak ikerketa kriminalean duten eginkizuna ere. Gainera, dokumentuak aztertzeko Dokumentoskopian erabilitako oinarri, teknika eta metodoen ikuspegi orokorra eskainiko da. Horretarako, adibide gisa, graduaren practikumean egindako aditu-txosten baten kasu praktikoa erabiliko da (pasaporte faltsu batean oinarritua). Azkenik, diziplina horren egungo egoerari eta etorkizuneko ikuspegiari buruzko hausnarketa egiten da. [EU]Documentoscopy is a relatively new discipline that focuses on the study of the document, both in its content and its container. This paper attempts to describe this discipline from different perspectives. On the one hand, it offers an overview of the science in which this discipline is framed, Criminalistics. On the other hand, it analyses the regulations of the Criminal Code on the offences of documentary forgery and the role of the scientific and judicial police in criminal investigation. In addition, an overview of the bases, techniques and methods used in Documentoscopy for the analysis of documents will be offered, using as an example the practical case of an expert report (focused on the falsity of a passport) carried out in the Practicum of the degree. Finally, a reflection on the current situation and the vision of the future of this discipline will be carried out.

Life expectancy expertise must comply with court-mandated evidentiary standards. A proper opinion should abide by 3 principles; it should be generated by a qualified expert who applies proper methods to appropriate facts. Several common mistakes can make opinions unsuitable for admission into testimony by straying from 1 or more of these 3 principles. Examining life expectancy opinions in light of these principles allows consumers of life expectancy expertise to evaluate the quality of the opinions proffered.

Aim: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and rare X-linked neuromuscular childhood disorder that results in functional decline, loss of ambulation and early death due to cardiac or respiratory failure. The objective of this paper is to address different aspects of the current management of DMD in the Middle East, north Africa (MENA) region, and to gather experts’ recommendations on how to optimally diagnose and treat patients suffering from this disease. Methods: A group of experts (neuromuscular medicine, neuropediatricians and geneticists) convened to discuss the diagnosis and management of DMD in the MENA region. A list of practical statements was prepared by the chair of the meeting to guide the discussions around critical aspects relating to the current and future management of DMD. Results & conclusion: Ideally, DMD management should be a multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, few tertiary care hospitals in the region are currently able to provide the full spectrum of medical expertise and services needed by DMD patients. Clinical practice in the region remains heterogeneous. Specific guidelines for diagnosis and treatment are needed in the MENA region to improve outcomes. Disease awareness among the general public and the medical community is lacking. Now that mutation-specific therapies are being developed and more widely studied, general education programs regarding early signs and symptoms, a standardized referral and diagnosis pathway, patient registries and support groups will significantly improve the management of the disease.

Simple Summary Insects and other arthropods found at a forensic scene are considered to represent relevant evidence regarding the time and place of death, a possible antemortem or postmortem treatment of the victim, the geographical origin of narcotic substances, drugs, etc. However, in order to derive firm conclusions from entomological evidence, it is critical to understand the different aspects of the insect biology of the whole area under consideration. Moreover, most forensic investigators are not specially trained in basic entomology procedures, which can result in limitations when trying to achieve an accurate expert report. The present work illustrates the utility and necessity of such entomological studies and the expert training that is required using actual forensic cases. Abstract The aim of this work is to present a number of forensic cases that took place in Southeastern Spain (Murcia province) in which the entomological evidence aided to fully solve the issues raised during the legal enquiry, enhancing the close interrelationships between experimental studies performed and actual forensic cases assessed. In all cases, the expert report was requested by the police agents or the medical examiners, the latter attempting to make stronger their own conclusions. The assessment of all cases was possible by comparing the evidence and circumstances of each one with the experimental data previously obtained in our laboratory concerning aspects such as faunistic, ecological, morphological, etc., and by considering data from other researchers. In all cases, the evidence could be addressed, although in some cases, it had not been properly collected or processed. Thus, the utility of the experimental studies in forensic practice, even when being considered merely biological, and without immediate practical application, can be demonstrated as well as the need for providing specialized instruction on Forensic Entomology procedures to the different agents involved in forensic investigation.

So far, a legal positivism issue in the process of strengthening the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina was not recognized by the wider academic community. The expert report on rule of law issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina addresses, for the first time, legal positivism as a part of the process of strengthening the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This paper is an attempt to gather, and in one place present all the advantages offered by the constitutional system of Bosnia and Herzegovina that were not used by its institutions due to the application and implementation of legal positivism. This paper demonstrates misguided reform policies whose sole purpose was the strengthening of the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina but turned to be just superficial adjustments that were unsuccessful. The paper argues the necessity of legal education reform as the key element in the process of strengthening the rule of law. Legal education reform is possible through the reduction of legal positivism impact on future lawyers, and this will be accomplished by the change in the paradigm of legal understanding among future lawyers who will make important decisions on the rule of law in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two strategic objectives must be met in terms of legal education reform for the strengthening of the rule of law: the development of a critical stance towards legal provisions in force and training in the use of international instruments during the decision-making process.

Gute Führung führt zu besseren Bildungsergebnissen, die wiederum spürbare Auswirkungen auf das wirtschaftliche Wachstum und den Wohlstand einer Gesellschaft haben. Diese Zusammenhänge sind empirisch nachgewiesen, und dennoch sind Führungskräfte in deutschen Bildungseinrichtungen häufig nicht oder nicht ausreichend für diese wichtige Aufgabe qualifiziert. Zudem sind die Entscheidungsbefugnisse in vielen Bereichen, wie z. B. in der Personalauswahl und -honorierung, noch zu gering, um effektiv führen zu können. Der Aktionsrat Bildung widmet sich der Frage, wie die Führung in deutschen Bildungseinrichtungen verbessert werden kann. Anhand der Wirkungskette – von der Leitung einer Bildungseinrichtung über das Lehrpersonal bis zu den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern der Bildungsangebote – geht er der Frage nach, welche Führungsstile den Zielen und Strukturen der einzelnen Bildungsphasen am besten entsprechen und welche Maßnahmen zu ergreifen sind, um Führung effektiv zu gestalten. Als zentrales Element benennt der Aktionsrat Bildung allgemeine sowie bildungsphasenspezifische Handlungsempfehlungen und richtet diese an die politischen Entscheidungsträger. (DIPF/Orig.)

Nowadays, forensic age estimation takes an important role in worldwide forensic and medico-legal institutes that are solicited by judicial or administrative authorities for providing an expert report on the age of individuals. The authorities’ ultimate issue of interest is often the probability that the person is younger or older than a given age threshold, which is usually the age of majority. Such information is fundamental for deciding whether a person being judged falls under the legal category of an adult. This is a decision that may have important consequences for the individual, depending on the legal framework in which the decision is made. The aim of this paper is to introduce a normative approach for assisting the authority in the decision-making process given knowledge from available findings reported by means of probabilities. The normative approach proposed here has been acknowledged in the forensic framework, and represents a promising structure for reasoning that can support the decision-making process in forensic age estimation. The paper introduces the fundamental elements of decision theory applied to the specific case of age estimation, and provides some examples to illustrate its practical application.

Einleitend zeigen die Autor*innen, in welchem institutionellen Kontext eines sich entwickelnden, die gesamte Bevölkerung einschließenden, also inkludierenden, und gleichzeitig differenzierenden Bildungswesens die in den Beiträgen des Bandes beschriebenen, verschiedenen pädagogischen und psychologischen Praktiken der Kategorisierung und Selektion von Schüler*innen entstanden. Erst in dieser Perspektive einer langen Geschichte schulischer Inklusion wird in aller Klarheit ersichtlich, dass und wie so anscheinend ganz unterschiedliche und unabhängig voneinander existierende Ereignisse und Debatten, wie die um die Entstehung der Hilfsschule in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, die Diskussionen unter Lehrkräften und Schulmännern über die Abiturprüfung um 1900 oder diejenigen unter Vertreter*innen einer empirischen Pädagogik und Psycholog*innen zur Entwicklung der Ausleseverfahren im Übergang von der Grundschule in das höhere Schulwesen in den 1920er Jahren, miteinander verknüpft sind. Gleichzeitig erweist sich dabei auch die Frage nach spezifischen disziplinären und professionellen Blickwinkeln – vor allem der Pädagog*innen und der Psycholog*innen – und deren Praktiken als ebenso eng wie komplex verwoben mit politischen und pädagogischen Ideen eines Aufstiegs durch Bildung, des offenen Zuganges zu Bildungsressourcen und damit schließlich nach Gerechtigkeit. (DIPF/Orig.)

Der Beitrag beginnt mit einer systematischen Annäherung an das Grundschulgutachten als besonderes Beurteilungsgenre (2). Anschließend wird die Weimarer Republik in den Blick genommen und anhand des Begriffs des Dispositivs skizziert, wie und warum das Dispositiv der „Schülerauslese“ verfassungsrechtlich entlang des Ordnungsprinzips „Eignung“ institutionalisiert wurde und welche Akteur*innen, Wissensfelder, Diskurse und Technologien daran beteiligt waren (3). Danach erfolgt die Rekonstruktion jener Diskurskoalition, deren Diskursverlauf die Geburt des Grundschulgutachtens erklären können (4). Im Fazit wird u.a. dafür plädiert, dass im Rahmen der Historischen Bildungsforschung das Gutachten als Abbild schulischer Klassifikationssysteme im Rahmen der Ungleichheitsproblematik näher untersucht werden sollte (5). (DIPF/Orig.)

Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht Hilfsschulaufnahmeverfahren, in denen historisch betrachtet in einem standardisierten Prozedere über den Regelschul- oder Hilfsschulbesuch – als einer Variante des Sonderschulbesuches – der Schulkinder entschieden wurde. Die Analyse beruht auf Archivakten aus Frankfurt am Main und Görlitz vom Ende der 1950er- bis zum Ende der 1970er-Jahre. [...] In diesem zeitlichen wie räumlichen Rahmen betrachtet der Beitrag die von den beteiligten Professionen während der Durchführung eines Hilfsschulaufnahmeverfahrens erstellten Gutachten auf zwei Ebenen: Zum einen beschäftigt er sich mit den formalen Vorgaben der Begutachtungsbögen, die im Laufe des Verfahrens von den beteiligten Professionen ausgefüllt wurden. Zum anderen fokussiert er anhand ausgewählter Fallbeispiele die Inhalte der von den Gutachter*innen handschriftlich oder maschinell ausgefüllten Bögen. Der Beitrag untersucht also die folgenden beiden Fragen: 1. Welche formalen zeitgeschichtlichen Vorgaben rahmten Prozesse der Schülerauslese in welcher Form und wie unterschieden sich diese im Untersuchungszeitraum zwischen der BRD und der DDR? 2. Wie lief die Schülerauslese in der BRD und der DDR in konkreten Fällen ab und inwiefern zeichnete sich durch deren vergleichende Analyse eine „Grenzzone“ der unklaren Ausleseentscheidungen ab? (DIPF/Orig.)

Über den schulischen Umgang mit einer „Heterogenität“ der Schüler*innen wird seit einer Reihe von Jahren heftig debattiert. Der vorliegende Band zeigt, wie seit dem letzten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts die Beobachtung von Unterschieden – solchen der Begabung, des Verhaltens und des Interesses – zwischen Schüler*innen in den Schulen mehr und mehr in das Blickfeld rückte. Auseinandersetzungen darüber, wie vor diesem Hintergrund „passende“ Lerngruppen zusammengestellt werden sollten, bestimmten zunehmend das Bild der pädagogischen und schulpolitischen Debatten. Rekonstruiert werden Selektionsmechanismen im Schulsystem zwischen 1880 und 1980, mit denen zwischen Normalen und Nicht-Normalen, zwischen Begabten und Minderbegabten, zwischen solchen, die sich anpassten, und solchen, die das nicht taten, unterschieden wurde. Die Beiträge untersuchen Praktiken des Beobachtens, Prüfens und Beurteilens von Schüler*innen, die dafür eingesetzten Verfahren und Tests sowie die damit verbundenen individuellen, pädagogischen und politischen Bedingungen und Folgen. (DIPF/Orig.)

This contribution intends to describe the main features and the evolution of the system to compensate patients for damages caused by healthcare in Italy. In the first part, it outlines the main traits of the regulation developed by the courts on the basis of the general principles established by the civil code, highlighting the gradual shift in favour of patients. Then, it concentrates on the significant legislative measures passed in the last few years in order to tackle the crisis of medical malpractice litigation and reduce the overall costs of the system. The second part focuses on the development of alternative methods of dispute resolution in the field of medical malpractice. The two main ADR processes on which the Italian legislator relies as tools to reduce the number of cases dealt with by the courts are compulsory mediation, established in 2010, and the “pre-action expert report” (accertamento tecnico preventivo—ATP), that, according to the recent Gelli Bianco law is now the main ADR process for all medical malpractice cases.

Der Ausschluss von Kindern aus den Regelklassen wegen „Geistesschwäche“ war spätestens seit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts gängige Praxis in der Schweiz. [...] Die Analyse von Gutachten erlaubt es, Erkenntnisse über pädagogische Praktiken im Kontext der Fürsorgestelle für Anormale zu gewinnen: Es kann aufgezeigt werden, wie die Schulpsychologin und der Schulpsychologe bei der Untersuchung der Schülerinnen und Schüler, der Diagnose sowie bei der Definition und Einleitung von Maßnahmen vorgegangen sind. Die Beschreibungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler geben Aufschluss über das, was man als kognitive und soziale Merkmale verstand, die dazu führten, dass bei einem Kind eine Maßnahme angeordnet wurde. Die Maßnahmen können anhand der Beschreibungen analysiert und systematisiert werden. Die unterschiedlichen Maßnahmen wiederum zeigen, welche Konsequenzen eine – oft erzwungene – Untersuchung durch eine Schulpsychologin oder einen Schulpsychologen haben konnte. [...] Davon ausgehend, dass „Anspruch und Realität des Heim- und Anstaltswesens über fast ein Jahrhundert auseinanderklafften“ (Lengwiler 2018, 181), wird in diesem Beitrag aufgezeigt, dass Schulpsychologinnen und Schulpsychologen im Kontext der Geschichte der Fremdplatzierungen eine bisher unbekannte tragende Rolle zukommt, weil sie, wie erwähnt, an der Praxis der Versorgung teilhatten. (DIPF/Orig.)

O presente estudo tem o objetivo evidenciar a possibilidade da obtenção de elementos técnicos de aplicação pericial com o uso da tecnologia de aquisição de imagens por meio de veículos aéreos não tripulados, a fim de se produzir relevante prova material por meio do laudo pericial criminal. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma aeronave remotamente pilotada (ARP), popularmente conhecida como drone, de baixo custo de aquisição, oportunizando a produção de um ortomosaico mediante processamento digital. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram a caracterização da supressão de vegetação decorrente do parcelamento irregular do solo, sendo posteriormente discutidas as necessidades e limitações do uso de aeronaves de baixo custo para fotogrametria.

Bölünebilir nitelikteki taleplerin konu edilebildiği kısmi dava, Yargıtay uygu-lamasında oldukça geniş bir yer tutmaktadır. Kısmi davada alınan hükmün gerekçesinde yer alan hukuki ilişkiye dair değerlendirmenin, ek dava bakı-mından kesin delil etkisi taşıdığının kabulü, dava konusu aynı olan davalarda çelişkili hükümler verilmesinin önüne geçecektir. Alacak miktarının hesap-landığı bilirkişi raporunun ise, hükme esas alınsa dahi, ek davada bağlayıcı olması, takdiri bir delil olması bakımından mümkün değildir. Faiz işlemeye başlayacağı anın tespiti bakımından, dava tarihinden önce davalının temer-rüde düşürülüp düşürülmediğine dikkat edilmelidir. Davalı davadan önce temerrüde düşürülmediyse, kısmı davaya konu edilen kısım bakımından te-merrüt tarihi dava tarihi olacaktır. Kalan kısım aynı davada ıslah yoluyla talep edildiyse ıslah tarihi, ayrı bir davaya konu edildiyse dava tarihi esas alınacaktır. Kısmi davanın, faiz belirtilmeksizin ıslah edilmesi halinde, kısmi dava dilekçesinde talep edilen faiz oranına göre hesap yapılacaktır. Kısmi davanın, kanun yolu incelemesinden sonra ıslahı ise, ilk derece yargılamasın-da ıslah hakkının kullanmamış olması ve bozma kapsamında yeniden tahki-kat yapılması halinde mümkün olmalıdır., The partial cases hold a considerably large place in the executions of the court of appeals. Acceptance of the part that relate to ascertainment of legal relationships in partial cases, is binding in terms of partial cases, would prevent making contradictory judgements in similar cases. Even if the experts' calculation of the owed amount report is accepted as being primary in the judgement, it would not be binding in terms of being a discretionary proof in partial cases. In order to identify the time when the interest will start, it must be noted to see whether or not the debtor/defendant is in default. If the defendant is not in default prior to the case, the case date will be considered as default date in terms of the part which is the subject of the partial case. If the remaining part is claimed in the same case by way of rectification; the rectification date, if it is the subject of another case; the case date will be accepted. If the partial case is rectified without an indication of interest the calculation will be based on the interest rate indicated on the partial case filing bill. The rectification of the partial case after the legal examination can occur if the right of rectification is not used in the first step of judgement and in the scope of defiling for a new judicial inquiry.

Targeted temperature management (TTM) through induced hypothermia (between 32-36 C) is currently regarded as a first-line treatment during the management of post-cardiac arrest patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The aim of TTM is to afford neuroprotection and reduce secondary neurological damage caused by anoxia. Despite the large body of evidence on its benefits, the TTM is still little used in Spain. There are controversial issues referred to its implementation, such as the optimal target body temperature, timing, duration and the rewarming process. The present study reviews the best available scientific evidence and the current recommendations contained in the international guidelines. In addition, the study focuses on the practical implementation of TTM in post-cardiac arrest patients in general and cardiological ICUs, with a discussion of the implementation strategies, protocols, management of complications and assessment of the neurological prognosis. o, Actualmente, el control estricto de temperatura mediante hipotermia inducida (entre 32 y 36 oC) se considera un tratamiento de primera línea en el manejo de pacientes con parada cardiaca recuperada que ingresan en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. Su objetivo es disminuir el da˜no neurológico secundario a anoxia cerebral. Aunque existen múltiples evidencias sobre sus beneficios, el empleo de esta técnica en nuestro país es pobre y todavía existen temas controvertidos como temperatura óptima, velocidad de instauración, duración y proceso de calentamiento. El objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar la evidencia científica actual y las recomendaciones de las principales guías internacionales. El enfoque de este documento se centra también en aplicación práctica del control estricto de la temperatura en la parada cardiaca recuperada en nuestras Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Generales o Cardiológicas, principalmente en los métodos de aplicación, protocolos, manejo de las complicaciones y elaboración del pronóstico neurológico

El presente trabajo tiene como finalidad identificar y describir las principales metodologías de lavado de activos y contrabando técnico ejecutadas por medio de operaciones de comercio exterior declaradas en Colombia, analizando el papel de la auditoria forense en el desarrollo de las investigaciones penales contra las personas y organizaciones que fomentan este fenómeno delincuencial. El estudio de esta problemática permitirá establecer algunas orientaciones y recomendaciones para la planificación y desarrollo de peritajes contables, sobre la base que el conocimiento de estas prácticas permitirá al perito identificar señales de alerta que se manifiestan en el estudio de la información comercial, financiera, tributaria, aduanera, cambiaria y demás elementos materiales probatorios que le son entregados para el desarrollo de su trabajo pericial. El tipo de investigación realizado corresponde a estudios descriptivos, a partir de la consulta de trabajos adelantados por diferentes entidades interesadas en la prevención y lucha contra estos fenómenos que afectan seriamente diversos sectores de la economía nacional; así mismo, las conclusiones obtenidas van encaminadas a que el trabajo del perito contable brinde un apoyo eficiente a jueces y fiscales en la adecuada administración de justicia. Tabla de Contenido Resumen 5 Abstract 5 Introducción 6 Definición del problema 8 Pregunta de investigación 10 Objetivos 11 Objetivo General 11 Objetivos Específicos 11 Marco teórico 12 Lavado de activos 12 Definición. 12 Etapas y tipologías del LA 14 Riesgo de Lavado de activos en Colombia 16 Contrabando 18 Definición 18 Tipologías de contrabando 19 Particularidades del Contrabando en Colombia 19 Auditoria Forense 23 Definición de auditoria forense 24 Prueba pericial 26 Metodologías delincuenciales relacionadas con el comercio exterior 27 Exportaciones ficticias de bienes. 28 Contrabando técnico mediante subfacturación de mercancías o clasificación arancelaria diferente 29 Pago en especie de actividades ilícitas con mercancías ingresadas de contrabando al territorio nacional. 32 Cambio de destinación de materias primas que ingresan al país bajo la modalidad de Sistemas especiales de Importación – Plan Vallejo 33 Contrabando mediante triangulación de mercancías 34 Planificación del peritaje contable 36 i. Recepción de la información y elementos materiales probatorios 36 ii. Consolidar información por categoría y finalidad 37 iii. Comparar información de distinta fuente 38 iv. Establecer conclusiones y elaborar informe pericial. 39 Orientaciones en la ejecución del peritaje contable 40 Conformación de las empresas 40 Análisis de la operación e comercio exterior 41 Canalización de divisas 41 Generación de efectivo 42 Conclusiones 43 Recomendaciones 45 Referencias 47 The purpose of this work is to identify and describe the main methodologies for money laundering and technical smuggling executed through declared foreign trade operations in Colombia, analyzing the role of forensic auditing in the development of criminal investigations against the people and organizations that promote this criminal phenomenon. The study of this problem will allow establishing some guidelines and recommendations for the planning and development of accounting expertise, on the basis that knowledge of these practices will allow the expert to identify warning signs that are manifested in the study of commercial, financial, tax, customs, foreign exchange and other evidentiary material elements that are delivered to him for the development of his expert work. The type of research carried out corresponds to descriptive studies, from the consultation of works carried out by different entities interested in the prevention and fight against these phenomena that seriously affect various sectors of the national economy; likewise, the conclusions obtained are aimed at ensuring that the work of the accounting expert provides efficient support to judges and prosecutors in the proper administration of justice. Especialización

A perícia contábil é um ramo da contabilidade que visa elaborar uma prova pericial ou laudo pericial. Trata-se de uma forma de garantir a veracidade das informações apresentadas pelas partes envolvidas em um processo judicial. Assim, a problemática deste artigo é investigar quais as particularidades da profissão de peritos contadores e o objetivo geral é caracterizar o perfil dos peritos contadores nas esferas judiciais do estado de Pernambuco. Realizou-se a coleta de dados por meio de questionário misto aplicado entre os peritos constantes no Cadastro Nacional de Peritos Contadores (CNPC) até 31 de dezembro de 2017. Os questionários foram enviados por e-mail para todos os cadastrados e foram obtidas 25 respostas, o que representa 18,65% do universo. A análise dos dados classifica-se como quantitativa e o método utilizado foi o Survey. Não obstante a área civil proporcionar uma remuneração maior, a atividade que apresentou maior demanda foi a área trabalhista. A obtenção de documentos necessários para a realização de perícia é a principal dificuldade citada pelos peritos. Constatou-se que as principais dificuldades dos peritos para se inserir no mercado de trabalho são: a obtenção de documentos necessários para a realização do processo, baixa remuneração, tempo para realização da perícia, nomeação por partes de juízes e apoio das partes envolvidas. De modo geral, os referidos profissionais estão satisfeitos com a profissão e participam de cursos de educação continuada duas vezes a cada seis meses.

International audience; Background: The screening strategy for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) is challenging. The French Expert Report recommend the use of the Cognitive Complaints Questionnaire (QPC) and the Montreal Cognitive assessment. However, the QPC has never been studied in People Living with HIV (PLWH). This study aims to determine the degree of agreement between QPC and the presence of HAND according to Frascati criteria, established by a battery of neuropsychological tests.Methods: Data from patients who performed both a QPC and a battery of neuropsychological tests over a six-month follow-up period were evaluated retrospectively.Results: A total of 121 patients were selected, with a median age of 53.1 years old. Among participants, 92.6% had an undetectable plasma viral load, 49.6% had a nadir CD4 less than 200/mm3 and 23.1% had a CDC stage C. Median CD4 cell count was 686/mm3. Prevalence of HAND was 57%, including 28.9% of Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment, 24.8% of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder and 3.3% of HIV-associated Dementia. This analyze shows no agreement between QPC and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (kappa = -0.007).Conclusions: The QPC is not relevant in the screening for HAND. Thus, it urges to develop a specific tool to assess cognitive complaints among PLWH.

Per request of MD, Dr Sci Med, Professor, Academician of RAS Nikolay N. Volodin, President of Russian association of specialists in perinatal medicine (RASPM) one of leading specialists in obstetrics, gynecology and perinatal medicine in the world prof. Gian Carlo Di Renzo have prepared the Expert Report on the Elina Sushkevich case. Taken into account the importance of this case for healthcare professionals, we publish the full text in the original and translated into Russian.